bxieZvi †hŠw³KZv

‡eŠ× hyw³we`¨vi GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

‰mq` wbRvi Avjg

“Anyone who denies the law of non-contradiction should be beaten and burned

Until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten,

And to be burned is not the same as not to be burned.”

Ibn Sina, al-Hikma al-‘Arudiya

Do I contradict myself?
Very well, then, I contradict myself.
(I am large, I contain multitudes.)
Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”

Page 2 of 14
 ‡cÖÿvcU:
wbe©vY jv‡fi ci ‡M․Zg ey× hLb wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ag©Ávb cÖ`vb KiwQ‡jb †m mgqKvi K_v| GKw`b †fv‡i,
m~h© ZL‡bv m¤ú~Y© I‡Vwb, ey× kÖve¯Íx bM‡i cÖ‡ek KiwQ‡jb| ZLb nVvr Zvi g‡b n‡jv bM‡i cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ GLb
A‡bK †fvi| ZvB wZwb bM‡ii cv‡k _vKv gwjøKv D`¨v‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb| †mLv‡b cwieªvRK †cvUVcv` cÖvq wZbkZ
wf¶z‡`i mv‡_ ZË¡we`¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv KiwQ‡jb| ey× Dcw¯’Z n‡j, †cvUVcv` Zvi Ae¯’vb †Q‡o w`‡q Zvi cv‡k
LvwbKUv wb‡P e‡mb| ZLb Avjvc PvwiZvi GK ch©v‡q †cvUVcv` eyׇK cÖkœ Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib -

†cvUVcv` : f‡šÍ, gi‡Yi ci Z_vM‡Zi cybtRb¥ nq wK? BnvB GKgvÎ mZ¨, Ab¨ cÖKvi `„wó wK wbi_©K?

ey× : ‡cvUVcv` GB wel‡qI Avwg †Kvb gZ cÖKvk Kwi bvB|

†cvUVcv`: f‡šÍ, Z‡e gi‡Yi ci wK Z_vM‡Zi cybtwe©fve nq bv ? BnvB GKgvÎ mZ¨, Ab¨ cÖKvi `„wó wK
wbi_©K?

ey× : †cvUVcv`, GB wel‡qI Avwg †Kvb gZ cÖKvk Kwi bvB|

†cvUVcv`: f‡šÍ, Z‡e wK gi‡Yi ci Z_vM‡Zi cybtRb¥ GKvav‡i nq Ges nq bv ? BnvB GKgvÎ mZ¨,
Ab¨ cÖKvi `„wó wK wbi_©K ?

ey× : ‡cvUVcv`, GB wel‡qI Avwg †Kvb gZ cÖKvk bvB|

†cvUVcv`: f‡šÍ, Z‡e wK gi‡Yi ci Z_vM‡Zi cybtRb¥ nq bv, Ges Dnv †h nq bv ZvnvI b‡n ? BnvB
GKgvÎ mZ¨, Ab¨ cÖKvi `„wó wK wbi_©K ?Ó

ey× : ‡cvUVcv`, GB wel‡qI Avwg †Kvb gZ cÖKvk bvB|

(`xN© wbKvq, †cvUVcv` m~Î t 27)

ey× GB iKg `kwU cÖ‡kœi DËi bv w`‡q bxie wQ‡jb| Avgiv A‡b‡KB bxie _vwK cÖwZev` K‡i, KL‡bv bxi‡e
m¤§wZ RvbvB| Zv KL‡bv †h․w³K, KL‡bv A‡h․w³K| wKš‘ ey‡×i ZË¡we`¨v m¤úwK©Z wKQz cÖkœ wb‡q bxieZv †Kvb
cÖwZev` ev m¤§wZ cÖ`k©b bq eis GwU ZË¡MZ GKwU Ae¯’vb| GB bxieZvi ZË¡MZ Ae¯’vb e¨vLv Kivi cÖ‡Póv
K‡i‡Qb A‡bK †e․× `vk©wbK I M‡elK| Zv wb‡q Avevi h‡_ô gZvšÍiI i‡q‡Q|

