A SEMINAR REPORT ON

LASER COMMUNICATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

ANUPAM ROY: 18700317085

6TH SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
TECHNO INTERNATIONAL NEWTOWN
KOLKATA 700156
MARCH 2020
 TECHNO INTERNATIONAL NEWTOWN
KOLKATA: 700156
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this seminar report entitled “LASER COMMUNICATION” is a

bonafide work carried out in the sixth semester by “ANUPAM ROY (18700317085)” in
partial fulfillment for the award of the degree “BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATTION ENGINEERING” from Maulana Abul
Kalam Azad University of Technology during the academic year 2019- 2020 under the
course of Seminar (EC 681) under my guidance.
The report is solemnly an asset for B. Tech in Electronics and Communication
Engineering Batch: 2017-21 and any illegal copy without prior permission should not be
entertained.

Guide / Supervisor

_____________________________________________________________

MR TRILOCHAN PATRA
FACULTY
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
Techno International Newtown,
Kolkata-700156
 ABSTRACT

Lasercom or laser communication is an optical wireless communication, envisioned to be

the next generation wireless communication technology due to its inherent characteristics
like increased bandwidth, high data rate, security, immunity to interference, unregulated
spectrum etc. Lasercom is a better alternative to conventional communication schemes
due to its potential features; terahertz transmission, small Size, Weight and Power
(SWaP) components, that which are critical factors in designing space missions.
The laser transmit beam however is degraded by atmospheric factors and stringent
requirement of line of sight communication results in pointing losses. Lasercom is thus
constrained of implementing it in its full potential due to these factors. Therefore unlike
RF communication, designing and testing the lasercom system is a complex task, as it
needs to take into account many factors related to the conditions that will pertain during
the laser communication. These factors are stochastic atmospheric parameters,
coordinates of installing the transmitter and receiver, time of commencing the
transmission et al. This necessitates the need for a modeling to carry out a
virtual laser communication so as to evaluate and optimize the system design.

Laser communications systems are wireless connections through the atmosphere. They
work similarly to fiber optic links, except the beam is transmitted through free space.
While the transmitter and receiver must require line-of-sight conditions, they have the
benefit of eliminating the need for broadcast rights and buried cables. Laser
communications systems can be easily deployed since they are inexpensive, small, low
power and do not require any radio interference studies. The carrier used for the
transmission signal is typically generated by a laser diode. Two parallel beams are
needed, one for transmission and one for reception. Due to budget restrictions, the system
implemented in this project is only one way.
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page No.

1. Comparison between LED & Laser Diode...................................................11

2. Frequency bands for inter-satellite links...................................................... 14
3. Laser commonly used in satellite communication....................................... 15
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page No.

1. Path of reflected sunlight, before and after being modulated using Photophone
transmitter……………………………….....................................................3
2. Heliograph.................................................................................................... 4
3. Block diagram of a basic laser communication system................................ 7
4. Variation of current with light intensity……………………………………8
 5. TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLE iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
Chapters Page No.
1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Review 2
3. .......... 5
4. Laser Communication System 6
4.1. Introduction 6
4.2. Block Diagram 7
4.3. Working and Explanation 7
4.4. ………. 8
5. Parameters 9
5.1. Introduction 9
5.2. Link Parameters 9
5.3. Transmitter Parameters 10
5.4. Channel Parameters 11
5.5. Receiver Parameters 11
5.6. Detector Parameters 12
5.7. .......... 13
6. Advantages 14
7. .......... 16
8. Disadvantages 17
9. Applications 18
10. Conclusion 19
11. References 20
12. .......... 21
 INTRODUCTION

Laser communication is one of the emerging areas of wireless communication system.

