A REPORT ON BOILER FEED WATER

BY: CADET ADEPOJU ADEYINKA

VESSEL: LNG BENUE

DATE: 14THAPRIL, 2013

INTRODUCTION;

The boiler feed water system is the circulation of feed water from the de-aerator to the boiler steam
through the feed pumps. The system consists of the following;

 The de-aerator
 Two main and one auxiliary feed pumps
 The economizers
 Valves, filter and pipe works

In this report, we are going to discuss the contribution of each of these components to the feed system.

THE DE-AERATOR;

This sometimes referred to as the contact feed water heater. This is because the feed enters the de-
aerator from the top while the heating steam enters from the side. This creates a direct contact
between the feed water and steam. As a result of this, the feed water is broken into smaller particles
resulting in the liberation of air and other incondensable vapours from the feed water. The feed water
temperature is raised.

Some de-aerator sections showing the contact stage of feed water and steam and also showing the
gauge glass.

FEED PUMPS;

The system is fitted with three pumps;

 Two main (turbine driven) horizontal feed pumps and

 One auxiliary (electrically driven ) horizontal pump

The pumps take suction from de-aerator via the main feed water filter. The position of the de-aerator
high up in the engine room provides a positive suction head for the feed pumps. The auxiliary feed
pump also takes suction from the distil water tank. The pumps discharges are such that each pump can
feed either boiler at the same time. The pumps discharges are also divided into two separate lines; the
main and auxiliary feed lines. The feed water in the main feed first goes to the economizer before finally
delivered into the steam drum. The auxiliary feed line leads to the steam drum directly via an auxiliary
stop valve. During normal operation of the boiler, the boiler is fed through the main feed line. The
auxiliary feed line is normally used when firing up the boiler or when there is a problem in the main feed
line, for example, a problem with the economizer or any of the control valves. There is a re-circulation
line from the feed pumps in which feed water is re-circulated from the pump back to the de-aerator via
the feed pump re-circulation valve when the boiler is running on low loads, example during
maneuvering.

THE ECONOMIZER;

Feed water from the main feed line first passes through the economizer before the steam drum. The
economizer is located at the exit of the flue gas from the furnace. The flue helps to heat the feed water
(to about 200 deg C) such that it easily flashes to steam on entry into steam drum. This reduces energy
loss while increasing the efficiency of the boiler.

Economizer is used to recover some of the waste heat from the flue gas to heat feed from 135 deg C to
220 deg C.

The economizer is made up of tubes fitted with circular fins. The fins create more heat transfer surface
as the flue gas passes through the economizer tubes thereby improving the efficiency of the boiler.

SYSTEM CONTROL;

The re-circulation valve

This operates on signal from the boiler control unit. It opens and closes depending on boiler loads.
When the boiler is in full load, It close so that there will be full and continuous flow of feed water to the
boiler. But when the load reduces, examples during maneuvering, it will open so that some of the feed
water is re-circulated back to the de-aeration in order to maintain feed pressure at all times.

Salinity indicator;

This is fitted at the feed water line from the de-aerator. It detects the salt content in the feed water and
compares it with the set value. When the salt content in the feed water exceeds the set value, it will
trigger an alarm.

Feed water treatment;

Hydrazine chemical is injected into the feed water line from the de-aerator before the pump suctions to
remove any trace of oxygen that may have sustained in the feed water. This is because oxygen is a
major cause of corrosion when it gets into the steam drum, hence for efficient and safe operation of the
boiler, this must be barest minimum.

