THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETORY XII MATHEMATIcS

Points To Remember:
1. Distance between points P  x1 , y1 , z1  and Q  x2 , y2 , z2  is
 2 2 2
PQ   x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
2. i) The coordinates of point R which divides line segment PQ where P  x1 , y1 , z1  and Q  x2 , y2 , z2  in

 mx  nx1 my2  ny1 mz2  nz1 

the ratio m: n internally are  2 , , .
 mn mn mn 

ii) The coordinates of point which divides join of  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2  in the ratio m: n

 mx  nx1 my2  ny1 mz2  nz1 

externally are  2 , , .
 mn mn mn 

3. Direction ratios of a line through  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2  are x2  x1 , y2  y1 , z2  z1.

4. Direction cosines of a line whose direction ratios are a, b, c are given by

a b c
l ,m   ,n   .
a 2  b2  c2 a 2  b2  c 2 a2  b2  c2
    
5. i) Vector equation of a line through point a and parallel to vector b is r  a   b .
ii) Cartesian equation of a line through point  x1 , y1 , z1  and having direction ratios proportional to a,

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
b, c is   .
a b c
     
6. i) Vector equation of line through two points a and b is r  a   b  a .  
ii) Cartesian equation of a line through two points  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2  is

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
  .
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
 
      b1.b2
7. Angle ' ' between lines r  a1   b1 and r  a2   b2 is given by cos     .
b1 b2

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
8. Angle ' ' between lines   and   is given by
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
cos   .
a  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22
2
1
 
9. Two lines are perpendicular to each other if b1.b2  0 or a1a2  b1b2  c1c2 =0 .
     
10. Shortest distance between Skew lines r  a1   b1 and r  a2   b2 is given by
   
d
a 2 
 a1 . b1  b 2
 

b1  b 2
   
     
11. Distance Between two parallel lines r  a1   b and r  a2   b is given by d 
a 2  a1  b

 
b

12. Equation of plane:

 
i) At a distance of p unit from origin and perpendicular to n is r. n  p and corresponding Cartesian
form is lx  my  nz  p when l , m and n are d.c.s of normal to plane.
    
 
ii) Passing through a and normal to n is r  a .n  0 and corresponding Cartesian form is

A  x  x1   B  y  y1   C  z  z1   0 where A, B, C are d.r.'s of normal to plane and  x1 , y1 , z1  lies

on the plane.
     
  
iii) Passing through three non collinear points is r  a .  b  a  c  a   0
    
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Or x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
x2  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1

x y z
Having intercepts a, b and c on coordinate axis is    1 .
a b c
iv) Planes passing through the line of intersection of planes
       
  
r.n1  d1 and r.n2  d 2 is r.n1  d1   r.n2  d 2  0 
 
    n1 .n2
13. i) Angle ' ' between planes r.n1  d1 and r.n2 =d 2 is given by cos     .
n1 n2

ii) Angle ' ' between a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 and a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2 is given by

a1a2  b1b2  c1c2

cos   .
a  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22
2
1
 
iii) Two planes are perpendicular to each other if n1.n2  0 or a1a2  b1b2  c1c2 =0 .
  a b c
iv) Two planes are parallel if n1   n2 for some scalar   0 or 1  1  1 .
a2 b2 c2

  r.n  d
14. Distance of a point a from plane r.n  d is   .
n

ax1  by1  cz1  d
15. Distance of a point  x1 , y1 , z1  from plane ax  by  cz  d is
a2  b2  c 2
     
16. i) Two lines r  a1   b1 and r  a2   b2 are coplanar if
       
  
a2  a1 . b1  b2  0 and equation of plane containing these lines is r  a1 . b1  b2  0.   
 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
ii) Two lines   and   are coplanar if
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2

x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1 x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
a1 b1 c1  0 and equation of plane containing them is a1 b1 c1 0
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2

    b.n
17. i) Angle ' ' between line r  a   b and plane r.n  d is given as sin =  
b n

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
ii) Angle ' ' between line   and plane a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2
a1 b1 c1

a1 a2  b1b2  c1c2
is given as sin  
a12  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22
    
iii) A line r  a   b is parllel to plane r.n  d  b.n  0 or a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0

Straight Lines In Space

1. If a line makes angles 90 & 60 and θ with x, y, z  axis respectively, where θ , then find θ
2. If a line makes angles  ,  ,  with the positive direction of coordinate axes, then write the value of
sin 2   sin 2   sin 2 
3. If a line has direction ratios 2, 1, 2 then what are its direction cosines?
4. Write the direction-cosines of the line joining the points 1, 2,3  &  0,1,1
5. Write the direction cosines of a line equally inclined to three coordinate axes.
6. The equation of a line is 5 x  3  15 y  7  3  10 z . Write the direction cosines of the line.
3  x y  4 2z  6
7. If the Cartesian equation of a line is   , write the vector equation of the line
5 7 4
4  x y 1 z
8. Find the direction cosines of the line  
2 6 3
x5 y 4 z 6
9. Write the vector equation of a line given by  
3 7 2
x5 y 4 6 z
10. Write the vector equation of the line  
3 7 2
11. Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point  2, 4, 5  and is parallel to the line
x3 4 y z 8
 
3 5 6
12. Write the vector equation of a line passing through the point 1, 1, 2  and parallel to the line whose
x  3 y 1 z  1
equation is  
1 2 2
 13. Find the equation of a line passing through the points A  0,6, 9  & B  3, 6,3 . If D is the foot of
perpendicular drawn from a point C  7, 4, 1 on the line AB , then find the coordinates of the point D and
the equation of line CD .
x y 1 z  2
14. Find the image of the point 1,6,3 in the line   . Also, write the equation of the line joining
1 2 3
the length of the segment joining the given point and its image.
15. Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular and the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point
P  5, 4, 2  to the line
16. Find the length and the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point  2, 1,5  to the line
x  11 y  2 z  8
 
10 4 11
17. Find the equation of the line which is parallel to 2i  j  3k and which passes through the point  5, 2, 4 
x  2 y 1 z  3
18. Find the points on the line   at a distance 3 2 from the point 1, 2,3
3 2 2
x  3 y 1 z  4
19. Find the foot of the perpendicular from the point  0, 2,3 on the line   . Also, find the
5 2 3
length of the perpendicular.
x  2 y 1 z  3
20. Find the points on the line   at a distance of 5 units from the point p 1,3,3
3 2 2

Answers

 14. Image 1,6,3 ;in line: 1,0,7  ;

1. θ
6 x 1 y  6 z  3
2. 2   ; length  2 13 units
0 3 2
2 1 2
3. , , 15.   3,   8,   2 and image  3,8, 2 
3 2 3
1 1 1 16. Refer
4. , , 
3 3 3 17. r   5  2  i   2    j   4  3  k
1 1 1 18. Refer
5.  , ,
3 3 3 19.  2,3, 1 ; 21 units
6 2 3 20.  2, 1,3 &  4,3,7 
6. , ,
7 7 7

7. r  3i  4 j  3k   5i  7 j  2k
   
2 6 3
8. , ,
7 7 7
9. Refer
10. Refer
x2 y4 z5
11.  
3 5 2

12. r  i  j  2k   i  2 j  2k
   
x  7 y  4 z 1
13.  
4 1 2