Construction and Building Materials 251 (2020) 118946

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Fabrication of superhydrophobic concrete used in marine environment

with anti-corrosion and stable mechanical properties
Lulu Lei, Qing Wang ⇑, Shuangshuang Xu, Ning Wang, Xu Zheng
Institute of NanoEngineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong 266590, PR China

h i g h l i g h t s

The prepared superhydrophobic concrete possessed excellent superhydrophobicity.

The excellent anti-corrosion property of superhydrophobic concrete was displayed.

Superhydrophobic concrete showed superhydrophobicity after mechanical polishing.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Concrete is one of the wide used building materials in both marine engineering and architecture field. The
Received 30 October 2019 first step of concrete structure deterioration is that corrosive medium invades into concrete. In this paper,
Received in revised form 15 March 2020 a non-toxic fabricating method of superhydrophobic concrete with anti-corrosion and stable mechanical
Accepted 29 March 2020
properties was proposed. Copper mesh and stearic acid were used to obtain the hierarchical micro-nano
structure and low surface energy. The results indicate that the water contact angle and water slide angle
of fabricated superhydrophobic concrete reached 159° and 5°, respectively. In addition, even after 60 s of
Keywords:
mechanical polishing, the water contact angle was still greater than 150°. Moreover, compared with ordi-
Superhydrophobic concrete
Mechanical stability
nary concrete, the anti-corrosion of fabricated superhydrophobic concrete was greatly improved. The fab-
Environment-friendly ricated environment-friendly superhydrophobic concrete with anti-corrosion and stable mechanical
Anti-corrosion properties has important potential application value in the marine engineering.
Marine engineering Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction in superhydrophobic property. Therefore, both two factors must be

Concrete is one of the wide used building materials in architec-
ture field [1,2]. However, ordinary concrete (O-concrete) cannot
inhibit corrosion well all the time. This is due to that concrete
immersed in a humid or marine environment for a long time is sus-
ceptible to corrosion by seawater corrosive media [3,4]. Moreover,
the steel inside concrete will be inevitably affected by corrosion
[5]. Serious corrosion will cause damage to the internal compo-
nents of concrete, which may shorten the lifespan of concrete
greatly and rise potential security risk [6–8]. Therefore, it has
become an urgent topic to prevent the internal corrosion of con-
crete in the marine environment.
In recent years, superhydrophobic materials have made great
progress in the construction industry due to the excellently
hydrophobic, self-cleaning and anti-corrosion properties [9–12].
The combination of low surface energy and rough structure results
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: qwang@sdust.edu.cn (Q. Wang).
present to prevent water from entering the concrete and causing
damage [13]. To be specific, due to the hierarchical micro-nano
structure of the S-C surface and modification of low surface energy,
the surface can trap a large amount of air to form an air cushion
[14,15]. Water rests on the structured air/solid interface, so the
water droplets on the rough surface are easy to roll, which is con-
sistent with the description of the Cassie-Baxter model [16,17]. The
superhydrophobic property can prevent harmful substances from
entering the concrete to slow down the corrosion of steel inside
the concrete [18]. Therefore, forming superhydrophobic surface is
an effective strategy to avoid corrosion of reinforced concrete.
At present, many researchers have successfully prepared super-
hydrophobic concrete and applied it to prevent internal corrosion
of concrete reinforcement. For example, Song et al. [19] success-
fully prepared superhydrophobic concrete with excellent anti-
corrosion property by using fluoroalkylsilane as modifier. Wei
et al. [20] reported the preparation of superhydrophobic concrete
with outstanding self-cleaning property by adding silane into ordi-
nary concrete. She et al. [16] reported a method of preparing S-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118946
0950-0618/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 L. Lei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 251 (2020) 118946