ASSESSED BY:

REMARKS:
 A REPORT ON REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

BY: CADET ADEPOJU ADEYINKA

VESSEL: LNG RIVER ORASHI

DATE: 15TH MAY, 2012

Refrigeration is a process of cooling or removing heat to lower the temperature lower than the
temperature of the space or items to be stored in the space to a temperature below the temperature of
the surrounding area. In LNG RIVER ORASHI, this is accomplished by using a mechanical refrigeration
process in which a refrigerant is used to absorb heat from the space to be cooled and reject the heat to
the water used in the condenser. In LNG RIVER ORASHI, the refrigerant used is R-404A, an
hydroflourocabon which is an azeotropic combination of 1, 1, 1-triflouroethane (R-143A),
Pentaflouroethane (R-125 and 1, 1, 1, 2-tetraflouroethane (R-134A)

COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM;

The system comprises of two compressors, condenser, expansion valves, evaporators and the
refrigerant fluid which alternatively vaporizes and liquefies during the refrigeration cycle.

The compressor;

The compressor in the refrigeration system helps to raise the pressure of the vaporized refrigerant,
making its saturation temperature to rise such that it’s higher than that of the surrounding cooling water
used in the condenser. The compressor also promotes the circulation of the refrigerant by pumping it
around the system. The compressor used in LNG RIVER ORASHI, the refrigeration by compressor is a
reciprocating type.

The condenser:

In the condenser, the refrigerant is liquefied by sub cooling below the saturation temperature relating to
the compressor delivery pressure, by the circular of cooling water. The latent heat from the evaporator
is thus transferred to the cooling medium. The liquid refrigerant, still at the produced by the compressor
passes to the receiver and then to the expansion valve.

The Expansion valve;

The expansion valve is the regulator through which the refrigerant flow from the high pressure side of
the system to the low pressure side. Its throttling effect dictates the compressor delivery pressure which
must be sufficient to give the refrigerant a saturation temperature which is higher than the temperature
of the cooling medium. The opening and closing of the expansion valve is achieved through the
incorporation of a thermostatic device (a bulb and a capillary tube) which senses the temperature of this
discharge line of the evaporation and depending on the temperature opens and closes the expansion
valve. The reason behind this is to maintain a constant supply degree of superheat at the evaporator
outlet.
The Evaporator;

The evaporator is a heat exchanger in which the liquid refrigerant in turned into gas, thereby removing
heat refrigerated space in the process. The refrigerant now leaving the evaporation in a gaseous form
goes back to the compressor where it is compressed and put back into the system. An evaporator is
fitted to every compartment or space to be cooled and a fan is provided with every evaporation to help
circulator evaporator to help circulate and spread the cool temperature from the evaporator to every
par t of the compartment.

Safety Devices of the System;

High Pressure Safety Cut-out

This is fitted to the discharge line of the compressor to avoid over pressurizing or over loading the
compressor and damaging its components. It cuts out and stops the compressor at a pressure close to
the maximum working pressure of the compressor or the set value. It has a reset mechanism which is
reset to start the compressor again after tripping.

Low Pressure Cut-out

This is fitted in the discharge line of the evaporator to protect against too low suction pressure of the
compressor. The whole idea here is to prevent the compressor from running dry. It cuts out stop the
compressor at every pressure from the evaporator.

ASSESSED :

REMARKS:
 SAFETY DRILL

TYPES OF BURNS AND THE IMMEDIATE ACTIONS THAT SHOULD BE TAKEN ON SEEING THEM.

Before the, the safety officer first had a brief with all the crew members on the different classes and
sources of burns that may likely be found onboard. He mentioned chemicals, acids electric shock,
exposure to excessive heat ect as the major sources of burns onboard. He explained that a burn occure
when the skin and others bodily organs comes in contact with heat, radiation, electricity or chemicals for
a period long enough to cause damage and burns can affect may be parts of the body aside from the site
of the burn. He mentioned nerves, blood vessels, bones, muscles and other area that may be involved
when other part of the body is injured.

For example, he said that the respiratory system may be hampered or shut down from smoke inhalation
and the kidneys and heart may be damaged from fluctuations in the balance of fluid and electrolytes
following a burn.

