Tamar onofrienko

adreuli axali drois qali filosofosebi

filosofiis istoriis anTologiebSi, narkvevebsa Tu sauniversiteto

saxelmZRvaneloebSi asobiT filosofoss Soris ixsenieba xolme mxolod ori an
sami filosofosi qali, isinic ZiriTadad sxva mamakac filosofosTa
konteqstSi.Ffilosofiis leqsikonebsa da enciklopediebSi qalTa saxelebi TiTqmis
ar gvxvdeba, Tu ar CavTvliT oriod mokrZalebul winadadebas hipaTias, hiparqia
aleqsandrielisa da elisabed bohemielis Sesaxeb.
dasavluri filosofiis istoriaSi SeiZleba moiZebnos iseTi aTwleulebi, roca
interesi qali-filosofosebisa da maTi nawerebisadmi izrdeboda, roca maT
gamoscemdnen, maTze werdnen da aqveynebdnen. iniciatorad qal-filosofosTa
moZiebisa gvevlineba jil menaJe, frangi moazrovne da avtori wignisa ,,qal-
filosofosTa istoria“, romelic gamoica me-17 saukunis meore naxevarSi jer
laTinur da Semdge ki frangul enebze. wignSi dasaxelebul ramodenime aTeul qals
Soris bevri moxvda im niSniT, rom iyvnen cnobil filosofosTa qaliSvilebi,
colebi da dedebi, anda ubralod mecenatebi. antikuri saberZneTisa da romis qal-
filosofosebs menaJe ajgufebs filosofiuri skolebisadmi mikuTvnebul da
damoukidebel filosofosebad. faqtiurad, es iyo pirveli cda, Seswavlili
yofiliyo istoriuli wyaroebi da momxdariyo eqskavacia srulebiT miviwyebul
qalTa saxelebisa. Tumca ki es ar iyo erTaderTi kompendiumi. menaJes wignis garda
cnobili iyo Tomas stenlis ,,filosofiis istoria“, romelSic warmodgenili iyo
antikuri samyaros ocdaoTxi filosofosi qali. me-17 saukunis meore naxevarSi
gamoica margaret bufes ,,axali gamokvlevebi frangul enaSi“, sadac xotba hqondaT
Sesxmuli Tanamedroveobis brwyinvale qalebs. magram me-19 saukunisaTvis qal-
filosofosebze miTiTeba filosofiis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi Semcirda – am
droisTvis moixsenieboda mxolod Svedi dedofali qristina, rogorc dekartes
mfarveli da rogorc filosofiur werilTa avtori. mogvianebiT hegeli aRniSnavda,
rom laibnicma Tavisi Teologia miuZRvna sofia Sarlotes. 1881 wels parizSi
gamoqveynda maTuren leskuris ,,qali-filosofosebi“. viqtor kuzeni ixseniebda
damaris maSams Tavis ,,axali drois filosofiis kursSi“. fuSe de karei ki wignebs
werda dekartes urTierTobebze elisabed bohemielsa da dedofal qristinasTan, da
laibnicis, eleqtresa sofiasa da sofia Sarlotes urTierTobebze. es ukanaskneli
iyo sofia hanoverelis qaliSvili da elisabed bohemielis diswuli, SemdegSi ki
gaxda prusiis pirveli dedofali. miuxedavad zemoT CamoTvlilisa, filosofiis
zogad istoriebSi avtorebs aviwydebodaT qal-filosofosTa da maTi Rvawlis
moxsenieba. TiTqmis mTeli saukunis manZilze qali-filosofosebi srulebiTac aRar
moixseneibodnen filosofiur wyaroebSi. mxolod me-20 saukunis samocdaaTian
wlebSi, roca feministurma moZraobam sazogadoebrivi sferos TiTqmis yvela
institutSi da maT Soris, akademiaSic SeaRwia, daiwyes filosofos qalTa xelaxali
aRmoCena. QalTa, da Semdeg ki genderuli kvlevebis wyalobiT, yvela drois qali,
dawyebuli paleoliTidan, damTavrebuli sqesobrivi revoluciis Semdgomi periodiT,
gaxda sxvadasxva humanitarul, socialur Tu politikur mecnierebaTa kvlevis
sagani. uTvalavi statia da monografia mieZRvnaT rogorc dasavluri, ise
aRmosavluri filosofiis qal warmomadgenlebs. amis paralelurad iwyeba qalTa
imijebisa da reprezentaciebis Zieba mamakac filosofosTa SemoqmedebaSi. yvelaze
masiur mcdelobad filosofos qalTa kvlevisa mogvevlina 80-iani wlebis bolos
meri elen veiTis TaosnobiT wamowyebli proeqti. ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi
SeZlebisdagvarad Seswavlil iqna pirveli berZeni filosofosebidan dawyebuli
Tanamedrove filosofosebiT damTavrebuli yvela mniSvnelovani qali-moazrovne.
masalebi gamoica oTx tomad, meri elen veiTis redaqtorobiT. dReisaTvis es
tomeuli ukve uZvires iSviaTobad iqca dasavleTSi. mkvlevarebi cdilobdnen
aexsnaT, Tu ra gaxda mizezi qal-filosofosTa saxelebisa da naSromebis
dakargvisa.
Sua saukuneebSi mxolod ramodenime qals misces ufleba, daswreboda leqciebs
an Tavad waekiTxa isini bolognis universitetSi. mxolod 1678 wels mianiWes
pirvelad qals sauniversiteto xarisxi – igi iyo elene kornaro piskopea (venecia),
romelmac filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi miiRo paduis universitetSi. amis

1
sanaxavad universitetSi Tavi moiyara 20 aTasamde adamianma. maleve universitetma
gadawyvita, aRekveTaT aseTi precedenti.
1732 wels laura bazim bolognas universitetSi daicva 59 Tezisi bunebis
filosofiaSi. amis safuZvelze mas sul male uboZes filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi
da sauniversiteto kaTedra im pirobiT, rom ar aswavlida sazogadoebriv skolebSi.
igi pirveli qali iyo, visac ki odesme rgeboda aseTi pativi. daaxloebiT imave
periodSi qalebs ricxavdnen sxva evropuli universitetebidan da safrangeTis
akademiisa Tu mecnierebaTa samefo sazogadoebis msgavsi institutebidan. XVII
saukuneSive madelain de skuderi da anna dasieri nominirebul iqnen safrangeTis
akademiis arCevnebisaTvis, magram maTi kandidaturebi uaryves, Tumca ki sul male
orive miiRes rikovritis akademiaSi (padua). pirveli qali, visac kaTedra argunes
sorbonis universitetSi, iyo maria kiure (me-20 s.). 1980 wels ki margaret iursenari
iyo pirveli qali, vinc airCies safrangeTis akademiis wevrad 1. rogorc vxedavT,
safrangeTSi qal moazrovneTa mamakacebTan gaTanasworebis iniciativebi CanasaxSive
ixSoboda. am mxriv italiis universitetebi gacilebiT ufro liberalurad iyvnen
ganwyobilni qalTa swavlulobisa da ganaTlebisadmi.
1667 wlisaTvis margaret qavendiSi gaxda pirveli qali, vinc ewvia londonis
samefo sazogadoebas, raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa robert boilis zogierTi
eqsperimenti. am vizits mohyva seriozuli winaaRmdegoba damswre sazogadoebis
mxridan. qavendiSs, miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve gamoqveynebuli hqonda mravali
naSromi bunebismecnierebis filosofiaSi, ar darTes neba, gamxdariyo am
sazogadoebis wevri. 1754 wels doroTea eqslebenma hales universitetSi miiRo
medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi, magram es precedenti ar iyo niSani
universitetebSi qalebis regularuli Caricxvisa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebs xeli ar miuwvdebodaT akademiur da
sauniversiteto ganaTlebaze, ver vityviT, rom maT aranairi wvlili ar SeutaniaT
filosofiaSi. es ukanaskneli iqmneboda monastrebSi, evropel feodalTa da
mTavarTa sasaxleebsa Tu salonebSi, filosofiur klubebsa Tu gaerTianebebSi.
magram ase rigad ratom daikarga maTi kvali? sad gaqra mogonebebi gamoqveynebul da
xelaxla gamocemul, Targmnil da komentirebul naSromebze XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
qalebisa? qalTa saganmanaTleblo uflebebis Sesaxeb doroTea eqslebenis naSromSi
moixsenieba anna-maria van Surmanis imave Tematikaze gamocemuli wigni, romelic
Turme sul male gamxdariyo xelmiuwvdomeli. amalia holsti ki 50 wlis Semdeg
werda, rom eqslebenis teqstis mopoveba misi droisaTvis ukve SeuZlebeli
gamxdariyo 2. gamodis, rom qalebi erTgvari gauCinarebadi melniT werdnen, romelic
wlebis, aTwleulebisa Tu saukuneebis Semdeg ukvalod qreboda furclebidan Tu
furclebTan erTad. Tuki Sua saukuneebSi qali moazrovneebi ZiriTadad samonastro
cxovrebis wiaRSi axerxebdnen filosofosobasa da sxvadasxva naSromTa Targmnasa
Tu komentirebas, adreul axal droSi ufro gavrcelda salonuri Janri
filosofosobisa. saloni raRac gardamavali iyo sajaro da privatul sferoebs
Soris. arsebiTad privatuli, Tavisi miznebiTa da SedegebiT iZenda xolme sajaro
institutis mniSvnelobas. 2000 wels gamoica jon qonlis wigni: ,,saTnoebis gumani
(Suspicion of Virtue): qali filosofosebi neoklasicistur safrangeTSi” (2000, Itaca, NY).
wigni warmoadgens erTgvar analizs qal filosofosTa teqstebisa da im
konteqstisa, romelSic isini muSaobdnen. qoneli Seecada, ufro seriozulad Seexeda
salonuri Sexvedrebis tradiciisaTvis da igi filosofosobis erTgvar Janrad
CaeTvala. dReisaTvis ukve kargad Seswavlil im filosofos qalebs, romlebic
genialur filosofosebTan arian dakavSirebulni (maT Qqonli did filosofosTa
Tanamgzavrebs (satelite) uwodebs), man Semata xuTi axali saxe, romlebic misi azriT,
erTob sayuradrebo mosazrebebs gamoTqvamen saTnoebis Sesaxeb. maTi teqstebi ki
warmoadgenen garkveul alternativas me-17 s-is kanonikuri avtorebis filosofiisa.
qonlis mtkicebiT, saloni xels uwyobda filosofiuri analizis alternatiuli
meTodebis eqsperimentirebas. saloni warmoqmnida iseT filosofiur argumentebs,

1
Eileen O’Neil: Disappearing Ink: Early Modern women Philosophers and Their Fate in History, from
Philosophy in a Feminist Voice, ed. by Janet A. Kourany, Princeton University Press, 1998, SeniSvna 6
2
Eileen O’Neil: Disappearing Ink: Early Modern women Philosophers and Their Fate in History, from
Philosophy in a Feminist Voice, ed. by Janet A. Kourany, Princeton University Press, 1998, gv. 27

2
romlebic ,,xasiaTdebodnen ufro debatebiTa da epigramuli komentarebiT, vidre
leqciebiTa da traqtatebiT“ 3. salonuri Sexvedrebi xels uwyobda kamaTis
xelovnebis ganviTarebas da Tematurad koncentrirdeboda ZiriTadad moralisa da
eTikis sakiTxebze. filosofiuri analizis is meTodebi, romlebsac es qalebi
iyenebdnen, siaxles warmoadgenda maT SedegebTan erTad. mainc ra uwyobda xels
qalTa aqtiur CarTulobas filosofiur debatebSi? ratom iyo, rom qalebi ase
rigad dainteresdnen uwin mamakacTaTvis Cveuli mocaleobiTa da saqmianobiT?
margaret aTertonis azriT, amas xeli Seuwyo iman, rom am droisaTvis filosofiuri
da Teologiuri sakiTxebi Serwymuli iyo erTmaneTTan. sulis problema qalebsac
iseve exebodaT, rogorc mamakacebs. qalebs, ase vTqvaT, ar ekrZalebodaT azris
gamoTqma religiur sakiTxebze 4.
Mmeore faqtori, ramac qalebs gauadvila sakuTari Tavis xedva Tu warmoCena,
iyo adamianuri gonebis bunebisa Tu filosofiis Seqmnis meTodze Sexedulebebi,
romlebic waaxalisa dekartes moZRvrebam yovel adamianur sulSi fxizeli gonebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad unda CaiTvalos meri estelis „seriozuli
SeTavazeba qalbatonebisaTvis“, sadac igi wers: „yvelas ara aqvs mocaleoba, enebis
swavlisa Tu CaRrmavebisaTvis; arc SesaZlebloba aqvT, imusaifon ganswavlil
xalxTan; magram yvelas ZaluZs ifiqros, marTebulad warmarTos sakuTari unarebi
da rCeva sTxovos sakuTar meSi davanebul batons (master)“ 5. misi azriT,
ganaTlebuloba ar saWiroebs wignierebas, aramed sakuTriv gagebas racionaluri
unarebis bunebisa.
garda sulis Sesaxeb sakiTxebisa, qalTa wignierebis da ganaTlebis
mniSvneloba Tavdapirvelad gacnobierda imitomac, rom ganaTlebuli dedis roli
bavSvebis aRzrdaSi fasdaudeblad iqna miCneuli. TandaTanobiT, aseTi praqtikuli
motivebis garda, qalTa CarTulobas filsofiur debatebSi safuZvlad daedo aseve
Tavad dainteresebac filosofiuri problematikiT. isini werdnen epistemologiis,
moralis Teoriis, socialuri da politikuri filosofiis, filosofiuri
Teologiis, naturfilosofiisa da ganaTlebis Teoriebis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxTa
umravlesoba dRes mxolod istoriuli interesis sagania – filosofiis mematianes
Tu daainteresebs, mihyves filosofiis istoriis Zafs da eZios, Tu rogor
iqsoveboda igi. zogierTi maTgani ki DdResac saintereso da problemur sakiTxTa
winamorbedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. eilien o’ neilis azriT, gauCinarebadi melnis
problema aixsneba imiTac, rom me-19 saukunisaTvis maTi filosofiuri naazrevi ukve
iTvleboda ara-filosofiurad. amas garda, Tuki franguli racionalizmi adamianur
sulSi, ganurCevlad sqesisa, aRiarebda umaRlesi gonebis arsebobas, me-18 s-is bolos
da me-19 s-is pirveli naxevarSi gabatonebuli klasikuri germanuli idealizmi qals
ar miiCnevda mTlad Sesaferisad filosofiuri azrovnebisaTvis. roca karl ioeli
frangi ganmanaTleblobis epoqis Sesaxeb ambobda, rom im dros „qalebi
filosofosobdnen da filosofia qalurobdao“, igi erTmaneTis gverdiT ayenebda da
adarebda qalTa myofobas filosofiaSi da qalur filosofias. am sakiTxisadmi
germaneli da frangi filosofosebis damokidebuleba kargad Cans kantis
SexedulebaSic filosofiis siRrmis mamakacur bunebaze – amiT igi miuTiTebda ara
mxolod genderizebul sistemebsa Tu stilze, aramed sqesobriv gansxvavebazec. igi
werda: „qals, romelsac madam dasieris msgavsad Tavi gamotenili aqvs berZnuliT, an
vinc markiza de Satles msgavsad Cabmulia meqanikis Sesaxeb gamarTul, CaxlarTul
debatebSi, aseve unda hqondes wveric; es ufro sacnaursa da gamomsaxvelobiTs
gaxdida mis swrafvas siRrmeebisaken“. 6
qali filosofosebis, iseve rogorc maTi mravali mamakaci kolegis gauCinarebis
mizezebi swored me-18 da me-19 saukuneTa gasayarze unda veZioT, roca germanulma
filosofiam erTgvari primati moipova frangulze, roca axleburad xdeboda
filosofiis ZiriTadi problematikis Camoyalibeba, meTodebisa da stilis gamokveTa.

3
Journal of the History of Philosophy, 42:2, April 2004, gv. 222
4
The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy, ed. by Miranda Fricker and Jennifer Hornsby,
Cambridge University Press, 2000
5
Women Philosophers of the Early Modern Period, ed. by Margaret Atherton, Hackett Publishing Company,
Indianapolis, 1994, gv. 4
6
Eileen O’Neil: Disappearing Ink: Early Modern women Philosophers and Their Fate in History, from
Philosophy in a Feminist Voice, ed. by Janet A. Kourany, Princeton University Press, 1998, SeniSvna 89

3
mravali anonimuri filosofosi qali werda ise, rom maTi vinaoba arasodes
gacxadebula. adreuli axali drois qali filosofosebi, isinic ki, vinc aqtiurad
iyvnen Cabmulni debatebSi da mravlad aqveynebdnen publikaciebs, gaqrnen
filosofiis matianedan.
o’neili miuTiTebs kidev erT mizezze maTi gauCinarebisa, rasac igi uwodebs
„oqsimoronis problemas“. adreuli axali drois azrovnebaSive iTvleboda, rom
qali-filosofosi TiTqmis SeuZlebeli da arabunebrivi ram iyo. bacua makeni (XVIII
s.) Tvlida, rom barbarosuli tradiciidan momdinare, qali ar miiCneoda mamakacuri
mZlavri gonebis matareblad. mis gaumjobesebaze verc ganaTlebda iqoniebda raime
pozitiur da mniSnelovan gavlenas. bacuas TqmiT, ganswavluli qali miiCneoda im
kometad, romlis gamoCenac avismomaswaveblad iTvleboda. 7 zustad erTi saukunis
Semdeg samuel jonsoni werda, rom qalTa qadageba iTvleboda ZaRlis ukana fexebze
siarulad, rac, rogorc saerTodac SesaZlebeli ram, erTob ancvifrebda mnaxvels.
pier Jozef prudoni qali avtoris arsebobas saerTodac SeuZlebel ramed miiCnevda,
rogorc winaaRmdegobrivs – qalis wigni, misi azriT, unda yofiliyo filosofia
araferze. 8 qalis ecriture imdenad daujerebel ramed iTvleboda, rom hipaTiasa da
ramodenime sxva qalis garda, yvela miiviwyes. es gamonaklisi avtorebi ki ar
saWiroebdnen gamowvlilviT Seswavlasa da filosofiis standartul istoriebSi
ganTavsebas. isic sakmarisad iTvleboda, rom qalebi, rogorc filosofosebi,
saerTodac ixseniebodnen. me-19 s-Si qali filosofosebis gaqroba gamowveuli unda
yofiliyo franguli revoluciis politikuri SedegebiTac. Tumca mravali feministi
mkvlevari Tvlis, rom qalis gamoyvana privatuli sferodan, anu ojaxidan da Sina-
meurneobidan da misi meore roliT TandaTanobiTi dakaveba, Tavis droze swored
evropuli revoluciebiT iyo gamowveuli. industriisa da qalaqebis ganviTarebasTan
erTad gaCenil axal samuSao adgilTa Soris aRmoCnda „qaluri“ saqmianobebic,
romelTa dakavebiTac Tavis ZiriTad rols diasaxlisisa man daumata meore,
sazogadoebrivi roli. Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavad qalebi iyvnen imis mosurneni,
rom uCinarni darCeniliyvnen istoriuli mexsierebisaTvis. Tuki Sarl furie,
kondorse, madam kleman hemeri TavgamodebiT ibrZodnen qalTa samoqalaqo da
saganmanaTleblo uflebebisaTvis, TviT iseTi qalebic ki, rogoric iyvnen
sazogadoebriv sferoSi Tavisi nawerebiT kargad cnobili madam de stali werda:
,,qalTa gamoricxva politikuri da samoqalaqo saqmianobidan sruliad marTebulad
mimaCnia. ise araferi ewinaaRmdegeba maTs bunebriv mowodebas, rogorc iseTi ram, rac
qalsa da mamakacs Soris mtrobas gaaRvivebda; qalisaTvis ki dideba da saxeli
mxolod im mwuxarebis momtani iqneboda, romelic bednierebis saxiT gamotyvreba
xolme” 9. stendali odnav ufro Semwynareblurad udgeboda qalis gamoCenas sajaro
sarbielze. Mmisi azriT, mxolod ekonomikuri aucileblobiT Tu gamarTldeboda
qalis avtoroba. QqalTa filosofosoba me-19 saukuneSi SeiZleboda Segvedarebina
kurtizanobisaTvis, ramdenadac es pirveli, iseve rogorc meore, im mcire rolTagani
iyo, romelic qals ekava polisis sferoSi. silvian marselis cinikur teqstSi
,,kanon-proeqti qalTaTvis kiTxvis swavlebis akrZalvis Taobaze’’ naTqvamia, rom Tu
qali wera-kiTxvas Seiswavlida, maSin igi aRarafers indomebda franguli gramatikis
garda. amasTan, kiTxvis Seswavlis Semdeg mas SeiZleboda werac moendomebina, rac
WeSmariti ubedureba iqneboda mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.
DdReisaTvis sakmaod rTulia imis Tqma, Tu ramdenad moxerxda me-20 saukunis
70-90-ian wlebSi qal-filosofosTa filosofiuri Rvawlis srulyofili
rekonstruqcia SemorCenili fragmentebis, meoradi Canawerebisa Tu ukvalod
gamqrali publikaciebis fonze, Tumca ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es, sxva epoqebTan
SedarebiT, yvelaze ukeT XVII-XVIII saukunis qal moazrovneTa mimarT moxerxda.
Ggonebis saukunis Sua periodSi qalebi werdnen moralsa da vnebebze
ZiriTadad maqsimebis saxiT, romelic SeiZleba miviCnioT salonur kulturasTan

7
Eileen O’Neil: Disappearing Ink: Early Modern women Philosophers and Their Fate in History, from
Philosophy in a Feminist Voice, ed. by Janet A. Kourany, Princeton University Press, 1998, gv. 60
8
Eileen O’Neil: Disappearing Ink: Early Modern women Philosophers and Their Fate in History, from
Philosophy in a Feminist Voice, ed. by Janet A. Kourany, Princeton University Press, 1998,
SeniSvna 92
9
iqve, gv 82