Due to its low noise ratio makes its one of the well suited communication medium
for exchanging of information. Laser communications systems are wireless connections
through the atmosphere. They work similarly to fiber optic links, except the beam is
transmitted through free space. While the transmitter and receiver must require line-of-
sight conditions, they have the benefit of eliminating the need for broadcast rights and
buried cables. Laser communications systems can be easily deployed since they are
inexpensive, small, low power and do not require any radio interference studies. Two
parallel beams are needed, one for transmission and one for reception.
Increased data transfer demands, limited RF spectral allocations, and emphasis on smaller
spacecraft platforms to keep launch costs down are forcing space mission planners to
consider free-space optical communications for their space-ground and inter-satellite
communications links. Optical communications can provide a theoretical performance
advantage over conventional RF communications by as much as 60-80 dB. This
advantage can be used to decrease the size of the communications terminals located at the
ends of the link, and still provide significant increase in data rate capabilities (several
orders-of-magnitude). Furthermore, as near-Earth missions begin flying more data-
intensive instruments like synthetic aperture radars or hyper spectral imagers,
communications systems that circumvent the lack of available spectral allocations will be
required. Optical communications offers both the ability to achieve very high data rates
with decreased-size assets on the spacecraft, while at the same time there are currently no
spectral allocation limitations to the use of the spectrum. With these basics, a simplified
process for determining the performance of an overall space-to-ground link will be given.
Next, a description of several previously completed, and some planned future, space
demonstrations will be discussed. Finally, the applications areas for this emerging
technology will be presented.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Laser communication is a modern technology in the world of communication where

bandwidth allocation, power requirement, and dispersion parameter are becoming major
hurdle due to rapid increase in number of user.
Until recently, the United States government was funding the development of an
operational space laser cross-link system employing solid-state laser technology. The
NASA is developing technology and studying the applicability of space laser
communication to NASA's tracking and data relay network both as cross-link and for
user relay links. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is studying the development of large
space and ground-base receiving stations and payload designs for optical data transfer
from interplanetary spacecraft. Space laser communication is beginning to be accepted as
a viable and reliable means of transferring data between satellites. Presently, ongoing
hardware development efforts include ESA's Space satellite Link Experiment (SILEX)
and the Japanese's Laser Communication Experiment (LCE). The United States
development programs ended with the termination of both the production of the laser
cross-link subsystem and the FEWS satellite program.
(a) 1880-1905
In June 3, 1880 at Bell's in Washington, Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant
Charles Sumner Tainter, conducted the world’s first wireless telephone and created
the Photophone. It was best and most important invention on that time especially in
communication line. This device used for the transmission of sound on a beam of
light.

FIGURE 1. Path of reflected sunlight, before and after being modulated using Photophone
transmitter.
But the help of that device signal transmission at very short distance approximately
213 meters (700 feet) that was communicated between two buildings. Figure 1 shows
the Photo phone transmitter, showing the path of reflected sunlight, before and after
being modulated for improving signal transmission distance as well as quality &
security. German military invent another optical transmitter system is called
Heliograph Telegraphy transmitter. But In 1904/05 first time that technique used in
practical purpose in military communication systems, first for optical telegraphy.
German army used Heliograph telegraphy transmitters during the 1904/05. The
practical reason for using that technology was that because during the World War I
when wire communications were not possible & often cut, Then German think about
using optical Morse transmitters called Blinkgerät, their communication distances at
daylight up to 4 km (2.5 miles) and at night it was up to 8 km (5 miles) i.e. much
better as compare to Photophone technology used in 1880. In addition, special
blinkgeräts were also successfully used for communication with tanks, balloons and
airplanes.

