Bahan Ajar B Inggris 1 D3

BAHAN AJAR
MATAKULIAH
BAHASA INGGRIS 1
Oleh:
Lenggogeni, MT
NIP 19730417 199903 2 001
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA
CHAPTER 1
DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEXT
If you want to be a good reader, you have to practice a lot. You should carry
something to read wherever you go and have time to read even a paragraph or two. You
need to read constantly from many sources with different kinds of text.
Below you will find several texts. Read all of it and answer the questions.
READING MATERIALS
TEXT 1
HOW TO BUILD A HOUSE
Building your dream home can be one of the most exciting and rewarding projects you
can undertake. Getting the opportunity to plan out each step of the process and make
the decisions about your building project is a big responsibility, and can be
overwhelming for even the most experienced do-it-yourselfers. Taking the scope of the
project into account before you get started can help make the process go a lot more
smoothly. Learn the proper ways to find the right location, design your home, acquire the
correct permits, and breaking ground. See Step 1 to learn how to get started building
your own house.
There are many factors to consider when finding a suitable location on which to build
your home. Think about a place you'd like to live long-term and keep in mind things like:
 Climate. Special considerations must be made for building in flood, hurricane,
intense heat, frigid cold, and other extreme weather and climatic conditions.
 Ground stability. Houses built on shifting sand, mucky soil, or other unstable
earth will likely fail over a short period of time unless they are built on special
foundations or pilings.
 Availability of utilities. If you intend to have electric power, potable water,
telephone, and other conveniences, make sure these utility providers offer them at
your location.
 Community infrastructure. If you plan to raise children or have kids, make sure
good quality schools are available. Check to see if you are in a police jurisdiction to
protect you from crime, look at the distance you will have to travel to acquire basic
commodities, and whether medical help is nearby.
Architects and engineers have special training and years of experience in designing
houses, and are necessary for most building and zoning jurisdiction code requirements.
Regardless of whether you contract their services or elect to design your own, the house
you build will be built for you, so you should be involved closely in the design process.
Before you hire or consult an architect, find out what management services the firm may
or may not provide. Some architecture firms will help hire contractors they know and
trust, as well as consult and inspect the contractor's work as it progresses, making
necessary revisions and additions as the work progresses. This can be a significant
headache relief in the process.
Before building, you'll need to submit plans to the city or county building commission for
approval. Unless you're an experienced architect, it'll be very difficult to produce the
necessary to-scale production drawings and engineering specs necessary for approval.
To save time, energy, and money, it's recommended that you consult a professional and
work alongside them to design the home you want.
(http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-House)
Answer these question correctly

1. What is the heading or title?
2. What are the key word?
3. What kind of resources and information will help you to understand the text?
4. What is the type of the text?
TEXT 2
PRINCESS DIANA
British royalty Princess Diana Spencer was born on July 1, 1961, near Sandringham,
England. Diana, Princess of Wales, was one of the most adored members of the British
royal family. She was the daughter of Edward John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, and
Frances Ruth Burke Roche, Viscountess Althorp (later known as the Honorable Frances
Shand Kydd). Her parents divorced when Diana was young, and her father won custody
of her and her siblings. She was educated first at Riddlesworth Hall and then went to
boarding school at West Heath School.
She became Lady Diana Spencer after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer in
1975. Although she was known for her shyness growing up, she did show an interest in
music and dancing. Diana also had a great fondness for children. After attending
finishing school at the Institut Alpin Videmanette in Switzerland, she moved to London.
She began working with children, eventually becoming a kindergarten teacher at the
Young England School.
Diana was no stranger to the British royal family, having reportedly played with Prince
Andrew and Prince Edward as a child while her family rented Park House, an estate
owned by Queen Elizabeth II. In 1977, she became reacquainted with their older
brother, Prince Charles, who was 13 years her senior.
On June 21, 1982, Diana and Charles had their first child: Prince William Arthur Philip
Louis. He was joined by a brother, Prince Henry Charles Albert David—known widely as
"Prince Harry"—more than two years later on September 15, 1984. Initially overwhelmed
by her royal duties and the intense media coverage of nearly every aspect of her life,
she began to develop and pursue her own interests. Diana served a strong supporter of
many charities and worked to help the homeless, people living with HIV and AIDS and
children in need.
Unfortunately, the fairy tale wedding of Princess Diana and Prince Charles did not lead
to a happily-ever-after marriage. The two became estranged over the years, and there
were reports of infidelities from both parties. During their union, Diana struggled with
depression and bulimia. The couple's separation was announced in December 1992 by
British Prime Minister John Major, who read a statement from the royal family to the
House of Commons. The divorce was finalized in 1996.
(http://www.biography.com/people/princess-diana-9273782#marriage-and-divorce)

TEXT 3
ONE POWERFUL PHONE
The moment you use iPhone 6s, you know you’ve never felt anything like it. With a
single press, 3D Touch lets you do more than ever before. Live Photos bring your
memories to life in a powerfully vivid way. And that’s just the beginning. Take a deeper
look at iPhone 6s, and you’ll find innovation on every level.

TEXT 4
BRUSSELS AIRPORT CLOSED TO PASSENGERS UNTIL SUNDAY
European travel disruption looked set to continue in the wake of deadly bomb attacks in
Belgium as the country's main airport extended a passenger shutdown until Sunday.
A spokeswoman confirmed to CNN that Brussels Airport will be closed to passenger
traffic at least through the weekend.
Tensions have remained high following Tuesday's bomb attacks, claimed by terror group
ISIS, in which 31 people died.
Two bombs targeted the airport while a third hit the city's Maelbeek metro station.
The incidents prompted the U.S. State Department to issue a warning to its citizens in
Europe.
U.S. citizens traveling to and throughout Europe were advised that "terrorist groups
continue to plan near-term attacks" in the region, possibly targeting sporting events,
tourist sites, restaurants and transportation.
"U.S. citizens should exercise vigilance when in public places or using mass
transportation," the alert, issued March 22, says.
"Be aware of immediate surroundings and avoid crowded places. Exercise particular
caution during religious holidays and at large festivals or events."
Security has tightened at European airports, and U.S. cities and airports have ramped
up security.
Warnings have been issued by officials in other countries, including Australia, the
Netherlands, Canada, New Zealand, the Philippines, Hong Kong and India.
A temporary warning against travel to Belgium was lifted by the UK on Wednesday.
"In terms of travel advice, we continue to advise people to follow the advice of the
Belgian authorities. Therefore we are no longer advising against travel to Brussels.
"British nationals in Belgium should remain alert and vigilant, stay away from crowded
places, and follow the instructions of the Belgian authorities," says a statement released
by the UK Prime Minister's Office.
http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/23/travel/brussels-explosions-latest-travel-
alerts/index.html

CHAPTER 2
READING SKILLS
A. Reading with A Purpose

When you began to read, you should ask yourself a basic question, “why am I
reading this?” . If you are reading to practice your English, you will read in a certain way.
You will read slowly and concentrate on the relationship between the words and the
grammatical structures. If you are reading for information about a particular subject, you
will read in another way. You will focus on main parts and supporting facts. You use the
grammar of the passage as a means, not an end. There are different styles of reading
for different situations. The technique you choose will depend on the purpose for
reading. For example, you might be reading for enjoyment, information, or to complete a
task. If you are exploring or reviewing, you might skim a document. If you're searching
for information, you might scan for a particular word.
There are two types of reading in English

1. Reading to practice English
2. Reading for information
B. Types of Reading Skills

There are different type of reading skills :
1. Skimming means reading rapidly for the main points and getting a quick general
overview of the passage
2. Scanning means reading rapidly to find a specific piece of information or looking
over a passage very quickly to find specific information such as date, name, or
particular words
Many people consider skimming and scanning search techniques rather than
reading strategies. However when reading large volumes of information, they may be
more practical than reading. For example, you might be searching for specific
information, looking for clues, or reviewing information. Web pages, novels, textbooks,
manuals, magazines, newspapers, and mail are just a few of the things that people read
every day.
Effective and efficient readers learn to use many styles of reading for different
purposes. Skimming, scanning, and critical reading are different styles of reading and
information processing.
C. Skimming
Skimming refers to the process of reading only main ideas within a passage to
get an overall impression of the content of a reading selection. Skimming is also used to
quickly identify the main ideas of a text. When you read the newspaper, you're probably
not reading it word-by-word; instead you're scanning the text.
When you use this technique, it will done at a speed three to four times faster
than normal reading. People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a
limited amount of time. So, use skimming when you want to see if an article may be of
interest in your research.
There are steps to skim your reading material :
1. Read the title.
2. Read the introduction or the first paragraph.
3. Read the first sentence of every other paragraph.
4. Read any headings and sub-headings.
5. Notice any pictures, charts, or graphs.
6. Notice any italicized or boldface words or phrases.
7. Read the summary or last paragraph.
D. Scanning
Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the telephone
book or dictionary. You search for key words or ideas. In the other word, scanning is a
reading technique to be used when you want to find specific information quickly. In
scanning you have a question in your mind and you read a passage only to find the
answer, ignoring unrelated information. In most cases, you know what you're looking for,
so you are concentrating on finding a particular answer.
Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page seeking specific
words and phrases and once you've scanned the document, you might go back and
skim it. When scanning, look for the author's use of organizers such as numbers, letters,
steps, or the words, first, second, or next. Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or
in a different font size, style, or color. Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the
margin.
There are a few steps to scan your reading material :
1. State the specific information you are looking for.
2. Try to anticipate how the answer will appear and what clues you might use to
help you locate the answer. For example, if you were looking for a certain date,
you would quickly read the paragraph looking only for numbers.
3. Use headings and any other aids that will help you identify which sections might
contain the information you are looking for.
4. Selectively read and skip through sections of the passage.
E. The SQ3R Reading Method (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review)

