ECE424FL: FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS
Let the input be a 10Vdc turned on at t =0 such
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
USING LAPLACE IMPEDANCES
In the s-domain, the impedances of the basic electrical
components are follows:
Resistor: ZR(s) = R, where R is in Ohms
Inductor: ZL(s) = sL, where L is in Henrys
Capacitor: ZC(s) = 1/(sC) where C is in Farads
The voltage-current relationship is V(s)=I(s) Z(s) such
that I(s)=V(s)/Z(s) and Z(s)=V(s)/I(s). The Laplace
impedance is valid only if the inductor has no initial
current and the capacitor has no initial charge when
power is applied. The analysis of electrical circuits in
the s-domain is carried out using network theorems
such as KVL, KCL, Thevenin's Theorem, Norton's
Theorem, and others.
Example 1]
Consider the circuit shown as
R1=10Ω, R2=15Ω, L=0.25F, and C=0.1
that e(t) = 10u(t) volts.
Plot the time-domain graph of the branch
currents and the component voltages and observe
their behavior and note their initial value, steady state
value, value at t=0.5s, and value at t=1sec.
Determine the currents and voltages in the s-
domain and plot them in the time-domain using
the SCILAB routine shown in the previous
examples.
-->s=poly(0,'s')
//Declare the Laplace transform of the input
-->Es=10/s
//Determine the Laplace impedances
-->R1=10; R2=15; L=0.25, C=0.1;
-->ZR1=R1
-->ZR2=R2
-->ZL=L*s
-->ZC=1/(C*s)
Perform series-parallel analysis
//Combine ZL and ZR2 in series
// and then the series combination in parallel to
ZC
// and represent it as ZP
--->ZP=((ZR2+ZL)*ZC)/((ZR2+ZL)+ZC)
//Determine the total impedance
-->ZT=ZR1+ZP
//Determine the total current
-->I1=Es/ZT
//Determine the branch current I2
 //using current division
-->I2=I1*ZC/((ZR2+ZL)+ZC)
-->I3=I1-I2
//Determine the component voltages
-->VR1=I1*ZR1
-->VR2=I2*ZR2
-->VL=I2*ZL
-->VC=I3*ZC
//Plot i1(t) for 0< t ≤ 20
-->t=10^(-10):0.001:20;
-->i1=csim('impulse', t, tf2ss(I1));
-->clf; plot2d(t,i1); xgrid;
Note from the plot that i1(t) decays exponentially
with an initial value of 1 Ampere and a steady-
state value of 0.4 Ampere. At t=0.5s, i1(t)=0.659A and
at t=1s, i1(t)=0.511A. These values at the time
instants of interest may be computed as follows:
-->t1=[10^-16; 1; 20]
-->i1=csim('impulse', t1, tf2ss(I1))
//Plot i2(t) for 0 < t ≤ 5
-->i2=csim('impulse', t, tf2ss(I2));
-->clf; plot2d(t,i1); xgrid;
Note from the plot that i2(t) increases from an initial
value of 0 to a steady-state value of 0.4 Ampere. At
t=0.5s, i2(t)=0.223A and at t=1s, i1(t)=0.324A.
//Plot i3(t) for 0 < t ≤ 5
-->i3=csim('impulse', t, tf2ss(I3));
-->clf; plot2d(t,i3); xgrid;
Note from the plot that i3(t) decays exponentially with
an initial value of 1 Ampere and a steady -state value
of 0 Ampere. At t=0.5s, i1(t)=0.436A and at t=1s,
i1(t)=0.187A.
The branch currents satisfy KCL such that i1(t)=i2(t)
+i3(t) for any t.
The branch with the inductor is initially open as
indicated by an initial current of 0.
The branch with the capacitor is open at steady-state
indicated by a steady-state current of 0.
This demonstrates the simplifying conditions that for
DC input voltage, the inductors act as open initially but
act as shorts at steady state and capacitors are shorted
initially but open at steady state.
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Let the input be replaced by e(t)=10sin(πt)u(t) and plot
the total current i1(t). The only change in the previous
program is the declaration of the input as
-->Es=10*(%pi)/(s^2+(%pi)^2)
After plotting i1(t), plot also the input as a
reference for phase measurement.
-->e=10*sin( %pi*t);
-->plot2d(t,e); xgrid();
Note that the steady state amplitude of i1(t) is
0.901Amperes and leading the input voltage by
0.0894 seconds such that i1(t) can be expressed
as
i1(t)ss = 0.901sin(π(t + 0.0894)) Amperes
i1(t)ss=0.901sin(πt + 0.0894π) Amperes
i1(t)ss=0.901sin(πt + 16º) Amperes
in phasor form: I1=0.901∟16º

This is in agreement with the results of steady-state

AC circuit analysis where ZL=jωL and ZC=1/(jωC)
with ω=π radians/second. Using steady-state AC
circuit analysis, ZT=11.094 ∟-16º and I1=E/ZT =
(10 ∟ 0º)/(11.094 ∟-16º)= 0.901∟16º Amperes.