FIGURE 2. Heliograph
Figure 2 shows the Heliograph, in this technology a mirror is used which consist a
small un-silvered spot in the centre. At sender side the sender aligned the heliograph
towards the target by looking at the reflected target in the mirror and moving his head
until the target was hidden by the un-silvered spot. Observance his head still, then
adjusted the aiming rod so its cross wires bisected the target. He then turned up the
sighting vane, which covered the cross wires with a diagram of a cross, and aligned
the mirror with the tangent and elevation screws so the small shadow that was the
reflection of the un-silvered spot hole was on the cross target. This indicated that the
sunbeam was pointing at the target. If the sun was in front of the sender, its rays were
reflected directly from this mirror to the receiving station. If the sun was behind the
sender, the sighting rod was replaced by a second mirror, to capture the sunlight from
the main mirror and reflect it to the receiving station. But military especially
interested in Photophone.
(b) 1906-1960
In continuous research the German Army developed a Photophone in which tungsten
filament and IR transmitting filter was used as a light source for improve security of
signal as well as distance. In 1962, MIT Lincoln Labs built experimental OWC links
which use a light emitting GaAs diode and was able to transmit TV signals over a
distance of 30 miles. But After the invention of laser, OWC was envisioned to be the
main deployment area for lasers but due to large divergence of laser beams and the
inability to cope with atmospheric effects were disappointing. After that in1970s with
the development of low-loss fiber optics they became the obvious choice for long
distance optical transmission and shifted the focus away from OWC systems.
(c) 1960-2014
But the transmission rate very low so in continuous development. In 2001 RONJA
( Reasonable optical near Joint Access ) FSO device from Czech Republic invent first
device that transmit date at 10 Mbps wirelessly using beam of light and their range is
1.4 Km/0.87 miles. But their signal not much secure then In 2007 Fuji television
demonstrated a LED backlit, LCD television operated whilst that transmit
information signal to a PDA via Light. The best thing of device it’s also transmits
information securely. In 2008 MRV communication has introduced FSO based
telescope TS10GE system with 10 Gbit/s data rate at distance 350m [08]. Now
presently research by MOSTCOM company in 2013 invent Artolink M1-10G with
high data rate 10 Gbit/s and their distance up to 2.5 Km.
 LASER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

In laser communication the transmitter and receiver must require a line-of-sight condition
and laser communication system have the benefit of eliminating the need for broadcast
rights and buried cables. The carrier used for transmission signal is typically generated by
a laser diode. Two parallel beams are needed; one for transmission and other for
reception. The optical communication system consists of transmitter uses a laser beam of
wavelength 650nm as a carrier in free space. Laser communication plays a key role, as
solutions for satisfy ever increasing high demand of bandwidth. In laser communication
system bandwidth could be distributed in neighborhoods by putting system on top of
homes and pointing them towards common transceivers with a fast link to the internet. It
supports possible transmit speeds of up to a
gigabit per second, other application of laser communication systemtechnology include
temporary connectivity needs (e.g. sporting event, disaster scenes, conventions or space
band communications). Laser communication can be used to transmit sound and data
signal through the laser beam of system. The intensity of the carrier beam changes with
change in amplitude of sound signal. The variation intensity of laser beam is converted
into a variation in the voltage level by using solar panel. In this mode of communication
the transmitter and receiver requires satisfying the line-of-sight conditions. The carrier
requires for transmission of signals in laser communication system is generated by laser
diodes.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIGURE 3. Block diagram of a basic laser communication system.

WORKING & EXPLANATION

As shown in the Figure 3, information typically in the form of digital data is input to data
electronics that modulates the transmitting data source. Direct or indirect modulation
techniques may be employed depending on the type of laser used. The source output
passes through an optical system into the channel. The optical system typically includes
transfer, beam shaping and telescope optics. The receiver beam comes in through the
optical system and is passed along to the detectors and signal processing electronics.
There are also terminal controlled electronics that must control the gimbals and other
steering mechanism and servos to keep the acquisition and tracking system operating in
the designed modes of operation. When we give the input like sound or data, microphone
receives the data or sound signal. This signal coming off the microphone was far too low
to be read by the analog to digital converter. So, for increase the strength of the signal we
pass the signal through the microphone amplifier. Before the signal is put through the
microphone amplifier, first put the signal through a capacitor to removed, and then
through a voltage divider to appropriately bias the signal. The gain is adjusted by the
resistors and for the microphone the gain is around 50-100. After, pass the amplified
signal into analog to digital converter to convert physical signal to digital signal. This
digital signal is given to, after the A/D converter translates the microphone signal into
8bits, the MCU generates the appropriate bits to send and applies them to the laser
driver circuit a 5V and provides the proper current according to the diode. Later this
signal is passing to UART. Here signal speed will increase and this signal is given to
conditioning. Data contain signal is thrown into the atmosphere through the laser device.
 FIGURE 4. Variation of current with light intensity.