SQ3R is a five-step reading strategy. The name is an abbreviation of the five steps
of the strategy:
Survey
Question,
Read,
Recite (or Recall) and
Review.
1. Survey
A good survey of a reading passage is very important. When you walk into a
strange house at night, you may have no idea how large it is until you go through
all the rooms, opening doors that lead into other rooms.
Starting to read line by line is like exploring the house in the dark. You will not
know what it is all about until you get to the end of the text. Most people would
feel more comfortable knowing what a book is about before they began to read.
In survey reading passage, you read the first and last lines and let you eye pick
up as many words as it can in a few second. A survey should take no more than
5 to 10 second. This will give you a general idea of the passage, the title,
heading, subheading, captions under pictures, etc. You are preparing your brain
for specific information and you can generally tell from you survey the main
subject and the time of the passage.
2. Question
When you finish your survey, you know something, but not very much. You do
not know who, when, what, where, and why. So you begin to formulate some
questions that are interest to you. Such as :
a. What is the topic of the text?
b. What issues are addressed?
c. What conclusion does the author reach about the issue?
d. What are the author’s reasons for his/her statements?
e. Etc.
The reading passage may or may not anwer those questions. That is not
important. The important thing is you have specific goal for reading and that you
read toward that goal. Knowing that the answers are not in the passage is as
important as finding the answers in the passage.
3. Read
After you have surveyed the passage and formulated some questions, begin to
read. But read quickly. Do not read word by word. Read phrase, idea by idea.
Finish it and try to answer the questions. If you cannot remember the answer,
scan for the particular information. Do not read every word, just scan the
passage.
Once you have made your survey and asked yourself questions to give yourself
a goal for reading, you read. You read to find specific information that will answer
your questions or that will create new questions, you have become an active
reader with a purpose. You now read quickly and efficiently.
4. Recite and Review

If a text is important enough to read once, it is important enough to read again.
So skim the passage again to pick up missing details and remind your self of
what was important. Tomorrow or later try to recall what you read. You should
learn to test your own reading comprehension.
Look at the following steps :
- orally ask yourself questions about what you have just read or summarize, in
your own words
- take notes from the text but write the information in your own words
- underline or highlight important points you’ve just read
READING MATERIALS
EXERCISE 1
Before you read :
Skimming for the general idea. Follow these steps to find the general idea of a reading,
selection quickly.
1. Move you eyes quickly over the whole piece
2. Look at just a few key words in each line, the ones seem to carry the message,
then go on
3. Try to express the overall idea in two or three sentences
READ
_______________________________
In 1950, the completion of the Walnut Lane Memorial Bridge in Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania, signaled the beginning of the precast concrete industry in North America.
Virtually unknown in the United States until the construction of this prestressed concrete
bridge, today, precast concrete structures, including bridges, are commonplace in the
United States.
Precast concrete is widely used in low- and mid-rise apartment buildings, hotels, motels,
and nursing homes. The concrete provides superior fire resistance and sound control for
the individual units and reduces fire insurance rates.
Precast concrete is also a popular material for constructing office buildings. The walls of
the building can be manufactured while the on-site foundations are being built, providing
significant time savings and resulting in early occupancy.
The speed and ease with which precast structures can be built has helped make precast
a popular building material for parking structures. Precast concrete allows efficient,
economical construction in all weather conditions and provides the long clear spans and
open spaces needed in parking structures. For stadiums and arenas, seating units and
concrete steps can be mass produced according to specifications, providing fast
installation and long lasting service. In addition, pedestrian ramps, concession stands,
and dressing room areas can all be framed and constructed with precast concrete.
The smooth surfaces produced with precast concrete and the ability of precast,
prestressed concrete to span long distances makes precast suitable for use in
manufacturing and storage structures. Additional applications for precast concrete
include piles and deck for railroad and highway bridges, railway crossties, burial vaults,
educational institutions, commercial buildings such as shopping malls, and public
buildings including hospitals, libraries, and airport terminals.
A benefit of precast concrete is that the product is created in ideal manufacturing
conditions. Although some products are cast outdoors, especially in temperate climates,
many precast plants operate indoors where the climate can be fully controlled.
After you read :

Answer the questions based on the passage above!
1. What is the topic of the text?
2. What is the general idea of the text?
3. Write the suitable title of the text
EXERCISE 2
Before you read :
selection quickly.
then go on
READ
__________________________________
In 1892, John Froelich invented and built the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor

in Clayton County, Iowa, USA. A Van Duzen single-cylinder gasoline engine was
mounted on a Robinson engine chassis, which could be controlled and propelled by
Froelich's gear box. After receiving a patent, Froelich started up the Waterloo Gasoline
Engine Company and invested all of his assets. However, the venture was very
unsuccessful, and by 1895 all was lost and he went out of business.
Richard Hornsby & Sons are credited with producing and selling the first oil-engined
tractor in Britain invented by Herbert Akroyd Stuart. The Hornsby-Akroyd Patent Safety
Oil Traction Engine was made in 1896 with a 20 hp engine. In 1897, it was bought by
Mr. Locke-King, and this is the first recorded sale of a tractor in Britain. Also in that year,
the tractor won a Silver Medal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. That tractor
would later be returned to the factory and fitted with a caterpillar track.
The first commercially successful light-weight petrol-powered general purpose tractor
was built by Dan Albone, a British inventor in 1901. He filed for a patent on 15 February
1902 for his tractor design and then formed Ivel Agricultural Motors Limited. The other
directors were Selwyn Edge, Charles Jarrott, John Hewitt and Lord Willoughby. He
called his machine the Ivel Agricultural Motor, the word 'tractor' did not come into
common use until later. The Ivel Agricultural Motor was light, powerful and compact. It
had one front wheel, with solid rubber tyre, and two large rear wheels like a modern
tractor. The engine used water cooling, by evaporation. It had one forward and one
reverse gear. A pulley wheel on the left hand side allowed it to be used as a stationary
engine, driving a wide range of agricultural machinery. The 1903 sale price was £300.
His tractor won a medal at the Royal Agricultural Show, in 1903 and 1904. About 500
were built, and many were exported all over the world. The original engine was made by
Payne & Co. of Coventry. After 1906, French Aster engines were used.
The first successful American tractor was built by Charles W. Hart and Charles H. Parr.
They developed a two-cylinder gasoline engine and set up their business in Charles
City, Iowa. In 1903, the firm built 15 "tractors", a term with Latin roots coined by Hart and
Parr, and a combination of the words traction and power. Their 14,000-pound #3 is the
oldest surviving internal combustion engine tractor in the United States, and is on
display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington D.C.
The two-cylinder engine has a unique hit-and-miss firing cycle that produced 30
horsepower at the belt and 18 at the drawbar.
In 1908, the Saunderson Tractor and Implement Co. of Bedford introduced a four-wheel

design, and went on to become the largest tractor manufacturer in Britain at the time.
While the earlier, heavier tractors were initially very successful, it became increasingly
apparent at this time that the weight of a large supporting frame was less-efficient than
lighter designs. Henry Ford introduced a light-weight, mass-produced design which
largely displaced the heavier designs. Some companies halfheartedly followed suit with
mediocre designs, as if to disprove the concept, but they were largely unsuccessful in
that eandeavor.
While unpopular at first, these gasoline-powered machines began to catch on in the
1910s, when they became smaller and more affordable. Henry Ford introduced
theFordson, a wildly popular mass-produced tractor, in 1917. They were built in the U.S.,
Ireland, England and Russia, and by 1923, Fordson had 77% of the U.S. market. The
Fordson dispensed with a frame, using the strength of the engine block to hold the
machine together. By the 1920s, tractors with gasoline-powered internal combustion
engineshad become the norm.
Harry Ferguson applied for a British patent for his three-point hitch in 1926, a three-point
attachment of the implement to the tractor and the simplest and the only statically
determinate way of joining two bodies in engineering. The Ferguson-Brown
Company produced the Model A Ferguson-Brown tractor with a Ferguson-
designed hydraulic hitch. In 1938 Ferguson entered into a collaboration with Henry Ford
to produce theFord-Ferguson 9N tractor. The three-point hitch soon became the favorite
hitch attachment system among farmers around the world. This tractor model also
included a rear Power Take Off (PTO) shaft that could be used to power three point
hitch mounted implements such as sickle-bar mowers. This PTO location set the
standard for future tractor developments.
After you read :

3. Write the suitable title of the text?
EXERCISE 3
Before you read :
selection quickly.
then go on
READ
CASEYVILLE, Ill. (KMOV.com) -

Customers of a Caseyville, Illinois contracting business tell News 4 they want their
money back.
Dean Fortner of Maryville, Illinois told Investigative Reporter Chris Nagus he paid Curt
Renard of Asphalt Paving & Maintenance $3,000 to "tar and chip" his driveway. Fortner
said "he has not completed any part of it."
News 4 obtained a copy of the agreement signed by Fortner and Renard. Fortner
believes he's entitled to a full refund because of the following language written on the
agreement.
On the same block Anthony Goforth says he paid Renard $575 for driveway repairs.
Goforth describes the job as "very poor, I'm going to have to power wash and redo the
whole driveway."
The company has an F rating with the Better Business Bureau.
News 4 attempted to track down Renard for answers.
On the agreement provided to homeowners Asphalt Paving and Maintenance lists an
address on Lucinda Court in Caseyville. The woman that lives at the address said, "you
aren't the first, there's always people here looking for them."
Kim McCain says she has nothing to do with the business. McCain claims angry
customers have come to her door saying "I want my money."
According to the BBB Asphalt Paving and Maintenance is located on Countryside Drive
in Caseyville.
Despite visiting in person, leaving contact information on the mailbox, and attempting to
speak with an individual that arrived at the Countryside address, Renard has never
responded to the complaints.
http://www.wmcactionnews5.com/story/33466068/asphalt-contractor-angers-customers
After you read :

