KONSEP FISIKA PADA

AKUISISI DATA
CT-SCAN

FISIKA IMEJING

BAGUS ABIMANYU
 Data acquisition
The systematic collection of information
from the patient to produce CT image.
Ada 2 jenis akuisisi
1. Data topogram
2. Data irisan.
Ada 2 cara :
1.Slice by slice data acquisition
2.Volume data acquisiton
 Attenuation
Problem in conventional radiography ?

 Sufficient exposure ?
 Good density and contrast ?
 Minimal radiation dose ?
 Superposition ?
 The other factors ?
 Attenuation
 Problem in CT is how to determine the
attenuation in the tissues and use this
information to reconstruct an image of the
slice of tissue (μ) .

 It will be many values of μ from

interaction x-ray and tissue.
 Attenuation formula

Lambert-Beer law :

It = Io e-μx
so that
μ = ( ln I / I ) / x
o t
Matrix of μ in the 2D slice
 3rd vs 4th generation
 3rd generation fan beam geometry has the x-ray
tube as the apex of the fan; 4th generation has
the individual detector as the apex

3rd gen : ln( g1I 0 / g 2 I t )  t

4 gen : ln( gI 0 / gI t )  t
th
Hard to produce the homogenous beam.
The attenuation of polycromatic beam
differerent from the monocromatic.
Attenuation in CT depends on : density
(atom/vol), atomic number (Z) of the
absorber and photon energy
Total attenuation from Compton and
photoelectric is
I = Io e-(μp + μc) x
Because a heterogenous beam is used in CT, how
is the linear attenuation coefficient determined in
CT ?
The corncern is with the number of photon ( N ),
that pass through the tissue during scanning
rather than with the intensity ( I ).

N = No e-μx
and

N = No e- (μ1+ μ2+ μ3+…+ μn)x

 The CT task is to calculate the μ
μ = (ln Io / It ) / x
 Then the each μ values are compared to
μ of water (most of human body filled).
 CT number is the value of the counting

(μt - μw) / μw

 CT numbers then will be reconstructed

JUMLAH PROYEKSI
Circa 1975, in the early A present-day scan,
days of the CT scan. showing a six-fold
increase in detail
(images courtesy Siemens Medical Systems and Imaginis.com)
 The physical principles
and technology of CT
1. Data acquisition (scanning, ray,
view,relative transmission values,
number of penetration measurements,
attenuation, homogeneous beam, data
acquisition geometries)
2. Data processing (convertion scan data
to digital image, CT numbers, CT and
energy dependence)
3. Image display, storage and
documentation
 Data acquisition
 Ray : a single transmission through the
patient made by a single detector in a
moment.
 View : a series of rays that pass through
the patient at the same orientation
(projections)
 The systematic collection of information
from the patient to produce CT image.
The reconstruction the CT image need a large
number of penetration measurements.

Total number of transmission measurements=

∑ views x ∑ rays in each views

The acquisition of a single axial CT image may

involve approx 800 rays taken at 1000 different
view. So the number of transmission is 800.000
 REFERENCES
1. Bushberg , J.T.dkk. 2002. THE
ESSENTIAL PHYSICS OF MEDICAL
IMAGING.
2. Seeram, E.COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
(Physical principles, clinical application
and QC)
3. Cho, dkk. FOUNDATION OF MEDICAL
IMAGING
Selamat berbuka puasa …
 Goal of CT
1. Minimal superimposition
2. Improved image contrast
3. The recording of very small differences in
tissue contrast

1. Transmitted beam through a cross section of the patient, it removes

superimposition of structure above and below.
2. Highly collimated into a thin beam, minimize scatter production and
improve contrast
3. Beam is catched by detectors, those are quantitative and can
measure small differences in tissue contrast. Data are processed by
digital computer. The film radiography can not.
Point Spread Function
A. Slice by slice acquisition (different geometry)
B. Volume acquisition (spiral / helical geometry)
 Detectors measure the radiation
transmitted through the patien from
various locations.
 The result is called RELATIVE
TRANSMISSION VALUE ( Hounsfield) or
ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS (Sprawl)
sent to the computer and stored as raw
data.
Relative transmission is :
Log X ray intensity at the source (Io)
X ray intensity at the detector (It)