Perfad 3100 Friction Modifier For Industrial Gear Oils: Innovation You Can Build On

Innovation you can build onTM
PerfadTM 3100
Friction Modifier for
Industrial Gear Oils
www.crodalubricants.com
Friction Modifiers
Organic friction modifiers have traditionally struggled to
find applications in gear oils due to their tendency to
promote emulsification
A reduction in friction is desirable as it reduces oil sump

temperatures
Lower temperatures lead to reduced thinning of the

lubricant therefore a thicker oil film is maintained, which
helps to prevent wear
Perfad 3100
Perfad 3100 is a new friction modifier that has the
following advantages over conventional chemistries:
• Fully saturated - thermally and oxidatively stable

• Low impact on emulsification properties
• Sulphur, ash and phosphorus-free
• Significant reductions in friction at high temperatures and high
loads
Perfad 3100 is compliant with all major global inventories
Typical Physical Properties
Properties Perfad 3100
Acid value (mgKOH/g) 2
Appearance Light yellow
Biodegradability (OECD 301B) % >60
Cloud point (ºC) -14
Density @ 20ºC (g/ml) 0.97
Flash point (COC) (ºC) 275
Iodine value (gl/100g) 1
Kinematic viscosity @ 40ºC (mm2/s) 624
Kinematic viscosity @ 100ºC (mm2/s) 28
Phosphorus % 0
Physical form Liquid
Pour point (ºC) -15
Renewability % 100
Saponification value (mgKOH/g) 149
Sulphur % 0
Viscosity index 55
Performance Testing
Tribological Testing
MTM
• Stribeck curves (Friction vs speed)
• Variable load test (Friction vs contact pressure)
HFRR
Demulsification
ASTM D1401
Mini Traction Machine
Measures coefficient of friction in a mixed

sliding/rolling contact
Can vary temperature, speed, load and test components
MTM – Stribeck Curves
Parameter Value
Speed 0.01 - 2 m/s
Temperature 150ºC
Contact Pressure 1 GPa
Slide/Roll Ratio 50%
Specimens AISI 52100 steel ball on disc configuration
The above profile was used to generate Stribeck curves

(friction vs. speed) for an ISO 68 industrial gear oil
MTM - Stribeck Curves ISO 68 IGO
40-50% reduction in friction at low speeds using Perfad 3100
MTM Stribeck Curve Summary
Stribeck curves show frictional benefits of Perfad 3100 in
the boundary and mixed regimes
Much greater reduction in friction than GMO, a

conventional organic friction modifier
Additional MTM tests were carried out to investigate the

effect on friction over a range of contact pressures
MTM – Variable Load Test
In this test, the speed was fixed at 0.05 m/s and the
temperature held at 100ºC
Two different configurations were used:

-Ball-on-disc, max. contact pressure 1.7 GPa;
-Barrel-on-disc, max. contact pressure 3.2 GPa
Parameter Value
Speed 0.05 m/s
Temperature 100ºC
Contact Pressure 0.65 - 3.2 GPa
Slide/Roll Ratio 50%
Specimens AISI 52100 steel
ISO 68 Variable Load Test, Ball-on-Disc
25-30% reduction in friction across a range of contact pressures
ISO 68 Variable Load Test, Barrel-on-Disc
Perfad 3100 performance maintained even at high loads when lubricating
films become thinner
ISO 320 Variable Load Test, Barrel-on-Disc
Significant improvements in friction are also seen in a high viscosity gear oil
MTM Variable Load Test Summary
Performance demonstrated in both ISO 68 and ISO 320 fluids
Excellent performance at low loads / contact pressures
Performance maintained at high loads