3. What is the kind of the text?
EXERCISE 4
Before you read :
selection quickly.
then go on
READ
__________________________________________
The Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest hydropower project and most
notorious dam. The massive project sets records for number of people displaced (more
than 1.2 million), number of cities and towns flooded (13 cities, 140 towns, 1,350
villages), and length of reservoir (more than 600 kilometers). The project has been
plagued by corruption, spiraling costs, environmental impacts, human rights violation
sand resettlement difficulties.
The Three Gorges Dam is a model for disaster, yet Chinese companies are
replicating this model both domestically and internationally. Within China, huge
hydropower cascades have been proposed and are being constructed in some of
China’s most pristine and biologically and culturally diverse river basins - the Lancang
(Upper Mekong) River, Nu (Salween) River and upstream of Three Gorges Dam on the
Yangtze River and tributaries.
The environmental impacts of the project are profound, and are likely to get
worse as time goes on. The submergence of hundreds of factories, mines and waste
dumps, and the presence of massive industrial centers upstream are creating a festering
bog of effluent, silt, industrial pollutants and rubbish in the reservoir. Erosion of the
reservoir and downstream riverbanks is causing landslides, and threatening one of the
world’s biggest fisheries in the East China Sea. The weight of the reservoir's water has
many scientists concerned over reservoir-induced seismicity. Critics have also argued
that the project may have exacerbated recent droughts by withholding critical water
supply to downstream users and ecosystems, and through the creation of a microclimate
by its giant reservoir.
In 2011, China's highest government body for the first time officially
acknowledged the "urgent problems" of the Three Gorges Dam.
Through the Three Gorges Project, China has acquired the know-how to build large
hydropower schemes, and has begun exporting similar projects around the world. Now
that the project's problems have been acknowledged, it is important to draw lessons
from the experience so that the problems of the Yangtze dam are not repeated.
While Three Gorges is the world’s biggest hydro project, the problems at Three Gorges
are not unique. Around the world, large dams are causing social and environmental
devastation while better alternatives are being ignored.
International Rivers protects rivers and defends the rights of the communities
which depend on them. We monitor the social and environmental problems of the Three
Gorges Dam, and work to ensure that the right lessons are drawn for energy and water
projects in China and around the world.
(https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/three-gorges-dam)
After you read :

3. Write the suitable title of the text?
CHAPTER 3
GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT
Guessing meaning from context is an important technique that will improve your

reading skills and the speed with which you can read.
Obviously you do not have a dictionary in the exam so there are likely to be a lot of
words from the reading text that you do not understand and you cannot check.
If you come across a word you do not understand, then you cannot spend a lot of time
working out its meaning because you only have 20 minutes for each reading.
Therefore, guessing meaning from context is necessary.
This means work out what it means (or have a good guess at least) from the words that
are around it and from the topic of the paragraph.
Take a look at this example:
It had been raining hard through the night so the ground was saturated.
What does 'saturated' mean?

You may already know, but if you do not, you should be able to have a good guess
from the rest of the sentence.
It had been raining which means the ground must be wet. It was raining 'hard' so this
means the ground is probably very wet.
saturated = completely wet
By doing this you are guessing meaning from context and you should try and
use this technique for words you do not know.
It may not always be clear from the actual sentence and you may have to look at other
sentences around the word.
However, only do this for words that seem important for an understanding of
the text. If it looks like they are not, then leave it and move on with the reading. You
probably won't have time to do it with every word, especially if you are at a lower reading
level.
Although the skill of guessing word meanings from context is widely
acknowledged as a useful skill there has been little research in this area and very little
useful guidance for teachers or learners. This article describes a strategy for guessing
meanings from context and suggests ways of practising this strategy. The strategy
involves four steps:
1. determining the part of speech of the word;
2. looking at the immediate grammar;
3. studying the wider context (usually the conjunction relationships);
4. guessing the word and checking the guess. A basic list of conjunction
relationships is given in the Appendix.
The previous research, and value and applications of the skill are discussed and
suggestions are made for future studies.
Context refers to the words surrounding an unfamiliar word. Clues are hints or
things that suggest the meaning of the unfamiliar word. Clues the writer uses to clarify
the meaning of an unfamiliar word are as follows :
1. Situations : refer to the consideration what happen or will happen in that situation
and condition. The simple way for this technique is to find out some key words that can
indicate the action in the sentence.
Example :
She walks briskly to class so that she would not be late.
The situation is that she does not want to be late for class. How should she
walk? The answer will be that she has to walk quickly. Thus, briskly means
quickly.
During the winter, having to take a cold shower makes me shiver all over.
The keyword is the winter and the situation is to take a cold shower. We can
infer that shiver means shake. When we take a cold shower in the winter it will make us
shake all over.
2. Repetition : is the occurence of using words which have occurred before. There are
several kinds of repetiion where words or certain phrases are repeated for stronger
emphasis by the author and they refer to the meaning of aforementioned words.
Example :
He’s such a mournful person that just being around him makes me sad too.
The above sentence the clue is being around him makes me sad that can lead
us to know the meaning of mournful because the author use sad as repetition
of word meaning. So we can guess that mournful means sad.
Many ships have vanished during hurricanes. All crews have disappeared and have
never been found.
From the sentence the hints is have never been found that can guide us to guess
that vanished means dissapeared.
3. Contrast is the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared ‘in contrast to’,
‘by contrast’ an author writes contrast when he or she describes the differerence(s)
between two or more entities. The following ezamples describe using contrast to get the
meaning of a new word.
Example :
One plate of rice usually suffices for me, but one plate is not enough for my husband.
The key word that can hint us know that suffices means enough is but that
show the contrast of the two clauses.
My library at home is quite sparse, the central library, however, has a lot of books.
From the above sparse means few in number. The key word that let us know
the meaing of sparse is however and a lot of that show the opposition of the first
clause.
4. Examples is another clue that make us get the meaning of a new word. Sometimes
the author tries to help the reader get the right concept of their writing so the give some
examples for their explanation.
Examples :
The street is crowded with conveyances of all descriptions, such as buses, bicycles,
cars and automobiles.
From the sentence we can guess the meaning of conveyances by looking at the
Examples – buses, bicycles, cars, and automobiles – so we know that
conveyances are means of transportation.
Iran is trying to restore many of its ancient buildings. For example, Persepolis – Iran’s
oldest building – is being partially rebuilt by a group of Italian experts.
From the sentences we can guess the meaning of restore by looking at the
Examples – Persepolis – Iran’s oldest building and also use the repetition
technique for guessing the meaning of restore. So we know that restore is a
mean of partially rebuilt.
5. Synonyms and definitions, refers to a concise explanation of the meaning of a word

or phrase symbol that the authors use for writings.
Examples :
Mah Jong and Chi Far are popular games in Hong Kong. Chi Far is Chinese numbers
game played mostly by maids and working class housewives.
From the two sentences we know that Chi Far means a Chinese numbers
game played mostly by maids and working class housewives because the
writer already tell us the meaning of Chi Far by telling its definition.
When he made insolent remarks towards his teacher they sent him to the principal for
being disrespectful.
From the sentence above, the writer writes the synonym of word insolent that is
disrespectful. So we know that the meaning of insolent is disrespectful.
6. Explanations refers to statement that makes something comprehensible by

describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.
Example :
Most domestic dogs are smart
We cannot guess the meaning of domestic because there is not enough

information. Domestic could mean, for example : either wild or hunting or tame.
To get more information we have to continue reading.
Most domestic dogs are smart. They can be trained for hunting.
Now the first definition – wild – is not right because of the following sentence. But
we are still unsure whether domestic means hunting or tame.
7. Antonym and contrast, is sometime used to explain the meaning of a word with
adding the opposite word.
Example :
He loved her so much for being so kind to him. By contrast, he abhorred her mother
The word loved and abhorred have the opposite meaning.
These techniques help students get the meaning of words or at least narrow the
possibilities. If need be using the dictionary should be the last resort to fine tune the
understanding of a vocabulary item
EXERCISES 1
Read the following sentence and use the context to help you choose the best meaning
or synonyms for each bold word
1. unpleasant: Brian felt that Ms. Golding was much more unpleasant than usual
and he suspected that she did not have her coffee this morning.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
2. remedy: The richest man in town was losing his hearing and he offered a large
reward to anyone who could find a remedy for his condition.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
3. singe: The curling iron was so hot that Martha singed her hair when she tried
using it.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
4. quarrel: Max was sick of quarreling with his wife about money when all he
wanted to do was enjoy her company.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
5. conclude: After finding crumbs all over Fido's bed, Mom concluded that the dog
had eaten the cookies.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
6. enormous: After taking the final exam, Felix felt as though an enormous burden
had been lifted.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
7. haughty: Megan did not like the new girl because she was rich, haughty, and
kept her nose up high.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
8. dreary: After the quarterback from the visiting team snuck in for another
touchdown, the mood over the home team's bleachers grew quite dreary.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
9. dispute: My father and Mr. McClure, our neighbor, have had a dispute as to the
property line separating our two houses ever since Mr. McClure planned to build a
fence.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
10. absurd: Bobby thought that Clyde's theories about their substitute teacher being
an alien were absurd.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
11. involuntary: As a student serving a detention, Derrick's participation on the