The safety officer also explained that the severity of a burn depends on three major factors namely;

 The depth or how deep the burn is into skin

 The surface area of the body covered or affected
 The part of the body affected.

CLASSES OF BURNS:

Burns were put into three categories. These are first, second, third degree burns. Each category of burn
indicates the severity of the burn along with the amount of body are covered by burn injury.

FIRST DEGREE BURN: This was explained to be the least serious type of burn and involves only the upper
layer of the skins the epidermis. It is usually characterized by a pink or reddish color on the affected
area, mild swelling, tenderness and pains. For this kind of burn, the victim should be cooled with plain
water and apply antibiotic creams with pain reliever. However, if a first degree burn is over a large area
of the body, an urgent medical directive should be called ashore.

SECOND DEGREE BURN: This class of burn affects the epidermis and also the second layer of the skin,
the dermis. It has the same symptoms of as the first degree burn and also produces scarring. No type of
butter or greasy substance should be applied to the burn as this may hamper the cooling of the burn
area and also do further damage. Also, an argent medical attention from ashore should be called for.

THIRD DREGEE BURN: This class of burn destroys the epidermis, dermis and also other organs and issues
such as bones and muscles it appear charred or have patches which appear white, brown, black. They
produce scars that may require cosmetic surgery or reconstructive surgery and skin gratis. The safety
officer also explained that burns may attract some intentions such as scaring, pneumonia and shock.

WHY THE DRILL:

To create awareness, understanding and the initial action to take on discovering any class of burn.
WHAT I LEARNT:

 That the affect area of the burn should be raised up a certain height to lower the flow of fluid to
the area to prevent swelling.
 That jewelries or clothing stuck to the skin from a burn should not be removed until advised to
do so by the medical officer.
 A victim of an electrical burn should not be touched with bare hands but be moved with some
non conductive material after the source of power have been removed.
 Chemical burns should be rinsed with cool water for at least 15 minutes.
 A serious burn victim should immediately be check for breathing and mouth to mouth
resuscitation if necessary.

ASSESSED BY:

REMARKS:
 SHIPBOARD MARINE POLLUTION EMERGENCY PLAN (SMPEP) DRILL

Shipboard marine pollution emergency plan drill is usually carried out onboard ships to remind and
familiarize the crew on the immediate actions to be taken in the event of an oil drill. Several operations
onboard ships such as bunkering, the transfer of fuel oil, diesel oil, lub oil etc from their bunker and
storage tanks to settling and service tanks may lead to spillage if not properly carried and it is a
requirement that ant crew member who directly or indirectly partake in such operations have a good
knowledge and understanding of what to do should anything go wrong.

In the morning after the safety meeting, the second engineer informed everybody that there will be a
drill on SMPEP by 14:00hrs. The notice of the drill was also pasted on notice board around the ship. The
drill was carried out in preparation for bunkering that was to take place the following day.

By 14:00hrs all the crew mustered on the upper deck (port side) where the oil pollution prevention
equipments were rigged. The equipment include;

 An air operated sandpiper pump

 Two (200) LTR drums
 Plastic shovel, broom, sweepers, pillow, oil absorbent booms and pads, saw dust bags, cans of
maxi clean (oil spill dispersant (OSD)), scupper plugs etc..

In a demonstration of what should be done in the event of an oil spill, two half drums were placed on
deck, one filled with water and the other empty. The suction hose of the sand piper pump was placed in
the half drum with water and discharge hose placed in the empty drum. Air hose was connected to the
pump and the pump was started. The water was pumped from half drum with water to the empty drum.

In a real case scenario, the pump suction should be placed in the spilled oil while discharge should be
connected to the ‘designated oil spill tanks’ sounding pipe. Onboard LNG RIVER ORASHI, there are two
designated oil spill tanks. These are the port and starboard HFO settling tanks.

During the debriefing after the drill, the chief officer further explained how the saw dust should be used
so that it doesn’t get sucked by the sandpiper pump.

WHAT WE DID:

- I assisted in rigging the SOPEP equipments on deck

- I also assisted in opening and closing of the air supply valve as ordered by chief officer.

WHAT I LEARNT:

- I learnt that oil spill should be contained within the ship by the use of any SOPEP equipment.
- I learnt that to the initial action to be taken on spotting an oil spill by closing the valve, stopping
the pump and raising alarm.
- I also learnt that the oil spill dispersant (OSD) chemical should only be used on master’s order .

ASSESSED BY:
 A REPORT ON BOILER WATER TEST AND TREATMENT

BY: CADET ADEPOJU ADEYINKA

VESSEL: LNG RIVER ORASHI

DATE: 07TH JUNE, 2012

INTRODUCTION:

Boiler water treatment can be described as the single most important factor concerning safe, efficient
and reliable operation of boiler plant. This is because it maintains the correct water conditions
appropriate to the particular installation. For a boiler to serve its life expectancy, it can never be run on
raw sea water, being as impure as it is. It is a well known fact that at higher temperatures, the solubility
of many salts found in seawater reduces, forcing them to crystallize out of the solution. Having been left
behind in the boiler and its components, they cake out as they accumulate, reducing heat transfer
capability of the boiler tubes, blocking the flow of fluid through the places where they are.

Treatment of boiler water is applied in all boilers; both high and low pressure boilers. The necessary
information concerning the nature of treatment to be administered to which type of boiler can be found
in BS 1170. Boiler water treatment helps to make the boiler water more compatible with the boiler
systems without any side effects on the boiler.

Therefore, boiler and feed water tests are carried out to determined the quantity of dissolved solids and
impurities present in the water. This is to prevent the formation of sludge in the boiler tubes which
would lead to choking of the tubes. The tests also tell us the pH level of the water, its hydrazine content
( oxygen level, thus), and phosphate reserve.

EFFECT OF CONTAMINATION OF THE BOILER WATER ON THE SYSTEM

Different contaminants have various effects on the boiler when they are found in sufficient quantities
and the operating conditions. Each contaminant will be treated to show its sources, effects and
remedies.

OXYGEN AND OTHER DISSOLVED GASES: these contaminants come as dissolved gases in the feed water
system. They can originate from either the water production plant, feed water storage facility or from
the atmospheric drain tank (ADT). In high pressure boilers, they cause corrosion in the economizer and
boiler tube, and the condensate system. They are often removed by both chemical and mechanical
means. Boiler water is dosed with Hydrazine, also called (OXYGEN SCAVENGER) in order to tackle this
problem. High pressure boiler system also have de-aerators and air ejector pumps on the condensate
side of the systems to remove oxygen and other gases from the system. Very high temperatures also
help to remove these gases from the system.

DISSOLVED SOLIDS: These are salts that are dissolved in the feed water. They can come from corroding
tubes and other parts that are being attacked by either acids or excessive alkalinity. Leaking tubes in the
condenser can also be a source of such solids. When allowed to accumulate in the boiler, they can start
to form scales on tubes leading up to tube failure due to localized heating. In extreme cases, they can
also block the tubes and prevent the passage of fluids through it. The level of solids prevent in the boiler
can be checked using the conductivity meter. Pure water is a known non conductor of electricity.
Therefore its level of conductivity shows the amount of dissolved solids present. The remedy to this
situation is treatment with sludge forming chemicals and blowing down when the ppm goes high.

ALKALINITY: in order to prevent acid attack on tubes on the boiler system, boiler water is maintained
slightly alkaline. This means a range of 8.5 to 10.0 on the pH scale. This range is very important because
maintaining the either extreme has the same effect on the system: corrosion. Hydrazine, which is
primarily used as O2 scavenger is also a strong alkali. Under high temperatures, it decomposes to form
ammonia, which combines with oxygen to form ammonium hydroxide.

