P440 - Comissioning Tests ME6882e

EPAC / PXLN Test
TM
with Omicron CMC
Test Method
03/99 ME 1.6882
ABCD
1

ME 1.6882 EPAC / PXLN
CONTENT
PAGE
1. TESTING USING DIFFERENT MODELS OF THE CMC SOFTWARE _____________ 3
2. SAMPLE TESTS WITH RECORDED VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

WAVEFORMS OF CMC ___________________________________________________ 3
3. HOW USE THE CMC TEST EQUIPMENT WITH EPAC/PXLN RELAYS ___________ 6
3.1. Transients during fault establishment______________________________________ 6
3.2. Phase shifting between voltage memory and fault current __________________ 6
3.3. What should the Omicron testing box do for tests in 2nd and 4th
quadrants:_______________________________________________________________ 6
4. SETTING OF EPACPXLN RELAYS FOR SIMULATION WITH CMC

OMICRON TEST EQUIPMENT _____________________________________________ 6
5. EPAC FAULT MODEL _____________________________________________________ 12
5.1. Phase-to-ground fault ____________________________________________________ 12

5.1.1. Network model ______________________________________________________________ 12
5.1.2. CMC OMICRON setting _______________________________________________________ 13
5.1.3. Fault simulation ______________________________________________________________ 15
5.2. Two phase fault : Phase-to-phase fault ____________________________________ 17

5.2.1. Network model ______________________________________________________________ 17
5.3. Three phase fault ________________________________________________________ 22

5.3.1. Network model ______________________________________________________________ 22
2

EPAC / PXLN ME 1.6882
PAGE NOT USED

3

TM
This document tries to sort out some misunderstandings about the usability of Omicron CMC
test equipment to test PXLN and EPAC 3000 relays and it has been written in co-operation with
OMICRON electronics.
1. Testing using different models of the CMC Software

Within the distance protection element of the CMC-software there are different choices of
models for the test.
The two most commonly used are:
Constant test current:
The test current is preset (e.g. at twice the nominal current) and the fault voltage is calculated
accordingly to represent the fault impedance.
For this model no phase jumps between the prefault and fault voltages will occur (for a phase-
phase fault this is true only for the ph-ph voltage and not the ph-n voltage).
Constant source impedance:
This model uses a model with a definable complex source impedance. The fault currents and
voltages are determined by the nominal voltage, the source and fault impedances.
For all cases, where source impedance and fault impedance have different angles, a phase
jump between prefault and fault voltages will occur .
The fault inception angle can be set to be random or fixed at a specified angle. To perform an
even more realistic simulation a superposition of the decaying dc-component to the steady state
fault signal can be activated. In this case there will be no jumps in the current signals. All these
parameters can be set on the manual test page.
2. Sample tests with recorded voltage and current waveforms of CMC

All the tests shown are performed with an A-B-C fault in the impedance plane.
The waveforms are captured at the CMC outputs IA (trace A) and VA (trace B) using a Fluke 97
scopemeter and a LEM current sensor.
Shot with model constant test current, fault location at 6 Ohm, 0°, no dc-offset
fault inception at 0 deg: fault inception at 90 deg:
4

As you can see, there are no transients created by CMC, but a step change from the steady state
prefault signals to the steady state fault signals. To force currents starting at 0 deg (possible for
single phase and phase-phase faults, for three-phase faults only in one phase), the fault
inception angle has to be set accordingly.
Shot with model constant source impedance, source impedance 9.105 Ohm 64.62°, fault at
6 Ohm, 0°
without dc offset with dc-offset
There is a phase jump between the prefault and fault voltage according to the network model
used.
If dc-offset is selected, the current starts at 0 independently from the fault inception angle, but no
aperiodic signal is simulated (network reality).
If the test is made with identical phase angles for source and fault impedance , no phase jump
in the voltage signals occur:
Fault at 6 Ohm, 64.62°
without dc-offset with dc-offset
5

3. How use the CMC test equipment with EPAC/PXLN relays
3.1. Transients during fault establishment

The CMC doesn‘t create transients during fault establishment but a step change from prefault to
fault steady state signals.
To avoid a jump in the current signal, two possibilities are given:
- select the proper fault inception angle,
- activate the superposition of the dc-offset.
3.2. Phase shifting between voltage memory and fault current

A phase shift only occurs if testing with the model ‚constant source impedance‘ and is caused by
the physics of the model. The same behaviour will be observed in the real system for a close-in
fault with pure resistive fault impedance.
Use the constant test current model to avoid phase jumps
nd th
3.3. What should the Omicron testing box do for tests in 2 and 4 quadrants:
The fault current(s) have, if possible, to start with a zero phase shifting.
This is possible with the right selection of the fault inception angle. The preferred solution is to
use the dc-offset component forcing the currents to start at 0 magnitude (not 0 phase angle).
This reflects the reality better, where the fault inception angle can be any.
4. Setting of EPAC/PXLN relays for simulation with CMC OMICRON test

equipment
Rating voltage UN
UN Phase-Ground : rating voltage in menu „Line“/EPAC setting
VN Phase-Phase : √3 x UN Phase-Ground
Maximum voltage
EPAC/PXLN technical data:
Permitted continuous maximum voltage: 2.2 x VN
Maximum current
EPAC/PXLN technical data:
Permitted continuous overload current: 4 x IN
Overload current 30 x IN during 5 seconds
100 x IN during 1 second
Permissive tolerance
Tolerance of impedances in % and absolute:
The accuracy for the first zone is 5% and 10% for the other zones.
You can set:
Z in % = 10%
Z in Ω = 5% of X4 if X4 ≥ X5
5% of X5 if X4≤ X5
with X4: reactance Zone 4 in menu „setting zone“/EPAC setting
X5: reactance Zone 5 in menu „setting zone“/EPAC setting
6

Tolerance of tripping times in % and absolute:

You can set:
t in % = 10%
t in sec = 30% of (t2 - t1) with a minimum value of 100 ms.
with t1: tripping time of Zone 1 in menu „setting zone“/EPAC setting
t2: tripping time of Zone 2 in menu „setting zone“/EPAC setting
Time reference fault inception
If you do not connect the starting output contact of the protection relay, you must select “ fault
inception ” as the time reference. So the CMC will display the time between the fault inception
and the protection trip.
Maximum permissible instantaneous tripping time in s
EPAC technical data (at 50 Hz):
The maximum tripping time with a Source Impedance Ratio of 30 is ≤ 30 ms.
You must set:
Maximal Tripping Time = 40 ms + T1 (if T1 ≠ 0 ms)
PXLN technical data (at 50 Hz):
You must set:
Maximal Tripping Time = 30 ms + T1 (if T1 ≠ 0 ms)
Test current
I test current = 2 x IN
with IN: rating current in menu „Line“/EPAC setting
If the overcurrent back-up protection is enabled in menu „zone setting“/EPAC setting, you can
set:
I test current = 1.2 x I>>
with I>>: threshold overcurrent back-up protection
Test line angle
Phi Test = Phi Line
With Phi Line : line angle in menu „Line“/EPAC setting
Grounding of the current transformer neutral point
You must choose between „line“ and „busbar“.
Connection of the voltage transformer
You must choose between „line“ and „busbar“.
If you select „busbar“, the voltages will be not switched off after the fault simulation.
Network model
The EPAC has two negative sequence impedances Z01 and Z02. The measurement of impedance
for phase-to-ground faults is based on a Z01 parameter for a fault in zone 1 and on Z02
parameter for a fault in another zone. You can use them if you have a application with
cable/line between two sub-stations.
During the simulation with the CMC test equipment, you must set the same value for both
negative sequence impedances (Z01 =Z02).
7

Distance Protection Functions

EPAC/PXLN are full scheme protection relays. All digital distance relays work on numerical
measuring principles with simultaneous measurement in all zones and phases. They are
equipped with simultaneous measuring principles consisting of :
Ö a superimposed measuring technique,
Ö a conventional measuring technique.
Both techniques are used individually and simultaneously for starting, phase selection,
directional detection and impedance measurement. A parallelogram characteristic is used for
phase and earth fault measuring elements enabling high fault resistance coverage and proper
settings to avoid load encroachment even under the most adverse conditions.
Measurement of distance to fault and apparent resistance

The EPAC/PXLN distance relays calculate the value of both these parameters of the fault.
To calculate these parameters the following equation is used :
U = XV + RW, where
X = distance to fault from relay equation,
R = apparent resistance,
U = voltage at relay location,
W = fault current image,
V = voltage drop on line per unit of length.
nd th
Directional characteristic (angle in the 2 and angle in the 4 quadrant)
CONVENTIONAL ALGORITHMS :
Simultaneously and in parallel to superimposed algorithms, conventional algorithms are used
for starting, direction detection, phase selection and distance measurement.
Starting and distance measurement are based on the result of fault resistance and fault distance
calculations carried out simultaneously on all six loops. Unfiltered quantities are used for U
(voltage at relay location), V (voltage drop on line per unit of length) and W (fault current image)
for the first few samples after fault detection, subsequently filtered quantities are used. The fault
direction is defined on the basis of the calculation of the phase shift between the stored voltage
and the derivative of a current. The current and the voltage used are those of the measuring
loop(s) defined by the phase selection. The directional characteristic for the
“ conventional algorithms ” is fixed by −30° and +150°.
Figure 4.1: Directional characteristic for the “ conventional algorithm ”

8

HIGH SPEED SUPERIMPOSED ALGORITHMS :

Considering that the network in steady state, i.e., pre-fault stable operating conditions, the
occurrence of a fault creates a new operating state, i.e., a faulted network. If no other
modifications have occurred in the network meanwhile, the difference between the two states
(prior to and during the fault) must have been caused by the fault itself including the two states
in the same linear domain. A superimposition principle can be used, which states that the
quantities under fault are equal to the sum of pre-fault quantities and the fault generated
quantities. For the latter the fault behaves as a voltage source at the fault point with a value
equal to the negative of the pre-fault voltage at that point with source voltages replaced by short
circuits.
Series capacitors are used in power systems for following purposes:
Ö by reducing the effective reactance of the line, they ensure higher power transfer capability,
Ö series capacitors improve the VAR balance in a line and hence reduce its voltage
regulations,
Ö by reducing the effective reactance capacitors they may be used to balance the loading in
parallel circuits.
The effects of series compensation on line protection is to introduce into the circuit a new
element of negative capacitive reactance where the distance relay has to perform its protection
tasks.
Negative impedances may be measured for forward faults (fourth quadrant) and positive
impedance for reverse faults (second quadrant), contrary to conventional algorithms,
depending on the location of the fault. All the distance relays are based on impedance
measurement principles, but the EPAC and PXLN relays, using the high-speed algorithms, are
able to operate with series compensated lines. The forward or reverse fault decision must be
taken correctly by the directional element which is also exposed to new and difficult conditions.
Directional decision in conventional relays is based on comparison of current direction. In EPAC
and PXLN a new philosophy of directional detection is used based on the sign of the
transition energy for the superimposed algorithms and, full-memory pre-fault voltage
synchronised to faulted network frequency is employed for the conventional algorithm, which
helps the relay take a correct directional decision for all system, fault and compensation
conditions.
The directional characteristic for the “ high-speed algorithms ” is fixed by +90° and +270°.
Fault direction is detected according to the sign of the transition energy characterising the fault.
Transition energy is the energy created by the fault and is given by:
S = ∫ U . I . dt
The sign of the energy is used for detection of fault direction as follows:
Considering the transition network for both forward and reverse faults, as all sources are
replaced by short circuits in the transition network, behind the relay location the network consists
of only passive impedances (resistive inductive or capacitive the total reactance however cannot
be capacitive as no line is compensated over 100% in series capacitor applications). There,
Zs (source impedance) is always positive and so is:
∆ U = ∆ I . Zs
For forward faults ∆ I is in reverse direction to relay current polarisation.
The power taken through the relay is: P = - ∆ I ². Zs
The energy is: S = - ∫ ∆ I ². Zs. dt, which is always negative.
9

Similarly, for reverse fault:

∆ U = ∆ I. Zs is positive while ∆ I is in same direction as the relay current polarisation, hence
P = ∆ I ². Zs and the energy (S = + ∫ ∆ I ². Zs. dt,) is always positive for reverse fault.
Transient energy S is always imported on the relay side and its sign does not depend on the
inductive, capacitive or resistive nature of the network impedance’s, therefore the directional
detection is correctly applicable to all lines’ series compensated or not. For a three phase
network transition, energy is expressed as :
S = ∫ (∆UA . ∆IA + ∆UB . ∆IB + ∆UC . ∆IC ). dt
Which is computed digitally as :
ni
S = Σ (∆UA i. ∆IA i + ∆UB i . ∆IB i + ∆UC i . ∆IC i )

no
where “ no ” represents the moment when the fault is detected.