• Significant for heavily loaded gear systems such as wind turbines,
which can experience contact pressures around 2.5 GPa
High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
Steel ball moves against a

steel plate submerged in lubricant
Used to investigate coefficient of friction and wear
HFRR Testing Profile
The following test profile was used to investigate the
activity of Perfad 3100 in the HFRR
Parameter Value
Stroke Length 1000 µm
Frequency 20 Hz
Load 400 g (1 GPa)
Temperature 100ºC
Test Duration 1 hour
HFRR Friction Results
Almost 50% reduction in friction with Perfad 3100
HFRR Friction Summary
Outstanding reduction in friction with Perfad 3100
Much improved performance over GMO
The benefit of using Perfad 3100 increases over time as

the friction-reducing layer builds up
The HFRR is also used to measure the amount of wear

generated during the test
HFRR Wear Scar Results
40% reduction in wear achieved by addition of Perfad 3100
Demulsification (ASTM D1401)
The presence of 200ppm of sea water in a gear oil can
reduce bearing life by up to 50%
• Contact with water can lead to corrosion and loss of performance
• The demulsification rig tests how readily the oil will reject water, or whether
it will instead form a stable emulsion.
5 Minutes 30 Minutes
Mixing Standing Oil
Emulsion
Water
ISO 320 Demulsification Test – 30 mins
Perfad 3100 creates a much less persistent emulsion than GMO
ISO 320 Demulsification
These results show the effect of friction modifiers on
emulsification of an ISO 320 industrial gear oil formulation
GMO causes strong emulsification of the formulation
The addition of Perfad 3100 did not have any negative effect
on emulsification in this ISO 320 gear oil
• Emulsification properties vary by formulation and are dependent upon the base oil and additive chemistry
Demulsification can be improved through the incorporation of

a suitable demulsifier
ISO 220 Demulsification Test – 30 mins
The addition of Synperonic L121 effectively splits an emulsion
created with Perfad 3100
ISO 220 Demulsification
Emulsification is more problematic at low viscosities and is highly
formulation specific
In this case Perfad 3100 creates a stable emulsion and the addition of a
small amount of Synperonic L121 has been found to effectively split the
mixture
Synperonic L121 can be used alongside Perfad 3100 as an efficient

demulsifier
Croda has a broad range of demulsifiers, that can work in synergy with
Perfad 3100 to deliver excellent demulsibility results in lower viscosity
gear oil formulations, where emulsification can be problematic
Perfad 3100 Summary
Perfad 3100 provides outstanding frictional performance in
PAO and mineral oil based industrial gear oils
• Frictional benefits achieved in both high and low viscosity oils using the MTM
• Performance maintained at high contact pressures (tested up to 3.2 GPa)
Perfad 3100 demonstrates reductions in both friction and

wear in HFRR tests
Perfad 3100 can demonstrate a low impact on the

emulsification characteristics of industrial gear oils
• Demulsifiers can be used to improve demulsification properties
Disclaimer
The information in this publication is believed to be accurate and is given in good faith
but no representation or warranty as to its completeness or accuracy is made.
Suggestions for uses or applications are only opinions. Users are responsible for
determining the suitability of these products for their own particular purpose.
No representation or warranty, express or implied, is made with respect to information

or products including without limitation warranties of merchantability or fitness for a
particular purpose or non-infringement of any third party patent or other intellectual
property rights including without limit copyright, trademark and designs.
Any trademarks identified herein are trademarks of the Croda group of companies.
© Copyright Croda Europe Ltd 2015. All Rights Reserved

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Innovation you can build onTM

A reduction in friction is desirable as it reduces oil sump

Lower temperatures lead to reduced thinning of the

• Fully saturated - thermally and oxidatively stable

Perfad 3100 is compliant with all major global inventories

Measures coefficient of friction in a mixed

Can vary temperature, speed, load and test components

The above profile was used to generate Stribeck curves

Much greater reduction in friction than GMO, a

Additional MTM tests were carried out to investigate the

Two different configurations were used:

Excellent performance at low loads / contact pressures

Performance maintained at high loads

Steel ball moves against a

Used to investigate coefficient of friction and wear

Much improved performance over GMO

The benefit of using Perfad 3100 increases over time as

The HFRR is also used to measure the amount of wear

GMO causes strong emulsification of the formulation

Demulsification can be improved through the incorporation of

Synperonic L121 can be used alongside Perfad 3100 as an efficient

Perfad 3100 demonstrates reductions in both friction and

Perfad 3100 can demonstrate a low impact on the

No representation or warranty, express or implied, is made with respect to information

© Copyright Croda Europe Ltd 2015. All Rights Reserved

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