concrete by direct spraying nano-silica gel functionalized with low

surface-energy surfactants. Although the above methods have suc-
cessfully prepared superhydrophobic concrete, non-environment-
friendly modifiers such as fluorine and silane were used. Such toxic
modifiers are not only harmful to human health but also have
potential adverse effects on the environment.
Stearic acid (STA, CH3(CH2)16COOH) is an environment-friendly
practical material which consists of 1-CH3, 16-CH2 and 1–COOH
groups [15,21]. The carboxyl group of the stearic acid can be
grafted to the hydroxyl group in the concrete to reduce surface
energy. It can be used as a modifier from the perspective of envi-
ronment protection [22]. Hence, stearic acid is often used as a
modified material in the preparation of superhydrophobic surface.
For example, Wang et al. [23] used stearic acid as a modifier to pre-
pare superhydrophobic concrete by solution immersion. Charikleia
et al. [24] reported the preparation of hydrophobic powders by
using stearic acid and dry grinding paper sludge ash. Qu et al. Fig. 1. Scheme of preparation process of S-concrete.
[25] reported a ball milling method using low-cost stearic acid to
prepare superhydrophobic ground granulated blast furnace slag.
However, the surface microstructure of superhydrophobic concrete steps, except that copper mesh and mixed solution were not
prepared via above methods is fragile due to the low adhesion added.
between the modified materials and concrete. The superhydropho-
bic surfaces prepared by these methods are likely to be destroyed 2.3. Characterization
and then lose the superhydrophobicity. Therefore, it is necessary to
prepare a superhydrophobic concrete with excellently mechanical The surface morphology of the concrete (S-concrete and O-
property used for anti-corrosion applications. concrete) was explored using scanning electron microscope
In this manuscript, an environment-friendly method to fabri- (SEM, APREO, FEI Co., Ltd. USA) at an accelerating voltage High
cate superhydrophobic concrete with good anti-corrosion and Voltage of 2 kV. The crystal structure and element composition
stable mechanical properties was proposed. The copper mesh of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku
(50 lm aperture, 90 lm wire diameter) and STA were used to Ultima IV, Rigaku Co., Ltd., Japan) and Fourier transform infrared
obtain the hierarchical micro-nano structure and decrease the sur- spectrometer (Nicolet 380 FT-IR, Thermo Electron Co., Ltd. USA),
face energy, respectively [15,19]. The effect of different STA con- respectively.
centration on the wettability of superhydrophobic concrete was
investigated. In addition, the mechanical property of superhy- 2.4. Wettability test
drophobic concrete was investigated by plane polishing machine
and the self-cleaning property was evaluated. Moreover, the anti- An optical contact angle measurement instrument (DSA30,
corrosion property of superhydrophobic concrete was explored Kruss Co., Ltd., Germany) was used to measure water contact angle
through electrochemical workstation. The fabricated superhy- (WCA) of sample at room temperature. The home-made experi-
drophobic concrete displays good self-cleaning, anti-corrosion mental device was used to measure water sliding angle (WSA) of
and mechanical properties, which is expected to improve the lifes- S-concrete [26,27].
pan of marine concrete.
2.5. Self-cleaning test