This also means that if excessive hydrazine is added to the feed water due to oxygen levels within the
system, the effect might be the formation of excessive alkaline compounds within the system.

OIL: onboard a ship which uses boiler for both main and auxiliary operations, oil is one of the most
feared contaminants of the boiler water system. This is due to the fact that there are many contact
sources for oil, especially in tank heating systems onboard ships. It can be very damaging to the boiler if
oil finds its ways there. Conditioning chemicals can be used to remove little quantities of oil in the boiler.
The scum valve can also be used to blow down the water surface in the boiler.

BOILER WATER TESTS:

When handling any boiler chemicals, full personal protecting equipment (PPE) such as goggles, gloves,
apron e.t.c. should be worn to protect the eyes and skin from the chemicals.

Parameters that must be maintained in the boiler and tested for regularly.

Total Hardness: maximum 1.0 PPM CaCO2

Phenolphthalein (Alkalinity): 50 TO 80 PPM CaCO3

Chlorides: Maximum 30 PPM as CaCO3

Phosphate: 15 to 25 PPM as PO4

Hydrazine: 0.01 to 0.20 PPM as N2H4

Total dissolved solids: Maximum 300 PPM TDS

P ALKALINITY:

 Measure 100ml sample into a casserole. Add 5 drops mPA1 to give pink color. If no color record
P as 0
 Add sulphuric Acid solution 0.02N from 10ml automatic burette until pink color just disappears.
Note reading.
 P Alkalinity PPM = 10 x ml of sulphuric acid 0.02N used
 Record on the test sheet.

CHLORIDE TEST:

Continue with sample from previous test.

 Add 10 drops mBC1. The sample will turn yellow

 Add silver nitrate solution 0.02N from 10ml automatic burette until the yellow just changes to
reddish tinge. Note reading
 Chloride PPM = 10 x (ml of silver Nitrate 0.02N used – 0.2)
 Record on the test sheet

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS):

 Take a 30 – 50ml sample; add 4 drops mPA1 to give pink color

 Neutralize sample by adding acetic acid (30%) until sample turns clear
 Place meter probe in sample, allow the reading to stabilize for 20 – 30 seconds and take reading
and convert to PPM

HYDRAZINE TEST:

 Add 1ml Hydrazine reagent (MO354) to each of the two 10ml lovibond square test tubes.
 Make up one sample to the 10ml mark with boiler water (test) and the other to 10ml mark with
distilled water (blank). Leave the samples to stand for 10 minutes
 Place the blank sample in the left hand space of the comparator and the test sample in the right
hand space
 View the comparator using suitable light source and match the color of the sample by rotating
comparator disc. Read off level of hydrazine in PPM.
 Record on the test sheet

HARDNESS:

 Measure 100ml sample into a casserole

 Add 2ml of Ammonia buffer solution and one total hardness indicator tablet.
 Crush the tablet with a flattened end of the stirring rod and stir vigorously until the tablet has
dissolved. If any hardness salts are present the color will turn wine red.
 Add EDTA solution, strength 0.02N from a 10ml automatic burette, stirring the solution in the
casserole vigorously, until the color of the solution in the casserole begins top change to
 purple/blue. Continue adding EDTA solution slowly until the color of the solution slowly until the
purple/blue color persists
 PPM hardness (total) = 10 x ml of EDTA solution
 Record on test sheet

PHOSPHATES TEST:

 Add 5ml boiler water to a 10ml glass comparator cell (Test)

 Add 5ml distilled water to a second 10ml glass comparator cell (blank)
 Add 5ml vanadomolybdate reagent (M210) to each test tube. Cover the cells and leave the
sample to stand for 5 minutes
 Places the blank sample in the left hand space of the comparator and the test sample in the
right hand side
 View the comparator using light source and match the color of the sample by rotating
comparator disc. Read off level of phosphate in PPM
 Record on test sheet.

ASSESSED BY :
REMARKS: