Lecture 10-Mixing, Placing and Finishing of Concrete

12/20/2017
CE-106: Civil Engineering Materials & Concrete

Technology
Lecture-10 Batching , Mixing & Handling of Concrete
By
Engr. Asim Abbas
1 By: Engr Asim Abbas
Lecture Outlines
 Batching of Concrete
 Mixing of Concrete
 Transporting of Concrete
 Placing of Concrete
 Consolidation of Concrete
 Finishing of Concrete
 Curing and Protection of Concrete
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Batching of Concrete
 The process of measuring concrete mix ingredients by either mass or volume and
introducing them into the mixer.

 To produce concrete of uniform quality, the ingredients must be measured
accurately for each batch.

 Most concrete today is batched and mixed by ready mixed concrete plants
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 Batching of Aggregate___
1. Volume batching
2. Weigh batching
 Volume Batching
 This method is generally adopted for small jobs
 Gauge boxes are used for measuring the fine and coarse aggregate
 The volume of gauge box is equal to the volume of one bag of cement
 Gauge bow are also called as FARMAS
 They can be made of timbers or steel.
 They are made generally deep and narrow
 Bottomless gauge boxes are generally avoided.
 Volume Batching
 While filling the gauge boxes the material should be filled loosely, no compaction is
allowed
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 Weigh Batching
 Batching by weight is more preferable to volume batching ,as it is more accurate
and leads to more uniform proportioning.

 It does not have uncertainties associated with bulking.
 Dry Concrete Volume = 1.54*Wet Concrete Volume
 It’s equipment falls into 3 general categories:
1. Manual,
2. Semi automatic,
3. Fully automatic.
 Weigh Batching.
 Manual: In case of manual batching all weighing and batching of concrete are
done manually. It is used for small jobs.

 Semi Automatic: In case of semi automatic batching the aggregate bin gates are
opened by manually operated switches. And gates are closed automatically when
the material has been delivered. This system also contains interlock which
prevents charging and discharging.
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 Weigh Batching.
 Automatic: In case of automatic batching
the material are electrically activates by a

single switch and complete autographic
record are made of the weight of each
material.
 The batching plant comprises 2,3,4 or 6
compartment bins of several capacities.

Over the conveyer belt the weigh batchers
discharging are provided below the bins.
Mixing of Concrete
 The Aim of mixing of concrete is to produce homogenous, consistent and uniform
coloured concrete.
 Mixing action of CONCRETE involves two operation
1. A general blending of different particles size of the ingredients to be uniformly
distributed throughout the concrete mass.

2. A vigorous rubbing action of cement paste on to the surface of aggregate
particles.
 There are two methods
1. Hand mixing,
2. Machine mixing.
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Mixing of Concrete
 Hand Mixing
 For small and un-imported jobs concrete is mixed by Hand using showels. As
mixing of concrete is not efficient thoroughly ,it is advisable to add 10 percent

CEMENT.
 For hand mixing a brick platform is prepared by laying the bricks on the ground. It
must be 2 m wide and 3.5 m long.
Mixing of Concrete
 Hand Mixing
 Following operations are involved
1. Measured quantity of sand is spread evenly on platform.
2. Spread the measured quantity of cement on this sand and mix it till the color of
concrete mixture is uniform.

3. Spread the measured quantity of coarse aggregate the platform with sand and
cement. Now spread the mixture of cement and sand on the stack of aggregate
and mix it at least 3 times.
4. Make the hollow of mixed pile. Add 3 quarters of total quantity of water required
and turn the material towards the center with spades.
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Mixing of Concrete
 Machine Mixing
 It is adopted for big projects where large quantity of aggregate is required .It is also
Economical. (Speed varies from 8-12 rpm)
 Concrete mixers are classified as under-
 According to the operating conditions
1. Batch mixers
2. Continuous mixers.
 According to the principal of mixing
1. Gravity type
2. Type with forced mixing
 According to the condition of use
1. Stationary concrete mixers,
2. Portable concrete mixers.
Mixing of Concrete
 Machine Mixing
 Batch mixers
 The mixers are charged with materials in batches
 Batch mixers are classified in further 3 types
1. Tilting type ,
2. Non-Tilting type ,
3. Reversing type.
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Mixing of Concrete
 Machine Mixing
 Batch mixers
1. Tilting type
 It consist a conical drum which rotates on