2. Experiments In order to investigate the self-cleaning property of sample, fine

2.1. Materials
Portland cement (PO42.5) and fine sand (size < 250 lm) were
purchased from Hangzhou Ouchuang paint Co., Ltd., (Hangzhou,
China). STA and anhydrous ethanol were acquired from the Tianjin
Kemiou Chemicals Development Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Copper
mesh was provided by Shanghai Huaxin Metal Mesh factory
(Shanghai, China).
2.2. Fabrication of superhydrophobic concrete
Fig. 1 shows the preparation process of superhydrophobic con-
crete. Firstly, 45 mL anhydrous ethanol and 2.1 g STA were put into
a beaker and stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 30 min to form a
mixed solution. Then, 300 g portland cement, 300 g fine sand
and 135 mL water were putted into above mixed solution, and
evenly stirred to form concrete. Finally, fresh concrete was placed
in a petri dish with copper mesh prepositioned at the bottom, and
the top of the concrete was covered with a layer of copper mesh.
After 24 h of curing, the copper mesh was removed to obtain
S-concrete. Besides, the fabrication of O-concrete took the same
sand with a particle size of less than 250 um was used as contam-
inant. First, the sample was tilted onto a petri dish. Subsequently,
the samples were coated with a thick layer of fine sand. Finally, a
micropipette was used to clean the surface with 10uL water dro-
plets [15].
2.6. Mechanical property test
The mechanical property of superhydrophobic concrete was
explored using a plane polishing machine with 600 #artificial
emery paper (2206 Standard, Deshuo Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing).
The no-load speed was 13,000/min and abrade force is 13.8 N. First,
the sample was mechanically polished for 10 s, 30 s and 60 s,
respectively. And then 10uL of water droplets (the water droplets
were dyed blue by methyl blue) were sucked by a micropipette
to impact the sample.
2.7. Anti-corrosion test
The anti-corrosion property of sample was tested using electro-
chemical workstation (CHI660E, Shanghai Chenhua instruments
Co., LTD.) in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. In a standard three-electrode
 L. Lei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 251 (2020) 118946
system, platinum electrode and saturated calomel electrode were
used as counter electrode and reference electrode, respectively.
The iron nail with an exposed length of 2 cm was used as working
electrode. The potentiodynamic polarization curves were deter-
mined at a scanning rate of 5 Mv/s from 1 and 0 V/SCE. The elec-
trochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was
carried out in a frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 100,000 Hz, with
the amplitude of 10 mV. Before testing, all the samples were
soaked in NaCl solution for 24 h to avoid the inaccuracy of the
experimental results during testing [28].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Morphology and chemical composition
3.1.1. Morphology analysis
The morphologies of S-concrete and O-concrete are displayed in
Fig. 2. Before investigation, all concrete must be sprayed with gold
clusters to ensure the accuracy of the experiment. From a macro
perspective, the surfaces of the original samples in Fig. 2b are
smoother than the surfaces in the Fig. 2a of superhydrophobic
sample. The surface of S-concrete is rougher than O-concrete under
dual effects of copper mesh and STA. To be specific, the concrete
surface was divided into small squares of hierarchical micro-
nano structure using copper mesh, which produced a rough struc-
ture. Under the influence of the STA, the hydroxyl groups in the O-
concrete and the carboxyl groups in the STA were successfully
grafted to form a hydrophobic tail chain. In addition, the hydration
product calcium hydroxide further reacted with STA to produce
calcium stearate, which formed a layer of insoluble calcium stea-
rate on the S-concrete surface [23]. An additional calcium stearate
fiber structure greatly increased the roughness of the concrete (red
arrows represent calcium carbonate crystals, as shown in Fig. 2b).
Stearic acid reacted with the rough solid surface and produced nee-
dle bars, which is consistent with previous research [23,29].
For O-concrete, the roughness was only formed by calcium car-
bonate crystal and ettringite needle (yellow arrows indicate ettrin-
Fig. 2. Surface morphologies of the S-concrete (a) and O-concrete (b) under different magnification.
3
gite needles shown in Fig. 2b) [16]. From the above, it can be
concluded that the transition from O-concrete to S-concrete was
successfully achieved by using the STA and the copper mesh. It
was confirmed that the addition of STA can reduce the surface
energy of concrete, and prevent water from entering the concrete
[26,30]. All these findings prove that the concrete surface has a
stable superhydrophobic structure.
3.1.2. Chemical composition analysis
XRD patterns of O-concrete and S-concrete are shown in Fig. 3a.
The main components of S-concrete and O-concrete are the same,
namely quartz sand, ettringite, hydrated calcium silicate and cal-
cium hydroxide.
In order to further investigate the crystal structure and chemi-
cal composition of the samples, the samples were tested by FT-IR
spectra. As shown in Fig. 3b, compared to the O-concrete, the
wavebands around 2918 cm1 and 2850 cm1 in the S-concrete
belong to methyl symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration
peaks of –CH2 and –CH3, respectively (–CH3 and –CH2 comes from
STA, which can decrease the surface free energy of concrete). The
results indicate that STA had been successfully grafted on concrete,
which has excellent consistency with the report in references
[25,32]. The O–H related band is near 1640 cm1 and 3341 cm1
[30,31], attributing to the characteristic of Si–OH, indicating that
there are hydroxyl functional groups [33] in concrete. In addition,
the –COOH group on the surface of STA reacts with the –OH group
in concrete, ensuring that STA can be successfully grafted to the
concrete surface. Thus the S-concrete shows good superhydropho-
bicity. FT-IR spectra confirmed the successful grafting of STA in
concrete, and the results showed that silica in sand was success-
fully modified by STA. In addition, it was found that no harmful
substances containing fluorine existed in the prepared S-concrete
through the components investigating of S-concrete. Therefore,
this environment-friendly preparation method is expected to be
applied in the future.
4 L. Lei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 251 (2020) 118946

Fig. 4. (a) Different droplets on S-concrete surface and (b) Mechanism diagram of S-
concrete microstructure.

Fig. 3. (a) XRD pattern and (b) FT-IR spectra.

3.2. Wettability

3.2.1. Wettability analysis

The wettability of S-concrete for different droplets (tea, water
dyed blue, milk, coffee) is displayed in Fig. 4a. The results show
that the as-prepared S-concrete also has excellent hydrophobicity
to various droplets. The WCA of the droplets was all up to 155°,
because of the existence of the hierarchical micro-nano structure
formed on S-concrete surface. As shown in Fig. 4b, the structure
of S-concrete consists of hierarchical micro-nano structure and
nano-scale irregular fiber, which increases the surface roughness
of the samples. This type of micro-nano structure makes a stable
air cushion trapped between the droplet and the micro-nano com-
posite structure, which holds up the droplet and prevents the dro-
plet from wetting the surface of the samples [16].

3.2.2. Effects of STA on wettability

Superhydrophobic concrete was fabricated by successfully
grafting STA on the concrete, the WCA and WSA were 159° and
5°, respectively. The successful grafting of hydrophobic alkyl Fig. 5. (a) Mechanism diagram of stearic acid modification and (b) Effect of stearic
groups is critical for the superhydrophobicity of concrete. The acid concentration on wettability.

mechanism of STA decreasing surface energy is shown in Fig. 5a,

the hydroxyl groups (– OH) in the O-concrete and the carboxyl –COOH in STA can react with the –OH groups in nature materials
groups (–COOH) in the STA are successfully grafted and a long of concrete, such as quartz sand, calcium silicate hydrate, calcium
hydrophobic tail chain is formed. In addition, the reactive group hydroxide and ettringite. Meanwhile, the hydration product
 L. Lei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 251 (2020) 118946 5

Fig. 6. (a–c) The self-cleaning process of S-concrete and (d) Mechanism diagram of self-cleaning.

Fig. 7. Mechanical property test of S-concrete using mechanical polishing.

calcium hydroxide further reacts with STA to produce calcium
stearate, as shown in Eq. (1), to bond low surface energy groups
to the surface and reduce the surface energy [16].
Ca(OH)2 + CH3 (CH2 )16 COOH@Ca[OOC(CH2 )16 CH3 ]2 + H2 O
Therefore, the addition of STA not only consumes calcium stea-
rate, but also produces water, promotes cement hydration and
makes the structure denser [29].
Fig. 5b shows the effect of different concentration of STA on
WCA and WSA of fabricated concretes. The results indicate that
the WCA had an upward trend with the increase of STA content.
When the STA content reached 0.8 g, the WCA reached its maxi-
mum, and then maintained a stable state. While WSA decreased
first and then increased slightly. The WSA of S-concrete with a
STA content of 0.6 g and 0.8 g was around 4° and 5°, respectively.
It follows that when the addition of STA is less than 0.8 g, the
hydroxyl groups in concrete cannot be completely grafted with
the carboxyl groups in STA. When the addition of STA is more than
0.8 g, the concrete surface may be agglomerated, thereby reducing
ð1Þ
the WCA [25]. Therefore, considering all the conditions, the S-
concrete prepared with STA content of 0.8 g was selected to
achieve the best WAC.
3.3. Self-cleaning property
The surfaces of marine concretes are easy to be contaminated
with pollutants. The cumulation of pollutants for a long time will
have a negative impact on the performance of concrete [20]. And,
in marine environments, marine structures can be coastal slopes.
When sea sand is sent to the coastal slopes, the sea sand can be car-
6 L. Lei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 251 (2020) 118946
Fig. 8. Polarization curves of Supehydrophobic concrete and Ordinary concrete.
ried away by the sea water. For example, sea sand contains harmful
chlorine ions. When the sea sand is attached to the surface of coast
slop, the steel inside the concrete will be corroded, which will have
a negative impact on the building [34]. Inspired by the self-
cleaning effect of lotus, self-cleaning property of S-concrete was
explored by using fine sand as contaminants. As shown in Fig. 6a,
the S-concrete is placed obliquely and covered with a layer of fine
sand. A micropipette was used to clean the surface with 10uL
water droplets. As shown in Fig. 6b-c, when the water droplets fall
from the sample surface, the fine sand is carried away and a clear
path appears. The mechanism of self-cleaning is shown in Fig. 6d,
an air layer is existed between the micro-nano structures and
water drops [17,35], which makes the S-concrete have excellent
self-cleaning property. The above results indicate that the self-
cleaning ability will facilitate the durable applications of S-
concrete in complex marine environments.
3.4. Mechanical property
Mechanical stability is a key factor affecting the hydrophobic
property S-concrete. This is because most S-concretes have fragile
micro-nano structures and poor mechanical properties, so the
superhydrophobic performance will be destroyed under the effect
of external forces. The research on mechanical property of S-
concrete has always been a hot topic, using knife abrasion, tape
peeling, sand paper abrasion and so on. But there is no standard
to measure the mechanical property so far. In order to study the
mechanical property of S-concrete, we proposed that the S-
concrete was abraded by a plane polishing machine, and the wet-
tability was tested with methyl blue staining water droplets. It can
be seen from Fig. 7 that the S-concrete still have maintained an
outstanding water-repellency after polished by plane polishing
machine. Comparing to tape peeling, the plane polishing machine
test is tougher. Even so, the superhydrophobicity of the S-
concrete was well remained superhydrophobic after different
degrees of mechanical abrasion. The result shows that the fabri-
cated S-concrete possesses stable mechanical property.
3.5. Anti-corrosion property
Potentiodynamic polarization and Nyquist curves were
explored in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution to assess the anti-corrosion of
fabricated samples. Fig. 8 exhibits the potentiodynamic polariza-
tion curves. The corrosion potential of S-concrete and O-concrete
are 0.638 V and 0.841 V, respectively. In general, higher corro-
sion potential indicates better anti-corrosion. Therefore, the anti-