school cleanup crew was involuntary, unlike Scott, who genuinely wanted to make
the school a better place.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
12. native: Unlike most of the college students, who came to DeKalb from many
different parts of the state and nation to attend the university, Cletus was a native of
the town, born and raised.
Definition:
___________________________________________________________________
________
EXERCISE 2
In the following sentences, choose the most appropriate meaning of words that
would fit each blank .
1. Be careful with this knife-- its edge is so keen that you can shave with it.
a. long b. wide
c. sharp d. clear
2. The students are continually perplexed by the professor’s actions. For
example, last week he promised that there would be no quiz and he gave one; then
he said he wouldn’t grade it but he did anyway and gave all the students Fs.
a. confused b. happy
c. uninterested d. patient
3. Although the rigors of the job were great--for example, the long hours, the lifting of
heavy loads, the very hot and then very cold temperatures outdoors--George didn’t
complain because the pay was good.
a. good results b. difficult conditions
c. sleeplessness d. healthfulness
4. The girl always prevaricated when she was caught in the act of cheating and
didn’t want the truth to be known.
a. ate a lot b. cried
c. lied d. laughed
5. She had a lesion on her arm that would not stop bleeding.
a. bracelet b. headache
c. birthmark d. wound
6. He is a prestidigitator who entertained children by pulling rabbits out of his hat,
swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.
a. magician b. singer
c. lawyer d. teacher
7. The mother showed her wrath at what the child had done by screaming at him and
hit him.
a. pleasure b. anger
c. surprise d. sadness
8. When asked to serve as a chairman, Paul stating that he did not
feel capable of performing the duties of the office.
a. objected b. accepted
c. wept d. Rejoiced
9. Although measles is thought to be harmless childhood disease, it is more
___________ than most people realized.
a. permanent b. widespread
c. exciting d. harmful
10. Not all funerals have to be occasions; in New Orleans,
relatives of the dead person often dance to a jazz procession while carrying the
coffin to the cemetery.
a. enjoyable b. happy
c. solemn d. angry
11. In most colleges, at least one course in English is , required, for degree.
a. optional b. compulsory
c. suggested d. desirable
12. In order to ______________ a message by tlephone there must be a wire
connecting the telepohones of the sender and the receiver of the message.
a. take b. Bring
c. transmit d. carry
13. The claim that Mr. Soontorn failed the test was ___________ because the professor
gave him an A for the course.
a. unlikely b. unjustified
c. unusual d. uncommon
14. Joe Beoff only had a very knowledge of Thai law, and thus was not
able to explain to the student why they were not able to travel to Europe without
a passport.
a. extensive b. great
c. significant d. superficial
15. Dictionaries became after the passage of the time because

language changes continuously with new words being added, old words
being
discarded and meanings of words changing.
a. old b. changed
c. outdated d. useless
EXERCISE 3
Define the italic words in the following sentences by noting their context, and indicate
what the clues are :
Example :
His schedule was hectic but he managed to go out for basketball
A : Meaning : hasty / confusing / busy
B : Clue : contrast (but)
1. The prisoner was harassed continually by the jailers.

A. Meaning : _______________________
B. Clue : _______________________
2. After the foundation walls are completed, the floor structure is begun by setting in
place the joints, a series of long, wooden, steel or concrete beams that support the
floor.
A. Meaning : _______________________
B. Clue : _______________________
3. Altough Harry is usually inept at sports, he surprised the coach and won the race.
A. Meaning : ______________________
B. Clue : ______________________
4. She is susceptible to the ideas of others. She believes most everything anyone tells
her.
A. Meaning : _______________________
B. Clue : _______________________
5. There is a great variety of reptiles found in Thailand – for examples, many types of
snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, ect.
A. Meaning : ________________________
B. Clue : ________________________
6. The increasing number of nosoncomial infections in American hospitasls is causing
great concerns. Nosocomial infections are infections which patients get inside the
hospital.
A. Meaning : ________________________
B. Clue : ________________________
7. Decubitus ulters, or bed sores, have for centuries caused a lot of truoble to patients
and have resisted the efforts of doctors to cure them.
A. Meaning : ________________________
B. Clue : ________________________
8. The torrential rains during the rainy season in Thailand sometimes cause floods and
damage to property.
A. Meaning : ________________________
B. Clue : ________________________
9. The number of climbers, tourists and trekkers (piople who are interested in long
distance walking) in Nepal has now reached one million a year.
A. Meaning : ________________________
B. Clue : ________________________
10. Recent years have seen increased seen increased use of air structures, that is,
closed containers of soft material that become hard when fill with air.
A. Meaning : ________________________
B. Clue : ________________________
CHAPTER 4
WORD FORMATION
We quickly understand new words in our language and accept the use of new
forms of that new word. There is a lot of regularities in the word-formation processes in
our language and in this chapter, we explore some of the processes of creating new
words in a language.
Learning the use and meaning of words in english can be easier if we
understand how English words are formed. English words are formed from:
a. Coinage
Coinage is the invention of totally new terms and extension of a name of a product
from a specific reference to a more general one.
Sources of coined words:
1. Trade names of commercial products that become general terms.
e.g. aspirin, kleenex, teflon, xerox.
2. New words based on the name of a person or a place.
e.g. hoover, jeans, sandwich.
b. Borrowing
Borrowing is taking over words from other languages.
English borrows from other languages.
e.g. sofa (Arabaic), lilac (Spanish), croissant (French), barbecue (Spanish)
Many languages borrow from English
e.g. Japanese. supaamaaketto from supermarket
c. Compounding
Compounding is the joining of two separate words to produce a single form.
Compounding is very common in English and German.
E.g. Compound nouns: Bookcase, doorknob, sunburn
Compound adjectives: low-paid, home-work, pick-pocket, good-looking
d. Blending
Similar to compounds but in blending only parts of the words are combined.
E.g : Motor + hotel  motel
Breakfast + lunch  brunch
Teleprinter + exchange  telex
e. Clipping
Shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables.
E.g : facsimile  fax
Hamburger  burger
Gasoline  gas
Advertisement  ad
f. Backformation
Creative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis.
E.g : editor  edit
Television  televise
Babysitter  babysit
g. Conversion
Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category
E.g : butter (n)  (v) to butter
Permit (v)  (n) permit
Empty (a)  (v) to empty
h. Acronyms
Words derived from the initials of several words
E.g : NASA  National Aeronautics and Space Agency
CD  Compact Disk
ATM  Automated Teller Machine
i. Derivation
Derivation in word formation is the most common process. Derivation is
the formation of a new word or inflectable stem from another word or stem. It
typically occurs by the addition of an affix.
The basic form of word is stem. If we put a prefix, it will change the meaning of
the word while a suffix usually changes it part of speech. For example, the suffix –able
changes verbs into adjectives (measurable, breakable). The prefix un- changes the
meaning to the ‘not’. So, if stem enjoy with suffix –able and prefix un- the meaning and
its part of speech will be change. Unenjoyable means not capable of being enjoyed.
Below are the lists of most common prefixes and suffixes with the area of
meaning and examples.
Most Common Prefixes

Prefix Area of Meaning Example
anti- Against antifreeze
de- Opposite defrost
dis-* not, opposite of disagree
en-, em- cause to encode, embrace
fore- Before forecast
in-, im- In infield
in-, im-, il-, ir-* Not injustice, impossible
inter- Between interact
mid- Middle midway
mis- Wrongly misfire
non- Not nonsense
over- Over overlook
pre- Before prefix
re-* Again return
semi- Half semicircle
sub- Under submarine
super- Above superstar
trans- Across transport
un-* Not unfriendly
under- Under undersea
Most Common Suffixes
-able, -ible can be done comfortable

-al, -ial having characteristics personal
of
-ed* past-tense verbs hopped
-en made of wooden
-er Comparative higher
-er, one who worker, actor
-est Comparative biggest
-ful full of careful
-ic having characteristics linguistic
of
-ing* verb form/ running
present participle
-ion, -tion, act, process occasion, attraction
-ation, ition
-ity, -ty state of infinity
-ive, -ative, -itive adjective form of a plaintive
noun
-less Without fearless
-ly* characteristic of quickly
-ment action or process enjoyment
-ness state of, condition of kindness
-ous, -eous, -ious possessing the joyous
qualities of
-s, -es* more than one books, boxes
-y characterized by happy
EXERCISE 1
Make the opposite of these words using the following prefixes :
UN- IN- DIS- IL- IM- IR-
happy >< __________________

correct >< __________________
legible >< __________________
pack >< __________________
patient >< __________________
regular >< __________________
friendly >< __________________
lock >< __________________
polite >< __________________
visible >< __________________
employed >< __________________
agree >< __________________
legal >< __________________
possible >< __________________
honest >< __________________
appear >< __________________
EXERCISE 2
Complete the sentences with the prefixes and suffixes below. You will only need to use
each prefix / suffix once.
-able
-ist
-ing
-ive
im-
-ic
un-
-ment
-ful
-ient
Don't include the dash (-) when you type in your answer and only type in the prefix/suffix
- not the whole word.
1 - It's always use___ to carry some cash on you, in case of an emergency.
2 - Planning a holiday can be just as excit____ as going on holiday.
3 - I found that this medicine is the most effect__ for colds.
4 - She speaks arab_____ very well.
5 - You must not be ___polite to your boss.
6 - The CEO has been responsible for many ___popular decisions.
7 - I'm un___ to work on weekends.
8 - His sex_____ comments made him disliked by the female employees.
9 - I don't want to get into an argu_____ with you about this.
10 - Living close to the station is conven_____ for me.
EXERCISE 3
Use the negative prefixes and the adjectives given to complete the sentences!
possible - honest - sociable - patient
legal - responsible - pleasant – polite
1. Tim's really ________. He never tells the truth.

2. My aunt's children are so ___________. They never say please and thank you.
3. I wish I wasn't so __________, but I really don't like going out or talking to new
people.
4. Don't be so ________. I'll be ready in 5 minutes.
5. Liz can be really ________ sometimes . She seems like upsetting people.
6. This maths problem is __________. I can't to it.
7. I wouldn't ask Jack to look after my little brother. He's too ________.
8. In Britain, it’s _____ to drive under the age of 17.
EXERCISE 4
To do this puzzle correctly, you will need some but not all of these words.
Use one word only for each answer. Do not use any word more than once. You are
allowed to use your dictionary.
distract extend inflexible
tractable tenseness reflection
retracted extensive
5
6
4
1
ACROSS: DOWN:
1. Julie cleaned the oak table in it.
so well that she could see 2. Do not take his mind off his work.
her own
Do not him.
3. Professor Jones is like an 4. I will have to my
encyclopedia; his knowledge leave of absence.
is very _______. 5. The tortoise its head
by withdrawing it into its shell.
6. The schedule for the trip is
______because the hotel reservation
cannot be cancelled or changed.
CHAPTER 5
IDENTIFY MAIN IDEA AND SUPPORTING DETAIL
The main idea of a paragraph is the author's message about the topic. It is
often expressed directly or it can be implied. Nonfiction text is so exciting and
interesting. It requires us to read slower so that we can identify what is important
information and all the fascinating details that make that information interesting.
Where are the main ideas found? It is easy to identify a main idea that is
directly expressed in the text. Main ideas are often found at the beginning of
paragraphs. The first sentence often explains the subject being discussed in the
passage. Main ideas are also found in the concluding sentences of a paragraph. The
main idea can be expressed as a summation of the information in the paragraph as
well as a link to the information in the next paragraph.
The main idea is not always clearly stated. It is more difficult to identify a main
idea when it is inferred or implied. It can be implied through other words in the
paragraph. An implied main idea can be found in several ways. Several sentences in
a paragraph can imply the main idea by introducing facts about the topic before
actually stating the topic. Implied ideas can be drawn from facts, reasons, or
examples that give hints or suggestions concerning the main idea. These hints will be
clues leading you to discover the main idea in the selected text.
Try the passage below to see if you can pick out the main idea.
"To many parents, the infant's crying may be mainly an irritation, especially if it
continues for long periods. But crying serves important functions for the child as well
as for the parents. For the child, crying helps improve lung capacity and the
respiratory system. Perhaps more important, the cry serves as a signal of distress.
When babies cry, they indicate that they are hungry or in pain, and this is important
information for parents."
Use the hints below to determine the correct main idea of this paragraph.
After reading a paragraph ask, "What point is the author making in this passage?"
47
Ask the following questions:
 Who - Does this passage discuss a person or group of people?

 When - Does the information contain a reference to time?
 Where - Does the text name a place?
 Why - Do you find a reason or explanation for something that happened?
 How - Does this information indicate a method or a theory?
How can I determine if I have selected the correct main idea of a paragraph?
If you are able to summarize the information in the passage in your own words,you
have absorbed the correct main idea. To accomplish this goal, try the steps listed
below after reading a short section of your textbook.
 Write a short summary in your own words about what you have read.
 Does your summary agree with this general topic?
 Does your summary contain the same ideas being expressed by the author?
 Could you write a headline (or textbook subheading) that would express your
summary in less than five words?
If you are able to rephrase your choice of a topic sentence into a question and then
determine if the passage answers your question, you have been successful at
selecting a main idea.
EXERCISE
Read and think about the following sample paragraphs, in which the main
idea sentences are underlined.
Paragraph One
It is often said that lightning never strikes twice in the same place, but this
isn’t true. Go ask the forest rangers. Rangers who spend their summers as fire-
fighters will tell you that every thundershower brings several bolts of lightning to
their lookout stations.
(Notice that the first sentence tells what the paragraph is about; the sentences that
48
follow support the idea stated in the first sentence.)
49
Paragraph Two
Costs were low that year and the output high. There was a good person for
each job and the market remained firm. There were no losses from fire. All in all it
was the best years in the history of the company.
(Note that the first three sentences give details to explain why it was the best year
in the company’s history.)
Paragraph Three
There are great numbers of deer around here. This whole area is great
country for hunters and fishermen. There are bears, mountain lions, and
coyotes. To the east there are streams full of trout, and there are ducks and
geese.
(The author begins and ends with examples. The main idea is stated in the second
sentence.)
Paragraph Four
Advertising affects our lives everyday. Brand names are common household
words. We start each day using the toothpaste, soap, and breakfast foods promoted
by advertisers. Ads have made the cars we drive signs of our success. Our choices
of food, dress, and
entertainment are swayed by ads. Not one aspect of American life is untouched by
advertising.
(The main idea is stated at the beginning of the paragraph and then restated at the
end.)
Paragraph Five
Penicillin is one of the greatest of the wonder drugs. It has saved thousands
of lives already and will save many more in the future. Unfortunately it has no effect
at all on most of the ills of mankind. Penicillin is a very good drug, but it is cert ainly
not a cure-all.
50
(The author has split the main idea. This paragraph begins with positive
comments on penicillin. The word but signals a shift in thought, and the paragraph
ends with a statement of its limitations.)
¾ Paragraph Six
Do you wear glasses? Make sure your glasses fit well. The earpieces should
be at eye level. Don’t try to adjust the earpieces yourself. Take your glasses for
adjustments to the place you bought them. Keep your glasses in a case when
you’re not wearing them. This will
prevent scratches. Keep the lenses clean. A soft cloth is best for cleaning.
(The main idea is implied. All of the sentences in the paragraph give details about
a main idea. In this paragraph the implied main idea is that taking care of your
glasses involves many steps.)
Each paragraph is followed by four statements. Select the statement that best
expresses the main idea. Circle the letter of that statement.
1. People often refer to taxes in terms of their being much too high. In reality, they
are probably even higher than you think, because in addition to the federal
income tax we are now studying, there are many other Federal, State, and local
taxes, including sales taxes, inheritance taxes, state income taxes, personal
property taxes, real estate taxes, and others. These are just some of the most
obvious ones.
a. Taxes are much too high.
b. We pay more taxes than we may realize.
c. Inheritance taxes and real estate
taxes are unfair.
d. Some taxes are hidden.
2. The fact that electronic computers are now used for data processing has led the
general public to believe that it is a mysterious, complicated science and that the
computers are giant brains. Both of these ideas are false. A computer is
basically just a high-speed adding machine that performs the functions it is told
to. If the input data are varied even a little, the computer is unable to operate
51
until it is programmed to accept the variations. The business operations it
performs are impressive only because of the extremely high speed of
manipulation, but most of these operations have been used for decades. Unlike
man, the computer performs repetitive calculations without getting tired or bored.
a. A computer is a high-speed
adding machine.
b. A computer is a mysterious
giant brain.
c. A computer is impressive because
of its high speed.
d. A computer is superior to man in
many ways.
3. The Louisiana Purchase proved to be one of the shrewdest business pacts in

the entire history of the United States. The purchase doubled in the area of the
country and provided territory from which fourteen new states were created
either wholly or in part. It also gave us control over the mouth of the Mississippi
River and opened up the way to foreign trade. Prior to the purchase, the
waterway had been blocked by the Spanish, probably with the approval of
Napoleon. The land that was bought was rich in timber, minerals, and natural
resources of many kinds. Finally, the cost of the transaction was unbelievably
low; the total of $15 million amounted to about four cents an acre.
a. The Louisiana Purchase was a very good business
deal for the U.S.
b. The land bought by the Louisiana Purchase was
rich in minerals.
c. The land bought by the Louisiana Purchase
was very cheap.
d. Most Americans were very pleased with the
purchase.
4. There is a common belief that while the dog is man’s best friend, the coyote is
his worst enemy. The bad reputation of the coyote traces back to his fondness
for small animals; he hunts at night and is particularly destructive to sheep,
young pigs, and poultry. Yet it is sometimes wise to encourage coyotes.
52
Provided valuable farm animals are protected, the coyote will often free the
property of other animals, like rabbits, which are ruinous to crops and certain
trees. He is especially beneficial in keeping down the rodent population. Where
coyotes have been allowed to do their work without molestation, ranchers and
fruit growers have found them so valuable that they would no more shoot them
than they would shoot their dogs.
a. Under certain conditions the coyote is helpful to man.
b. The coyote is feared because of his fondness for small animals
c. Modern ranchers would no sooner shoot coyotes than they
would shoot dogs.
d. The coyote usually prefers rabbits and other rodents to sheep
and poultry.
5. In earlier days those who had overseas business which they believed
should be discussed personally, took ship and set out across the briny
deep. Once aboard they transacted their affairs, engaging in commercial
and social matters or conducting government business. Today ships and
passengers continue to sail the seven seas, and airplanes soar overhead.
But above them all, words speed through the sky – telephone
conversations quickly bring together in the most personal fashion people
who are separated by thousands of miles.
a. Overseas telephone service today is ruling out all need for overseas
travel.
b. Nothing can take the place of person-to-person conversation in
settling business, social, and government problems.
c. Many conversations which once required overseas travel can now
be conducted by telephone.
d. Even with modern overseas telephone service people continue to
travel abroad by ship or by plane.
6. The attitudes of Americans toward gambling are amazingly contradictory. You

may find, for example, that horse racing is legal in your state, but that you
cannot legally play poker for money on your front porch; bookies may be
prosecuted by state law, but they are supposed to purchase a federal license
nonetheless; one church condemns gambling, while another raises money by
53
sponsoring Bingo games. Gambling laws are inconsistent from state to state
or even from town to town and are very difficult to enforce.
a. Americans have negative attitudes
toward gambling.
b. Gambling laws are difficult to enforce
c. Gambling laws are inconsistent from community
to community.
d. Churches do not have uniform ideas about
gambling.
EXERCISE 2
Directions: Read the following paragraphs. Each consists of a stated main idea and
several details. Since there is more than one detail, you will select more than one
answer for the first question for each paragraph. (Suggestion: Locate the answer
choice with the stated main idea—this will you identify identified the details that
support it. To help you further, the topic is given for each paragraph.) The second
question about each paragraph asks you the purpose of the details in the paragraph
or, in other words, the type of information the details present (such as explanations,
descriptions, examples, and so forth).
Passage One
The topic of this paragraph is Millennials.
Students born after 1982 are considered Millennials, and they exhibit quite different
characteristics from those of students only a few years older. Among the differences
are these:
 They gravitate toward group activities.

