Chapter 2 : Analysis and Designs

of joints (5hrs)
2.1 Types of Rivets joints
2.2 Types of welded joints
2.3 Axially and eccentrically loaded rivet joints (Bracket
connection )
2.4 Axially and eccentrically loaded welded joints

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Probable Theory Question sample
(4-5 marks )
1. Compare rivets joints with welded joints Imp

2. Compare rivet with bolt joints

3. Compare welding with bolting. Imp

4. Describe the types of welded joints

5. Describe the design steps of bolting
6. Describe the types of failure in bolt connection ? Imp

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Numerical Question Type :
1. Type-1 : Numerical on rivet (old course ; not asked )
2. Type -2 : Numerical on welding (sometime asked)
a) Numerical on butt weld
b) Numerical on Fillet weld
c) Numerical on bracket connection of welding
3. Type-3 :numerical on Bolting : V.imp
a) Numerical related to axial loading 6-9 marks
b) Numerical related to eccentric Loading 9-15 marks
i. Type – A bolt
ii. Type – B bolt

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 2.1 : Types of Riveted Joints
 Introduction :
 Method of joining together structural steel components by
inserting ductile materials i.e pins
 Made of round ductile steel bar piece called shank , with head
at one end
o.3 d

MANUFACTURING
HEAD Length

Various shapes of rivets are found

in market
Size of rivet = diameter of shank
& has a rounded portion called Nominal
head diameter
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Process of Riveting:
 Punch the hole in perfect alignment
 Hole for riveting is generally 1.5mm longer then the size of
rivets up to 25 mm & for d>25mm size of rivet hole is 2mm
larger then diameter of rivets . (From Is code 800: 1984)
 Head rivet is put at 600-1000 °c
 Place hot rivet in the hole
 Head is then pressed on the plate while the projected shank is
hammered to form another head which is called driven head
 Lastly fill the hole completely

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Types of Rivets:
1. Power driven shop rivet
2. Power driven field rivet
3. Hand driven rivet
4. Cold driven rivet

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Types of rivet joints :
 Generally two types of rivet joints :
1. Lap joint
2. Butt joint

1: Lap joint :
 Two members are overlapped and connected together
such joint is called lap joint
 Plates to be connected are lap against each other

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 2 : Butt joint :
 Two members to be connected are placed end to end
 Additional plates are provided on either one or two sides
called cover plate , are placed and are connected to the
main plates

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Why Butt joint is more preferable
than lap joint ?
Solution :
 In case of double cover butt joint the total shear force to
be transmitted by the members is split into two parts and
force acts on each half as shown in fig , but in lap joint
there is only one plane on which the force acts and
therefore the shear carrying capacity of a rivet in a butt
joint is double that of a rivet in lap joint

 Eccentricity (by forces ) doesn’t occurs in double cover

butt joint & Bending moment is eliminated , whereas it
exists in lap joint

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2.2 Types of Welded joints
Introduction :
 When two structural members are joined by means of
welds then connection is called welded connection
 Compactness & greater rigidity of welded joints permits
design assumption to be realised more accurately
 Welded joints are better for fatigue loads , impacts loads
& vibrations
 Welding saves wt and consequently cuts cost.
( Note : connecting steel plates are reduced or eliminated
since they often not required ; no deduction for holes so
the gross section is effective in carrying loads )
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Types of welded joints
1. Butt weld
2. Fillet weld
3. Slog & plug weld

1: Butt weld
 When two metal parts are to be connected directly
without any lap, the type of weld is called butt weld
 Also known as groove weld
 Connected end to end

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  weld of approximately triangular cross –section joining
two surfaces approximately right angles to each other in
lap joint
 Size of weld = length of leg
 If ‘t’ is throat thickness & ‘s’ is the size of weld t=s/√ 2

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3 : Slot and plug weld
Slot weld
 Plate with circular hole is kept
with another plate to be joined
& then fillet welding is made
along the pheri phery of hole .
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Plug weld
 Small holes are made in one
plate & is kept over another
plate to be connected & then
the entire hole is filled with
filler materials .
16
Bolt connection :

Note :
As = Area of shank
An = Area of thread

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Some terms :

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 1.Pitch (p) :
 Distance measured parallel to the direction of load
 Also referred as c/c spacing of bolt ( ll to load )
2 Gauge distance (g) :
 Distance of two consecutive bolts of adjacent rows & at right
angle to direction of load ( perpn to load )
3 Edge distance (e) :
 Distance of center of bolt hole from adjacent edge of plate (
perpendicular to load )
4 End distance (el ) :
 Distance of nearest bolt hole from the end of nearest bolt
hole from end of plate ( ll to dirn of load )
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Some Codal provisions related to bolt :
Grade of bolt :
 Classified on the basis of strength of bolt
 Bolt available are (4.6 , 5.6 , 6.5 , 6.8 , 8.8 )
 Two grades of bolt commonly used are 4.6 & 8.8

For 4.6 grade bolt :

fub= 4*100 = 400 N/mm2 (Ultimate tensile strength )
fyb=400*0.6 = 240 N/mm2 (yield tensile strength )

For 8.8 grade bolt :

fub= 8*100 = 800 N/mm2 (Ultimate tensile strength )
fyb=800*0.68= 640 N/mm2 (yield tensile strength )

Note:
4.6 = first term multiply by 100 indicate fub
Second term multiply by fub indicates fyb

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In Is code 800:2007 bolt from page (53-57 )

Note :
For M16 bolt
Diameter of hole (do) = 16 +2 = 18 mm

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Table 19 pg 53 for clearances for holes

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Pitch (p ) : page 53,54

Note :
Pitch (p) not less then 2.5 *d
For example : M20
p= 20*2.5 =50
Assume p= 60 mm

Note:
For tension : lesser value of 16t or 200 mm
For compression : Lesser value of 12t or 200
mm

Note :
Gauge distance less then 75 mm then we can used
if more then we increase by 50% i.e if pitch is 2.5d
then 1.5 *(2.5d)
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For edge distance pg 54
Note :
e not less then 1.7do (For hand made)
E not less then 1.5do (For machine made )
do= nominal diameter + clearance
For example : M16 bolt
do= 16+2 =18 mm
e= 1.7*18 = 30.6
Assume e = 35mm

Note :
e should not exceed
a) 12tE
b) 40+4t
Where t= thickness of thinner connected
plate
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