4
dakavSirebul literaturul-filosofiur Janrad. Tavis ,,maqsimebSi” iansenisti madam
de sable moralur-fsiqologiuri wiaRsvlebiT cdilobs, gaakritikos
aristokratiuli sazogadoeba. igi naTlad ansxvavebs erTmaneTisagan fizikur
aristokratias, romelic emyareboda cisfersisxlianobasa da maRal sazogadoebrov
mdgomareobas, da pirad Rirsebaze dafuZnebul sulier aristokratias. individis
arsebiT niSan-Tvisebad miiCnevda moralur identobas, da ara ojaxsa Tu
memkvidreobas.
SemorCenilia maqsimaTa ori seria SvedeTis dedoflis, qristinas avtorobiT,
aseve markiza margaret de sablieris maqsimebi, romelic eTikur adamianad Tvlida
,,madliTmosil wmindans, uflis RvTaebrivi qmedebiT siqvelisa da mowyalebisaTvis
gaTavisuflebul codvils, vinc mkacri locvisasac ki aRasrulebda moralur
movaleobebs”. 10 igi cdilobda kvietizmTan kavSiriT xorcSesxmuli Rrmad-mistiuri
pietis Serwymas RmerTis meufebasTan. misTvis individi damokidebuli iyo RmerTis
mowyalebaze. Mmoraluri cxovrebiT cxovrebac aseve moiTxovda RvTis Wvretasa da
masTan urTierTkavSirs.
saTnoebasa da Rirsebaze diskusiebiT salonelebma gaaRvives etiketebisa da
manerebis mimarT interesi. Mmadam de mentanoni amtkicebda, rom Tavazianoba
safuZvelSive gulisxmobda sxvebze zrunvas. Mmisi naSromi dialogur xasiaTs
atarebda da masSi gaSlili moralis filosofiac viTardeboda kiTxva-pasuxis
saxiT. saTnoebis miseuli interpretacia fesvgadgmulia erTgvar racionalistur
pragmatizmSi, praqtikul sibrZneSi, romelic axdens sazogadoebaSi bednierebis
SesaZleblobis maqsimizacias 11.
Mme-17 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba sxva tipis filosofiuri ecriture – es
aris traqtati bunebis filosofiaSi. im droisaTvis erTob popularuli iyo
kopernikis Teoriis irgvliv atexil debatebSi Cabma. Lla fontenis ,,axal samyaroTa
aRmoCenis” inglisuri Targmanis winasityvaobaSi mTargmneli da winasityvaobis
avtori arfa beni amtkicebda, rom kopernikis Teoria ukeT xsnida da icavda
fenomens, vidre ptolemeosis sistema. Mmas seriozul problemad miaCnda am Teoriis
wminda werilTan SeuTanxmebloba, romlis mogvarebasac Tavad cdilobda imis
dasabuTebiT, rom bibliaSi ar iyo nacadi astronomiis, geometriisa Tu
qronologiis swavleba.
yvelaze ukeT cnobil, bunebis filosofiaze momuSave qalad iTvleboda
margaret qavendiSi, niuqaslis hercogis coli. igi ukmayofilo iyo sakuTari
ganswavlulobiT. imis gamo, rom misma ojaxma mefe Carlz pirvelisa da parlamentis
dapirispirebaSi mefes dauWira mxari, margareti iZulebuli Seiqna, dedofals
gahyoloda safrangeTSi, sadac igi Sexvda uiliam qavendiSs, romelzec mogvianebiT
daqorwinda kidec. Zmebi qavendiSebi virtuozebad iTvlebodnen axal mecnierebebSi.
safrangeTSi ltolvilobisas col-qmari Sexvda da daumegobrda hobss, gasendis,
dekartesa da hiugenss. Mmargaretma sul male iwyo wera da qmris daxmarebiT
moaxerxa am nawerebis gamoqveynebac. weriT ki igi werda leqsebs, piesebs,
moTxrobebs, avtobiografiul da biografiul Txzulebebsa da wignebs
bunebismetyvelebis filosofiaSi. inglisSi dabrunebis Semdeg isini ZiriTadad
soflad cxovrobdnen, magram samefo sazogadoebasTan stumrobiT igi erTob
xmaurian skandalSi gaexvia. qavendiSebi uestminsteris saabatoSi arian dakrZalulni.
mis adreul nawerebs atyvia, ZiriTadad, hobsis gavlena, romelsac meurveobda
misi ojaxi da romelTan erTadac iyo ,,niu-qaslis wris wevri”. parizsa da
antverpenSi yofnisas qavendiSi Sexvda dekartesa da robervils. 1653-1671 wlebSi
gamoqveynebuli wignebi exeba bunebis filosofias. pirvel wignSi ,,leqsebi da
fantaziebi” (1653) atomizmis Teorias gadmoscems galeqsili formiT. Aaq igi miiCnevs,
rom samyaro Sedgeba erTiani materiis ganuyofeli nawilebisagan. am da ramodenime
sxva naSroms, kerZod ,,filosofiur da fizikiseul ganazrebebs”, ,,filosofiur
warmosaxvebsa’’ da ,,samyaros olios” (World’s Olio) efuZneboda kritikosTa
gamoxmaureba. isini eWvis qveS ayenebdnen mis SesaZleblobebs da miiCnevdnen, rom igi
plagiatorobda, rameTu jer arc erT qals ar scodnia amdeni ,,mZime termini”. Mmisi
meuRle iZulebuli gaxda, daecva Tavisi colis avtoriteti da Ria werili miuZRvna

10
Journal of the History of Philosophy, 42:2, April 2004, p.222
11
iqve, gv. 223

5
mis ,,filosofiur da fizikiseul ganazrebebs”. Semdgom nawerebSi mas ukavia
organuli materializmis poziciebi. Bbuneba misTvis maradiuli, usasrulo da
sxeulebrivia, ris gamoc emorCileba dayofas, magram misi nawilebic Tavad xom
bunebaa. yovelgvari arsebulis masala, materia masTan ierarqiulia. sensitiuri da
racionaluri materia ufro wminda da mSvenieria misTvis, vidre aracocxali
materia, MmoZraoba ki ar arsebobs materiis gareT. aramaterialuri substanciis idea
ki, misi azriT, momdinareobs moZraobis materiisagan abstrahirebis Sedegad, ris
gamoc igi xdeba calke arsebuli da zebunebrivi. es ki unda iyos adamianuri
ambiciis Sedegi – adamianebs ar surT, sakuTari Tavi aRiqvan bunebis nawilad, maT
urCevniaT, sakuTar Tavs Tvlidnen gansakuTrebul da RvTaebriv arsebad. sensitiur
da racionalur materias igi uwodebs sicocxlesa da codnas, SegrZnebebsa da
gonebas (,,filosofiuri werilebi”). Sinaganad TviTregulirebad bunebas ki igi
aRwers momxibvleli qaluri eniT: ,,buneba, es brZeni da SorsmWvreteli qalbatoni,
brZnulad, meTodurad da wesisamebr ganagebs sakuTar nawilebs: amasTan, igi erTob
mwarmoebluria da sZuls sizarmace, rac mas aiZulebs, sakuTari dro warmarTos
kargi diasaxlisis darad” (,,dakvirvebebi”) 12.
epistolaruli Janri qavendiSisaTvis erTob produqtiuli gamodga. mimoweris
fonze igi warmatebiT Slida xolme Tavis msjelobebs da ufro Rrma wiaRsvlebsac
akeTebda, vidre traqtatebSi. misi werilebis korespondenti iyo warmosaxviTi qali,
romelic kiTxvebs svamda ramodenime Tanamedrove avtoris, kerZod ki, hobsis,
dekartes, henri morisa da van helmontis naSromebze da ZiriTadad iseT aspeqtebs
irCevda, romlebSic Tavs ufro kompetenturad Tvlida. magaliTad, dekartes
,,metafizikuri ganazrebebidan” igi exeboda ZiriTadad moZraobis problemas,
romelsac dekarte gansazRvravs, rogorc sagnis moduss, rasac ar eTanxmeba
qavendiSi da mas Tavad sagnad an sxeulad miiCnevs, sxeulisagan ara-ganyenebulad,
rogorc realobis, ise konceptualur doneze da cdilobs, es mtkicebuleba
gaamyaros magaliTebiT. arc sxeulsa da arc moZZraobas ar SeuZliaT TavianTi
TaviT Caanacvlon erTmaneTi. moZraoba misTvis materiisagan ganuyofelia – materia
amoZravebs da Tavadac moZraobs, xolo bunebis yvela nawils, rogorc materiisagan
Sedgenils, aqvs codna da sicocxle, Serwymuli aracocxal materiasTan. swored am
Serwymis Sedegad iwyeben isini moZraobas.
saboloo jamSi, hercogis meuRles, rogorc Sepyrobil filosofoss,
seriozulad aravin uyurebda. magaliTad, anna qonveisadmi gankuTvnil werilSi
kembrijeli platonisti henri mori gancvifrebas gamosTqvamda imis Taobaze, rom
margaret qavendiSma gabeda da Tavis filosofiur werilebSi Seedava hobss,
dekartes, helmontsa da Tavad mors. adreuli axali drois erT-erT yvelaze cnobil
mdedrobiTi sqesis figurad unda CaiTvalos princesa elisabed bohemieli. igi sul
patara iyo, rodesac misi mSoblebi gaiqcnen sakuTari samefodan da holandias
Seafares Tavi. elisabedi ki izrdeboda sileziaSi, bebiisa da deidis saxlSi. misi
umcrosi, mecamete da, sofia SemdegSi gaxda hanoveris eleqtresa da laibnicis
patronesa. Tavad elisabedma ki sakmaod kargi ganaTleba miiRo ara marto
humanitarul mecnierebebsa da xelovnebebSi, aramed bunebismetyvelebaSic. igi
arasodes gaTxovila, rogorc umziTvo da protestanti princesa. xangrZlivi droiT
sxvadasxva naTesavebTan cxovrebis Semdeg man protestantul monasters miaSura,
romlis abatic gaxda 1667 wlidan.
misi, rogorc filosofosis reputacia ZiriTadad efuZneba rene dekartesTan
mimoweras. azrTa gacvlis epistolaruli gza im drois evropaSi filosofiuri
komunikaciebis mniSvnelovani saSualeba iyo. elisabedi, dekartesagan gansxvavebiT,
romelic inaxavda elisabedisadmi miwerili werilebis aslebs, did mniSvnelobas ar
aniWebda am korespondencias da dekartes sikvdilis Semdegac ki nebarTva ar miucia
gamomcemlebisaTvis, gamoeqveynebinaT maTi mimowera. MarTalia, werilebSi
srulyofilad ar aris gadmocemuli misi filosofiuri pozicia, magram maTSi
dekartesadmi micemuli SeniSvnebiTa da sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoTqmiT ikveTeba
misi, rogorc moazrovnisa da filosofosis damokidebuleba ama Tu im sakiTxis
mimarT. maTi mimowera ZiriTadad exeboda sxeulisa da sulis (mind) damokidebulebas,
aseve Tavisufal nebasa da uzenaesi sikeTis bunebis kvlevas, rasTan dakavSirebiTac

12
Women Philosophers of the Early Modern Period, ed. by Margaret Atherton, Hackett Publishing Company,
Indianapolis, 1994, p. 23

6
dekarte Tavis respodents urCevda, ekiTxa seneka. sayovelTao mosazrebiT
iTvleboda, rom dekartes ,,sulis vnebani” daiwera am qalTan saubrebis Sedegad da
am qalisadmi uRrmesi pativiscemis niSnad unda CaiTvalos isic, rom dekartem
swored mas uZRvna Tavisi magnum opus ,,filosofiuri principebi”. maTi mimoweris
kargad gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom dekarte iTvaliswinebda mis mier micemul
SeniSvnebs. magaliTad, 1643 wlis 6 maiss haagidan miweril werilSi igi sayvedurobs
dekartes, rom suli, dekarteseuli gagebiT, sruliad moklebulia vrceulobas da
aseT SemTxvevaSi, aramaterialur sxeulTan kavSiri aramarTebuli unda iyoso.
elisabedisaTvis, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, suli da sxeuli ganuyofelni iyvnen. imave
werilSi igi dekartes sakuTari sulis mkurnalad miiCnevs da acxadebs, rom
Tavisuflad aaSkaravebs Tavisi sulis mWvretelobis umweobas. dekarte Tavis
pasuxSi wers, rom ,,ori ram aris adamianis sulSi iseTi, razedac damokidebulia
mTeli Cveni codna misi bunebis Sesaxeb. pirveli, rom igi azrovnebs da meore, rom
rogorc sxeulTan gaerTianebuls, mas ZaluZs imoqmedos da itanjos masTan erTad”. 13
dekarte Tavs imarTlebs imiT, rom misi mizani ar yofila meoris Sesaxeb msjeloba,
rom mas surda, mxolod eCvenebina gansxvaveba suls da sxeuls Soris,
romlisaTvisac sakmarisia mxolod pirvelic, xolo meore ki martod-marto xelis
SemSlelia. dekarte cdilobda eCvenebina, Tu rogor amoZravebda sulisa da sxeulis
erTianoba sxeuls. igi uSvebda garkveuli primitiuli cnebebisa da sawyisebis
arsebobas (arseba, ricxvi, uwyvetoba da sxv.), romelTa saSualebiTac/mixedviTac
formirdeba mTeli Cveni aRqmebi (maT Soris sxeulebrivic) da maTgan mxolod
ganfenilobaa iseTi, romlidanac gamomdinareoben cifrebi (?) da moZraoba. rac
Seexeba suls, misi azriT, Cven mxolod suli gvaqvs iseTi, romelic moicavs gonebis
(understanding) percefciebsa da nebis miswrafebebs. dekarte daaskvnis, rom mxolod
sulisa da sxeulis erTobliobaze damyarebul sulismier Zalas ZaluZs, aamoZravos
sxeuli da piriqiT, mxolod am erTianobiT SeuZlia sxeuls, imoqmedos sulze da
gamoiwvios misi grZnobebi da vnebebi. pasuxis pasuxSi elisabed bohemieli kvlavac
SeniSnavs, rom igi materiasa da ganfenilobas ufro dauTmobda suls, vidre sxeulis
amoZravebisa Tu amoZravebulad-yofnis unars dauTmobda aramaterialur arsebas.
radganac Tuki pirveli moxda ,,informaciis” meSveobiT, sulebi, romlebic asruleben
moZraobas, unda iyvnen gonierni (intelligent), romelsac dekarte ar miawers aranair
sxeuls.
elisabedis werilebis analizis Sedegad Jaklin broudi, avtori wignisa
“meCvidmete saukunis qali filosofosebi” (NY: Cambridge University Press, 2002), askvnis,
rom e. bohemieli uyoymanod SeiZleba CaiTvalos im feminist filosofosTa
winamorbedad, romelnic TavianT eTikur da metafizikur naSromebSi sxeulsa da
emocias aranakleb mniSnelobas aniWebdnen, vidre suls.
anna viskontesa qonveim sakmaod safuZvliani da farTo ganaTleba miiRo saxlSi,
sakuTari Zmis wyalobiTa da waxalisebiT, romelmac igi warudgina Tavis kembrijel
xelmZRvanels, platonist henri mors. masTan annam SemdegSi xangrZlivi megobroba
gaaba, mogvianebiT ki daqorwinda mis erT-erT studentze, viskont eduard qonveize.
mTeli sicocxle am qals tanjavda momqancveli Tavis tkivilebi, romelic Sakikis
erTgvari forma unda yofiliyo. amis gamo igi cxovrobda soflad, mSvid garemoSi,
sadac maT xSirad stumrobdnen xolme h. mori da misi wris sxva adamianebi. Tavis
tkivilebis gamoisobiT igi Sexvda kidev erT iseT adamians, romelmac didi gavlena
iqonia mis pirovnul Tu SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebaze – es iyo frensis merkuri van
helmonti, romelic maTTan Cavida Tavis tkivilebisagan mis gansakurnad da regli
holSi darCa mTeli cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi, annas gardacvalebamde. qonveis
ZiriTad Sromad iTvleba ,,yvelaze antikuri da Tanamedrove filosofiis
principebi”, romelic laTinurad gamoica 1690 wels, inglisurad ki iTargmna 1692
wels. am metafizikur traqtatSi qonvei akritikebs kartezianul dualizms, spinozas
panTeistur monizmsa da hobsis materializms. Tavdapirvelad qonvei, mori da van
helmonti iziarebdnen qristian qnor fon rozenroTis kabalistur Sexedulebebs.
TandaTanobiT van helmonti dainteresda kvakerizmiT da qonveic gadaibira.
kvakerebisadmi formaluri SeerTebis Semdeg qonvei ramodenime dReSive gardaicvala,

13
Women Philosophers of the Early Modern Period, ed. by Margaret Atherton, Hackett Publishing Company,
Indianapolis, 1994; p.27

7
saSineli tkivilebiT ganawamebi. van helmontisa da h. moris redaqtorobiT misi
nawerebi gamoica jer laTinur da Semdeg ki inglisur enebze. van helmontis
meSveobiT laibnici gaecno qonveis Txzulebebs. savaraudod, am ukanasknelma
garkveuli gavlena iqonia masze. Tomas barnesadmi miweril werilSi laibnici
acxadebda: ,,Cemi filosofiuri Sexedulebebi uaxlovdeba grafinia qonveis
mosazrebebs da Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukavia platonsa da demokrites Soris,
ramdenadac me mjera, rom yvelaferi meqanikurad xdeba, rogorc amas demokrite da
dekarte amtkicebdnen baton morisa da misTanaTa msgavsad. da mec, miuxedavad
yvelafrisa, mjera, rom yovelive kvlavac moxdeba vitalurad da miznobrivi mizezis
Tanaxmad; yovelive gajerebulia sicocxliTa da aRqmebiT, sapirispirod demokrites
mimdevrebisa“ 14. me-19 saukunis filosofiis istorikosi henrix riteri ,,yvelaze
antikuri da Tanamedrove filosofiis principebis“ avtorobas SecdomiT miawerda
van helmonts. amis gamo miiCneoda, rom monadis idea laibnicma van helmontisagan
aiR. mxolod mogvianebiT, me-20 saukuneSi miaqcies saTanado yuradReba qonveis
damsaxurebas. Tumca ki mkvlevarTa sxva jgufis mtkicebiT, Sesatyvis Temebze
laibnicss anna qonveis Sromis wakiTxvamde ukve Camoyalibebuli da gamoqveynebuli
hqonda Tavisi Sexedulebebi.
anna qonveis Teoria aris rogorc monisturi, ise vitalisturi. igi ganasxvavebs
samgvar arss: substancias, romelic qristianuli neoplatonuri tradiciis Tanaxmad,
aris sameba RmerTis, qristesa da qmnilebis saxiT. igi Tvlida, rom sxvadasxva
filosofosTa mier daxasiaTebuli ars(n)i mxolod SemTxveviTi Tvisebebi arian erTi
substanciisa; isini erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad ki ara, mxolod xarisxobrivad
gansxvavdebian. Tavad triadis wevrebs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebT cvalebadoba. maT
Soris ucvleli mxolod RmerTia, qriste icvleba mxolod sasikeTod, xolo
qmnilebebi ki icvlebian rogorc sasikeTod, aseve saubedurod, borotebisaken
midrekilni. Tuki raime qmnileba ar Seicvleboda, maSin igi iqneboda RmerTi,
radganac ucvlelobas, ara-urTierTzemoqmedebasa da ara-komunikabelurobas igi
Tvlida RmerTis atributebad. qristes ki, rogorc mxolod kargisaken Secvlads,
miiCnevda RmerTsa da qmnilebas Soris mosaSualed. rac Seexeba qmnilebaTa
substancias, is amtkicebs, rom yvela misi saxeoba gradaciaa aqtiuri gonisa
vitalur materiamde. misTvis buneba xasiaTdeba cocxali sxeulisa da SegrZnebebis
unariT, sxeuli ki gacilebiT ufro amaRlebulia (sublime), vidre ubralo meqanizmi
an meqanikuri moZraoba. amasTan, Jaklin broudis mtkicebiT, anna qonvei, margaret
qavendiSis msgavsad, sxeuls miawerda sulier/goniT maxasiaTeblebs, xolo sxeuls
ki – materialur Tvisebebs. cnobilia, rom, ZiriTadad, filosofiaSi sxeulebrivi da
materialuri ukavSirdeboda qalur, xolo idealuri, goniTi da sulieri ki –
mamakacur sawyisebs. atributikis zemoT miTiTebuli gadanacvlebiT anna qonvei,
SeiZleba iTqvas, ilaSqrebda am stereotipis winaaRmdeg.
anna qonveis Tanamedrove kidev erTi qali moazrovne, damaris qudvorTi, ledi
maSami iyo kembrijeli platonistis, ralf qudvorTis qaliSvili. ucnobia, Tu
rogori ganaTleba miiRo man, magram is ki cxadia, rom igi axlos icnobda mamamisisa
da misi kolegebis Sromebs. laTinuri ki maSin iswavla, roca klasikur enebs
aswavlidnen mis vaJs, romelic damarisisaTvis erTaderTi, xolo misi meuRlisTvis
ki mecxre Svili iyo. erTob nayofieri da mniSvnelovani gamodga misTvis
urTierToba jon lokTan, romelsac jer kidev gaTxovebamde, 23 wlis asakSi Sexvda.
maT Soris mimowera Sewyda 1688 wels, lokis inglisSi dabrunebis Semdeg, roca
isini ukve sakmaod xSirad xvdebodnen erTmaneTs. loki gadasaxlda maSamis soflad
mdebare saxlSi da itvirTa ledi maSamis Svilis aRzrda. igi iqve gardaicvala 1704
wels da qonebis naxevari uanderZa Tavis aRsazrdels. ledi madamarisimma mxolod 4
weliwadiRa icocxla jon lokis sikvdilis semdeg. maSamis filosofiuri
memkvidreoba Sedgeba j. lokisadmi miwerili ormociode piradi werilisagan, ori
gamoqveynebuli traqtatisa da mokle, magram TiTqmis mTlianad filosofiuri
korespondenciisagan laibnicisadmi. traqtatebi ,,ganazrebani RvTis siyvarulze“ (1690
w.) da SemTxveviTi fiqrebi saTno, anu qristianuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb“ (1705 w.)
daibeWda anonimurad da miewereboda loks. pirvel maTganSi ledi maSami ilaSqrebda
jon norisis okazionalizmis winaaRmdeg da akritikebda yvela sagnis RmerTSi

14
Eileen O’Neil: Disappearing Ink: Early Modern women Philosophers and Their Fate in History, from
Philosophy in a Feminist Voice, ed. by Janet A. Kourany, Princeton University Press, 1998, p.24

8
xedvas ara wminda metafizikuri mosazrebebis safuZvelze, aramed imis gamo, rom amas
igi qristianuli rwmenis arasakmaris safuZvlad miiCnevda. swored maSamebis ojaxSi
cxovrebis periods miekuTvneba jon lokis Sroma ,,yvela sagnis RmerTSi xedvis
malbranSiseuli Sexedulebebis kvleva da ramodenime SeniSvna baton norisis
wignebze, romlebSic igi ganamtkicebs p. malbranSis mosazrebas RmerTSi yvela
sagnis Cveneuli xedvis Sesaxeb“ (1693 w.). meore traqtatSi igi cdilobs, xazi gausvas
racionalurad dafuZnebuli moraluri qcevis mniSvnelobas Cvens religiur
cxovrebaSi. amasTan, amis damamtkicebel argumentebs is iyenebs qalTaTvis
ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis axsnis mizniTac. misi azriT, ganaTleba exmareba qalebs,
religiuri movaleobebis Sesrulebasa da dedis rolis ufro srulyofil
aRsrulebaSi.
maSamis mimowera laibnicisadmi Sedgeba Tormeti werilisagan. laibnici mas
swerda frangulad, igi ki pasuxobda inglisurad. laibnici erT-erT werilSi icavda
Tavis hipoTezas winaswardadgenili harmoniis, rogorc ara mxolod SesaZlebelis,
aramed WeSmaritis Sesaxeb. radganac mas miiCnevda zeaRmatebulad yovelive sxvaze da
erTaderT iseT raimed, romlis qveSac/romelSic sagnebi Tu movlenebi arian/xdebian
bunebrivad da ara saswaulebrivad. igi maSams eTanxmeba, rom ar arsebobda aranairi
Seqmnili, ganuvrcobeli substancia, magram es ar xdeba imitom, rom Cven ar
SegviZlia viqonioT ganuvrcobeli substanciis idea. amas igi adarebs maTematikosTa
SemTxvevas, romelTac SeuZliaT msjeloba iseT rameze, risi warmodgenac maT ar
ZaluZT. meaTe werilSi igi maSams auwyebda prusiis dedoflis, sofias sikvdilis
Sesaxeb da samZimars ucxadebda jon lokis gardacvalebis gamo. iqve igi ubrundeba
maSamis mamis, qudvorTis Temas da CamoTvlis mTel rig sakiTxebs, romelTa
Sesaxebac maTi azrebi Tanxvdeboda. AmasTan, cdilobda, ganemarTa iseTi momentebi,
romelic qudvorTTan bolomde ar iyo axsnili. masamis werilebSi ki ikveTeba is, Tu
lokis filosofiuri gavlenebi TandaTanobiT rogor icvleboda laibniciseuli
orientaciiT.
maSams aseve miekuTvneba esse lokis Sesaxeb, gankuTvnili ,,didi istoriuli
leqsikonisaTvis“. xelnaweris saxiT SemorCenilia aseve lokis miseuli biografia.
misma naSromebma kritikuli gamoxmaureba hpova iseT JurnalebSi, rogoricaa
Biblioteque Choisie 15. miuxedavad aseTi karierisa, mas lokis mimarT gamoTqmuli
argumentebis gamo plagiatorobas swamebdnen. mis dasacavad xma aimaRla kidev erTma
filosofosma qalma qeTerin TroTer qoqburnma, romelsac miekuTvneba naSromi
,,baton lokis ,,esse adamianuri gonebis Sesaxeb“ dacvisaTvis“ (1702 w.), romelic
maRal doneze Seafases tolandma, tairelma, laibnicma, norisma da Tavad lokma.
qoqburnic ar miekuTvneboda aristokratiul ojaxs. mamamisi, sazRvao xomaldis
kapitani, moxetiale cxovrebas eweoda da ojaxsac Tan daatarebda. qeTerinma
moaxerxa kargi ganaTlebis miReba, franguli, laTinuri da berZnuli enebisa da
logikis Seswavla. adreuli asakidanve iwyo piesebis wera da ojaxs mniSvnelovan
finansur daxmarebas uwevda xolme. mogvianebiT dainteresda filosofiur-religiuri
sakiTxebiT. mimowera hqonda jorj barnetTan, romlisadmi gagzavnil erT-erT
werilSic icavda swored ledi maSams. maSamisa da laibnicis mimoweras kargad
icnobda jorj barneti, magram mainc plagiatorobas swamebda pirvel maTgans. amis
gamo qeTerin TroTeri mas swerda: ,,me gTxovdiT, ufro samarTliani yofiliyaviT
misi sqesisadmi, vidre amJamad aris Tqveni keTilSobileba: visac, roca ki ram
iwereba qalis mier, ar ZaluZs uarhyos is mowoneba, rac maT gamoiwvies. amitomac
gvtaceben mTels didebas TavianTi daskvniT, rom es ar aris maTi sakuTrebao; andac
viRaca daexmaraTo, rac mravalgzis da sruliad usamarTlod iTqva Cemi codnis
misamarTiTac”. 16 1708 wels igi colad gahyva qoqberns. didi ojaxis movaleobebma igi
garkeveuli xniT moswyvita inteleqtualur saqmianobas, romelsac mogvianebiT kvlav
daubrunda. misi sikvdilis Semdeg nawerebisa da ukve gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis
redaqtireba da gamocema iTava maTi ojaxis megobarma Toma BberCma da sul male
gamosca mis SromaTa ortomeuli.

15
Eileen O’Neil: Disappearing Ink: Early Modern women Philosophers and Their Fate in History, from
Philosophy in a Feminist Voice, ed. by Janet A. Kourany, Princeton University Press, 1998; p.26
16
Women Philosophers of the Early Modern Period, ed. by Margaret Atherton, Hackett Publishing Company,
Indianapolis, 1994; p.29

9
 jon lokis apologiaSi igi cdilobda eCvenebina, rom lokis esse morals
amkvidrebda mtkice safuZvlebze, rac misi azriT, fasdaudebel samsaxurs uwevda
religias – moralurobis am adeqvaturi epistemologiuri safuZvlis gamonaxviT igi
morals afuZnebs iseT rameze, rac Seesatyvisebao Cvens bunebas, rasac, meore mxriv,
misi azriT, moiTxovs kidec yovelives Semoqmedi. qoqberni, amasTan, Tvlis, rom
lokis arc erT SeniSvnas ar mivyavarT imis daSvebamde, rom suli ar aris ukvdavi.
mesamec, igi ganixilavs ,,bunebrivi cnobierebis” cnebas, romelic misTvis sxva
araferia, Tu ara avisa da kargis, sworisa da umarTebulos, WeSmaritisa da mcdaris
garCevis unari garkveuli wesebis Sesabamisad. lokis apologia gamoica anonimurad
ise, rom TviT lokmac ki ar icoda avtoris vinaoba. TroTers eSinoda, rom misi
sqesis gamo naSroms seriozulad aravin Sexedavda, Tumca ki lokma avtoris vinaoba
maleve amoicno da igi wignebiTa da garkveuli TanxiT daajildova. qoqberni xmas
imaRlebda qalTa umecrebis winaaRmdeg da Tvlida, rom igi gamowveuli iyo
racionaluri diskursebidan qalTa eqskluziiT.
XVII-XVIII saukuneTa gasayarze gamoCnda kidev erTi qali filosofosis
naSromi ,,werilebi RvTis siyvarulis Sesaxeb” (1695 w.), romelic exeboda jon
norisis malbranSiseul Sexedulebas RmerTis, rogorc yovelive arsebulis, maT
Soris, SegrZnebaTa erTaderT mizezze. norisis okazionalizms esteli kritikulad
udgeboda da amtkicebda, rom SegrZnebebi uSualodaa gamowveuli sulisa (mind) da
sxeulis urTierTzemoqmedebiT, xolo arapirdapirad da gaSualebulad
ganpirobebulia RmerTis mier. Tumca igi acnobierebs garegan sagnebsa da SegrZnebebs
Soris Tanxmobis sirTules.
Nniu qaseleli vaWris ojaxSi dabadebulma meri estelma ganaTleba miiRo
biZis wyalobiT, romelic im dros gardaicvala, roca gogona sul Tormetiode
wlis Tu iqneboda. sul male, dedis sikvdilidan ori wlis Semdeg man datova
mSobliuri qalaqi da londons gaemgzavra. iq igi erT-erTma gamomcemelma daasaqma
pamfletebis weriT. maleve daumegobrda maRali wris ramodenime qalbatons
Celsidan, romelTaganac iRebda xolme finansur da sulier daxmarebas, MmaT wreSi
hpovebda megobrul siTbosa da siyvaruls. esteli arasodes daqorwinebula,
cxovrobda martivi da saTno cxovrebiT. 1731 wels ki, 67 wlis asakSi gardaicvala
mkerdis kiboTi.
dReisaTvis mkvlevarebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia mxolod misi ori cnobili
naSromi ,,seriozuli SeTavazeba qalbatonebisaTvis” (I da II nawilebi) da
,,ganazrebani qorwinebaze”, pirvel maTganSi laparakia qalTa naklovanebebze,
romlebic gamowveulia ganaTlebis naklebobiTa da ara bunebrivi inteleqtualuri
monacemebis uqonlobiT. imisTvis, rom isini racionalurad Seesatyvisebodnen
TavianT religiur movaleobas, unda miiRon kargi da mravalmxrivi ganaTleba.
esteli gauTxovari qalebisaTvis moiTxovda specialuri institutis daarsebas,
sadac qalebs SeeZlebodaT ganaTlebis miReba da cxovreba. ramodenime wlis Semdeg
man es idea ganuxorcielebelad CaTvala. Qqalebs ki SesTavaza morigi instruqciebi
azrovnebis unarebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, romlebic gamomdinareobda Semecnebis
Sesaxeb lokisa da kartezianelTa mosazrebebidan. ,,ganazrebani qorwinebaze” kvlavac
agrZelebs qalTa ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis mtkicebas. avtori miiCnevs, rom mxolod
kargad gawafuli gonebiT SeswevT qalebs unari, Tavidan airidon Seuferebeli
qorwinebis cdomileba, an am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi, gonivrulad ebrZolon mis
mankierebebs.
SemorCenilia aseve misi werilebi jon norisisadmi, romlebic am ukanasknelis
winadadebiT gamoica 1695 wels saTauriT ,,werilebi RvTis siyvarulze”. amas mohyva
ledi maSamis ,,ganazrebani RvTis siyvarulze”, romlis lokiseulma stilmac estels
afiqrebina, rom Txzuleba loks ekuTvnoda. 1705 wels ledi maSams estelma upasuxa
oTxasgverdiani traqtatiT ,,qristianuli religia eklesiis qaliSvilis gadmocemis
mixedviT”. masSi gaSala Tavisi religiuri filosofia da ganixila lokis
Sexedulebebi imaze, SeeZlo Tu ara RmerTs, azrovneba ze-daematebina materiisaTvis.
azrovnebis umaRles miznad aRiarebda abstraqtul ideaTa Wvretas, rac gonebas
akavSirebda aramaterialur da ara-SegrZnebiseul sikeTesTan. loki, Tavis mxriv,
uaryofda abstraqtuli azrovnebis saWiroebas qristianobis gagebisaTvis
(,,qristianobis gonivruloba”). ,,qristianul religias” maleve mohyva maSamis
,,SemTxveviTi ganazrebani saTno, anu qristianuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb” (1705 w.). maSami
icavda lokis Teoriebs Semecnebis, ganaTlebis, gonebisa Tu gamocxadebis

10
relatiuri Rirsebebis (merits) Sesaxeb. moraluri saTnoebis safuZvlebis popularul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT maSami amtkicebda, rom ramdenadac Cveni vnebebi xSirad
gvabrmaveben bunebis sinaTlisadmi, igi arasakmarisi safuZveli unda iyos
moralisaTvis. amdenad, misi azriT, Cven gvesaWiroeba gamocxadebiT Sevsebuli goneba.
esteli mxolod abstraqtul azrovnebas Tvlida sakmarisad Cveni xsnisaTvis.
,,seriozuli SeTavazebis” meore nawilSi is miuTiTebda Cveni racionaluri unarebis
ganviTarebis kavSirze praqtikul moqmedebasTan – codna unda ganviTarebuliyo
racionaluri gadawyvetilebis samsaxurisaTvisac. miuxedavad uTvalavi Seumecnebadi
movlenisa da arsebisa, adamians, misi rwmeniT, SeuZlia vnebebis ise moTokva, rom
neba win ar uswrebdes gansjas.
damaris maSami, Cveulebriv, iTvleboda meri estelis filosofiur metoqed,
Tumca Zneli ar unda iyos maT Soris uTvalavi saerTos monaxvac: orive maTgani
xazs usvamda qalTa ganaTlebis mniSvnelobasa da aucileblobas, akritikebda
norisis okazionalizms da sjeroda sxeulebriv da usxeulo/idealur samyaroTa
urTierTzemoqmedebisa. jaklin broudis TqmiT ki, maSamze pozitiuri gavlena unda
moexdina estelis ,,seriozuli SeTavazeebis” meore nawils.
jon lokma didi gavlena iqonia kidev erT filosofos qalze, judiT
dreiqze, romelic miiCnevda, rom qalTa inteleqtualuri arasrulfasovneba
gamowveuli iyo ara inteleqtualuri unarebis, aramed ganaTlebisa da
inteleqtualuri gamocdilebis naklebobiT (,,esse qalTa sqesis dasacavad”).
me-17 saukunis bolos safrangeTSi gamoqveynda gabriela suSonis
filosofiuri teqsti ,,moralisa da politikis traqtati, romelic ganixilavda
Tavisuflebis, Semecnebisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebs. suSoni Tvlis, rom marTalia,
qalebs xeli ar miuwvdebaT maTze, magram bunebiT maT aqvT unarebi, moipovon isini
da xeli miuwvdebodeT maTze.
meri uolsTonqrafTis adreul publikaciaze ,,ganazrebani qaliSvilTa
ganazrebis Sesaxeb” (1787 w.) gavlena iqonia qeTrin maqqoleis naSromma. Tavis ,,qalTa
uflebebis gamarTleba. uolsTonqrafTi ilaSqrebs qalis bunebis, sazogadoebaSi
misi rolis da misTvis ganaTlebis micemis Jan-Jak rusoseuli Sexedulebebis
winaaRmmdeg.
rac ufro ixveweboda filsofiis profesionaluri ena, miT ufro
advildeboda ,,wminda” filosofiuri nawerebis povna qalTa avtorobiT. meri
Seferds miekuTvneba ,,esse mizezisa da Sedegis mimarTebazed, baton hiumis
doqtrinis kritikisaken mimarTuli...”(1824 w.), ,,esse garegani samyaros aRqmis Sesaxeb.,.”
(1827 w.) romelic warmoadgens berklis Sesaxeb diskusias. Seferdis Semoqmedeba
kidev ufro metad gauCinarda adreuli axali drois filosofiis istoriuli
mexsierebidan, vidre Seferdis winamorbedi qalebis mistiuri, feministuri Tu ufro
metad literaturuli Sromebi.
me-17 saukunis safrangeTic aranakleb STambeWdav qal filosofosTa jgufs
warmogvidgens. anna lefevr dasie Tavisi drois evropis uganaTlebules qalad
iTvleboda. 1691 wels man da misma meuRlem Targmnes markus avreliusis ,,fiqrebi”,
romelsac man daurTo SeniSvnebi, sadac anna lafevr dasie antikur stoicizms
akritikebs sakuTari, qristianuli stoicizmis poziciidan. es qali madam de
lambertis salonis mudmivi stumari da aqtiuri monawile iyo. 1714 wlidan igi ebmeba
antikurobisa da axali drois momxreTa Soris gamarTul debatebSi. Tavis wignSi
,,gemovnebis waxdenis mizezebi” igi icavs antikurobis Rirebulebebs. antikurobasTan
asocirebul am frang filosofos qalsve mieZRvna Jil menaJes ,,qal filosofosTa
istoria”.
adreuli axali drois qali filosofosebis naazrevis Seswavlisas aSkarad
ikveTeba erTi ram: isini tradiciul filosofiur Temebs udgebian sakuTari
genderuli identifikaciis TvalTaxedvidan, ris gamoc debatebisaTvis ,,qalTa
sakiTxTan” dakavSirebiT aravis uRvawia imdeni, ramdenic maT moaxerxes.
eilien o’neilis azriT, ,,qalebze kamaTis” Sesaxeb teqstebis rortianuli
istoriuli rekonstruqcia qalis bunebis Sesaxeb XVII-XVIII saukunis Sexedulebebs
moaTavsebda adreuli axali drois samedicino da religiuri debatebis konteqstSi,
Tumca ki istoriografiuli midgoma gviCvenebs, rom qalis bunebis Sesaxeb
diskusiebi warmoadgenda centralur filosofiur sakiTxs, dakavSirebuls ufro
farTo metafizikur, socialur, politikur da epistemologiur problemebTan. Tu

11
vinme moindomebs, filosofiis ,,biografia” aRweros filosofiisaTvis dReisTvis
aqtualuri problemebSi Setanili wvlilis gamomzeurebis meTodiT, maSin qal
filosofosTa didi umravlesoba, albaT, darCeboda filosofiis istoriisagan
marginalizebuli. xolo Tu filosofiis erTgvar JamTa-aRweras mivyofT xels da
movindomebT misi yvela ,,goniTi” xdomilebisa Tu filosofiurad-moazrovne da
mweral xalxTa Rvawlis warmoCenas, anu Tu warsulSi da dReisaTvis
filosofiisaTvis aqtualur problemaTa formireba-transformirebis aRweras
mivyofT xels, maSin mravali filosofosi qali filosofiis axlad-dawerili Tu
xelaxla gadawerili filosofiis istoriebSi armoCndeboda ara mxolod imitom,
rom qalebi iyvnen/arian. magaliTad, pirveli midgomis Tanaxmad, meri
uolsTonqrafTi, olimpia de guJi, da tereza de lamberti, rogorc qalTa
samoqalaqo Tu saganmanaTleblo uflebebisaTvis mebrZolni, mxolod feminizmis
istoriaSi Tu moxvdebodnen, maSin roca meore principis Tanaxmad, isini adgils
daimkvidrebdnen ganmanaTlebelTa gverdiTac. srulyofili filsofiis istoria,
savaraudod, filosofiis kompleqsuri istoriis farglebSi xilvads unda xdides
qal-filsofosTa saxelebs da axdendes maTi wvlivlis rekonstruqcias rogorc
dRevandeli, aqtualuri filosofiuri problematikisadmi relevanturobis, aseve
wminda antikvarul-istoriuli TvalsazrisiTac.

Resume of the article “Women Philosophers of Early Modern Era” by Tamar Onoprienko

In the dictionaries, standard anthologies and text-books of the history of philosophy only a few women
philosophers are mentioned, as “satelites of great philosophers”. However, there are tens of women thinkers and
philosophers, who dedicated their effort to the development of western philosophical thought. Along with
Hipatia, Hyparchia of Alexandria and Elizabeth of Bohemia a lot of ancient, medieval and modern names were
recovered and excavated during last four decades. Here it is tried to explain why a lot of women philosophers
and their writings were lost; how it happened that especially women philosophers of the early modern period
were writing with a disappearing ink? They had correspondence with other philosophers and were engaged in
salon appointments, where they discussed all contemporary philosophical issues as well as “women questions” –
most of those women were predecessors of feminist movement or women’s and gender studies.

12