A photo diode detects the laser pulses according to directly proportional relation between
light intensity and device current as shown in Figure 4. This signal is put through a
comparator in order to generate solid 5V and 0V values which are applied to the receive
pin on the microcontroller. This digital signal is speedup by the UART. Then signal is
received by MCU. That provides the capability for 3 or more
terminalsor gatewaysto participate in a multi-point conference. It generates the
appropriate bits to send and applies them to port. Port is in ordered to get the parallel
port support. It’s an 8bit at a time transmission. It helps to transmit the more data signal
and it increases the speed of system. Once this signal is put through the DAC, it converts
the digital signal to analog, and also it is boosted and low pass filtered. The result is then
fed directly to an audio jack, where the signal can be heard using any compatible device.
The analog signal is sent via analog transmission instead of decoding it to a digital signal.
Optical transmission is usually done using digital signals requiring hardware for decoding
at the receiver end.
 PARAMETERS

INTRODUCTION

The key system characteristics which when quantified, together gives a detailed
description of a laser communications system. These are identified and quantified for a
particular application. The critical parameters are grouped into five major categories:
link, transmitter, channel, receiver, and detector parameters.

LINK PARAMETERS

The link parameters include the type of laser, wave length, type of link, and the required
signal criterion. Today the lasers typically used in free space laser communications are
the semiconductor laser diodes, solid state lasers, or fiber amplifier lasers. Laser sources
are described as operating in either in single or multiple longitudinal modes. In the single
longitudinal mode operation the laser emits radiation at a single frequency, while in the
multiple longitudinal mode, multiple frequencies are emitted.
Semiconductor lasers have been in development for three decades and have only recently
(within the past 7 years) demonstrated the levels of performance needed for the reliable
operation as direct sources typically operating in the 800-900 nm range(gallium
arsenide/gallium aluminum arsenide) their inherently high efficiency(50%)and small size
made this technology attractive. The key issues have been the life times, asymmetric
beam shapes and output power.
Solid state lasers have offered higher power levels and the ability to operate in high peak
power modes for the acquisition. When laser diodes are used to optically pump the lasing
media graceful degradation and higher overall reliability is achieved. A variety of
materials have been proposed for laser transmitters: neondyminium doped yttrium
aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) is the most widely used. Operating at 1064 nm these lasers
require an external modulator leading to a slight, increase in the complexity and
reliability.
With the rapid development of terrestrial fiber communications, wide arrays of
components are available for the potential applications in space. These include detectors,
lasers, multiplexers, amplifiers, optical pre amplifiers etc. operating at 1550nm erbium
doped fiber amplifiers have been developed for commercial optical fiber communications
that offer levels of performance consistent with many free space communications
applications.
There are three basic link types: acquisition, tracking and communications. The major
differences between the link types are reflected in the required signal criterion for each.
For acquisition the criterion are acquisition times, false alarm rate, probability of
detection. For the tracking link the key considerations are the amount of error induced in
the signal circuitry. This angle error is referred to as the noise effective angle. For the
communications link, the required data and the bit error rates are of prime importance.

TRANSMITTER PARAMETERS
The transmitter parameter consists of certain key laser characteristics, losses incurred in
the transmitted optical path, transmit antennae gain, and transmit pointing losses. The key
laser characteristics include peak and average optical power, pulse rate and pulse width.
In a pulsed configuration the peak laser power and duty cycle are specified, whereas in
continuous wave application, the average power is specified.
Transmit optical path loss is made up of optical transmission losses and the loss due to
the wave front quality of the transmitting optics. The wave front error loss is analogous to
the surface roughness loss associated with the RF antennas. The optic transmit antenna
gain is analogous to the antenna gain in the RF systems and describes the on axis gain
relative to an isotropic radiator with the distribution of the transmitted laser radiation
defining the transmit antenna gain. The laser sources suitable for the free space
communications tend to exhibit a Gaussian intensity distribution in the main lobe. The
reduction in the far field signal strength due to the transmitter mispointing is the
transmitter pointing losses. The pointing error is composed of bias (slowly varying) and
random (rapidly varying) components.
 TABLE-1. Comparison between LED & Laser Diode

CHANNEL PARAMETERS
The channel parameters for an optical inter satellite link (ISL) consist of range and
associated loss, background spectral radiance and spectral irradiance. The range loss is
directly proportional to the square of wavelength and inversely proportional to the square
of the separation between the platforms in meters.

RECEIVER PARAMETERS

The receiver parameters are the receiver antenna gain, receiver optical path loss, the
optical filter bandwidth and the receiver field of view. The receiver antenna gain is
proportional to the square of effective receiver diameter in meters and inversely
proportional to the square of the wavelength. The receiver optical path loss is simply the
optical transmission loss for systems employing the direct detection techniques. However
for the lasers employing the coherent optical detection there is an additional loss due to
the wave front error. The preservation of the wave front quality is essential for the
optimal mixing of the received signal and the local oscillator fields on the detector
surface.

The optical filter bandwidth specifies the spectral width of the narrow band pass filter
employed in optical inter satellite links. Optical filters reduce the amount of unwanted
background entering the system. The optical width of the filter must be compatible with
the spectral width of the laser source. The minimum width will be determined by the
acceptable transmission level of the filter. The final optical parameter is the angular field
of view (FOV), in radians which limits the background power of an extended source
incident on the detector. To maximize the rejection, the FOV should be as small as
possible. For small angles the power incident on the detector is proportional to FOV
square. The minimum FOV is limited by optical design constraints and the receiver
pointing capability.

DETECTOR PARAMETERS
The detector parameters are the type of detector, gain of detector, quantum efficiency,
heterodyne mixing efficiency, noise due to the detector, noise due to the following pre
amplifier and angular sensitivity.
For optical ISL systems based on semiconductor laser diodes or Nd:YAG lasers the
detector of choice is a p type intrinsic n type (PIN) or an avalanche photodiode (APD)
APIN photo diode can be operated in the photovoltaic or photoconductive mode and has
no internal gain mechanism. An APD is always operated in the photo conductive mode
and has an internal gain mechanism, by virtue of avalanche multiplication. The quantum
efficiency of the detector is the efficiency with which the detector converts the incident
photons to electrons. The mean output current for both the PIN and APD is proportional
to the quantum efficiency. By definition the quantum efficiency is always less than unity.
Another detector parameter is the noise due to the detector alone.
Typically in a detector there is a DC current even in the absence of signal or background.
This DC dark current produces a shot noise current just as the signal and the noise
currents do. In an APD there are two contributors to this DC dark current-an multiplied
and an un multiplied current.
The output of the detector is the input to the preamplifier that converts the detector signal
current into a voltage and amplifies it to a workable level for further processing. Being
the first element past the detector, the noise due to the preamplifier can have a significant
effect on the systems sensitivity. The selection of the pre amplifier design and the internal
transistor design and the device material depends on a number of factors.
 ADVANTAGES

Laser communication systems offer many advantages over radio frequency (RF) systems.
Most of the differences between laser communication and RF arise from the very large
difference in the wavelengths. RF wavelengths are thousands of times longer than those
at optical frequencies are. This high ratio of wavelengths leads to some interesting
differences in the two systems. First, the beam-width attainable with the laser
communication system is narrower than that of the RF system by the same ratio at the
same antenna diameters (the telescope of the laser communication system is frequently
referred as an antenna). For a given transmitter power level, the laser beam is brighter at
the receiver by the square of this ratio due to the very narrow beam that exits the transmit
telescope. Taking advantage of this brighter beam or higher gain, permits the laser
communication designer to come up with a system that has a much smaller antenna than
the RF system and further, need transmit much less power than the RF system for the
same receiver power. However since it is much harder to point, acquisition of the other
satellite terminal is more difficult. Some advantages of laser communications over RF are
smaller antenna size, lower weight, lower power and minimal integration impact on the
satellite. Laser communication is capable of much higher data rates than RF.
TABLE 2. Frequency bands for inter-satellite links
 TABLE 3. Laser commonly used in satellite communication

The advantages of laser communication are that it allows very fast communication
service between two or more devices than other modes of communications.
 It can provide speed more than 1GBps.So it overtakes the LAN or wireless
LAN comprehensively.
 Laser communications systems have the benefit of eliminating the need for
broadcast rights and buried cables.
 Laser communications systems can be easily deployed since they are inexpensive,
small, low power and do not require any radio interference studies. The carrier
used for the transmission signal is typically generated by a laser diode. Two
parallel beams are needed, one for transmission and one for reception.
 The transmitting and receiving station are smaller and lighter for given range.
Less overall power is required for the given distance and data rate. Higher data
rate may be achieved for given distance and power output.
 A tiny light detector may allow for superfast broadband communication over
interplanetary distances. This technology advance offers the space laser
communication system designer the flexibility to design very lightweight, high
 bandwidth, low-cost communication payloads for satellites whose launch costs
are a very strong function of launch weigh.
 Signals can be reproduced without distortion, even long distances. So the system
could be used for communication and cable television transmission
 Optical fibers can carry more information as opposed to conventional cables.
Optical fibers are not affected by radiofrequency interference Information carried
in an optical fiber.
 A one way laser communications system is capable of transmission of both text
and sound.
 DISADVANTAGES

The essential disadvantage of laser communications systems is that they require direct
line-of-sight. Operational distance is also a variable if there are Intervening materials
such as rain, smoke, fog, glass etc. which reduce the light intensity by a combination of
absorption and refraction. Guided laser communication systems have many of the same
problems as guided radio systems.

 The main sources of noise are dark current noise, shot noise and thermal noise in
a photodiode. There is one more source of noise due to random nature of the
avalanche in an APD. The dark current noise arises due to dark current which
flows in the circuit when
the photodiode is in unilluminated environment under biascondition. It is equal
the reverse saturation current is strongly dependent on the operating temperature,
the bias voltage and the type of detector. In an optical receiver, dark current sets a
noise floor for the detectable signal power level. Therefore, it should be
minimized by careful device design and fabrication. Dark current in optical
telecommunication grade Si PIN- photodiode is typically 100pA, while in Si
APDs it is typically10pA. In GaAs based PIN-photodiodes and APDs, the
dark current is of the order of 100nA and it could pose a
serious problem unless the device is cooled at appropriate temperature.
 In general, attenuation is the relation between transmitted signal power and
received signal power as follow Attenuation=10logP transmitted (dB) P received.
 The receiver noise is created by itself such as thermal noise and dark
current noise.
 APPLICATIONS

In the Laser communications systems bandwidth could be distributed in neighborhoods

by putting laser communication systems on top of homes and pointing them towards a
common transceiver with a fast link to the Internet.

With possible transmit speeds of up to a gigabit per second, other applications for Laser
communications systems technology include temporary connectivity needs (e.g. sporting
events, disaster scenes, or conventions), or space based communications.

With the powerful laser, it would even be possible to communicate using satellites to

reflect the signals.

It can be used to reproduce sound in large public meetings on open grounds or for
communication between tall buildings. Direct communication between high-rise
buildings in a crowded city would become easy.
 CONCLUSION

This is new wireless technology to transmit the data or sound signal from one section to
other section through the laser beam of the system. This system is safe and without
radiation, so it is harmless to living beings. The system can likely transmit data and sound
much faster than the other system (like 1 GB/s). Because of this laser communication
system became more popular than other system. The paper firstly analyzed the
component of maritime laser communication system, the paper maid some explanations
on the components and functions of the servo system. The implementation of any of these
systems in an inter-satellite link will require a substantial development effort. The
strengths and weaknesses of the various types of lasers presently available for laser
communications should be carefully considered. Based on existing laser's characteristics,
the GaAlAs system, especially the full-bandwidth, direct detection system is the most
attractive for inter satellite links because of its inherent simplicity ant the expected high
level of technological development. The system and component technology necessary for
successful inter satellite link exists today. The growing requirements for the efficient and
secure communications has led to an increased interest in the operational deployment of
laser cross-links for commercial and military satellite systems in both low earth and geo-
synchronous orbits. With the dramatic increase in the data handling requirements for
satellite communication services, laser inter satellite links offer an attractive alternative to
RF with virtually unlimited potential and an unregulated spectrum. This is new wireless
technology to transmit the data or sound signal from one section to other section through
the laser beam of the system. This system is safe and without radiation, so it is harmless
to living beings. The system can likely transmit data and sound much faster than the
other system (like 1 GB/s). Because of this laser communication system became more
popular than other system.
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