an inclinable axis.
 It has only one opening.
 The drum charged directly and discharged
by tilting and reversing the drum.
Mixing of Concrete
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Mixing of Concrete
 Machine Mixing
 Batch mixers
2. Non-Tilting type
 The mixing drum is cylindrical in shape
and revolves two –horizontal axis.
 It has opening on both sides.
 The ingredients are charged in from one
opening.
 For discharging concrete chute is
introduced in to other opening by operating
a lever.
Mixing of Concrete
 Machine Mixing
 Continuous mixers.
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Transporting Concrete
 Good planning and handling to avoid:
 Delays.
 Early Stiffening and drying out.
 Segregation.
 Wheel Barrow
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 Direct Chute
 Front Discharge Truck
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 Bucket and Crane
 Crane
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 Conveyer Belt
 Conveyer Belt mounted on Truck
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Placing of Concrete
 Concrete should be deposited continuously as near as possible to its final position
without objectionable segregation.
 Concrete should be placed in walls, thick slabs, or foundations in horizontal layers

of uniform thickness; each layer should be thoroughly consolidated before the next
is placed.
 To avoid segregation, concrete should not be moved horizontally over too long a
distance.
 Preparation prior to placing concrete includes the following:
 Compacting, trimming, and moistening the subgrade
 Erecting the forms;
 Setting the reinforcing steel and other embedded items securely in place.
Placing of Concrete
 Truck mounted pump and boom
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Placing of Concrete
 Discharge from flexible hose
Placing of Concrete
 Concrete spreader
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Placing of Concrete
Placing of Concrete
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Placing of Concrete
Consolidation of Concrete
 The process of compacting fresh concrete; to
mold it within the forms and around embedded

items and reinforcement; and to eliminate stone
pockets, honey-comb, and entrapped air.
 Air gets entrapped while placing concrete.
 To achieve dense concrete for better strength air
must be expelled.
 This process is called consolidation or
compaction
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 Inadequate consolidation can result in:
 Honeycomb
 Excessive amount of entrapped air voids (bug
holes)
 Sand streaks
 Cold joints
 Placement lines
 Subsidence cracking
Sand streak
 Consequences of under vibration
 Honeycomb: Spaces between coarse aggregate particles do not become filled with
mortar
 Excessive amount of entrapped air voids;
 Cold joints: discontinuity resulting from a delay in placement that allowed one layer
to harden before the adjacent concrete was placed.
 Placement lines: Dark lines between adjacent placements of concrete batches
 Subsidence cracking: As concrete settles over reinforcing steel in relatively deep
elements
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 Consolidation is accomplished by:
 Hand rodding, that is, thrusting a tamping rod or other suitable tool repeatedly into
the concrete or by mechanical methods.
 The most widely used method for consolidating concrete is through vibration
 Internal or immersion-type vibrators.
 External vibrators.
 Internal or immersion-type vibrators
 CORRECT
 Vertical penetration a few inches into

previous lift (which should not yet be rigid)
of systematic regular intervals will give
adequate consolidation
 INCORRECT
 Haphazard random penetration of the

vibrator at all angles and spacings without
sufficient depth will not assure intimate
combination of the two layers
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 Internal or immersion-type vibrators.
 Vibration
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 Vibratory Screed
 External Vibration
 Form vibrators
 Vibrating tables
 Surface vibrators
 Vibratory screeds
 Plate vibrators
 Vibratory roller screeds
 Vibratory hand floats or trowels
 Vibratory screeds are used to consolidate
concrete in floors and other flatwork.
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 Defeat from over vibration include
 Segregation as vibration and gravity causes heavier aggregates to settle while
lighter aggregates rise;
 Loss of entrained air in air-entrained concrete;
 Excessive form deflections or form damage;
 Form failure caused by excessive pressure from vibrating the same location too
long.
Finishing of Concrete
 Screeding (Strike off)
 Screeding or strike off is the process of cutting off excess concrete to bring the top
surface of a slab to proper grade
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 Bullfloating or Darbying
 To eliminate high and low spots and to embed large aggregate particles, a bullfloat
or darby should be used immediately after strikeoff.
 Bullfloating or Darbying
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 Brooming Finish
 Brooming should be performed before the concrete has thoroughly hardened, but
it should be sufficiently hard to retain the scoring impression to produce a slip-

resistant surface
 Edging
 Edging densifies and compacts concrete next
to forms where floating is less effective

 Required along all edge forms, isolation and
construction joints in floors and exterior slabs

 Cut concrete away from forms to a depth of 25
mm with a pointed mason or margin trowel

 Edging may be required after each
subsequent finishing operation for interior
slabs
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 Floating (Power or Hand)
 Purpose of floating:
 To embed aggregate particles just beneath the surface
 To remove slight imperfections, humps, and voids
 To compact the mortar at the surface in preparation for additional finishing
operations.
 Troweling
 Creates smooth, hard, dense surface
 Exterior concrete should not be troweled because:
 It can lead to a loss of entrained air caused by overworking the surface
 troweled surfaces can be slippery when wet.
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 Highway pavements are textured by
"tining" the surface with stiff wires; this

improves traction and provides
vehicles with a surface that
significantly reduces the chance of
hydroplaning.
 Finishing Formed Surfaces
 Rough-form finishes
 Smooth off-the-form finish
 Smooth, rubbed finish
 Sand-floated finish
 Grout clean down (sack-rubbed finish)
 Pattern and Textures
 Exposed Aggregate Concrete
 Colored Finishes
 Stains, Paints and Clear Coatings.
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 Finishing Formed Surfaces
Curing and Protection of Concrete

 A newly placed and finished concrete should be cured and protected from drying,
extreme changes in temperature, and damage.
 The curing should begin immediately after finishing.
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Thank You..
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12/20/2017

CE-106: Civil Engineering Materials & Concrete

1 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 Curing and Protection of Concrete

2 By: Engr Asim Abbas

introducing them into the mixer.

accurately for each batch.

3 By: Engr Asim Abbas

4 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 This method is generally adopted for small jobs

 Gauge bow are also called as FARMAS

 They can be made of timbers or steel.

 They are made generally deep and narrow

 Bottomless gauge boxes are generally avoided.

5 By: Engr Asim Abbas

6 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 Batching by weight is more preferable to volume batching ,as it is more accurate

and leads to more uniform proportioning.

 Dry Concrete Volume = 1.54*Wet Concrete Volume

 It’s equipment falls into 3 general categories:

7 By: Engr Asim Abbas

done manually. It is used for small jobs.

8 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 Automatic: In case of automatic batching

the material are electrically activates by a

compartment bins of several capacities.

9 By: Engr Asim Abbas

1. A general blending of different particles size of the ingredients to be uniformly

distributed throughout the concrete mass.

10 By: Engr Asim Abbas

mixing of concrete is not efficient thoroughly ,it is advisable to add 10 percent

must be 2 m wide and 3.5 m long.

11 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 Following operations are involved

1. Measured quantity of sand is spread evenly on platform.

concrete mixture is uniform.

and turn the material towards the center with spades.

12 By: Engr Asim Abbas

13 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 The mixers are charged with materials in batches

 Batch mixers are classified in further 3 types

14 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 It consist a conical drum which rotates on

15 By: Engr Asim Abbas

16 By: Engr Asim Abbas

17 By: Engr Asim Abbas

18 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 Early Stiffening and drying out.

19 By: Engr Asim Abbas

20 By: Engr Asim Abbas

21 By: Engr Asim Abbas

22 By: Engr Asim Abbas

23 By: Engr Asim Abbas

24 By: Engr Asim Abbas

25 By: Engr Asim Abbas

26 By: Engr Asim Abbas

 Concrete should be placed in walls, thick slabs, or foundations in horizontal layers