CASE STUDY

APPLICATION OF CERAMICS
AND GLASSES IN BIOMEDICAL
INDUSTRY

SUBMITTED BY: SWAROOP P

REG.NO: 11902102

SECTION: B1904

ROLL.NO: A14
INTRODUCTION
Biomaterials is fairly used for materials that is associated with advanced
medical solutions and replacement of body parts, it has a slight futuristic
nuance to it.

A biomaterial is a material designed to interact with the body .Contrary to

what the word may implicate, a biomaterial is not necessarily biological or
based on bio-related matter. The matter itself can be anything from metals to
a plastic to varieties of composites, but it can be also be bio-inspired and
derived from nature. The definition of biomaterial is a material that is
designed with the purpose to interact with the body. That is it is designed to
reside in biological environment.

CERAMICS

Ceramics are inorganic and non-metallic compounds having high melting

points and therefore requires high temperatures for their processing.
Ionic/covalent bond between metallic and non-metallic elements (O, N,C,B).

This includes; tiles, cements, concretes, refractories, advanced ceramics, and

glasses.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

They are brittle(poor ductility ,poor tensile strength)

Chemically inert
Hard
Wear resistant
A variety of electrical and thermal properties
Refractory
Non-magnetic
CLASSIFICATION

1. Traditional ceramics
2. Advanced ceramics

Traditional ceramics are further classified into:

 Clay products
 Refractories
 Cements
 Abrasives

The raw materials: clay, feldspath, sand, etc…

Physical transformation: grinding, milling, filtration….

Grain size: up to mm

Advanced ceramics are further classified into:

 Electro-ceramics: electronic substrates, piezo-electric ceramics.

 Magnetic ceramics: ferrite with fe2o3 as major constituent
 Optical ceramics: spinel,YAG
 Structural ceramics: further divided into
o Aero space/transport
o Wear resistant
o Cutting tools
o Porous/coating
o Bio-ceramics
The functionality is related to their micro and macro
structure and their mechanical properties.

Raw materials: synthetic powders

Ideally: no physical transformation
Grain size: less than micro
 MANUFACTURING
Manufacturing of ceramics include
1. Powdering
2. Shaping
3. Thermal treatment
4. Machining

Its important to control raw materials preparation

The powder synthesis will impact the final material properties
 Grain size(less than micro)
 Grain size distribution
 Grain shapes
 Non-agglomerate state
 Chemical purity
 Crystal phase

Synthesis methods are classified according to state of the reaction

material
 Solid-solid
 Including a liquid
 Including a gas

Steps of manufacturing

1. Batch preparation of powdery raw materials

 Powder synthesis
 Adding organic binders
 Liquid suspension-paste
 Slurry
 Spray drying
2. Shaping
 Pressing
o Isotactic

o Uniaxial

 casting
o slip casting

o tape casting
  Moulding
o injection

o extrusion

Other than these methods there are a few methods; they are:

o robocasting 3d printing SLA

o machining
o laser milling

All these processes leads to the next step that is; heat treatment.

3. Heat treatment
 Debinding: In order to eliminate organics (300-600 ‘c).
 Sintering: all phenomenons occurring during heating, leading to
the densification of a powder compact.
  Viscous flow sintering: 20% of initial solid particles are
converted into liquid. Consolidation of materials through
flux, under the action of capillary forces, and formation
of a crystalline or vitrous phase during cooling.
 Liquid phase sintering: Selection of constituents and
sintering temperature such as a small quantity of liquid is
formed, allowing an easier diffusion of matter.
 Solid state sintering: For manufacturing of high-tech
ceramics, need for high temperature and fine grains.
Atoms diffusion takes place.

Sintering again classified :

Conventional: Under air, vacuum(Ar,N2,H2)

Under charge: HP
Other sources: Microwave sintering, selective laser sintering,
sps, flash sintering.

Bioceramics ; dedicated to replac hard tissue

 Protection of organs-brain, thoracic organs

 Supported by muscles , tendons, ligaments, fascias, cartilage.
 Involved in blood cells formation
 Sink in minerals

Several types of bone:

 Femur (long bone)

 Rotule (short)
 Clavicule ( plane)

Hard tissue is composed of 10-20 % water, 60%inorganic phase

(calcium phosphate), 20-30%organic phase ( collagen, bone cells).
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC
 Advantages Disadvantages
ceramics Biocompatible,osteoconductive, Poor mechanical properties.
bond To bone.

Bio-Glass

Bio active glass is manufactured to fit the need of various medical

applications, such as tissue engineering and bone grafting.

Applications of glasses:

 Eye lenses
 Microscopic slide
 Borosilicate glass
 Laboratory flasks
 Beakers
 Microspheres
 Colorless teeth-braces
 Smart glasses
 Cupping therapy
 X-ray shielding glass
 Bioactive glass etc….

Properties depending on glasses as bioactive

 Viscosity : glass transition temperature

 Density
 Mechanical strength
 Elastic coefficients
 Electrical properties
 Optical properties
 Thermal conductivity.
 Chemical properties
 Annealing

TYPES AND APPLICATIONS

 Monoliths: orbital and jaw bones restauration, internal ear bones.
More common (perioglass):commercialized by
Novabone(USA),synthetic bone substitutes to regenerate jaw bone
,stabilize healthy teeth or allow to place a metal implant , also as bone
filling in orthopedic surgery.

REFERENCES
 Websites
 Books
 Case studies