Page 3 of 14
 ‡cvUVcv` I ey‡×i ZË¡we`¨v welqK Av‡jvPbvi `ywU MyiyZ¡c~Y© w`K i‡q‡Q- (K) †h †Kvb welq m¤úwK©Z
PviwU AeaviY cvIqv m¤¢e; hv‡K †e․× mvwn‡Z¨ PZz‡®‥vwU ejv n‡q _v‡K, Avi (L) me¸wj AeaviY AMÖnY‡hvM¨
n‡Z cv‡i| GB `ywU MyiyZ¡c~Y© w`K Avevi cvðv‡Z¨i `„wó‡Z Pig we®§qKi| KviY cvð‡Z¨i wPšÍvq Gwi÷U‡ji
mnvbygv‡bi i‡q‡Q Mfxi cÖfve; we‡kl K‡i wPšÍvi bxwZi cÖ‡kœ| Gwi÷UU‡ji bxwZ¸‡jv nj- (i) A‡f` bxwZ (Law
of Identity), (ii) wbg©a¨g bxwZ (Law of Excluded middle) (iii) we‡iva bxwZ (Law of contradiction)| A‡f`
bxwZ Abymv‡i: ÕAvwgÕ AvwgB Ab¨ †KD bB| Ab¨w`‡K, Avwg GLb GB K‡¶ AvwQ; A_ev GB K‡¶i evwn‡i we‡k¦i
†h †Kvb ¯’v‡b AvwQ- GB `yB Aeavi‡Yi ga¨eZ©x †Kvb Ae¯’vb †bB; GB Ae¯’vbnxbZv-B n‡”Q wbg©a¨g bxwZ|
Avevi, Avwg GKB mv‡_ GB K‡¶ Ges Zvi evwn‡i _vK‡Z cvwi bv, KviY Gi Ab¨v_v NU‡j Zv n‡e we‡ivaxZv|
Gwi÷Uj wPšÍvi GB bxwZ‡K e‡j‡Qb we‡iva bxwZ| Kv‡iv wPšÍvq hw` bxwZ¸‡jvi eZ¨q N‡U, Z‡e Zvi wPšÍv
A‡h․w³K| Avi †KD hw` Zv A¯^xKvi K‡i Z‡e Gwi÷U‡ji fve cyÎ Be‡b wmbvi g‡Z, Zv‡K ZZÿY ch©šÍ
†eÎvNvZ Kiv A_ev †cvov‡bv DwPZ, hZÿY ch©šÍ bv †m †e‡Z AvNvZ cÖvß nIqv I bv nIqvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z
cv‡i| A_ev Zv‡K ZZÿY ch©šÍ †cvov‡bv DwPZ, hZÿY ch©šÍ bv †m Av¸‡b †cvov‡bv Ges bv †cvov‡bvi g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z cv‡i| Be‡b wmbvi nvRvi eQi c~‡e© Rb¥v‡bvi Kvi‡Y ey× iÿv †c‡qwQ‡jb wmbvi ‡eZ I AwMœ †_‡K,
wKš‘ iÿv cvbwb cvðv‡Z¨i Ôhyw³nxYÕ Acev‡`i nvZ †_‡K|

cvðv‡Z¨i GB we‡kl hyw³-fvebv, mvwe©K (Universal) bv n‡jI •ewk¦K (Global) fvebvq iƒcvšÍwiZ
n‡q‡Q weMZ K‡qK kZ‡K| hvi Ab¨Zg KviY weMZ K‡qK kZ‡Ki cvðvZ¨ ÿgZv I Dcwb‡ek| hw`I mgKvjxb
M‡elKiv g‡b K‡ib, cvðv‡Z¨i Dcwb‡e‡ki ÁvbZvwË¡K I •bwZK wfwË cÖ`v‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q- Ô‡h․w³KÕ
I ÔA-‡h․w³KÕ wPšÍvi c„_KxKi‡Yi| GWIqvW© mvC` Zvi Orientalism MÖ‡š’ cvðvZ¨ I cÖv‡P¨i AvZ¥cwiPq
wbg©v‡Yi ivRbxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb „The oriental is irrational, depraved(fallen), childlike,
“different”; thus the European is rational, virtuous, mature, “normal” (Said, 2001: 40)| Avwbqv

jy¤^v (1998:47) GWIqvW© mvC‡`i e³e¨‡K e¨vL¨v w`‡q e‡jb- BD‡ivcxq Dcwb‡ekx kw³ ÒAvcbÓ Ges
ÒciÓ Gi aviYvi ga¨ w`‡q Dcwb‡e‡ki •bwZK wfwË cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb|

BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuv-DËi `k©b-weÁv‡bi PP©vi †¶‡Î gy³ wPšÍv †hgb wQj ¸iZ¡c~Y©, wVK †Zgwb
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQj Gwi÷U‡ji hyw³we`¨v; hv cieZx© mgq Kv‡ji AvaywbK `k©‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wfwË| ‡m
mgqKvi wPšÍKiv g‡b Ki‡Zb mwVK wPšÍv Ges mywbwðZ Áv‡bi GK gvÎ aviK I evnK n‡”Q Gwi÷U‡ji
hyw³we`¨v| hyw³ev`x nIqvi A_©B n‡jv Gwi÷U‡ji wPšÍvi bxwZ AbymiY Kiv| hviv Zv AbymiY K‡i bv Zviv
Ahyw³ev`x, AbvaywbK, cðvrc` Ges ee©i, †hgb- fviZmn mKj Dcwb‡ekxZ †`‡ki RvwZ‡Mvwô| Ab¨w`‡K

Page 4 of 14
hyw³ev`x, AvaywbK, DbœZ RvwZ n‡”Q BD‡ivwcqiv| †m Kvi‡Y, BD‡ivcxq Dcwb‡ek wQj HwZnvwmKfv‡e mg‡qi
`vex; KviY hyw³nxb, Amf¨ I Ajm RvwZi wb‡R‡`i kvmb fvi cwiPvjbv Kivi ¶gZv ‡bB| ZvB BD‡ivcxq‡`i
`vwqZ¡ n‡”Q kvm‡bi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i mf¨ K‡i I Kg©V K‡i †Zvjv, m‡e©vcwi hyw³ev`x K‡i †Zvjv| ZvB hyw³i GB
we‡kl avibv BD‡ivcxq‡`i AvZœcwiP‡qi I Dcwb‡e‡ki •bwZK wfwËi mv‡_ A‡ZvcÖ‡Zvfv‡e m¤úwK©Z| Ab¨w`‡K,
`xN© AvovB nvRi eQ‡i hyw³we`¨vi ‡h PviwU avivi weKvk n‡q‡Q fvi‡Z (h_vµ‡g: cÖvPxb b¨vq, be¨b¨vq, †e․×-
b¨vq Ges •Rb b¨vq), Zv B›`‡jvwR÷‡`i ‡jLvq AvswkK I LwÐZfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nIqvq fviZxq hyw³ZË¡¸wj
AMÖvR¨ n‡q‡Q BD‡ivwcq †ev×v‡`i Kv‡Q (Avjg: 2013)| ZvB, fviZxq hyw³ZË¡ wbf©i `k©b PP©v BD‡ivwcq‡`i
Kv‡Q wbZvšÍB hyw³nxb-AwZB›`ªxq fvevjyZv Qvov Avi wKQzB wQj bv|

Bs‡iR kvm‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ `„wófw½i cwieZ©b nqwb| GB m¤ú‡K© mgKvjxb we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg
`vk©wbK Ges hyw³we` MÖvnvg wcÖ÷ (Graham Priest: 2014) PZz‡®‥vwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb,
ÒmgKvjxb cvðv‡Z¨i M‡elKiv GLbI g‡b K‡ib- `it’s all just mysticism’| GgbwK fviZxq I `~i-cÖv‡P¨i
A‡bK M‡elK ey‡×i bxieZv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q ÔweeªZ †eva K‡i‡QbÕ1 (Bharadwaja, 1984: 304)| ZvB
GB e³…Zvq Avwg cÖwZôv Kivi †Póv Ki‡ev, ZË¡we`¨v welqK ey‡×i GB bxieZv ïay ‡h․w³KB wQj bv eis
Gwi÷U‡ji mnvbygv‡bi gZ GKwU hyw³ZË¡- PZz‡®‥vwU| hv cvwj wbKvq mvwnZ¨ I cieZx Kv‡j ms¯K…Z fvlvq iwPZ
†e․× •bqvwqK I `vk©wbK‡`i †jLvq weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q|

PZz‡®‹vwU Kx

ms¯‥…Z kã ÒPZz‡®‥vwU (चतष्ु कोटि)Ó hvi A_© n‡”Q ÔPvi ¯Í¤¢Õ ev ÔPvi †KvYÕ| wKš‘, †e․× mvwn‡Z¨ ÒPvi

weK‡íi Ôhyw³ZË¡‡KÓ PZz‡®‥vwU ejv n‡q _v‡K| PZz‡®‥vwUi cÖ_g wb`k©b cvIqv hvq cvwj wbKvq mvwn‡Z¨| cvwj
wbKvq mvwn‡Z¨ PZz‡®‥vwU‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ÔH Pvi Ae¯’vÕ (mshy³ wbKvq, 4: 380) Ges (Jayatilleke, 1967 :69) |
A_©vr †h †Kvb welq m¤ú‡K© †h․w³K fv‡e PviwU AeaviY _vK‡e ev cvIqv m¤¢e| c~‡e© D‡jøwLZ †cvUVcv` m~Î Qvov

1
“..... have felt ascertain level of philosophical embarrassment while diseasing them” in
Bharadwaja, V. K. (1984) ‘Rationality, Argumentation and Embarrassment: A Study of Four
Logical Alternatives (catuṣkoṭi) in Buddhist Logic‟ in Philosophy East and West, Vol. 34, No. 3,
pp. 303-319.