corrosion of S-concrete is better than O-concrete. In addition, it
was found that, after the S-concrete and O-concrete were placed
in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for one month, the iron nail in O-
concrete (right) had been completely corroded, while the iron nail
in S-concrete (left) were intact. The corrosion of the concrete can
be easily seen from the illustration in Fig. 8. All these findings
prove that S-concrete had excellent anti-corrosion property.
4. Conclusions
A kind of superhydrophobic concrete with environment-
friendly, mechanical stability and anti-corrosion properties was
successfully fabricated by using copper mesh and STA. The results
show that when the STA content was 0.8 g, the WCA and WSA of S-
concrete reached the optimal values, which were 159° and 5°,
respectively. Besides, compared with ordinary concrete, contami-
nants on S-concrete surface can be carried away by water droplets,
which can effectively prevent concrete from being polluted. More-
over, in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the function of resisting chloride ion
erosion of the S-concrete was exhibited. Furthermore, the fabri-
cated S-concrete still displayed outstanding superhydrophobicity
under high frequency polishing by plane polishing machine. It is
expected that this facile and environment-friendly strategy for
anti-corrosion in concrete will be used in marine environment.
Author contributions
L.L., S.X. N.W. and X. Z. conducted the experiments and data
analysis under the advising of Q.W.; L.L. and Q.W. wrote the
manuscript.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Taishan Scholar Project of
Shandong Province (No. TSHW20130956) and the Natural Science
Foundation of Shandong Province, China (No. ZR2017MA013).
References
[1] M.G. Stewart, X. Wang, M.N. Nguyen, Climate change impact and risks of
concrete infrastructure deterioration, Eng. Struct. 33 (4) (2011) 1326–1337.
[2] R.P. Fernández, M.L. Pardo, Offshore concrete structures, Ocean. Eng. 58 (2013)
304–316.
[3] J. Liang, H. Zhu, L. Chen, X. Han, Q. Guo, Y. Gao, C. Liu, Rebar corrosion
investigation in rubber aggregate concrete via the chloride electro-accelerated
test, Materials 12 (6) (2019) 862.
[4] G. Liu, Y. Zhang, Z. Ni, R. Huang, Corrosion behavior of steel submitted to
chloride and sulphate ions in simulated concrete pore solution, Constr. Build.
Mater. 115 (2016) 1–5.
[5] B. Dong, G. Fang, Y. Liu, P. Dong, J. Zhang, F. Xing, S. Hong, Monitoring
reinforcement corrosion and corrosion-induced cracking by X-
raymicrocomputed tomography method, Cem. Concr. Res. 100 (2017) 311–
321.
[6] V. Maruthapandian, V. Saraswathy, S. Muralidharan, Development of solid
state embeddable reference electrode for corrosion monitoring of steel in
reinforced concrete structures, Cem. Concr. Comp. 74 (2016) 100–108.
[7] Y. Wang, X. Gong, L. Wu, Prediction model of chloride diffusion in concrete
considering the coupling effects of coarse aggregate and steel reinforcement
exposed to marine tidal environment, Constr. Build. Mater. 216 (2019) 40–57.
[8] W. Shen, Y. Liu, B. Yan, J. Wang, P. He, C. Zhou, X. Huo, W. Zhan, G. Xu, Q. Ding,
Cement industry of China: driving force, environment impact and sustainable
development, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 75 (2017) 618–628.
[9] M. Horgnies, J.J. Chen, Superhydrophobic concrete surfaces with integrated
microtexture, Cem. Concr. Comp. 52 (2014) 81–90.
 L. Lei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 251 (2020) 118946
[10] B. Pang, J. Qian, Y. Zhang, Y. Jia, H. Ni, S.D. Pang, G. Liu, R. Qian, W. She, L. Yang,
Z. Liu, 5S multifunctional intelligent coating with super-durable,
superhydrophobic, self-monitoring, self-heating, and self-healing properties
for existing construction application, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 18 (2019) 1–
49.
[11] J. Li, S. Yang, Y. Liu, Y. Muhammad, Z. Su, J. Yang, Studies on the properties of
modified heavy calcium carbonate and SBS composite modified asphalt,
Constr. Build. Mater. 218 (2019) 413–423.
[12] H. Chen, P. Feng, Y. Du, J. Jiang, W. Sun, The effect of superhydrophobic nano-
silica particles on the transport and mechanical properties of hardened cement
pastes, Constr. Build. Mater. 182 (2018) 620–628.
[13] N. Wang, Q. Wang, S. Xu, X. Zheng, Mechanical stability of PDMS-based
micro/nano-textured flexible superhydrophobic surface under external
loading, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 (2019) 48583–48593.
[14] S. Xu, Q. Wang, N. Wang, X. Zheng, L. Lei, Environmentally-friendly fabrication
of a recyclable oil-water separation material using copper mesh for immiscible
oil/water mixtures, Colloid. Surface A 583 (2019) 124010.
[15] S. Xu, Q. Wang, N. Wang, X. Zheng, Fabrication of superhydrophobic green
surfaces with good self-cleaning, chemical stability and anti-corrosion
properties, J. Mater. Sci. 54 (2019) 13006–13016.
[16] W. She, X. Wang, C. Miao, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Yang, J. Hon, Biomimetic super-
hydrophobic surface of concrete: topographic and chemical modification
assembly by direct spray, Constr. Build. Mater. 181 (2018) 347–357.
[17] R. Pan, M. Cai, W. Liu, X. Luo, C. Chen, H. Zhang, M. Zhong, Extremely high
Cassie-Baxter state stability of superhydrophobic surfaces via precisely
tunable dual-scale and triple-scale micro-nano structures, J. Mater. Chem. A
7 (30) (2019) 18050–18062.
[18] H.S. Wong, R. Barakat, A. Alhilali, M. Saleh, C.R. Cheeseman, Hydrophobic
concrete using waste paper sludge ash, Cem. Concr. Res. 70 (2015) 9–20.
[19] J. Song, D. Zhao, Z. Han, W. Xu, Y. Lu, X. Liu, B. Liu, C.J. Carmalt, X. Deng, I.P.
Parkin, Super-robust super-hydrophobic concrete, J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (28)
(2017) 14542–14550.
[20] Q. Wei, X. Liu, X. Zhang, Facile preparation of mechanically robust
superhydrophobic concrete with self-cleaning property, Mater. Res. Express.
6 (1) (2018) 1–25.
[21] Z. Cao, F. Lu, P. Qiu, F. Yang, G. Liu, S. Wang, H. Zhong, Formation of a
hydrophobic and corrosion resistant coating on manganese surface via stearic
acid and oleic acid diethanolamide, Colloid. Surface A 555 (2018) 372–380.
7
[22] L. Feng, Y. Che, Y. Liu, X. Qiang, Y. Wang, Fabrication of superhydrophobic
aluminium alloy surface with excellent corrosion resistance by a facile and
environment-friendly method, Appl. Surf. Sci. 283 (2013) 367–374.
[23] F. Wang, M. Zhang, S. Lei, J. Ou, W. Li, Rapid preparation of superhydrophobic
surface on cement stone, Appl. Phys. A 125 (6) (2019).
[24] C. Spathi, J.Y.Y. Neale, L.J.M. Heng, C.R. Vandeperre, A. Cheeseman, simple
method for preparing super-hydrophobic powder from paper sludge ash,
Mater. Lett. 142 (2015) 80–83.
[25] Z. Qu, Q. Yu, Synthesizing super-hydrophobic ground granulated blast furnace
slag to enhance the transport property of lightweight aggregate concrete,
Constr. Build. Mater. 191 (2018) 176–186.
[26] N. Wang, Q. Wang, S. Xu, X. Zheng, M. Zhang, Facile fabrication of amphiphobic
surfaces on copper substrates with a mixed modified solution, RSC Adv. 9 (30)
(2019) 17366–17372.
[27] N. Wang, Q. Wang, S. Xu, X. Zheng, Eco-Friendly and safe method of fabricating
superhydrophobic surfaces on stainless steel substrates, J. Phys. Chem. C 123
(2019) 25738–25746.
[28] N. Wang, Q. Wang, S. Xu, X. Zheng, Fabrication of multifunctional amphiphobic
surfaces on copper substrates, Colloid. Surface A 577 (2019) 509–516.
[29] Z. Feng, F. Wang, T. Xie, J. Ou, M. Xue, W. Li, Integral hydrophobic concrete
without using silane, Constr. Build. Mater. 227 (2019) 116678.
[30] J. Fu, F. Yang, Z. Guo, Facile fabrication of super-hydrophobic filter paper with
high water adhesion, Mater. Lett. 236 (2019) 732–735.
[31] J. Song, Y. Li, W. Xu, H. Liu, Y. Lu, Inexpensive and non-fluorinated super-
hydrophobic concrete coating for anti-icing and anti-corrosion, J. Colloid.
Interf. Sci. 514 (2019) 86–92.
[32] M.D. Sosa, G. Lombardo, G. Rojas, M.E. Oneto, R.M. Negri, N.B. D’Accorso,
Superhydrophobic brass and bronze meshes based on electrochemical and
chemical self-assembly of stearate, Appl. Surf. Sci. 465 (2018) 116–124.
[33] M. Qu, S. Liu, J. He, J. Feng, Y. Yao, L. Hou, X. Ma, Bioinspired durable super-
hydrophobic materials with antiwear property fabricated from quartz sands
and organosilane, J. Mater. Sci. 51 (18) (2016) 8718–8727.
[34] Q. Xu, T. Ji, Z. Yang, Y. Ye, Steel rebar corrosion in artificial reef concrete with
sulphoaluminate cement, sea water and marine sand, Constr. Build. Mater. 227
(2019) 116685.
[35] W. Yao, L. Li, O.L. Li, Y.W. Cho, M.Y. Jeong, Y.R. Cho, Robust, self-cleaning,
amphiphobic coating with flower-like nanostructure on micro-patterned
polymer substrate, Chem. Eng. J. 352 (2018) 173–181.