 They identify with their parents' values and feel close to their parents.
 They spend more time doing homework and housework and less time
watching TV.
 They believe it's cool to be smart.
 They are fascinated by new technologies.
 They are racially and ethnically diverse, and 20% have one immigrant parent.
54
1. Which of these are supporting details in the paragraph?
a) Students born after 1982 are considered Millennials, and they exhibit quite
different characteristics from those of students only a few years older.
b) They gravitate toward group activities.
c) They spend more time doing homework and housework and less time
watching TV.
d) They are fascinated by new technologies.
2. The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to give
a) an explanation of how the term Millennial came about.

b) characteristics of Millennials.
c) the process for becoming a Millennial.
Passage Two
The topic of this paragraph is personal digital assistants.
Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are small, hand-held electronic organizers that
come in a range of prices and capabilities. These lightweight computers are usually
operated with a stylus, a special "pen." The most basic, inexpensive PDAs have
monochromatic screens. They can be used to organize and store contact information,
such as names, phone numbers, and email addresses. More expensive models have
color screens and offer computer-like applications. For example, you can manage
email and create documents. In addition, they include a calendar function that allows
you to keep track of appointments and events. They feature the ability to play video
and audio files. The most expensive PDAs also offer a phone function, including text
messaging.
a) Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are small, hand-held electronic

organizers that come in a range of prices and capabilities.
b) They can be used to organize and store contact information, such as
names, phone numbers, and email addresses.
c) More expensive models have color screens and offer computer-like
applications.
d) The most expensive PDAs offer a phone function, including text messaging.
55
a) reasons to buy a color PDA.

b) differences between inexpensive and expensive PDAs.
c) the procedure for buying a PDA.
Passage Three
The topic of this paragraph is prepaid debit cards for teenagers.
A growing number of parents are using a new way to teach their teenagers to handle
money wisely: a prepaid debit card. Parents put a certain amount of money on a
Visa® or Mastercard® debit card, for example. Teens use it instead of cash.
Purchases show up on their parents’ monthly statement, so parents can monitor how
the money is being spent and how fast it is being spent. When the money is used up,
parents can "reload" the card. Depending on the plan, parents may pay initial set-up
fees, monthly fees, or transaction fees. They feel the safety, monitoring capability, and
convenience are worth it.
a) A growing number of parents are using a new way to teach their teenagers to
handle money wisely: a prepaid debit card.
b) Parents put a certain amount of money on a Visa® or Mastercard® debit
card, for example.
c) Purchases show up on their parents’ monthly statement, so parents can
monitor how the money is being spent and how fast it is being spent.
d) They feel the safety, monitoring capability, and convenience are worth it.
a) an explanation of how teen debit cards came into existence.

b) examples of several popular teen debit cards.
c) a description of a how prepaid teen debit cards work.
Passage Four
56
The topic of this paragraph is eating nutritious food.
Are you in the habit of skipping breakfast? Breakfast is important; it gets your
metabolism going. Then spread your remaining calories throughout the rest of the day
by eating a wholesome lunch, nutritious snack, and balanced dinner. Eating this way
keeps your metabolism high. You are also less likely to binge on junk food. You will
have more energy and feel better if you eat nutritious food at least every four hours.
a) Breakfast is important; it gets your metabolism going.

b) Then spread your remaining calories throughout the rest of the day by
eating a wholesome lunch, nutritious snack, and balanced dinner.
c) Eating this way keeps your metabolism high.
d) You will have more energy and feel better if you eat nutritious food at least
every four hours.
a) reasons for eating healthy food a throughout the day and how to do it.
b) examples of nutritious meals and snacks that can be eaten throughout the
day.
c) suggestions for making healthier food choices.
Passage Five
The topic of this paragraph is college campuses and criminal activity and violence.
College campuses can be the site of criminal activity and violence, so they require
the same level of caution and awareness that you would use in other situations. Keep
in mind that 80% of campus crimes are committed by one student against another
student. Also, alcohol or drug use is involved in 90% of campus felonies. Drinking or
drug use can affect judgment and lower inhibitions, so be aware if you or another
person is under the influence.
57
Source: Adapted from Paul Insel and Walton Roth, Core Concepts on Health, Brief
ed., 9th ed., p. 387. Copyright © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies.
a) College campuses can be the site of criminal activity and violence, so they
require the same level of caution and awareness that you would use in
other situations.
b) Keep in mind that 80% of campus crimes are committed by one student
against another student.
c) Also, alcohol or drug use is involved in 90% of campus felonies.
d) Drinking or drug use can affect judgment and lower inhibitions, so be aware
if you or another person is under the influence.
10. The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to
a) suggest ways of making college campuses safer.

b) contrast college campuses with other places.
c) explain why people need to be alert to possible criminal activity and
violence on college campuses.
58
CHAPTER 6
CONNECTORS AND MODIFIER
Sentence connectors are used to link ideas from one sentence to the next and
to give paragraphs coherence. Sentence connectors perform different functions and
are placed at the beginning of a sentence. They are used to introduce, order, contrast,
sequence ideas, theory, data etc. Sentence Connectors are a great way of improving
your English. Why? Because we use them to express relationships between ideas and
to combine sentences.
When we begin learning a language, we speak in very basic sentences, a bit like
children.
Example: “London is a very exciting city. London is very expensive.”
As we learn more words and more complex sentence strucure, we are able to start
using sentence connectors to make more sophisticated sentences.
Example: “London is a very exciting city; nevertheless it is also very expensive” or
“Despite the fact that London is very expensive, it is also very exciting”
There are various types of connectors. It can divide into:

A. Coordinating Conjunctions – They connect words, phrases and clauses. They are
usually found in the middle of a sentence with a comma (,) just before the conjuction, or
at the beginning of the sentence.
Coordinating Conjunctions:
for
and
nor
but
or
yet
so
B. Correlative Conjunctions – They connect equal sentence elements together (like

two nouns) and are always composed by two words.
Correlative Conjunctions:
both…and
not only…but also
not…but
either…or
neither…nor
whether…or
as…as.
C. Subordinating Conjunctions- They connect a dependent clause and an

independent clause and establish a relationship between them. They happen at the
beginning of a sentences (with a comma in the middle separating the clauses) or in the
middle of a sentence with no comma.
Subordinating Conjunctions:
after if | though | although | if only | till | as | in order that
unless | as if | now that | until | as long as | once | when | as though
rather than | whenever | because | since | where | before | so that | whereas
even if | than | wherever | even though | that | that | while
D. Linking Adverbs and Transition Words- They connect two independent clauses
or sentences. They provide transition between ideas.
Linking Adverbs and Transition Words:
accordingly
however
nonetheless
also
indeed
otherwise
besides
instead
similarly
consequently
likewise
still
conversely
meanwhile
subsequently
finally
moreover
then
furthermore
nevertheless
therefore
hence
next
thus
Within these 4 categories, we also find the following division:

Addition
Alternative
Cause-Effect
Comparison
Condition
Contrast
Emphasis
Place
Time
Transitions and connectors show relationships between ideas and help guide the
reader from point to point within the ideas in essays. In this sense, transitions and
connectors are much like road signs along the road that help guide the traveler from
point to point on strange highways. In both instances, whether navigating the ideas in
an essay or driving to an unknown destination, the reader and traveler will both
appreciate the guidance that that transitions and connectors and road signs provide.
Here some examples of transitions and connectors:
1. Similarity
likewise similarly correspondingly by the same token in the same way
 Men must wear a jacket and a tie; similarly, women must wear a skirt or a
dress, not trousers.
 She was late and I similarly was delayed.
 You can't teach navigation in the middle of a storm. Likewise, you can't build a
system of values in the current educational climate.
2. Contrast
On the other hand In contrast conversely however
yet still nonetheless nevertheless
even so in spite of this despite that/this
a. Direct Opposition
 Ali worked hard. On the other hand/In contrast/ However, Okan hardly did
any work at all.
 Metin is lazy. However, his brother is quite diligent (=hard working).
 George is an optimist. In contrast/However/, Bill is a pessimist.
 Extroverts love crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.
 Six is more than five; conversely, five is less than six.
b. Denial of Expectation (Unexpected result)
 She studied diligently for several months.

Nevertheless/However/Yet/Nonetheless, she failed.
 George is very handsome. Yet, he is not popular with girls.
 My uncle is 70 years old now. Nonetheless, he maintains his interest in legal
matters.
 It's raining. Even so, we must go out.
3. Result
as a consequence
accordingly
for this/that reason
therefore
 He passed his exams. Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly/Consequently, he

had some good news to tell his parents.
 Professor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence, he is highly respected.
 He has been studying hard for a long time. Thus, he has made considerable
progress.
 He lacks self-confidence. As a consequence, he is unlikely to be successful.
 The demand has increased sharply. Accordingly, the prices are higher now.
4. Addition and Listing
also besides further moreover furthermore in addition
first (firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, for one thing )
secondly (second, in the second place, for another thing)
 Aykut plays football. Moreover/ Besides/ Also, he runs a restaurant.

 Necla writes short stories, in addition, she writes articles for a newspaper.
 To prepare his homework, Jack went through various history books.
Furthermore, he took notes from several encyclopedias.
 During her spare time, Ayla practices the piano; in addition, she plays the vio-
lin.
 I prefer to buy fruits and vegetables in the open market because they are quite
cheap there. Besides, they are much fresher than fruits and vegetables sold at
the greengrocers'.
 Living in a big city offers good job opportunities. Also, it provides good educa-
tional opportunities.
 All docs not have a gift for music. Moreover, he lacks motivation to practice
music. Therefore, he can't become a good musician.
 Owning a car has some advantages. First (First of all/Firstly/ To begin with),
it gives you comfort. Secondly, it saves you a lot of time. Thirdly, it gives you
great freedom of movement.
5. Time
at first afterwards later then
in the meantime meanwhile
 I read the morning papers for a while. Afterwards, I took a shower.