Page 5 of 14
K_ve_y, gRwSg wbKvq, mshy³ wbKvq, A½yËi wbKvq mn wÎwcU‡Ki A‡bK m~‡Î PZz‡®‥vwUi e¨envi j¶Yxq| wb‡¤œ
Av‡iv K‡qKwU D`vniY cÖ`vb Kiv nj-

(P1) e¨w³wU m¤ú~Y© myLx

(P2) e¨w³wU m¤ú~Y© AmyLx|

(P3) e¨w³wU myLx Ges AmyLx

(P4) e¨w³wU myLxI bq AmyLxI bq|

(P1) AvZ¥v I †`n GKB|

(P2) AvZ¥v I †`n wfbœ |

(P3) AvZ¥v I †`n GK Ges wfbœ|

(P4) AvZ¥v I †`n GKI bq wfbœI bq|

`xN© wbKvq

‡h †Kvb welq m¤ú©‡K GB PviwU AeaviY m¤¢e, Zvi ‡P‡q †ewkI n‡Z cv‡i bv KgI n‡Z cv‡i| Zv cieZ©xKv‡j
†e․× `vk©wbK Ges •bqvwiK‡`i ‡jLv †_‡K Av‡iv ¯úó n‡q I‡V| bvMvR©yb Ges Zvi wkl¨ Avh©‡`e h_vµ‡g g~j
ga¨gK KvwiKv I PZytkZ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb-

mewKQzB nq mr A_ev Amr A_ev

mr Ges Amr DfqB

Ab¨_vq mrI bq AmrI bq

Zv-B fMevb ey‡×i wk¶v || (g~j ga¨gK KvwiKv, XVIII: 8)

Page 6 of 14
 Avw¯Í, bvw¯Í, Avw¯Í Ges bvw¯Í

A_ev, Avw¯ÍI bq bvw¯ÍI bq|

Ggb ev`wewa m`v e¨envi nq

mËv I Ab¨ wel‡q || (PZytkZ, XIV: 22)

†K.Gb. RqwZjK (Jayatilleke, 1967 : 71) Gi g‡Z GB Pvi weK‡íi evB‡i Avi †Kvb †h․w³K Ae¯’vb †bB
Ges GB Pvi AeaviY †h ‡Kvb Ae¯’vi c~Y©v½ wPÎ Dc¯’&vcb Ki‡Z m¶g| GwU mZ¨ †h, GB Pvi weKí †h †Kvb
Ae¯’vi m¤¢ve¨ mKj Ae¯’v‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| wKš‘, GB Pvi weK‡íi me¸‡jvB wg_¨v ev AMÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
Avgiv c~‡e© †`‡LwQ ‡cvUVcv‡`i cÖ`Ë PviwU Ae¯’vbB ey× AMÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b K‡ib| GB ai‡bi A‡bK D`nviY
wÎwcUK I ga¨vwgKv `vk©wbK‡`i †jLvq cvIqv hvq| we‡kl K‡i cÖvmw½K ga¨vwgK‡`i †jLvq, †hgb- bvMvR©yb I
P›`ªKxwZ©|

ga¨vwgKv `vk©wbKMY g‡b K‡ib, RMZ m¤úwK©Z Avgv‡`i mKj Ávb Õ`„wó ÁvbÕ, hv e¯‘ m¤úwK©Z m‡Z¨vcjwä bq|
ZvB Avgv‡`i Ávb cigv_© mZ¨ bq| eis Zv mse„wZ mZ¨| †Kvb welq m¤úwK©Z mKj weKíB ‡h AMÖnY‡hvM¨ ev
cigv_© mZ¨ bq; Ggb aviYv ga¨vwgK `vk©wbK‡`i Kv‡Q LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY GK gZ wg_¨v cÖgvb Ki‡j weiæ×
gZ hw` mZ¨ nq Zv n‡j ga¨vwgKv `vk©wbKM‡bi c‡ÿ k~b¨ev` †h․w³Kfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| ZvB PviwU
weK‡íi me KwU wg_¨v nIqvi m¤¢ebv cÖm½cv`b c×wZi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewkó¨| wb‡gœ K‡qKwU D`vniY cÖ`vb
Kiv nj, †hLv‡b Pvi weK‡íi †KvbwUB mZ¨ bq|

