DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

1. DEFINITION

In sheet metal work or packaging work, full-size patterns of some or all of the faces of
an object are required; for example a pattern to which a sheet may be cut so that when
rolled, folded, or formed it will make the object. The complete surface laid out in a plane
is called the “development” of the surface.

Surfaces about which a thin sheet of flexible material (such as paper or tin) can be
wrapped smoothly are said to be “developable”. These include objects made up planes
or single curved surfaces only.

Double curved surfaces are nondevelopable, and when patterns are required for their
construction, they can be made only be methods that are approximate; but, assisted by
the ductility of the material, they give the required form.

All sizes and shapes of faces on a developed surface must be true.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF A FULL PRISM

The developed surface will have a shape of a rectangle having the length equal to the
sum of all sides of a base and the height will be equal to the height of the prism. The
folding lines on the developed surface must be shown.
Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.
Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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e i
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h c

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a g
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x y

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Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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h c

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a g
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Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

d
e i
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h c

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a g
b
x y

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F
Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

d
e i
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h c

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a g
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x y

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F G
Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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e i
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h c

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a g
b
x y

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Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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h c

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a g
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Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

d
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f
a g
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x y

a' b' c' A B C D E

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F G H I J
Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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h c

f
a g
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a' b' c' A B C D E A

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Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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e i
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h c

f
a g
b
x y

a' b' c' A B C D E A

e' d'

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F G H I J F
Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

d
e i
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h c

f
a g
b
x y

a' b' c' A B C D E A

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F G H I J F
Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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a g E C
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Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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a g E C
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a' b' c' A B C D E A

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Example 1:
A pentagonal prism of 25 mm each side of base, and 50 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular face is perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its development.

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h c D

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a g E C
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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM
3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

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10' 10 15 1
16'
15'
9' 9 14
1' 14' 1 6 1
x1

6' 13'
12' 8'
8 13
j' 7' i' 7 12
G f' g' L
h' F G H I J F

J H

I
3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PRISM

5 d
16 15

4
5
e i 13
12
6 j 4

y1
3
14
c
h E
9
1 f 3

2
a 7
g 8
6

11 10 A D
b 2 3

x y 2
4 4
1

a' b' 3' c' A B 3 C 4 D E A

e' d' 4'
2 5
2'
5'
11' 11 16
10' 10 15 1
16'
15'
9' 9 14
1' 14' 1 6 1
x1

6' 13'
12' 8'
8 13
j' 7' i' 7 12
G f' g' L
h' F G H I J F

J H

• If a line on the solid projection is straight, it will be a straight line on the developed surface.
• If a line on the solid projection is curved, it will be a curved line on the developed surface.
• Curves meeting at straight edges must do so sharply (without tangency).
4. DEVELOPMENT OF A CYLINDER

• The developed surface will have a shape of a rectangle having the length equal to
the circumference of the base circle and the height equal to the height of the
cylinder.

• The bending lines on the developed surface must not be highlighted.

• Any line on the cylinder whether appearing straight or curved, must be drawn
curved on the developed surface.
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A FULL PYRAMID

• The developed surface will be triangles connected side by side and sharing a
common apex.

• The folding lines on the developed surface must be shown and highlighted.
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

x y

o'

d'
G a' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

o
a1

x y

o'

d'
G a' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

o
a1

x y

o'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

o
a1

c
O
b

x y

o'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

o
a1

c
O
b

x y

o'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

o
a1

c
O
b

x y

o'

A
B

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

o
a1

c
O
b

x y

o'
C

A
B

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

o
a1

c
O
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

a
A
o
a1

c
O
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

a
A
o
a1

c
O
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

a
A
o
a1

c
O
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

a
A
o
a1

c
O
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

a
A
o
a1

c
O
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
Example 2:
A square pyramid of 30 mm each side of base, and 45 mm height rest on the ground on one of its
bases. One rectangular side of the base is inclined at 15o to the V.P. Draw its development.

a
A
o
a1

c
O
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

x y

d'
G a' b' c' L
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
o
3
1 c

b 2

x y

o'

3'

4'

2'
5' d'
G a ' 1' b ' c' L
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
o
a1 3
1 c

b 2

x y

o'

3'

4'