S < 0 for forward faults.
S > 0 for reverse faults.
The directional decision is authorised if :
∆ Ui = (max. of ∆UA, ∆UB, ∆UC) > 0.1 Un / √3
∆ Ii = (max. of ∆IA, ∆IB, ∆IC) > 0.2 In, and
S ≥ 5 . ( 0.1 Vn . 0.2 In . cos 85°)
This sum is calculated on five successive samples. If these conditions are not fulfilled, directional
decision is based on the conventional algorithm.
X
REVERSE FORWARD
R
REVERSE FORWARD
Figure 4.2: Directional characteristic for the “ high-speed algorithm ”

nd th
Testing in the 2 and 4 quadrants :
The fault current(s) have, if possible, to start with a zero phase shifting.
This is possible with the right selection of the fault inception angle. The preferred solution is to
use the dc-offset component forcing the currents to start at 0 magnitude (not 0 phase angle).
This reflects more the reality, where the fault inception angle can be any.
10

Z4
Z1
Z5
Tripping at T1
For the EPAC/PXLN relays:

If you want to simulate an automatic fault cycle (also in 2nd and 4th quadrant), you must
deactivate the high-speed algorithms. To do this, you must set a tripping time for the first zone
at least equal to 50 ms for the EPAC (the „high speed algorithms“ operate only during the first
40 ms after the fault appearance) and a tripping time for the first zone at least equal to 40 ms
for the PXLN (the „high speed algorithms“ operate only during the first 30 ms after the fault
appearance).
Starting zone
The EPAC relay provides an overcurrent back-up protection. This function is used to deal with
faults detected outside the start-up characteristic. It initiates a three-phase trip if the current
threshold is exceeded for a settable length of time. It constitutes a back-up protection against
forward and/or reverse current faults.
That function is associated with two settable current thresholds, a high threshold I> and a very
high threshold I>>. A direction can be associated with each of these thresholds so that only the
threshold overreaches detected on one side or the other of the protection relay are taken into
account. Each current threshold has a settable time delay associated with it.
A typical EPAC overcurrent back-up protection setting for the CMC OMICRON test is following:
Threshold I>> : threshold I>
Direction of I>> : forward
Direction of I> : without direction
11

The overcurrent back-up protection will trip if the conventional algorithms are not active (none of
the six measuring loops converges within the distance characteristic) or if a fuse failure has been
detected but is yet unconfirmed. Therefore the time selectivity can be respected.
For the simulation with CMC OMICRON, you must set:
Starting zone: yes
Direction back-up time:
Direction: Forward (direction of I>>)
Time t: tI>>
Time limit: Time t: tI> without direction (direction of I>)
5. EPAC Fault Model
5.1. Phase-to-ground fault
5.1.1. Network model

The network model used by the EPAC relay is as follows:
Figure 2-1: Simulation of the phase-to-ground fault

For a phase-to-ground fault, we have:
V1 = V0 + Vd + Vi + RFault J = Z0 I0+ Zd Id + Zi Ii + RFault J

I1 = I0 + Id + Ii with Id + Ii = I1 – I0
For a line, we have Zi = Zd
V1 = Z0 I0+ Zd ( Id + Ii ) + RFault J
V1 = Z0 I0+ Zd ( I1 - I0 ) + RFault J
IR = 3 x I0 with IR residual current
IR Z0 IR
V1 = Zd [ I1 - 3 + 3 Z ] + RFault J
d
(Z0 - Zd)
With k0 = 3 Zd
12

IR (Z0 - Zd)
V1 = Zd [ I1 + 3 Zd ] + RFault J
V1 = Zd ( I1 +k0 IR ) + RFault J
For the tests, we have: IR = I1 = J
V1 = I1 [ Zd (1+k0) + RFault ]
V1
= Zd (1+k0) + RFault
I1
or
V1 R
= Zd + Fault
I 1 ( 1+k 0) ( 1+k 0)
with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
5.1.2. CMC OMICRON setting