 First pick up the receiver and then insert a coin into the coin-box.
 At first, I had great difficulty with grammar Later, however , I was able to
overcome these difficulties by studying hard.
 The party is Tuesday, but in the meantime I have to shop and prepare the
food.
 They'll be here soon. Meanwhile, let's have coffee.
6. Exemplification
for instance for example to illustrate
 Women generally live longer than men. For instance, in the United States life
expectancy for women is 75, while it is 73 for men.
 Earthquakes can be highly destructive. To illustrate, the earthquake which
occurred in Erzincan in 1939 devastated the whole town, killing more than
35,000 people.
7. Particularization
in particular particularly specifically
 Shopping in small markets is quite advantageous. In particular, one can find

specialty items that larger stores do not contain.
 We still needed to arrange several details for the trip. Specifically, we had to
make plane and train reservations as well as decide on the final itinerary.
8. Explanation
that is namely in other words that is to say
 The brochure dealt with travelling in Morocco. That is/In other words/ Namely,
it discussed transportation, currency, and language.
 The machinery was not impaired; that is, it wasn't damaged.
 Good readers should be able to read between the lines; that is, they should be
able to make inferences (=to draw conclusions) about information that is
conveyed indirectly or given only partially.
 There is only one topic to discuss, namely, the question of discipline.
 As a child grows up, he learns how to behave in ways which are appropriate to
the society into which he is born. That is to say, he acquires the patterns of
behavior which are accepted as normal in his society.
9. Emphasis
in fact indeed as a matter of fact actually
 He is quite wealthy. In fact, he is one of the richest men in Turkey.

 I like reading. As a matter of fact, it is my favorite pastime.
 Mural is a highly talented musician. Indeed, he has an extraordinary gift for
music.
10. Refutation
on the contrary
 She is not ugly. On the contrary, she is a good-looking girl.

 I don't hate classical music. On the contrary, I'm very fond of it.
11. Reformulation
in other words to put it in a different way, put differently
 He is a conservative. In other words, he favors the preservation of old

institutions in their original form.
 Is there a cheaper solution? In other words, can you make a cheaper device?
12. Correction
rather to be more precise
 He is enjoying himself. Rather, he seems to be enjoying himself.

 This system must be improved. Rather, it must be thoroughly changed.
 Her name is not Margeret. Rather, it is Margot.
13. Transition
as for as to with regard to with respect to
as regards regarding as far as X is concerned
 Both Orkun and Ozkan are my friends. Orkun studies law at Ankara University.
As for Ozkan, he studies mechanical engineering at METU.
 As far as comfort is concerned, a car is definitely much better than a bicycle.
On the other hand, with respect to convenience, it is difficult to say the same
thing.
 METU and ITU are similar in several respects (=ways). First, they are both
technical universities. Secondly, they are alike as regards the courses offered.
 Sony, which is $550, is much more expensive than Grundig, which is $440.
However, as far as quality is concerned (With regard to/ As regards quality),
the former is far better than the latter.
14. Alternative
 You're welcome to come with us now in our car. Alternatively, you could go
later with Mary.
15. Negative Condition
or else otherwise
 I must leave now, or else I'll be late.

 You must study hard. Otherwise, you may fail.
16. Summation/ Conclusion
in summary in brief in short in conclusion to be brief to sum up

all in all
 This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat ever; in short, it is a

fiasco.
 The system lacked originality, efficiency and ingenuity. In conclusion, it was a
complete failure.
17. Other Sentence Connectors
after all: considering all the factors in the situation
 I don't think he should be punished for breaking the window. After all, he's only
five years old.
incidentally/by the way (used to introduce an additional point that the speaker has
just thought of)
 Some people, and incidentally that includes Robert, just won't look after
themselves properly.
above all (=more than anything else)
 He misses all of us, but he longs above all to see his family again.
all the same: even so, nevertheless, in any case,
 I like him; all the same, I don't trust him
anyway, anyhow, in any case
 I wasn't asked; anyway/anyhow/in any case, I wasn't keen to go.
instead (used to indicate contrast)
 Mary did not answer. Instead she looked out of the taxi window.
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
In English grammar, reference is the relationship between a grammatical unit

(usually a pronoun) that refers to (or stands in for) another grammatical unit (usually
a noun or noun phrase). The noun or noun phrase that a pronoun refers to is called
the antecedent.
A pronoun may point back to other items in a text (anaphoric reference) or—
less commonly—point ahead to a later part of the text (cataphoric
reference). In traditional grammar, a construction in which a pronoun doesn't refer
clearly and unambiguously to its antecedent is called faulty pronoun reference.
With reference, we are talking about pronouns again. If you recall,
a pronoun is a word that renames (takes the place of) another word
(the antecedent). It not only must agree with its antecedent (see agreement:
pronoun-antecedent), but it must also clearly refer to the word it renames.
The problem?
If the pronoun doesn't clearly refer to its antecedent, you may cause confusion for your
readers. And as we've said before, if you confuse your readers (and it's not that hard to
do!), your communication breaks down.
The solution?
Whenever you find a pronoun in your writing, underline it and then draw an arrow back
to the specific one word that it renames. If you can't find the word or there seem to be
two or more words that it could refer to, you have a problem with
reference. Remember: the antecedent must be in the preceding clause or phrase(the
one right before the pronoun) if you want to make sure the reference is clear.
Now, let's take a look at a few examples:
1. The Doc always buys my dog food at the pet store because they are so friendly.
2. The owner told Doc that he was looking fit.
3. His brother is a cat breeder, but I'm not interested in it.
4. He tried to put the tape of 1001 Dalmatians in the VCR, but it was broken.
Try drawing an arrow from any of these italicized pronouns to the word they
rename. Can't do it? That's because each is an example of a reference problem.
Sometimes the problem is easy to fix; sometimes you've got to start all over again, as
you can see in the following:
Look back at number 1. The problem is with they: who are they? To fix it,
rephrase with something like ". . . because the owners are so friendly" or ". . . because
the peoplewho work there are so friendly." With these changes, there is no problem
In number 2, we don't know who was looking fit. Was it Doc or the owner? Fixing
sentences like this one can be awkward, but here's one suggestion. "The owner told
Doc, 'You look fit.'" Or, if you meant something else you could say, "The owner told
Doc, 'I look fit.'" With number 3, you have a different problem: it has no specific
antecedent. The writer is trying to refer to the vague, unstated idea of "cat breeding,"
but you can't clearly refer to something that doesn't exist. One fix is: "His brother is a
cat breeder, but I'm not interested in breeding cats."
In number 4, the pronoun could be referring to either the tape or theVCR. Since it can't
refer to both, the meaning is unclear. One solution is: "He tried to put the tape of 1001
Dalmatians in the VCR, but the machine was broken." Obviously, you could put "tape"
in place of "machine" if that was what you meant.
Reference problems can create confusion in your writing, but if you know what they are
and use the "underline and arrow" trick to check for them, they shouldn't cause you any
trouble.
Categories of reference words
There are six main kinds of reference words.
1. Personal pronouns
The personal pronouns are I, you, she, he, it, we, they.
Because an impersonal style of writing is strongly favoured by

most academic disciplines, you may rarely find yourself using
pronouns like I, you and we.
The most commonly used personal pronouns in academic
writing are it (referring to things) and they (referring to either
things or people). In academic writing, ‘things’ are usually
phenomena and abstract nouns, and people are usually
previous researchers. He and she may also be used, usually to
refer to authors previously mentioned in the text.
Example
2. Possessive pronouns
The possessive pronouns show a relationship of ownership or

‘belonging to’. They are: my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers,
its, our, ours, their, theirs.
As with personal pronouns, my and our are not commonly used

in academic writing. The most commonly used possessive
pronouns in academic writing are its, their, his, her.
Example
3. Demonstratives
Demonstratives are similar to personal and possessive

pronouns in that they refer to nouns usually already present in
the text. However, they have a stronger pointing quality – they
identify (point at) exactly which thing or things are being referred
to.
The most common demonstratives

are: this, that (singular), these, those (plural), such.
Example
4. Comparatives
Comparatives are sometimes used as pronouns and sometimes

as adjectives. You do not need to be able to distinguish the two
because, in both cases, they are being used to refer to
something or someone in the text.
Comparatives include words like: another, other, both, similar,

the same, better, more, earlier, later, previous, subsequent.
Example
5. The definite article ‘the’
The definite article the is often used to refer back to something

which has already been mentioned in the text and is now
occurring for the second (or perhaps the third or fourth) time.
Example
The definite article can also be used to point (refer) forwards,

although this is less common.
Note that the definite article is not always used referentially.
Example
6. General reference
Usually a reference word is tied to a word, phrase or other

grammatical element which is clearly identifiable in the
preceding or subsequent text.
However, sometimes a reference word refers back to an entire

stretch of text – perhaps even a paragraph or two - without
referring to any one particular component of it. In this case, the
reference word has the function of summarising the preceding
information.
The words most commonly used to do this are the
demonstrative pronouns this and these.
Example
EXERCISE 1
Complete with the subject personal pronoun.
1. My name is Sue. (Sue) am English. And this is my family.

2. My mum´s name is Angie. (Angie) _ is from Germany.
3. Bob is my dad. (My dad) is a waiter.
4. On the left you can see Simon. (Simon) is my brother.
5. (Sue and Simon) are twins.
6. Our dog is a girl, Judy. (Judy) is two years old.
7. (Sue, Simon, Angie and Bob) live in Canterbury.
8. (Canterbury) is not far from London.
9. My grandparents live in London. (My grandparents) often come and see
us.
10. What can tell me about your family?
EXERCISE 2
Complete with the object personal pronouns.
1. Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke .
2. I´m doing my homework. Dad is helping _________
3. Goodbye children, I´ll call _________ later.
4. Where is John? I have to speak with _________

5. Miss Jolanda is very nice. All the children like _________
6. The car is very dirty. I am cleaning _________
7. My chocolates are gone. Someone has eaten _________
8. My sister is older than _________
9. The teacher is showing _________
(we) a film.
10. I am standing on my head. Look at _________
11. My mother is kind. Everybody likes _________ .
12. Peter, I told _________ to tidy your bed.
13. Blanca and Beatriz! Dad is waiting for _________ !

14. Nacho and I are playing in the park. Dad is watching _________
15. You must not play with the knife. Give________ to __________
EXERCISE 3
1. Which sentences are correct?

a.
 When I loaded the new program on the computer, it crashed.
 When I loaded the new program on the computer, the computer crashed.
b.
 At the gym, the instructors showed me how to use the equipment.
 At the gym, they showed me how to use the equipment.
c.
 Mark used to hang around with Steve until he started dating Sara.
 Until Mark started dating Sara, he used to hang around with Steve.
d.
 I wanted to buy a new computer, but they didn't have one I could afford.
 I wanted to buy a new stereo, but the store didn't have one I could afford.
e.
 When she put the cat on the table, the table collapsed.
 When she put the cat on the table, it collapsed.
2. Enter the correct choice in the text box following each sentence.
a. When I went for the job interview, (they, the manager) didn't seem very interested in
me.
____________________________________________________________
b. He hammered the nail onto the picture frame, and now (it, the nail) is crooked.
____________________________________________________________
c. He told the teacher that (he, the teacher) was wrong.

____________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 8
INFERENCES AND DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
Discovering the ideas in writing that are not stated directly is called drawing
inferences. Inferences are evidence-based guesses. They are the conclusions a
readers draws about the unsaid based on what is actually said. Inferences drawn while
reading are much like inferences drawn in everyday life. Drawing inferences while you
read requires exactly the same willingness to look at the evidence and come to
conclusion that has not been expressed in words.
Inferences is just a big word that means a conclusion or judgement. If you infer
that something has happened, you not see, hear, feel, smell, or taste the actual event.
But from what you know, it makes sense tho think that it has happened. You make
inferences everyday. Most of the time you do so without thinking about it. Suppose you
are sitting in your car stopped at a red signal light. You hear screeching tires, then a
loud crash and breaking glass. You see nothing, but infer that here has been a car
accident. We know the sounds of screeching tires and a crash. But there cuolud be
some other reason and therefore another explanation, for the sounds. Perhaps it was
not an accidents, maybe an angry driver rammed a parked car. Or maybe someone is
playing game which sound a car crash. Making inferences means choosing the most
likely explanation from the facts at hand.
Reading tips to draw inferences are :

1. Make sure your inferences rely mainly on the author’s wors rather than your
own feelings or expereice. Your goal is to read the author’s mind, not invent
your own message.
2. Check to see if your inference is conradicted by any statements in the
paragraph. If it is, it is not an appropriate or useful inference.
3. If the passage is a tough one, check to see if you can actually identify the
statements that led you to your conclusion. This ind of close reading is agood
comprehension check. It will also help you remember the material.
EXERCISE 1
Inferences Worksheet 1
Directions: Read each passage and then respond to the questions. Each question will
ask you to make a logical inference based on textual details. Explain your answer by
referencing the text.
Kyle ran into his house, slamming the door behind him. He threw his book bag on the
floor and plopped onto the couch. After six hours of playing Grand Larceny VII, he ate
some pizza and fell asleep with a slice on his stomach and his feet on his book bag.
When Kyle came home from school the next day, he was noticeably distraught. He
balled up his report card and placed it inside a soup can in the garbage. He then
flipped the soup can upside down in the garbage can and arranged loose pieces of
trash over it. As he plopped down on the couch, he let out a sigh and picked up his
controller.
1. Why is Kyle distraught?

__________________________________________________________
How do you know this?
2. Why does Kyle put the report card in a soup can?

________________________________________
3. Was Kyle’s report card good or bad and why was it like that?
______________________________
Anastasia sat by the fountain in the park with her head in her palms. She was weeping
mournfully and her clothing was disheveled. In between gasps and sobs, Anastasia
cried out a name: “Oh... John…” And then her cell phone beeped. Her hand ran into
her purse and her heart fluttered. The text message was from John. She opened up
the message and read the few bare words, “I need to get my jacket back from you.”
Anastasia threw her head into her arms and continued sobbing.
4. What relationship do John and Anastasia have?

_________________________________________
Why do you feel this way?
5. Why is Anastasia sad?

_____________________________________________________________
Cassie rolled over in her bed as she felt the sunlight hit her face. The beams were
warming the back of her neck when she slowly realized that it was a Thursday, and she
felt a little too good for a Thursday. Struggling to open her eyes, she looked up at the
clock. “9:48,” she shouted, “Holy cow!” Cassie jumped out of bed, threw on the first
outfit that she grabbed, brushed her teeth in two swipes, threw her books into her
backpack, and then ran out the door.
6. What problem is Cassie having?

_____________________________________________________
7. Where is Cassie going?

____________________________________________________________
Kelvin was waiting in front of the corner store at 3:56. His muscles were tense and he
was sweating a bit more than usual. The other kids gathered in front of the little
storefront were much more relaxed, even playful. They joked back and forth lightly to
each other but for Kelvin, time slowed. 3:57. “Don’t worry, Kelvin. He ain’t even
gonna show up.” Kelvin hoped that he wouldn’t. A black four-door Camry with tinted
windows pulled up and parked across the street. Kelvin gulped. 3:58. A group of
teenagers piled out of the car. James was in the front. “Hi-ya, Kelvin. Glad you could
make it,” James said. Kelvin felt smaller.
8. Why is Kelvin waiting at the corner store?

_____________________________________________
9. Are James and Kelvin friends?
_______________________________________________________
What in the text supports your idea?
10. Why is Kelvin so nervous?

_________________________________________________________
What in the text supports your idea?
EXERCISE II
Read each paragraph. Then choose the inference that coulud effectively sum up the
main idea.
I. When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, the United States was the only
major power without a propaganda agency. More important, despite prodding from
England and France, the US had no plans to create one. During WW I, a government-
based group known as the Committee for Public Information had successfully stirred up
public feeling against German-Americans because America was at war with Germany.
As aresult, many innocent German-American citizens had been insulted, beaten, even
lynched. In addition, a good portion of the American public still believed that the United
States had been tricked into entering WW I because of British propaganda. Distrustful
of propaganda in general, there was little widespread support for a government agency
dispensing it when the Second World War broke out.
Inferences :
a. Because of what happened during WW I, the American public was suspicious of

propaganda and not inclined to support its use when WW II first erupted.
b. Aware of how the German government was using propaganda to spread hate
and violence, the American public was reluctant to make use of it at the
beginning of WW II.
II. The medics in World War II
Specific Statements.
a. During training for cambat, the medics were often despised because most of
them had refused to take up arms
b. The medics had their own barracs and were separated from combat soldiers,
who reffered to them as “pill pushers” and laughed at their medical drills.
c. In actual combat, it was often the medics woh meant the difference between life
and death for soldiers wounded in battle; they were the ones who braved
gunfire to carry wounded soldiers to the hospital.
d. In many divisions, soldiers who had lived through combat took up collections in
order to provide bonuses for the medics.
e. Interviewing veterans of World War II, author Stephen Ambrose consistently
heard from men who believed they owed their lives to some medical core.
Inference :
a. The combat experience profoundly changed the way soldiers felt about the
medical core.
b. Despite their bravery in the battles of World War II, medics never really received
the respect that was due them.

Bahan Ajar B Inggris 1 D3

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BAHAN AJAR

Answer these question correctly

Answer these question correctly

Answer these question correctly

Answer these question correctly

A. Reading with A Purpose

There are two types of reading in English

B. Types of Reading Skills

E. The SQ3R Reading Method (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review)

4. Recite and Review

In 1950, the completion of the Walnut Lane Memorial Bridge in Philadelphia,

After you read :

In 1892, John Froelich invented and built the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor

In 1908, the Saunderson Tractor and Implement Co. of Bedford introduced a four-wheel

After you read :

CASEYVILLE, Ill. (KMOV.com) -

After you read :

After you read :

Guessing meaning from context is an important technique that will improve your

What does 'saturated' mean?

She walks briskly to class so that she would not be late.

5. Synonyms and definitions, refers to a concise explanation of the meaning of a word

6. Explanations refers to statement that makes something comprehensible by

We cannot guess the meaning of domestic because there is not enough

11. involuntary: As a student serving a detention, Derrick's participation on the

8. When asked to serve as a chairman, Paul stating that he did not

feel capable of performing the duties of the office.

gave him an A for the course.

15. Dictionaries became after the passage of the time because

1. The prisoner was harassed continually by the jailers.

Most Common Prefixes

Most Common Suffixes

-able, -ible can be done comfortable

UN- IN- DIS- IL- IM- IR-

happy >< __________________

1. Tim's really ________. He never tells the truth.

IDENTIFY MAIN IDEA AND SUPPORTING DETAIL

 Who - Does this passage discuss a person or group of people?

 Does your summary agree with this general topic?

3. The Louisiana Purchase proved to be one of the shrewdest business pacts in

6. The attitudes of Americans toward gambling are amazingly contradictory. You

 They gravitate toward group activities.

2. The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to give

a) an explanation of how the term Millennial came about.

The topic of this paragraph is personal digital assistants.

3. Which of these are supporting details in the paragraph?

a) Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are small, hand-held electronic

a) reasons to buy a color PDA.

The topic of this paragraph is prepaid debit cards for teenagers.

5. Which of these are supporting details in the paragraph?

6. The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to give

a) an explanation of how teen debit cards came into existence.

7. Which of these are supporting details in the paragraph?

a) Breakfast is important; it gets your metabolism going.

8. The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to give

9. Which of these are supporting details in the paragraph?

10. The purpose of the major details in this paragraph is to

a) suggest ways of making college campuses safer.

There are various types of connectors. It can divide into:

B. Correlative Conjunctions – They connect equal sentence elements together (like

C. Subordinating Conjunctions- They connect a dependent clause and an

Within these 4 categories, we also find the following division:

Here some examples of transitions and connectors: