CONTENTS

Page

Summary v-ix

Chapter 1 1

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Background and Technical Target of Reactive Dyes 1

1.2 Bifunctional Reactive Dyes 4

1.2.1 Homo-bifunctional reactive dyes 7

1.2.1.1 bis-Monochlorotriazine reactive dyes 8

bis -Monofluorotriazine (MFT)reactive dyes 10

1.2.1.2
(Cibacron LS “Low-Salt dyes")

1.2.1.3 bis –Sulphatoethylsulphone (SES) reactive dyes 11

1.2.2 Hetero-bifunctional reactive dyes 16

Monochlorotriazine/Vinylsulphone (MCT/VS) reactive 17

1.2.2.1
dyes (Sumifix Supra dyes)

Monofluorotriazine/vinylsulphone reactive dyes 20

1.2.2.2
(Cibacron C dyes)

1.2.2.3 Vinylsulphone/-Bromoacrylamide reactive dyes 21

1.2.2.4 Disulphide bis(Ethylsulphone) reactive dyes 22

1.2.2.5 Other heterobifunctional reactive dyes 25

1.3 Neutral-Fixing Reactive Dyes (Kayacelon React dyes) 26

1.4 Salt free reactive dyes 28

1.5 Chromophoric system of reactive dyes 31

1.5.1 Triphenyl dioxazine reactive dyes 31

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1.5.2 Formazn reactive dyes 32

1.5.3 Phthalocyanine reactive dyes 32

1.5.4 Azo reactive dyes 33

1.5.4.1 Chlorine–fast azo dyes 33

1.5.4.2 Light-fast azo dyes 35

1.5.4.3 Ureido reactive dyes 35

1.6 Cotton fiber 37

1.6.1 Merphology of cotton fiber 37

1.6.2 Composition of cotton fiber 38

1.6.3 Properties of cotton fiber 41

1.6.3.1 Physical properties 41
1.6.3.2 Stability 41

Chapter 2
2 Expermental 43

2.1 Materials 43

Synthesis of ureido diamine intermediate I 43

2.2
(diaminodiphenylurea DADPU)

2.3 Synthesis of disazo ureido reactive dyes 44

2.3.1 bis(Dichlorotriazine) ureido reactive dyes 1, 2 44

2.3.2 bis(monochlorotriazine) ureido reactive dyes 3, 4 45

bis(monochlorotriazine/sulphatoethylsulphone) ureido 46
2.3.3
reactive dye 5

2.4 Synthesis of Polyazo ureido reactive dyes 46

2.4.1 bis(monochlorotriazine) ureido reactive dye 6 46

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2.4.2 bis(sulphatoethylsulphone) ureido reactive dye 7 47

2.5 Dyes purification 48

2.6 Dyeing process by using synthesized reactive dyes 48

2.7 Measurements and analyses 49

2.8 Determination of dye exhaustion 50

2.9 Determination of dye fixation 51

2.10 Fastness testing 51

2.10.1 Color fastness to washing 51

2.10.2 Color fastness to rubbing 52

2.10.3 Color fastness to perspiration 52

2.10.4 Color fastness to light 53

Chapter 3
3 Results and discussions 54

3.1 Dyes structures 54

3.2 Characterization of dye intermediate 55

3.3 Characterization of synthesized ureido dyes 55

Synthesis of Ureido diamine intermediate and ureido 72

3.4
reactive dyes 1-7.

Dyeing performance and fastness properties of the 77

3.5
synthesized ureido reactive dyes

Effect of salt concentration and dyeing temperature 79

3.5.1
Neutral exhaustion stage

3.5.2 Effect of sulphonic group 80

3.5.3 Effect of alkaline in secondary Exhaustion and Fixation stage 86

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3.5.4 Effect of fixation dyeing temperature 91

3.5.5 Effect of dye concentration 94

3.5.6 Fastness properties of ureido reactive dyes 98

3. 6 Conclusions 100

3.7 References 101

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