Appendix I

USEFUL DATA

PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM

(U.S. AND SI UNITS)

Volume (v) (cu ft/lb) Enthalpy (H) (Btu/lb.)

Temp Pressure Water Steam Water Evap Steam
(°F) (psia) vfluid vgas Hfluid Hf/g Hgas
100 0.9492 0.01613 350.4 68.0 1037.1 1105.1
150 3.7180 0.01634 97.07 117.95 1008.2 1126.1
200 11.526 0.01664 33.64 168.09 977.9 1146.0
212 14.696 0.01672 26.80 180.17 970.3 1150.5
220 17.186 0.01678 23.15 188.23 965.2 1153.4
240 24.698 0.01693 16.32 208.45 952.1 1160.6
260 35.427 0.01709 11.76 228.76 938.6 1167.4
280 49.200 0.01726 8.644 249.17 924.6 1173.8
300 67.005 0.01745 6.466 269.7 910.0 1179.7
340 117.99 0.01787 3.788 311.3 878.8 1190.1
380 195.73 0.01836 2.335 353.6 844.5 1198.0
400 247.26 0.01864 1.863 375.1 825.9 1201.0
500 680.90 0.0204 0.675 487.9 714.3 1202.2
600 1543.2 0.0236 0.2675 617.1 550.6 1167.7
705.5 3208.2 0.0508 0.0508 906.0 0 906.0

695
696 Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice

3
Volume (v) (m /kg) Enthalpy (H) (kj/kg)
Temp Pressure Water Steam Water Evap Steam
(°K) (MPa) vfluid vgas Hfluid Hf/g Hgas
300 0.003536 0.001004 39.10 111.7 2438.4 2550.1
340 0.02718 0.001021 5.737 280.5 2340.5 2621.0
370 0.09047 0.001041 1.860 406.3 2264.3 2670.6
400 0.2456 0.001067 0.7308 532.7 2182.9 2715.6
450 0.9315 0.001123 0.2080 749.0 2025.9 2774.9
500 2.637 0.001202 0.07585 975.6 1827.5 2803.1
550 6.112 0.001322 0.03179 1219.9 1562.7 2782.6
600 12.33 0.001540 0.01375 1504.6 1172.5 2677.1
647.29 22.089 0.003155 0.003155 2098.8 0 2098.0

PROPERTIES OF GLYCOLS
Properties Ethylene Propylene
glycol glycol
Formula c H
? fi°?
Chemical Service Abstract No. 107-21-1 57-55-6
Molecular weight 62.1 76.1
Boiling point °F/°C 387.3/197.4 369.3/187.4
Vapor Pressure at 77 °F/25 °C < 0.1 mm Hg 0.13 m m H g
Wt. per U.S. gal at 77 °F/25 °C 9.26 lb. 8.62 lb.
Freezing point °F/°C 7.9/-13.4 Supercools
Surface tension at 77 °F/25 °C 48 dynes/cm 36 dynes/cm
Thermal conductivity
(Btu/hr/ft/°F) at 77 °F/25 °C 0.149 0.1191
Acute oral toxicity L D s n gm/kg 6.1 33.7
Freeze point of glycol mixtures
5% by weight °F/°C 28 28
10% by weight °F/°C 25 25
15% by weight °F/°C 21 22
20% by weight °F/°C 17 19
25% by weight °F/°C 12 15
30% by weight °F/°C 6 11
35% by weight °F/°C -2 2
40% by weight °F/°C -10 -7
continued on next page
Useful Data 697

Properties Ethylene Propylene

glycol glycol
Freeze point of glycol mixtures (continued)
4 5 % by weight °F/°C -21 -18
50% by weight °F/°C -33 -29
55% by weight °F/°C -51 -43
Refractive index of glycol mixtures at 77 °F/25 °C
5% by weight 1.337 1.338
10% by weight 1.342 1.344
15% by weight 1.347 1.351
20% by weight 1.352 1.357
25% by weight 1.357 1.362
30% by weight 1.362 1.367
35% by weight 1.367 1.372
40% by weight 1.372 1.377
4 5 % by weight 1.377 1.382
50% by weight 1.382 1.387
55% by weight 1.387 1.392

UNITS IN WATER ANALYSIS

Water analysis samples are normally analyzed by volume rather than
by weight and corrections for specific gravity (sp gr) are seldom made,
however for all practical purposes, we can regard sp gr as 1.00. Under
these circumstance 1 mg/l = 1 ppm.

