Ler’s Ger It ON! Eee] 10 4, 4 .cimals, 10% is The symbol x %read as “x percent” means x per hundred. Thus, 10% means =~ or => Im deci 7 equivalent to 0.10. In short, a percent means the number of parts taken from a hundred. id ee example, you must have recalled that a percent can be written as a fraction or a decimal. The conve! Way as well, Fractions and decimals can be converted to percent. Do you still remember the shortcuts? The following are the conversion techniques: TECHNIQUE 1. PERCENT TO DECIMAL To convert a percent to decimal, we remove the percent symbol and move the decimal point two places to the left. If the given percent is a fraction, we first convert the fraction to its decimal equivalent before moving the decimal point two places to the left. TECHNIQUE 2. DECIMAL TO PERCENT To convert a decimal to percent, we move the decimal point two places to the right and affix the percent symbol. TECHNIQUE 3. PERCENT TO FRACTION To convert a percent to fraction, we first remove the percent symbol. If the given percent is a whole number, just divide by 100 then reduce to lowest terms. On the other hand, ifthe given percent is in decimal, first convert to decimal by applying Technique 1. The equivalent decimal is then converted to its equivalent fraction. TECHNIQUE 4, FRACTION TO PERCENT To convert a fraction to percent, we fist convert the fraction to decimal, The equivalent decimal is then converted to percent using Technique 2. sv Hy Switcu On! EXAMPLE 1.5.1 Convert the following to percent: a 0.536 1 BG c. 4 . Scanned with CamScannerSOLUTION: a, Moving the decimal point two places to the right, 0.536 = 53.6%. c. Moving the decimal point two places to the right, 4 = 400%. Note that a percent can go higher than 100%. ExAMPLe 1.5.2 Convert the following to decimal: a 16.38% 2 6 3% < 90% SowTION: a. _ Removing the % symbol and moving the decimal point two places to the left, 16.38% = 0.1638. 2 i b. | %=0.4%, Removing the % symbol and moving the decimal point two places to the left, 2 = 0.4% = 0.004. ¢. Moving the decimal point two places to the left, 90% = 0.90. EXERCISE 1.5.1 Convert the following to percent: a. 0.789 = bo 2 = 3 s, 3 = EXERCISE 1.5.2 Convert the following to decimal: a. 58.32% = bv 3% = 4 «65% = Scanned with CamScannerWhen we consider percent problems, there are three items to consider. These are the base, rate, and the Percentage. The base is the total or the whole or the starting point. It serves as the basis in the calculation of the percentage. The rate is just the given number in %. On the other hand, the percentage is the part of the whole based on the given percent and base. At times it is also referred to as the portion. We will denote the base as B, the rate as R, and the percentage as P. These three quantities can be related by the following equations. P=BxR z : R e 8 s _ 2 my “| Switcu On! EXAMPLE 1.5.3 What is 25% of 3 2007 SOLUTION: We are given B = 3 200 and R = 25% = 0.25. Thus, we are looking for P. Using the formula, P = B x R = (3 200) x (0.25) = 800. 3 EXAMPLE 1.5.4 3 Hof 10000015 3 Sowtion: We are given B = 10000 and R = = % = 0.6% = 0.006. Solving for P, P=B x R = (10.000) x (0.006) = 60. EXAMPLE 1.5.5, What percent of 150 is 30? SOLUTION: In this problem, we are given B = 150 and P = 30, Hence, we are solving for R. & i301 Using the formula, R= 5 = 755 = 3 =0-20= 20%. Thus, 30 is 20% of 150. EXAMPLE 1.5.6 16 is 8% of what number? SOLUTION: We are given P = 16 and R = 8% = 0.08 and we need to solve for B. From the formula, Pp _ 16 «2 238 2200, Bre 008 Scanned with CamScanner‘The concepts of percent and percentages are very useful in everyday life. They can be applied in problems involving discounts, commissions, taxes, percent increase and decrease, interest, to name a few. In the following examples, let us see how percent and percentages work on applications. SW “= Switcu On! EXAMPLE 1.5.7 Sallie was able to buy a blouse at 35% discount. If the original price is Php 850, how much discount was she able to avail? How much is the discounted price? Sowution: In this problem, the original price of the blouse takes the place of the base and 35% is the rate. The amount of discount is the unknown percentage. In symbols, we are given B = Php 850, R = 35% = 0.35. Solving for P, we use the formula P = B x R = (Php 850) x (0.35) = Php 297.50. Thus, the amount of discount is Php 297.50. To compute for the discounted price, the amount of discount will be subtracted from the original price, that is, Php 850 Php 297.50 = Php 552.50. Therefore, the discounted price is Php 552.50. EXAMPLE 1.5.8 For being the Top 2 of her batch, Patricia was offered a 25% discount on her tuition fee for the following semester. If she only paid Php 51 000, how much is her tuition fee? SOLUTION: Since Patricia paid Php 51 000 that means she only paid 75% of the original amount of tuition fee. This translates to looking for the amount such that 75% of it is Php 51 000. Hence, in this case, P = Php 51 000 and R = 75% = 0.75 and we solve for B. Solving for B, P we use the formula B= = = Peron = Php 68 000. Therefore, Patricia should have paid Php 68 000 if not for the discount, . Scanned with CamScannerEXAMPLE 1.5.9 Sowution: EXAMPLE 1.5.10 SOLUTION: EXAMPLE 1.5.11 Sowution: EXAMPLE 1.5.12 SOLUTION: Ina recent sale, Michelle was able to buy a microwave oven for Php 12 500. If the original price is Php 15 625, what is the rate of discount? Solving for R= — = —S—<—— = Senne One g Php is 625 the original price of the microwave oven. Thus, she was able to enjoy a 20% discount. Rickson was able to sell a house and lot for os Php 4 500 000. If he earned a commission of Php 157 500. What is the rate of commission? The selling price of the house and lot will be considered as the base and the amount of imum fj ut th commission takes the place of the percentage. Thus, in this problem, we are solving for the unknown rate. In symbols, we are given B = Php 4 500 000 and P = Php 157 500. Solving for R, we use the formula R= © = PhP 157 500__ 4 035 . 3.594, therefore, the rate of commission B Php 4 500 000 is 3.5%. Arlene, a sales executive, is given an 8% monthly commission of all sales for a month in excess of Php 500 000. If her total sales for the month of March is Php 612 800, how much commission will she receive for the month of March? The difference between the total sales for March and Php 500,000 will be the basis for the commission and will serve as the base. Thus, B = Php 612 800 — Php 500 000 = Php 112 800. Given the rate of commission R = 8% = 0.08, we would like to solve for P, the amount of commission, Solving for P, we use the formula P = B x R = (Php 112 800) x (0.08) = Php 9 024. Therefore, Arlene received a commission of Php 9.024 for the month of March. Anton received a commission of Php 214 000 for selling a condominium unit. If the rate of commission is 2.5%, how much is the price of the unit? The amount of commission will serve as the percentage and the price of the condominium unit is the unknown base B. Thus, P = Php 214 000 and R = 2.5% = 0,025, Solving for B, we use the formula, B = : = Php 214000 _ Php 8 560.000. Therefore, the f 0.025) condominium’s price is Php 8 560 000, Scanned with CamScannerh } | EXAMPLE 1.5.13 | | SOLUTION: | | | } “EXAMPLE 1.5.15 Archie bought a laptop and was charged Php 5 400 for a 12% VAT. How much did it cost him to buy the laptop? The amount of VAT will be taken as the percentage and 12% as the rate. Hence, we are solving for B, the base price of the laptop. In symbols, we are given P = Php 5.400 and R = 12% = 0.12. Solving for B, we use the formula B = Php 5 400 rae = Php 45 000. Thus, Archie was able to buy the laptop for Php 45 000 + Php 5 400 = Php 50 400. ale Engr. Miguel was charged Php 18 560 as withholding tax for his fee as a consultant to a certain project. If Engr. Miguel's consultant fee is Php 185 600, how much is the applied tax rate? The consultant's fee will serve as the base and amount of tax as the percentage. Hence, P= Php 18 560, B= Php 185 600 and we are solving for R. To solve for R, we use the P_ Phy formula R= © = PAP18550. _ 4 19, therefore, the withholding tax rate is 10%. In 2014, Angelique Flower Shop sold a total of 15 000 dozen roses while 18 000 dozen roses were sold in the year 2015. What is the percent increase in the sale of the roses? To determine the percent increase in sales, the difference of the 2015 and 2014 sales will be divided by the sales in 2014. In this case, the amount of increase in sales takes the place of the percentage while the 2014 sales will be regarded as the base. Thus, P = 18 000~ 15 000 = 3 000 and B = 15 000. The percent increase in sales is R= & 3.000 ; ‘ S000) 0.20 = 20%. Thus, there was a 20% increase in the sale of roses between the years 2014 and 2015. In handling percent increase or decrease problems, the process can be generalized as follows: % INCREASE = AMOUNT OF INCREASE ORIGINAL AMOUNT. % DECREASE = AMOUNT OF DECREASE ‘ORIGINAL AMOUNT Scanned with CamScanner