Ôk~b¨Õ ejv hv‡e bv

Òk~b¨ bqÓ ZvI ejv hv‡e

DfqB A_ev GwUI bq, IwUI bq; ZvI ejv hv‡e bv|

Zv e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K m¤^„wZ wnmv‡e| (g~j ga¨gK KvwiKv, XXII:11)

Page 7 of 14
 wbe©vb jv‡fi ci, Z_vMZ

Aw¯ÍZ¡nxb ejv †hgb A‡kÖq

‡Zgwb Abw¯ÍZ¡kxj ejvI A‡kÖq

‡Zgwb DfqB ev †KvbwUB bq ZvI ejv hv‡e bv| (g~j ga¨gK KvwiKv, XXV: 17)

†m Kvi‡Y MÖvnvg wcª÷ (2010) Ges Rq Mviwdì (2009) g‡b K‡ib, Gwi÷U‡ji mnvbygvb ‡hgb wbg©a¨g bxwZ
(Law of Excluded middle) AbymiY K‡i, ‡Zgwb PZz‡®‥vwU †¶‡Î wbc©Âgewnf~©Z bxwZ (Law of Excluded
Fifth) Abymib K‡i| wKš‘ wenvi †_‡K 5000 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i cÖvq `yB kZK ci MÖxK Gi G‡_‡Ý Gwi÷Uj
Zvi Awawe`¨v (Metaphysics) MÖ‡š’ wbc©Âgewnf~©Z bxwZ‡K m¤ú~Y© AMÖY‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b Ki‡jb| hw`I GKRb
AciR‡bi wPšÍvi mv‡_ AcwiwPZ wQ‡jb bv| Gwi÷Uj g‡b K‡ib, ‡Kvb Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© `ywU AeaviYv _vK‡Z
cv‡i| †hgb (1) Møv‡m cvwb Av‡Q A_ev, (2) Møv‡m cvwb †bB| †h †Kvb GKwU mZ¨ n‡j AciwU wg_¨v| mZ¨
wg_¨vi ga¨eZ©x †Kvb Ae¯’vb †hgb †bB, wVK †Zgwb GB `yB AeaviYvi ga¨eZ©x †Kvb AeaviYvI †bB| hv‡K
Gwi÷Uj e‡jb wbg©a¨g bxwZ Ges j¨vwUb fvlvq hv‡K ejv nq `tertium non-datur’ A_©vr †Kvb ga¨eZ©x Ae¯’v
cª`vb Kiv nqwb| G m¤ú‡K© Gwi÷Uj e‡jb- “It is necessary in every case to affirm or deny and that it
is impossible that there should be anything between the two parts of a contradiction.”
(Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book III: 9966-26-30) |wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb- “There cannot be an intermediate
between contradictory but of one subject we most either affirm on deny any one predicate.
(Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book IV: CH7-P531) |

Gwi÷U‡ji Ggb ai‡bi wPšÍvi mgv‡jvPbv Aek¨ ïiæ nq Gwi÷U‡ji mgq †_‡KB| KviY Zvui weiæ‡× me‡P‡q eo
AvµgYUv Av‡m ZviB wb‡Ri †jLv †_‡K| Gwi÷Uj Zvui De Interpretation MÖ‡š’i beg Aa¨v‡q ¯^xKvi K‡ib
†h, fwel¨Z m¤úwK©Z AeaviYv¸‡jv mZ¨ ev wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb t Q: „AvMvgx wbe©vPb ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii
Aax‡b n‡e|Õ GB Q AeaviY ev ePb mZ¨ ev wg_¨v; Gi †KvbUvB Avgiv GB gyn~‡Z© mywbwðZfv‡e ej‡Z cvwi bv|
hw` Avgiv Q AeaviYv‡K mZ¨ g‡b Kwi, Z‡e Zv‡K Aek¨B †h․w³K fv‡e Avek¨¤¢vwe (Logical necessity)
n‡Z n‡e; wKš‘ Zv Am¤¢e †Kbbv fwel¨Z AwbwðZ| Zvi gv‡b Avgv‡`i Ggb wKQz AeaviYv i‡q‡Q, hv mZ¨ wg_¨v
w`‡q wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq|

Page 8 of 14
Avevi aiv hvK, R: „evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb ivRvi gv_v UvKÕ| GLb Avwg hw` `vwe Kwi R evK¨wU mZ¨, Z‡e
evsjv‡`‡k Aek¨B GKRb ivRv Av‡Qb Ges Zvi gv_vq Aek¨B UvK Av‡Q| hw` ewj R wg_¨v, Z‡e Zvi A_© n‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb ivRv Av‡Q Ges Zvi gv_vq Pzj Av‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv Rvwb evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb ivRv †bB| GwU
weMZ kZvãx‡Z fvlv `k©b Ges `vk©wbK hyw³we`¨vq Av‡jvwPZ mgm¨v| G iKg nuv- bv; A_ev mZ¨-wg_¨v, A‡bK
Ae¯’v‡KB wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ô bq| ‡m Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb `yB Gi AwaK weK‡íi| ZvB wbg©a¨g bxwZ mvwe©K bxwZ
e‡j cÖwZôv Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o|

Gwi÷U‡ji we‡iva‡K ïay evPwbK we‡iva ( P and (not)P ) wn‡m‡e wPýZB K‡ibwb ïay, eis mËvRM‡Z
ev ev¯Íe RM‡Z †Kvb we‡ivac~Y© ‣ewkô¨ _vK‡Z cv‡ibv e‡jI wZwb g‡b K‡ib| G m¤ú‡K© Metaphysics MÖ‡š’
wZwb e‡jb- "It is impossible that the same thing belong and not belong to the same thing at the
same time and in the same respect." (Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book IV: 1005b19-20)

ev¯Íe RM‡Z mKj Avg m¤ú~Y© meyR ev njy` nq bv memgq| GKB Av†g meyR, njy` Ges jvj eY© GKB mv‡_
wg‡j _vK‡Z cv‡i| ZvB, ev¯Íe RM‡Z †Kvb Aek¨B we‡ivac~Y© ‣ewkó¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv PZz‡®‥vwUi Z…Zxq
Ae¯’vb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| wKš‘, evPwbK we‡iva MÖnY†hvM¨ bq PZz‡®‥vwUi hyw³Z‡Ë¡| hw`I wcÖ÷ g‡b K‡ib, GB PviwU
Aveavi‡Yi me¸‡jvB mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ RqwZjK(Jayatilleke, 1967: 71) gwRSg wbKvq Gi DׄwZ K‡i
e‡jb- “The Nikayas confirm the fact that if one of the four alternative stated is true, then the
other are false”| Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cwi, PZz‡®‥vwUi •ewkó¨ ¸wj n‡”Q-

(K) †h †Kvb welq ev Ae¯’vi PviwU †h․w³K AeaviY m¤¢e|

(L) †h †Kvb GKUv AeaviY mZ¨ n‡j Aci¸wj wg_¨v| ZvB me¸‡jv AeaviY mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

(M) wKš‘ me¸‡jv AeaviY wg_¨vI n‡Z cv‡i|

GLb, Avgiv GKwU D`vniY e¨envi K‡i PZz‡®‥vwU hyw³ZË¡ wU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi|

(P1) Møv‡m cvwb Av‡Q|

(P2) Møv‡m cvwb bvB|

(P3) Møv‡m cvwb Av‡Q Ges †bB|

Page 9 of 14
 (P4) Møv‡m cvwbI †bB Ges Zv cvwb k~b¨I bq|

p1 p2 p3 p4

mZxk P›`ª we`¨vf~lb cÖ_g ‡e․× hyw³we`¨v‡K Bs‡iwR fvlvi cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb K‡ib 1921 mv‡j|
cieZx‡Z †e․× hyw³we`¨vi Dci A‡bK eB Ges cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Q A‡bK M‡elK Mb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb Uzwm
(1929), ‡ðievrw¯‥ (1927), wmqvi (1933), iwebmb (1957), RqwUjK (1963), ¸bviZ‡b (1986), wU‡jgvb
(1999), Rq Mviwdì (2009) I MÖvnvg wcª÷ (2010)| Zv‡`i mevB wewfbœ fv‡e PZz‡®‥vwU‡K †h․w³K fv‡e
e¨vL¨v Kivi †Pôv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘,Zv‡`i e¨vL¨v ¸‡jvi mxgv×Zv I mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| ¸bviZ‡b †mU I †Wb MÖvg
e¨envi K‡i PZz‡®‥vwU e¨vL¨v Kivi cÖ‡Póv K‡ib| Avwg Zv GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb KiwQ| cieZ©x‡Z Avwg Zuvi mgm¨v
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| Avgiv hw` Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ, Møv‡m I cvwbi D`vni‡Y wd‡i hvB Zvn‡j ¸bviZ‡b Abymv‡i
PZz‡®‥vwU‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv P‡j|

g‡b Kiv hvK A n‡”Q †mB mKj Møv‡mi ‡kÖYx hv‡Z cvwb Av‡Q| B n‡”Q †mB mKj Møv‡mi †kªYx hv‡Z cvwb
†bB| X hw` nq Møvm, Z‡e&& P1, P2, P3, Ges P4 h_vµ‡g (i), (ii), (iii), Ges (iv) Dc¯’vcb K‡i|

(Gunaratne, 1986: 222)

Page 10 of 14
 wKš‘ ¸bviZ‡bi e¨vL¨vi mgm¨v nj PviwU weKí A¯‥xK…wZi ci Avgiv †h cÂg weKí cvB Zv †h․w³K fv‡e e¨vL¨v
Kivi †Kvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv| hw`I P4†K h_vh_fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e nq †mU Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g| ZvB Avgiv cÖZxKx wPý
e¨envi K‡i wbgœwjwLZ fv‡e PviwU weK‡íi Af¨šÍwiY †h․w³K KvVv‡gv cÖKvk Kwi| Avi Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i †ejbv‡ci
(Belnap, 1977) Pvi mZ¨g~j¨ wm‡gbwU· Gi LvwbKUv cwieZ©b K‡i PZz‡®‥vwU †K †h․w³K fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvwi|
wb‡¤œ Õp’ hw` ÕMøvm‡KÕ „W’ cvwb‡K Ges : ÕaviY KivÕ - wb‡`©k K‡i |

P1 Møv‡m: cvwb p: W

P2 Møv‡m: ~ cvwb p: ~W

P3 Møv‡m: cvwb ⨅ ~ cvwb p: W ⨅ ~W

P4 Møv‡m: ~ (cvwb ⨅ ~ cvwb) p: ~ (W ⨅ ~W)

Avgiv GKUz jÿ¨ Ki‡j, †`L‡ev, P1 Gi †bwZevPK Dw³ P2 Ges P3 Gi †bwZevPK Dw³ P4| wb‡¤œ GKwU Q‡Ki ga¨‡g
wb‡laK cÖwµqv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv

P1(True)

P3(Both)<----------------------- >P4(Neither)

P2(False)

PZz‡®‹vwUi wb‡laK cÖwµqv

Page 11 of 14
GLb, †ejbv‡ci Pvi mZ¨g~j¨ wm‡gbwU· Gi LvwbKUv cwieZ©b K‡i PZz‡®‥vwU†K wb‡¤œ fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvwi|

P1(True)

নীরবতা
P3(Both) P4(Neither)

P2(False)

Dcmsnvi
ZvB ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, ey‡×i GB bxieZv fvlv AcÖKvk‡hvM¨ AwZ›`ªxq ‡Kvb mËv welqK bq, eis Zv cÖKvk
K‡i ZË¡we`¨v welqK GKwU †h․w³K Ae¯’v| cvðv†Z¨ `vk©wbKMbI bxieZv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Bgvby‡qj
Kv›U, nvB‡WMvi, GgbwK wfU‡M‡b÷vB‡bi ‡jLvi g‡a¨I cvIqv hvq| Kv›U g‡b Ki‡Zb Ggb A‡bK mË¡v i‡q‡Q hv
Avgv‡`i AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g Rvbv m¤¢e bq| †m Kvi‡Y †m mKj wel‡q Avgv‡`i c‡¶ K_v ejvI m¤¢e bq, ZvB
†mme wel‡q Avgv‡`i bxie _vKv DwPZ| wVK †Zgwb nvB‡WMvi ÓWhat being is” G cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡i c„ôvi ci
c„ôv wj‡L ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †Kb Avgiv GB wel‡q cÖkœ DÌvcb Ki‡Z cvwi bv| wfU‡M‡b÷vBb †Zv ixwZgZ cÖvK…wZK
weÁv‡bi welq e¯‘ Qvov Ab¨ mKj wel‡q -`k©b, ag©ZË¡ ev b›`bZË¡, Awawe`¨v welqK mn Ab¨vb¨ mKj wel‡q
Avgv‡`i bxie _vK‡Z e‡j‡Qb| Zv n‡j ey‡×i GB bxieZv †Kb A‡h․w³K AwZ›`ªxqev`? Zuviv AwZ›`ªxq mËv‡K
fvlvq cÖKvk m¤¢e bq e‡j, bxie _vKvi civgk© hw` cvðv‡Z¨i cÖwZwbaxZ¡kxj `k©b Z‡Ë¡ _vK‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e ey×
ZË¡MZ mwe‡ivaxZv Gov‡Z bxie _vK‡j ‡Kb A‡h․w³K we‡ewPZ n‡eb? †mB GKB m~‡Î Zuvi `k©b fvebv‡K
‡h․w³KZvnxb AwZ›`ªxq fvevjyZv ejvB ev KZUv †h․w³K| Avi, ZvB cvðv‡Z¨ GB `„wófw½‡K wfU‡M‡b÷vB‡bi
(Wittgenstein, 1953: 593) fvlvq G‡K ej‡Z cvwi -

A One Sided Diet.

Page 12 of 14
MÖš’cwÄ
Aristotle (1999) Metaphysics, Joe Sachs (trans.), Green Lion Press.

Belnap, Nuel D. (1977) „A USEFUL FOUR-VALUED LOGIC‟ in J. M. Dunn and G.

Epstein(eds), Modern Uses of Multiple-Valued Logic 5-37, Reidel Publishing Company,
Holland.

Bharadwaja, V. K. (1984) ‘Rationality, Argumentation and Embarrassment: A Study of Four

Logical Alternatives (catuṣkoṭi) in Buddhist Logic‟ in Philosophy East and West, Vol. 34, No. 3,
pp. 303-319.

Cotnoir, Aaron J. "Nagarjuna's Logic". Analytic Philosophy and Asian Thought, (eds.) Y.
Deguchi, G. Priest and K. Tanaka,( forthcoming).

Chi. R. S. Y. (1969) Buddhist Logic, Motilal Banarsidass Publication, Delhi.

Ganeri, J. (2008) „Towards a formal regimentation of the Navya-Nyaya technical langiage I &
II‟, in M. Chakraborty, B. Lowe, M. N. Mitra and S. Sarukkai eds. Logia, Navya-Nyaya &
Applications- Homage to Bimal Krishna Mailal, Studies in Logic, Volume 15, London: College
Publications.

Garfield, J. (1995) The Fundamental Principles of the Middle Way: Nāgārjuna‟s

Mūlamadhyamikakārikā. Oxford University Press, New York.

Garfield, J. & Priest, G.(2009) „Mountains are Just Mountains‟ in Garfield, J. , D., Mario,
&Tillemans, T. J (229) POINTING AT THE MOON, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gunaratne R. D. (1986) „Understanding Naagaarjuna's Catuskoti‟, Philosophy East & West V.

36 No. 3 . pp. 213-234.

Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963) Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, Wales: George Allen and Unwin.

Jayatilleke, K. N. (1967) „The Logic of Four Alternatives‟ Philosophy East and West, Vol. 17,
No. 1, pp. 69-83.
Loomba, A.(1998) COLONIALISM/POSTCOLONIALISM, Routledge, London.

Page 13 of 14
Priest, G. (2008) Introduction to Non-Classical Logic: From If to Is, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.

Priest, G. (2010) „The Logic of the Catuskoti‟, Comparative Philosophy 1 , pp. 32-54.

Robinson, R. (1956) „Some Logical Aspect of Naagaarjuna's System‟ Philosophy East & West
V. 6. pp. 213-234.

Said, E. W. (2001) ORIENTALISM, India: Penguin Books.

Stcherbatsky, Th. (1930) Buddhist Logic. Vols. 1 and 2 , Leningrad: Bibliotheca.

Tillemans, T. (1999) „Is Buddhist Logic Non-Classical or Deviant?‟ in Scripture, Logic,

Language: Essays on Dharmakirti and his Tibetan Successors, ch. 9. Wisdom Publication,
Boston.

Vidyabhusana, S.C. (1921) A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Schools,
Calcutta: Calcutta University.

Wittgenstein, Ludwing(1953), Philosophical Investigations, ed. G. E. M. Anscombe and R.

Rhees, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Avjg, •mq` wbRvi (2013) Õhyw³i Dcwb‡ewkKiYÕ in The Jahangirnagar Review, Part-C, Vol. XXIV,
pp 199-210.

`xN© wbKvq, wfÿz kxjf`ª KZ…K Ab~y`Z, gnv‡evwa eyK G‡RÝx, KwjKvZv

Page 14 of 14