• English Degree or Clarks Degree (°E or °Clark): equal to a con­

centration of one grain of C a C 0 per Imperial gallon. Thus 1 °E =
3

14.28 mg/1.
• Equivalent weight or gram equivalent: a mole divided by the
valency of the substance. Example: a mole of sodium chloride —
58.45 g, valency = 1, therefore equiv. wt = 58.45. A mole of calci­
um carbonate — 100.08 g, valency — 2, therefore equiv. wt. = 50.04.
3
• For C a C 0 : (MW = 100): 100 mg/1 = 100 g/m = 100 ppm = 2
3

meq/1 = 5.848 grains per U.S. gallon (grpg) = 7.00 Έ = 5.559 °D

= 10.0 °F = N/500 = 0.84 lb. per 1,000 U.S. gallon = 1 lb. per
1,000 imperial gallon.
698 Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice

• French Degree: (°F): equal to one part per hundred thousand. Thus
1 °F = 10.0 mg/l. Also 1 °F is equal to N/5,000.
• G e r m a n Degree: (°D): equal to a concentration of 10 mg/l CaO.
Thus 1°D = 17.86 mg/l.
• Grain: one seven thousandth of a lb. Grain per U.S. gallon = 17.1
mg/l.
• Mass: the quantity of matter in a body. Equivalent to weight in a
region with constant gravitational acceleration.
• Milliequivalent or gram milliequivalent (mEq): unit of mass
being one thousandth of a gram equivalent.
• Milliequivalent per liter (mEq/1): unit of concentration. Same as
N/1,000. 1 meq/1 of calcium carbonate = 50 mg/l or 50 ppm.
3
• Milligram per liter (mg/l): equal to g/m . Also equal to p a r t per
million (ppm), on a weight/weight basis for solutions with sp gr. of
1.00. 120 mg/l (ppm) = approx. 1 lb./l,000 U.S. gallon.
• Molar solution: one mole of solute dissolved in one liter (normal­
ly water). Normally expressed as M / l ; examples of dilutions would
be Μ/10, Μ/20, M/100, etc.
• Mole: The molecular weight of an element or compound expressed
in grams.
• Molecule: the smallest part of an element or compound (pure sub­
stance).
• Molecular weight: the average weight of a molecule measured in
12
units equivalent to 1/12 of Carbon 12 ( C).
• Normal solution: one gram equivalent weight dissolved in one liter
(N/1); examples of dilutions are Ν/10, Ν/20, N100, N/1,000, etc.
Useful Data 699

DENSITY OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

Temperature Density Temperature Density

°C °F g/ml °C °F g/ml
-20 -4 0.99349 4 39.2 1.000000
-10 14 0.998137 10 50 0.999728
0 32 0.998868 15 59 0.999129
1 33.8 0.999927 20 68 0.998234
2 35.6 0.999968 50 122 0.988066
3 37.4 0.999992 100 212 0.958384

SOLUBILITIES OF SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES

Solubility (g/l) at
Substance Formula 10 °c 20 °C 30 °C
Aluminum sulfate A1 (S0 ) .18H 0
2 4 3 2 659 688 728
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 1.76 1.65 1.53
Calcium sulfate CaS0 .2H 0 4 2 2.44 2.58 2.65
Copper sulfate CuS0 .5H 0 4 2 264 297 340
Ferric chloride FeCl .6H 0
3 2 927 1026 —
Potassium permanganate KMn0 4 44 64 90
Sodium chloride NaCl 358 360 363
Anhydrous TSP Na P0
3 4 41 110 200
Hydrated TSP Na P0 .12H 0
3 4 2 257 326 416
Sodium hydroxide NaOH 515 1090 1190

• Calcium carbonate: solubility is 0.014 g per liter (14 ppm) at 60

°F in CO -free water.
z

• Salt brine: when regenerating ion-exchange softeners, typically

assume a 25% W/V solution and that one U.S. gallon contains 2.5
lb of salt and weighs 10 lb.
700 Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice

ANALYTICAL CONVERSIONS OF
SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES

Atomic/ Gram / meq/l

Molecular Equiv. equals
Substance Formula Wt. Valency Wt. ? ppm
Aluminum Al 27.0 3 9.0 g 9.0
Aluminum sulfate A1 (S0 ) .18H 0
2 4 3 2 666.4 6 1111 g 111.1
Ammonia NH 3 17.0 1 17.0 g 17.0
Barium sulfate BaS0 4 233.4 2 116.7 g 116.7
Bicarbonate HC0 3 61.0 1 61.0 g 61.0
Calcium Ca 40.1 2 20.0 g 20.0
Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HC0 ) 3 2 162.1 2 81.1 g 81.1
Calcium carbonate CaC0 3 100.1 2 50.1 g 50.1
Calcium chloride CaCl 2 111.0 2 55.5 g 55.5
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 74.1 2 37.1 g 37.1
Calcium phosphate Ca (P0 )
3 4 2 310.3 6 51.7 g 51.1
Calcium sulfate C a S 0 (anhydrous) 136.1
4 2 68.1 g 68.1
Carbon C 12.0 4 3.0 g 3.0
Carbonate C0 3
60.0 2 30.0 g 30.0
Chloride CI 35.5 1 35.5 g 35.5
2 +
Copper (cupric) Cu 63.6 2 31.8 g 31.8
Copper sulfate CuS0 4 160.0 2 80.0 g 80.0
2 +
Iron (Ferrous) Fe 55.8 2 27.9 g 27.9
3 +
Iron (Ferric) Fe 55.8 3 18.6 g 18.6
Ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH) 2 89.9 2 44.9 g 44.9
Ferric chloride FeCl .6H 0 3 2 270.3 3 90.1 g 90.1
Ferric hydroxide Fe(OH) 3 106.8 3 35.6 g 35.6
Iodide - 126.9 1 126.9 g 126.9
Magnesium Mg 24.3 2 24.3 g 24.3
Mag. bicarbonate Mg(HC0 ) 3 2 146.3 2 73.2 g 73.2
Mag. hydroxide Mg(OH) 2 58.3 2 29.2 g 29.2
Manganese Mn (manganous) 54.9 2 27.5 g 27.5
Phosphate PO4 95.0 3 31.7 g 31.7
Silica Si0 2 60.1 2 30.0 g 30.0
Sodium Na 23.0 1 23.0 g 23.0
Sodium chloride NaCl 58.5 1 58.5 g 58.5
continued on next page
Useful Data 701

Atomic/ Gram 1 meq/l

Molecular Equiv. equals
Substance Formula Wt. Valency Wt. ? ppm
Sodium nitrite NaN0 2 69.0 2 34.5 g 34.5
Sulfate so 4 96.1 2 48.0 g 46.0
TSP Na P0 .12H 0
3 4 2 380.2 3 126.7 g 126.7
Zinc Zn 65.4 2 32.7 g 32.7

INTERPRETATION OF "P" AND "M"

ALKALINITY TITRATIONS
Ions Ρ = 0 P<M/2 Ρ = M/2 P>M/2 Ρ = Μ
(OH) 0 0 0 2P-M Μ
co 3 0 2P Μ 2(M - P) 0
HC0 3 Μ M-2P 0 0 0

• Bicarbonates and hydroxides do not exist together. Carbon dioxide

does not exist with carbonates.
• " P " Alkalinity = V carbonates and all hydroxides.
2

• "M" Alkalinity = all hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates.

TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
Τ °F = (t °C X 1.8) + 32 Τ °C = (T °F — 32)/1.8

STANDARD SI PREFIXES
6 3 2 1
10 = mega (Μ) 10 = kilo (k) 10 = hecto (h) 10 = deca (da)
1 2 3 6
10" = deci (d) 10" = centi (c) 10" = milli (m) 10" = micro (μ)
9 12
10" = nano (η) 10" = pico (p)
702 Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Length
1 meter (m) = 3.281 ft = 39.37 in
1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 m = 12 in
1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm
1 mil = 0.001 in = 25.4 micron
6
1 micron = IX 10~ meter

Area
2 2 2 2
1m = 10,000 c m = 1.196 yd = 10.76 ft
2 2 2
1 f2t = 144 in = 00929 m = 0 . 1 1 1 yd

Volume
3 3
1 m = 1,000 liter = 3 5 . 3 1 ft = 264.2 U.S. gal
1 U.S. gal = 3.785 1 = 0.8327 imp. gal
3 3
1 U.S. gal = 231 in = 0.1337 ft
3
1 barrel (bbl) = 42 U.S. gal = 0.16 m
1 55 U.S. gal drum = 45.8 imp. gal = 208 1

(NOTE: drum size approximations are 55 U.S. gal or 45 imp. gal or 2101).

Mass
1 kg = 1,000 g = 2.205 lb. = 35.53 oz
1 oz = 28.35 g = 437.5 grains
1 lb = 435.6 g = 7,000 grains
1 tonne = 1,000 kg = 0.984 U.K. ton (long ton)
1 U.K. ton = 2,240 lb = 1 . 1 2 0 U.S. ton (short ton)
1 U.S. ton = 2,000 lb = 907.2 kg

Mass/Volume Relationships For Water,

Assuming Sp.Gr. as 1.00
1 UK gal = 8 pints = 160 oz = 10.00 lb
1 US gal = 8 U.S. pints = 8.345 lb. = 3,785 ml
3
1,000 1 = 2,205 lb. = 3 5 . 3 1 ft = 220 U.K. gal
3
1 ft = 28.32 1 = 7.481 U.S. gal. = 62.4 lb.
3
lkg = 1,000 ml = 1,000 cm = 1,000 g
3
1,000 U.S. gal = 378.5 1 = 0.3785 m = 378.5 kg
Useful Data 703

Velocity
1 meter/second (m/s) = 3.281 ft/s (fps)
lft/s = 0.3048 m/s

Flow
3
1 cubic meter/second (m3/s) or 1 cumec = 35.31 ft /s
1 ft3 /s = 0.02832 cumec = 7.481 U.S. gal/s
1 imp. gal/m = 4.546 1/m = 1.20 U.S. gal/m

Pressure
1 standard atmosphere (atm) = 760 mm Hg @ 273 °K (0 °C)
2
= 1.033 kgf/cm
2
= 14.696 lbf/in
2
= 101 kN/m
= 33.92 ft H 0 2

1 technical atmosphere (at) = 738 mm Hg @ 273 °K (0 °C)

2
1.000 kgf/cm
2
14.2233 lbf/in
2
98.07 kN/m
32.85 ft H 0 2

1 bar 753 mm Hg @ 273 °K (0 °C)

2
1.019 kgf/cm
2
14.5 lbf/in
2
100 kN/m
10.2 m H 0 2

33.5 ft H 0
2

Energy/Power
1 thousand joule (kJ) 0.95 Btu
0.2388 kcal
4
2.778 Χ 10" kW/hr
738 ft-lb
1 ton of refrigeration 12,000 Btu/hr
3.52 kW
0.841 kcal/sec
4.72 hp
1 horsepower (hp) 550 ft-lb/s
0.746 kW
2545 Btu/hr
0.212 ton (refrig.)
704 Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice

Concentration
1 part per million 1 mg/l
3
1 g/m
8.34 lb/million U.S. gal

Geometric facts
Area of a rectangle: A LW
Volume of rectangular solid: V LWH
Circumference of a circle: C 2TTR
Area of a circle: A TTR2

Volume of a cylinder: V 2
TTR H
Surface area of a cylinder: S 2
2TTR + 2TTRH

Where: A = area, C = circumference, Η = height, L = length, S =

surface area, V = volume, W = width, ττ = pi (3.14159)

Boiler Plant System Calculations

Abbreviations:

Boiler horse power = B H P

Boiler water = B W
Chlorides = C l "
Cycles of concentration = C O C
Feedwater = F W
M a k e u p water = M U
Steaming rate = SR
Total dissolved solids = T D S

FWCOC = C I - in BW
CI" in FW
% MU CI" in FW X 100
CI" in MU
%CR (FW - MU) X 100
FW
FW SR + BD rate (lb per day)
SR BHP X % load X 34.5 (lb/hr)
Useful Data 705

RateofBD= SR (lb./hr)
(COC - 1)
% BD = FW TDS X 100
BW TDS - FW TDS

Basic Boiler Maintenance Check List

Daily or more frequently

Check water levels

Blowdown boiler via bottom blowdown valve
Blowdown water columns
Visually check flame and adjust or report as necessary
Take water samples, analyze, compare with recommendations
Interpret waterside actions necessary
Inspect chemical feed and control system, adjust as necessary
Record feedwater pressure, temperature
Record flue-gas temperature
Record oil pressure and temperature
Record atomizing air pressure
Record makeup water meter, fuel meter, and steam chart readings
Log all events

Monthly or more frequently

Check tight closing of fuel valve

Analyze fuel gas and combustion process efficiency
Check fuel and air linkage
Check indicating lights and alarms
Check low water cutoff and alarm system
Check operating and limit controls
Check safety and interlock controls
Inspect for flue gas leak potential
Check for misaligned firing and hotspots
Check for leaks, vibration, or other conditions warranting attention
Check chemical treatment inventory
706 Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice

Every 6 months or more frequently

Clean low water cutoff and other safety devices

Remove and clean oil preheater
Inspect refractory
Clean oil-pump strainer and replace filter
Clean air-cleaner, replace as necessary
Clean water treatment feed pumps, check-valves, and control system

Every 12 months or more frequently

Clean breeching and fireside surfaces

Inspect all internal waterside surfaces, deaerator, and other auxiliaries

TABLE OF ELEMENTS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS

Atomic
Element Symbol Number Weight
Actinium Ac 89 227
Aluminum Al 13 26.98
Americium Am 95 243
Antimony Sb 51 121.76
Argon A 18 39.944
Arsenic As 33 74.91
Astatine At 85 210
Barium Ba 56 137.36
Berkelium Bk 97 249
Beryllium Be 4 9.013
Bismuth Bi 83 209
Bohrium Bh 107 264
Boron Β 5 10.82
Bromine Br 35 79.916
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41
Calcium Ca 20 40.08
Californium Cf 98 249
Carbon c 6 12.011
Cerium Ce 58 140.13
continued on next page
Useful Data 707

Atomic
Element Symbol Number Weight
Cesium Cs 55 132.91
Chlorine CI 17 35.457
Chromium Cr 24 52.01
Cobalt Co 27 58.94
Copper Cu 29 63.54
Curium Cm 96 245
Dubnium Db 105 262
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.46
Einsteinium Es 99 252
Erbium Er 68 167.2
Europium Eu 63 152
Fermium Fm 100 257
Fluorine F 9 19.0
Francium Fr 87 223
Gadolinium Gd 64 156.9
Gallium Ga 31 69.72
Germanium Ge 32 72.6
Gold Au 79 197
Hafnium Hf 72 178.6
Hassium Hs 108 265
Helium He 2 4.003
Holmium Ho 67 164.94
Hydrogen Η 1 1.008
Indium In 49 114.76
Iodine I 53 126.91
Iridium Ir 77 192.2
Iron Fe 26 55.85
Krypton Kr 36 83.8
Lanthanum La 57 138.92
Lead Pb 82 207.91
Lithium Li 3 6.94
Lutetium Lu 71 174.99
Magnesium Mg 12 24.32
Manganese Mn 25 54.94
continued on next page
708 Boiler Water Treatment: Principles and Practice

Atomic
Element Symbol Number Weight
Meiterium Mt 109 266
Mendelevium Md 101 258
Mercury Hg 80 200.62
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.95
Neodymium Nd 60 144.27
Neon Ne 10 20.183
Neptunium Np 93 237
Nickel Ni 28 58.69
Niobium Nb 41 92.91
Nitrogen Ν 7 14.008
Nobelium No 103 259
Osmium Os 76 190.2
Oxygen 0 8 16.00
Palladium Pd 46 106.7
Phosphorus Ρ 15 30.975
Platinum Pt 78 195.23
Plutonium Pu 94 239
Polonium Po 84 210
Potassium Κ 19 39.1
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.92
Promethium Pm 61 145
Potactinium Pa 91 231
Radium Ra 88 226.05
Radon Rn 86 222
Rhenium Re 75 186.31
Rhodium Rh 45 102.91
Rubidium Rb 37 85.48
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1
Samarium Sm 62 150.43
Scandium Sc 21 44.96
Seaborgium Sg 106 263
Selenium Se 34 78.96
Silicon Si 14 28.09
Silver Ag 47 107.88
continued on next page
Useful Data 709

Atomic
Element Symbol Number Weight
Sodium Na 11 22.991
Strontium Sr 38 87.63
Sulfur S 16 32.066
Tantalum Ta 73 180.95
Technetium Te 43 99
Tellurium Te 52 127.61
Terbium Tb 65 158.93
Thallium Ti 81 204.39
Thorium Th 90 232.05
Thulium Tm 69 168.94
Tin Sn 50 118.7
Titanium Ti 22 47.9
Tungsten W 74 183.92
Uranium u 92 238.07
Vanadium V 23 50.95
Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Yttrium Y 39 88.92
Zinc Zn 30 65.38
Zirconium Zr 40 91.22