INTRODUCTION

Bridge and Tunnel (often abbreviated B&T or BNT) began as a

pejorative term for people who commute into Manhattan from
surrounding communities. Controversy exists over whether this
term extends to all individuals outside of Manhattan or rather
outside the area served by the New York City Subway, a trip that,
due to Manhattan's geography, requires passing over a bridge
and/or through a tunnel in a car or commuter train. It can be used
to describe residents of the other four New York
City boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island –
but typically refers to those who travel into the city from
the Hudson Valley, New Jersey, Connecticut, or Long Island.

"Bridge and tunnel" was later adopted in San Francisco in

reference to party-goers who live outside San Francisco,[4] as a
reference to this original usage. Residents of
the Peninsula and South Bay take commuter trains
(Caltrain or BART, each of which has several tunnels) and
freeways (I-280 and US 101, which do not) to visit city hot-spots
but do not actually live in San Francisco. Residents from the East
Bay typically drive or take a bus across the Bay
Bridge (and Yerba Buena Tunnel) to reach San Francisco, or take
BART through the Transbay Tube. The commute into San
Francisco from Marin County also involves a bridge (the Golden
Gate) and tunnel (Waldo).

1
 COLLET PHOTOGRAPHS OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF BRIDGES AND TUNNELS FROME
SITE

 BRIDGES –

Over the last several thousand years, bridges have served one of
the most important roles in the development of our earliest
civilizations, spreading of knowledge, local and worldwide trade,
and the rise of transportation. Initially made out of most simple
materials and designs, bridges soon evolved and enabled
carrying of wide decking’s and spanning of large distances over
rivers, gorges, inaccessible terrain, strongly elevated surfaces
and pre-built city infrastructures. Starting with 13th century BC
Greek Bronze Age, stone arched bridges quickly spread all
around the world, eventually leading to the rise of the use
of steel, iron and other materials in bridges that can span
kilometers.
To be able to serve various roles, carry different types of weight,
and span terrains of various sizes and complexities, bridges can
strongly vary in their appearance, carrying capacity, type of
structural elements, the presence of movable sections,
construction materials and more.

2
 TYPES OF BRIDGES

1) Arch bridges – use arch as a main structural component

(arch is always located below the bridge, never above it).
With the help of mid-span piers, they can be made with
one or more arches, depending on what kind of load and
stress forces they must endure. The core component of
the bridge is its abutments and pillars, which have to be
built strong because they will carry the weight of the
entire bridge structure and forces they convey.
Arch bridges can only be fixed, but they can support any
decking fiction, including transport of pedestrians, light or
heavy rail, vehicles and even be used as water-carrying
aqueducts. The most popular materials for the construction
of arch bridges are masonry stone, concrete, timber, wrought
iron, cast iron and structural steel.

3
2) Beam Bridges

Beam bridges – employ the simplest of forms – one or several

horizontal beams that can either simply span the area between
abutments or relieve some of the pressure on structural piers. The
core force that impacts beam bridges is the transformation of
vertical force into shear and flexural load that is transferred to the
support structures (abutments or mid-bridge piers).
Because of their simplicity, they were the oldest bridges known to
man. Initially built by simply dropping wooden logs over short
rivers or ditches, this type of bridge started being used extensively
with the arrival of metalworks, steel boxes, and pre-stressed
construction concrete. Beam bridges today are separated into
girder bridges, plate girder bridges, box girder bridges and simple
beam bridges.
Individual decking of the segmented beam bridge can be of the
same length, variable lengths, inclined or V-shaped. The most
famous example of beam bridge is Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
in southern Louisiana that is 23.83 miles (38.35 km) long

4
2) Truss Bridges
is a very popular bridge design that uses a
diagonal mesh of most often triangle-shaped posts above the
bridge to distribute forces across almost entire bridge structure.
Individual elements of this structure (usually straight beams)
can endure dynamic forces of tension and compression, but by
distributing those loads across entire structure, entire bridge
can handle much stronger forces and heavier loads than other
types of bridges.
The two most common truss designs are the king posts (two
diagonal posts supported by single vertical post in the center)
and queen posts (two diagonal posts, two vertical posts and
horizontal post that connect two vertical posts at the top). Many
other types of the truss are in use – Allan, Bailey, Baltimore,
Bollman, Bowstring, Brown, Howe, Lattice, Lenticular,
Pennsylvania, Pratt, and other

5
3) Movable bridge

A moveable bridge, or movable bridge, is a bridge that

moves to allow passage for boats or barges.[1] In American
English, the term is synonymous with drawbridge, and the
latter is the common term, but drawbridge can be limited to
the narrower, historical definition used in some other forms
of English, in which drawbridge refers only to a specific
type of moveable bridge.
An advantage of making bridges moveable is the lower
cost, due to the absence of high piers and long
approaches. The principal disadvantage is that the traffic
on the bridge must be halted when it is opened for passage
of traffic on the waterway. For seldom-used railroad
bridges over busy channels, the bridge may be left open
and then closed for train passages. For small bridges,
bridge movement may be enabled without the need for an
engine. Some bridges are operated by the users, especially
those with a boat, others by a bridgeman (or bridge
tender); a few are remotely controlled using video-cameras
and loudspeakers. Generally, the bridges are powered by
electric motors, whether operating winches, gearing, or
hydraulic pistons. While moveable bridges in their entirety
6
may be quite long, the length of the moveable portion is
restricted by engineering and cost considerations to a few
hundred feet

4) Covered bridge

A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof,

decking, and siding, which in most covered bridges create
an almost complete enclosure.[1] The purpose of the
covering is to protect the wooden structural members from
the weather. Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a
lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and
sun, but a covered bridge could last 100 years.

7
5) Clapper bridge
A clapper bridge is an ancient form of bridge found on the
moors of Devon (Dartmoor and Exmoor) and in other
upland areas of the United Kingdom
including Snowdonia and Anglesey, Cumbria, Derbyshire, 
Yorkshire andLancashire. It is formed by large flat slabs of
stone, often granite or schist, supported on stone piers
(across rivers), or resting on the banks of streams.

8
6) Roving Bridge

A roving bridge,[1] changeline bridge[2] or turnover bridge[3] is

a bridge over a canal constructed to allow a horse towing a
boat to cross the canal when the towpath changes sides.
This often involved unhitching the tow line, but on some
canals they were constructed so that there was no need to
do this by placing the two ramps on the same side of the
bridge (see middle photo), which turned the horse through
360 degrees. On the Macclesfield Canal this was achieved by
building spiral ramps and on the Stratford-upon-Avon
Canal and others by constructing roving bridges of iron in
two cantileveredhalves, leaving a slot in the middle for the
tow rope. This was also called a split bridge. For cost
reasons many ordinary Stratford bridges were also built in
this way as they had no tow path.
Bridges were also necessary at canal junctions and where
the towpath was interrupted by side arms. These are strictly
speaking side bridges, but they are often referred to as
roving bridges. Well-known ones occur at Hawkesbury
Junction andHaywood Junction. The Birmingham Canal
Navigations has many examples, mainly of cast iron, which
took the towpaths across factory arms.
The ramps of the bridge are typically studded withalternating
rows of protruding bricks to prevent the feet of the horse
from sliding. The bridge may be constructed of cast iron
(particularly in industrial areas) or of more conventional brick
or stone.

9
  TUNNELS

A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the

surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance
and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel,
though some recent tunnels have used immersed
tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel
boring methods.
A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic,
for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid
transit network are usually in the tunnel. Some tunnels
are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or
for hydroelectric stations or aresewers. Utility tunnels are
used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or
telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings
for convenient passage of people and equipment.
Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians
for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people. Special
tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to allow wildlife
to cross human-made barriers safely. Tunnels can be
connected together in tunnel networks.

10
TYPES OF TUNNELS

1. Classification of Tunnels:

The types of tunnels are classified based on three aspects:

a) . Based on purpose (road, rail, utilities),

b) . Based on Alignment

c) . Based on surrounding material (soft clay vs. hard rock )

2. Classification of Tunnels according to type if material :

a) Tunnels in hard rock

b) Tunnels in soft rock

c) Tunnels in Quick sand

d)Tunnels under river bed

11
3. Shapes of tunnels :

1. Polycentric Shaped of Tunnels

This sort of tunnel shape has a number of centers and provides a
sufficient flat base for traffic movement.

Advantages:

 It can be used for road and railway traffic.


 It can resist external and internal pressure for their arch
shape.

Disadvantages:

 The construction of these tunnels is difficult.


 The lining of this type of tunnel is difficult

12
2. Circular Shaped Tunnels
Circular tunnels are used to carry water under pressure. These
are not appropriate for traffic tunnels because more filling is
needed to make the base flat. 

Advantages:

 Best to resist the external or internal force.

 It provides the greatest cross-sectional area for the least
perimeter.

Disadvantages:

 More filling is required to form a flat base for designing a

road or railway track.
 In circular tunnels, lining work is very difficult.

13
3) Rectangular Shaped Tunnels
For pedestrian traffic, rectangular shapes of tunnels are
appropriate. These tunnels are sometimes accepted if pre-
constructed R.C.C caissons are used. This types of tunnels
not suitable to resist external pressure due to their
rectangular shape and these are not in use these days.  

4. Egg Shaped Tunnels

This tunnel shape has a number of centers and radius
length. These are suitable as sewer tunnels to carry sewage
water.

14
Advantages:

 It is mostly adopted for carrying sewage water.

 Due to their small cross-section at the bottom, it can
maintain the self-cleaning velocity of flow of sewage in dry
and rainy seasons.
 It can resist external and internal pressure due to their
circular walls

Disadvantages:

 This type of tunnels are not suitable as traffic tunnels

 The construction process of these tunnels are very difficult

6. Elliptical Shaped Tunnels

For carrying water, elliptical-shaped tunnels are appropriate.
These are suitable in softer material. For better resistance to
external pressure, the major axis of these tunnels is maintained
vertically.  

15
7. Segmental
Segmental tunnels are suitable for traffic tunnels. It is a section
with an arched roof and straight sides. These are generally used
for subway or navigation tunnels.

Advantages:

 It is the most suited in rock tunnels.

 It is suitable to resist external load due to their arch-shaped
roof.
 It has flat floor which is helpful during driving and moving any
equipment.

16
CONCLUSION :

 This are the principles in modern days in

bridge technology
 Longer spans of Up 2000 ft – 7000 ft is
possible
 They are ideal for covering waterways such
as gulf ,strait, lack etc.
 These bridges are mainly meant for light &
heavy roadways rather than railways

17
18