A.

Gender- and Race-Related Variations

Gender differences have important implications for drug activity, including
the pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetics involves the ra
te and extends of drug movement through the body including absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion. The difference between men and women
can affect the dosage of medications. For example in gastrointestinal motility,
gastric pH, and enzymatic activity affect the absorption of oral medications
women secrete less gastric acid and tend to have slower gastrointestinal transit
times than men. Because of this it can hinder a medication's effectiveness unless
it is administered with an acidic beverage. For distribution compared to men,
women have a higher percentage of body fat but lower body water content, which
can affect the volume of distribution of certain drugs.  For excretion both renal
blood flow and glomerular filtration rate are higher in men than in women.
Therefore, women show a slower clearance of drugs that are actively eliminated
via the kidney.

B. Comorbidities and Drug Interactions

Each drug has different effect for each person it can cure for other and it
can be harmful for others. Drug interactions can be prescribed or non-prescribe
those are the over the counter drugs. There have different types of drug
interaction drug-drug interaction, drug-nutrient interaction and drug-disease
interaction. In drug to drug interaction it has different types such as duplication
wherein when two drugs with the same effect are taken, the side effects of the
drugs may be intensified the next one is antagonism where the two drugs with
different actions can interact which cause by reducing the effectiveness of one or
both drug. Next type is alteration where one drug can alter on how the body
absorbs, distributes metabolized or excretes other drug.
Drug-Nutrient Interaction, nutrient from food, beverages and dietary supplements may
alter the effect of drug the person takes. Like food, drugs taken by mouth must be
absorbed through the lining of the stomach or the small intestine. Consequently, the
presence of food in the digestive tract may reduce absorption of a drug. Often, such
interactions can be avoided by taking the drug 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating. In
dietary supplements including medical herbs that contain a vitamin, mineral, herb, or
amino acid and that are intended as a supplement to the normal diet. Supplements are
regulated as foods, not as drugs, so they are not tested as comprehensively. Although
many people do not consider alcohol a nutrient, it affects body processes and
interacts with many drugs. For example, taking alcohol with the
antibiotic metronidazole can cause flushing, headache, palpitations, and nausea and
vomiting. 

Sometimes, drugs that are helpful in one disease are harmful in another
disorder. For example, some beta-blockers taken for heart disease or high blood
pressure can worsen asthma and make it hard for people with diabetes to tell when
their blood sugar is too low. Some drugs taken to treat a cold may worsen glaucoma.
People should tell their doctor all of the diseases they have before the doctor
prescribes a new drug. Diabetes, high or low blood pressure, an ulcer, glaucoma, an
enlarged prostate, poor bladder control, and insomnia are particularly important,
because people with such diseases are more likely to have a drug-disease interaction.

Drug-disease interactions can occur in any age group but are common among older
people, who tend to have more diseases

Related Literature:
Sex-Based Differences in Drug Activity https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/1201/p1254.html?
fbclid=IwAR00EH007WRAvP9q52NSAk3tinF5Mu5vQHdT1khoinkmRlFpJcaCeZg1wdg .
Gender Differences in Pharmacokinetics
https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/gender-differences-in-pharmacokinetics?
fbclid=IwAR34H5-hlnPAug5uoMcpVL5VVKem0cC74cFlzFjsQnvrfmWbB2XmQBn8CXg .
DRUG INTERACTION
https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/drugs/factors-affecting-response-to-drugs/drug-interactions?
fbclid=IwAR37LdiWCxvlTj2Dkt6niHhWmhQv5BASS7Ic5aEy1BQ0lactRJRynWTNKMM

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/factors-affecting-response-to-
drugs/drug-interactions?query=Drug%20Interactions