2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o
a1 3
1 c
O
b 2
D
x y

o'
C

3' A

4' B

D
2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o
a1 3
1 c
O
b 2
D
x y

o'
C

3' A

4' B

D
2" 2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o
a1 3
1 c
O
b 2
D
x y

o'
C

3" 3' A
4"
4' B

D
2" 2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o
a1 3
1 c
O
b 2
D
x y

o'
C

3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

D
2" 2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o
a1 3
1 c
O
b 2
D
x y

o'
C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

D
2" 2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o
a1 3
1 c
O
b 2
D
x y 3

o'
C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

D
2" 2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o
a1 3
1 c
O
4
b 2
D
x y 3

o'
C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

D
2" 2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o 5
a1 3
1 c
O
4
b 2
D
x y 3

o'
C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

D
2" 2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o 5
a1 3
1 c
O
4
b 2
D
x y 3

o'
C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

1 D
2" 2'
5' d'
G a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' L A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o 5
a1 3
1 c
O
4
b 2
D
x y 3

o'
C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

1 D
2" 2'
5' d'
G L 5
a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o 5
a1 3
1 c
O
4
b 2
D
x y 3

o'
C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

1 D
2" 2'
5' d'
G L 5
a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o 5
a1 3
1 c

y1
O
4
b 2
D
x y 3

o'
C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

1 D
x1

2" 2'
5' d'
G L 5
a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' A
5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o 5
a1 3
1 c

y1
O
4
b 2
D
x y 3

o'
C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

1 D
x1

2" 2'
5' d'
G L 5
a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' A
 5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o 5
a1 3
1 c
4

y1
3 O
4
b 2
D
x y 3

5
o'
2
1 C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

1 D
x1

2" 2'
5' d'
G L 5
a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' A
 5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

a 5
4
A
o 5
a1 3
1 c
4

y1
3 O
4
b 2
D
x y 3

5
o'
2
1 C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

1 D
x1

2" 2'
5' d'
G L 5
a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' A
 5. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUNCATED PYRAMID

d
5 2 1
a
4
A
o 5
a1 3
1 c
4

y1
3 O 3
4
b 2
D
x y 3

5
o'
2
1 C
2
3" 3' A
4" 1
4' B

1 D
x1

2" 2'
5' d'
G L 5
a 1' a ' 1' b ' c' A
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1

c
O
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1

c
O
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1

c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1

c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1
p
c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1
p
c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1
p
c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1
p
c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1
p
c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1
p
c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1
p
c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A N
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1
p
c
O
n
b
D
x y

o'
C

A N
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
6. POINTS ON LATERAL SURFACE OF A PYRAMID

a
A
o
a1
p
c
O
n
b
D
x y

o' P
C

A N
B

p'

d'
G a 1' a ' b' n' c' L
7. DEVELOPMENT OF A CONE

• The developed surface will be a sector of a circle with radius equal to the generator
of the cone and the arc length being equal to the circumference of the base of cone.

• The bending lines on the developed surface must not be highlighted.

• Any line on the cone whether appearing straight or curved, must be drawn curved
on the developed surface.
8. DEVELOPMENT OF A SPHERE

• Only approximate methods are available as the surface is double curved.

a. Zone method
b. Lune method
9. DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSITION PIECES

• Transition pieces are used to connect pipes or openings of different shapes of cross
section.
• Always developed by the method of triangulation.
d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

d' c'
a' b'
d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7'

12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'
d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7'

12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'
d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7'

12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'
d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7'

12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7'
12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'

4 5

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'

6
4 5

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5
4
11

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7

2 6
3 5 12
4
11

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7

6 1
2
3 5 12
4
11

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7

6 1
2
3 5 12
4
11

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7

6 1
2
3 5 12
4
11

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7
2
6 1
2
3 5 12
4
11

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7
3
2
6 1
2
3 5 12
4
11

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7
4 3
2
6 1
2
3 5 12
4
11

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B
 d c

D
10
11 9
12 8
1 7
4 3
2
6 1
2
3 5 12
4
11

a b 10

9
4"' 1" 3" 2" 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 6" 7" 5" 4"
8
12' 11' 10 9' 8'
7
6
4 5
C

d' c'
a' b'

A B