The CMC OMICRON test equipment can simulate the k0.
Xph-gnd/phase
The R/X diagram is
represented in Ω/phase.
RFault/(1+k0)
Zd
ZFault
Rph-gnd/phase
The CMC OMICRON test equipment cannot simulate the fault resistance and add it to the line
resistance. This means that you must set the following values in the CMC OMICRON test
equipment:
REPAC
R OMICRON = (1+f )
R
X OMICRON = ZEPAC x sin Phi

(R0 - Rd) (X0 - Xd)
With fR = 3 x R and fX = 3 x X
d d
Examples :
R01: negative sequence resistance for the first zone
X01: negative sequence reactance for the first zone
13

Rd: positive sequence resistance of the line

Xd: positive sequence reactance of the line
Phi: line angle
REPAC: fault resistance setting in EPAC relay
ZEPAC: zone setting in EPAC relay
With :
R01 = R02 = 31.45 Ω
X01 = X02 = 126.138 Ω
Rd = 8.975 Ω
Xd = 35.998 Ω
Phid = 76°
Z1 EPAC = 29.68 Ω (impedance for zone 1)
R1 Ph-Grd = 15 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground fault for zone 1)
R2 = 20 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase fault for zone 2)
RLim = 30 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase fault for zones 4
and 5)
(R01 - Rd)
fR = 3 x Rd = 0.835
(X01 - Xd)
fX = 3 x X = 0.835
d
CMC OMICRON phase-to-ground fault characteristic setting for Zone 1

R1 Ph-Grd EPAC
R1 OMICRON = = 8.17 Ω
(1+fR)
X1 OMICRON = Z1 EPAC x sin Phi = 28.80 Ω
R2 EPAC
R2 OMICRON = (1+f ) = 10.90 Ω
R
R3 EPAC
R3 OMICRON = (1+f ) = 13.62 Ω
R
RLim EPAC
R4 OMICRON = (1+f ) = 16.35 Ω
R
RLim EPAC
R5 OMICRON = (1+f ) = 16.35 Ω
R
14

5.1.3. Fault simulation
V1
= Zd (1 + k0) + RFault
I1
with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
Test of the resistance phase-to-ground fault for zone 1 :
I1 =1A
Phi1 = 0°
V1
I1 = Zd (1 + k0) + RFault
Xph-gnd
ZFault=RFault=R1ph-gnd
Rph-gnd
with Zd = 0
V1
= ZFault = RFault = R1 Ph-Grd
I1
V1 = I1 x R1 Ph-Grd = 1 x 15 = 15 Volts
Test of the reactance phase-to-ground fault for zone 1 :
I1 =1A
Phi1 = 90°
V1
I1 = ZFault = Zd (1 + k0) + RFault
Xph-gnd
RFault/(1+k0)
ZFault
Z1
Rph-gnd
RFault = - Z1 . cos Phid . (1 + k0) = - 29.68 x cos 76 x (1 + 0.835) = - 13.17 Ω

15

Zd = Z1 = 29.68 Ω
X1 = Z1 .sin Phid = 29.68 x sin 76 = 28.80 Ω
V1
I1 = ZFault = Z1 . (1 + k0) + RFault
V1
= X1 . (1 + k0) + Z1 . cos Phid . (1 + k0) + RFault = X1 . (1 + k0)
I1
V1 = I1 . X1 . (1 + k0) = 1 x 28.80 x (1+0 .835) = 52.84 Volts

Test of the impedance for zone 1 :
I1 =1A
Phi1 = Line angle = 76°
V1
= ZFault = Zd (1 + k0) + RFault
I1
Xph-gnd
ZFault=Z1
Rph-gnd
With RFault = 0 Ω and Zd = Z1

V1
I1 = ZFault = Z1 . (1 + k0)
V1 = I1 . Z1 . (1 + k0) = 1 x 29.68 x (1+0 .835) = 54.46 Volts

Test of the impedance Z1 with a fault resistance equal to R1 Ph-Grd :
I1 =1A
Phi1 = Fault angle
V1
I1 = ZFault = Zd (1 + k0) + RFault
Xph-gnd
RFault/(1+k0)
Z1
ZFault
Rph-gnd
R1h-gnd/(1+k0)
16

Z1.sin Phid
With Phi1 = Arctan (Z .cos Phi + R
1 d Fault / (1+ k0))
Zd = Z1 and RFau(lt = R1 Ph-Grd

29.68 x sin 76
Phi1 = Arctan (29.68 x cos 76 + 15 / (1 + 0.835))
Phi1 = Arctan (1.87)
Phi1 = 61.93°
V1
I1 = ZFault = Z1 (1 + k0) + R1 Ph-Grd
V1
I1 = √ (Z1. cos Phid . (1 + k0) + R1 Ph-Grd )² + (Z1. sin Phid . (1 + k0))²)
V1
I1 = √ (29.68 x cos 76 x (1 + 0.835) + 15 )² + (29.68 x sin 76 x (1 + 0.835))²)
V1
I1 = 59.89 Ω
V1 = 1 x 59.89 = 59.89 Volts
5.2. Two phase fault : Phase-to-phase fault

The network model used by the EPAC relay is following:
Figure 2-2: Simulation of the phase-to-phase fault

For a phase-to-phase fault, we have I0 = 0 and V0 = 0.
I1 = - I2
U12 = Zd . I12 + RFault /2 . I12
U12 = Zd . ( 2 . I1 ) + RFault /2 . ( 2 . I1 )
U12 = I1 . [ 2 . Zd + RFault ]
17

U 12
= 2 . Zd + RFault
I1
or
U 12 R
= Zd + Fault
2 . I1 2
with:
U12 : fault voltage phase-to-phase
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle

Xph-ph
RFault/2
Zd
ZFault
Rph-ph
The CMC OMICRON test equipment cannot simulate the fault resistance and add it to the line
resistance. That means, you must set the following values in the CMC OMICRON test
equipment:
REPAC
R OMICRON = 2
X OMICRON = ZEPAC x sin Phi
Examples :
Rd: positive sequence resistance of the line
Xd: positive sequence reactance of the line
Phi: line angle
REPAC: fault resistance setting in EPAC relay
ZEPAC: zone setting in EPAC relay
With :
Rd = 8.975 Ω
Xd = 35.998 Ω
Phid = 76°
18

R1 Ph-Ph = 10 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1)

RLim = 30 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase fault for zones 4
and 5)
CMC OMICRON phase-to-phase fault characteristic setting for Zone 1
R1 Ph-Ph EPAC
R1 OMICRON = =5Ω
2

R2 EPAC
R2 OMICRON = 2 = 10 Ω

R3 EPAC
R3 OMICRON = = 12.5 Ω
2

RLim EPAC
R4 OMICRON = 2 = 15 Ω

RLim EPAC
R5 OMICRON = = 15 Ω
2
U 12
= 2 . Zd + RFault
I1
with:
U12 : fault voltage phase-to-phase
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
Test of the resistance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1 :
I1 = I2 =1A
Phi1 = 0°
U 12
I 1 = 2 . Zd + RFault
19

Xph-ph
ZFault=RFault=R1ph-ph
Rph-ph
with Zd = 0
U 12
I 1 = ZFault = RFault = R1 Ph-Ph
U12 = I1 x R1 Ph-Ph = 1 x 10 = 10 Volts

Test of the reactance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1 :
I1 = I2 =1A
Phi1 = 90°
U 12
= 2 . Zd + RFault
I1
Xph-ph
RFault/2
X1
ZFault
Z1
Rph-ph
RFault = - 2 . Z1 . cos Phid = - 2 x 29.68 x cos 76 = - 14.36 Ω

Zd = Z1 = 29.68 Ω
X1 = Z1 .sin Phid = 29.68 x sin 76 = 28.80 Ω
U 12
= ZFault = 2 . Z1 + RFault
I1
U 12
= 2 . X1 + 2 . Z1 . cos Phid + RFault = 2 . X1
I1
U12 = I1 . 2 . X1 = 1 x 2 x 28.80 = 57.6 Volts
I1 = I2 =1A
U 12
I 1 = 2 . Zd + RFault
20

Xph-ph
X1
ZFault=Z1
Rph-ph

U 12
I 1 = 2 . Z1
U12 = I1 . 2 .Z1 = 1 x 2 x 29.68 = 59.36 Volts

Test of the impedance Z1 with a fault resistance equal to R1 Ph-Ph :
I1 = I2 = 1 A
Phi1 = Fault angle
U 12
I 1 = ZFault = 2 . Zd + RFault
Xph-ph
RFault/2
X1
Z1
ZFault
Rph-ph
R1Ph-ph/2
Z1.sin Phid
With Phi1 = Arctan
(Z1.cos Phid + RFault / 2)
Zd = Z1 and RFau(lt = R1 Ph-Ph
29.68 x sin 76
Phi1 = Arctan (29.68 x cos 76 + 10 / 2)
Phi1 = 67.07°
U12
= ZFault = 2 . Z1 + R1 Ph-Grd
I1
U12
I1 = √ (2 . Z1. cos Phid + R1 Ph-Ph )² + (2 . Z1. sin Phid )²)
U 12
I 1 = √ (2 x 29.68 x cos 76 + 10 )² + (2 x 29.68 x sin 76)²)
21

U 12
I 1 = 62.53 Ω
U12 = 1 x 62.53 = 62.53 Volts
5.3. Three phase fault

The network model used by the EPAC relay is following:
Figure 2-2: Simulation of the three phase fault

For a phase-to-phase fault, we have I0 = 0 and V0 = 0.
I1 - I2 = I12 = √3 . I1 = √3 . I2
V1 - V2 = U12 = √3 . V1 = √3 . V2
U12 = Zd . I12 + RFault /2 . I12
U12 = Zd . √3 . I1 + RFault /2 . √3 . I1
√3. V1 = Zd . √3 . I1 + RFault /2 . √3 . I1
R Fault
V1 = I1 . [Zd+ ]
2
V1 R
= Zd + Fault
I1 2
with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
22


(same as 5.2.2)
V1 R
= Zd + Fault
I1 2
with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
Test of the resistance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1 :
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
Phi1 = 0°
V1 R Fault
I1 = Zd + 2
Xph-ph
ZFault=RFault=R1ph-ph/2
Rph-ph
with Zd = 0
V1 R 1 Ph-Ph
I1 = ZFault = RFault = 2
R 1 Ph-Ph
V1 = V2 = V3 = I1 x 2 = 1 x 10/2 = 5 Volts
Test of the reactance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1 :

I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
Phi1 = 90°
V1 R Fault
= Zd +
I1 2
23

Xph-ph
RFault/2
X1
ZFault
Z1
Rph-ph
RFault = - 2 . Z1 . cos Phid = - 2 x 29.68 x cos 76 = - 14.36 Ω

Zd = Z1 = 29.68 Ω
X1 = Z1 .sin Phid = 29.68 x sin 76 = 28.80 Ω
V1 R Fault
= Zd +
I1 2
V1 R Fault
I1 = X1 . sin Phid + R1 . cos Phid + 2 = X1 . sin Phid
V1 = V2 = V3 = I1 . X1 = 1 x 28.80 = 28.20 Volts
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
V1 R Fault
I1 = Zd + 2
Xph-ph
X1
ZFault=Z1
Rph-ph

V1
I1 = Z1
V1 = V2 = V3 = I1 . Z1 = 1 x 29.68 = 29.68 Volts
Test of the impedance Z1 with a fault resistance equal to R1 Ph-Ph :
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
Phi1 = Fault angle
V1 R Fault
I1 = Zd + 2
24

Xph-ph
RFault/2
X1
Z1
ZFault
Rph-ph
R1Ph-ph/2
Z1.sin Phid
With Phi1 = Arctan (Z .cos Phi + R
1 d Fault / 2)
Zd = Z1 and RFau(lt = R1 Ph-Ph

29.68 x sin 76
Phi1 = Arctan (29.68 x cos 76 + 10 / 2)

Phi1 = 67.07°
V1 R Fault
I1 = Z1 + 2
V1 R 1 Ph-Ph
I1 = √ (Z1. cos Phid + 2 )² + (Z1. sin Phid )²)
V1
= √ (29.68 x cos 76 + 10/2 )² + (29.68 x sin 76)²)
I1
V1
I1 = 31.26 Ω
V1 = V2 = V3 = 1 x 31.26 = 31.26 Volts

ABCD
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Contrôle - 95, rue de la Banquière - BP 75 - 34975 Lattes Cedex FRANCE
Tél : 33 (0)4 67 20 54 54 - Télex : 485 093 F - Fax : 33 (0)4 67 20 54 99 - E-mail : protection.controle@tde.alstom.com

P440 - Comissioning Tests ME6882e

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P440 - Comissioning Tests ME6882e

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EPAC / PXLN Test

1. TESTING USING DIFFERENT MODELS OF THE CMC SOFTWARE _____________ 3

2. SAMPLE TESTS WITH RECORDED VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

3.1. Transients during fault establishment______________________________________ 6

4. SETTING OF EPACPXLN RELAYS FOR SIMULATION WITH CMC

5. EPAC FAULT MODEL _____________________________________________________ 12

5.1. Phase-to-ground fault ____________________________________________________ 12

5.2. Two phase fault : Phase-to-phase fault ____________________________________ 17

5.3. Three phase fault ________________________________________________________ 22

PAGE NOT USED

1. Testing using different models of the CMC Software

2. Sample tests with recorded voltage and current waveforms of CMC

3. How use the CMC test equipment with EPAC/PXLN relays

3.1. Transients during fault establishment

3.2. Phase shifting between voltage memory and fault current

4. Setting of EPAC/PXLN relays for simulation with CMC OMICRON test

Tolerance of tripping times in % and absolute:

Distance Protection Functions

Measurement of distance to fault and apparent resistance

Figure 4.1: Directional characteristic for the “ conventional algorithm ”

HIGH SPEED SUPERIMPOSED ALGORITHMS :

Similarly, for reverse fault:

S = Σ (∆UA i. ∆IA i + ∆UB i . ∆IB i + ∆UC i . ∆IC i )

where “ no ” represents the moment when the fault is detected.

Figure 4.2: Directional characteristic for the “ high-speed algorithm ”

For the EPAC/PXLN relays:

5. EPAC Fault Model

5.1. Phase-to-ground fault

5.1.1. Network model

Figure 2-1: Simulation of the phase-to-ground fault

V1 = V0 + Vd + Vi + RFault J = Z0 I0+ Zd Id + Zi Ii + RFault J

5.1.2. CMC OMICRON setting

X OMICRON = ZEPAC x sin Phi

Rd: positive sequence resistance of the line

CMC OMICRON phase-to-ground fault characteristic setting for Zone 1

5.1.3. Fault simulation

RFault = - Z1 . cos Phid . (1 + k0) = - 29.68 x cos 76 x (1 + 0.835) = - 13.17 Ω

V1 = I1 . X1 . (1 + k0) = 1 x 28.80 x (1+0 .835) = 52.84 Volts

With RFault = 0 Ω and Zd = Z1

V1 = I1 . Z1 . (1 + k0) = 1 x 29.68 x (1+0 .835) = 54.46 Volts

Zd = Z1 and RFau(lt = R1 Ph-Grd

V1 = 1 x 59.89 = 59.89 Volts

5.2. Two phase fault : Phase-to-phase fault

5.2.1. Network model

Figure 2-2: Simulation of the phase-to-phase fault

5.2.2. CMC OMICRON setting

R1 Ph-Ph = 10 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1)

X1 OMICRON = Z1 EPAC x sin Phi = 28.80 Ω

X2 OMICRON = Z2 EPAC x sin Phi = 43.19 Ω

X3 OMICRON = Z3 EPAC x sin Phi = 53.99 Ω

X4 OMICRON = Z4 EPAC x sin Phi = 71.98 Ω

X5 OMICRON = Z1 EPAC x sin Phi = 18.02 Ω

5.2.3. Fault simulation

U12 = I1 x R1 Ph-Ph = 1 x 10 = 10 Volts

RFault = - 2 . Z1 . cos Phid = - 2 x 29.68 x cos 76 = - 14.36 Ω

With RFault = 0 Ω and Zd = Z1

U12 = I1 . 2 .Z1 = 1 x 2 x 29.68 = 59.36 Volts

5.3. Three phase fault

5.3.1. Network model

Figure 2-2: Simulation of the three phase fault

5.3.2. CMC OMICRON setting

5.3.3. Fault simulation

Test of the reactance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1 :