Descriptive Statistics: Mathematics in The Modern World - Unit 4

Mathematics in the Modern World – UNIT 4
Descriptive Statistics
Mathematics & Physics Department

University of Santo Tomas
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Xandro Alexi A. Nieto
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
also known as “average”
• MEAN
• MEDIAN
• MODE
• MEAN (arithmetic mean)

the sum of observations divided by the number of observations.
• Example 1:
A marketing specialist gathered five
randomly selected customers and
their age (years) are
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41.
Find the mean age of the customers.
The mean age of the customers is 28.8 years.

• Example 2.1:
An researcher wants to determine the
cholesterol level (mg/dL) of all the six
residents of Guyan Island. Observations
are as follows:
120, 120, 140, 150, 160, 190.
Compute for its mean.
The mean cholesterol level of the

residents is 146.67 mg/dL.
• Example 2.2:
Suppose that the researcher wants to
determine the cholesterol level (mg/dL) of all
the six residents of Guyan Island. But due to
some constraints, he can only get three of
the population. His observations are as
follows:
120, 140, 160.
Compute for its mean.
The mean cholesterol level of the

residents is 140 mg/dL.
140 mg/dL is an estimate of the cholesterol level of all the residents,
which is 146.67 mg/dL.
STATISTICS is an estimate of the PARAMETER. .
• MEDIAN
the middle value of ordered observations
• Example 1:
Arranging the observations ascendingly:
19, 25, 27, 32, 41.
middle value
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41. The middle value is 27.
What is the median age of the
customers?
The median age of customers is 27 years.

• Example 2: Arranging the observations ascendingly:

A researcher wants to determine the 120, 120, 140, 150, 160, 190.
are as follows: middle values
120, 120, 140, 150, 160, 190.
Find its median. The middle values are 140 and 150.
Just take the middle value of 140 and 150.

x෤ = 145
The median cholesterol level of the

residents is 145 mg/dL.
In the previous examples,

Example 1: 19, 25, 27, 32, 41
x1, x2, x3, x4, x5
x෤ = x3=27
Example 2: 120, 120, 140, 150, 160, 190

x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6
x෤ = x3.5 = 145
Thus,
if x1< x2 < x 3 < x4 < x5 x෤ = x3
if x1< x2 < x3 < x4 < x5 < x6 x෤ = x3.5
if x1< x2 < x3 < x4 < x5 < x6 < x7 x෤ = x4
if x1< x2 < x3 < x4 < x5 < … < x8 x෤ = x4.5
if x1< x2 < x3 < x4 < x5 < … < x11 x෤ = x6
Given that
x1< x2< … < xn,
The median is
𝐱෤ = 𝐱 𝟏(𝐧+𝟏) .
𝟐
Find the median of the data presented in the frequency

table below:
𝑥෤ = 30
• MODE
the most frequent observation(s)
xො
• Example 2:
A researcher wants to determine the
xො = 120 mg/dL
are as follows:
120, 120, 140, 150, 160, 190.
What is its mode?
• Example 1:
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41. xො does not exist.
What is the modal age of the
customers?
• Example 3:
A social media specialist wanted to
determine the daily number of tweets
of first year college students. Results
from seven randomly selected
students are
12, 12, 40, 40, 50, 70, and 75. xො = 12 & 40.
Find its mode.
A set of observations with

one mode is called unimodal,
two modes is called bimodal,
three modes is trimodal, and
more than three modes is
multimodal.
Find the mode of the data presented in the

frequency table below:
xො = 29 and 30
When do we use the different

measures of central tendency?
Mean Median Mode
Ratio/Interval ✓✓ ✓ ✓
Ordinal X ✓✓ ✓
Nominal X X ✓
MEASURES OF OTHER POSITION
also known as “quantiles”
• QUARTILES
• DECILES
• PERCENTILES
Given that x1< x2< … < xn,

• Example 1:
A marketing specialist gathered five 19, 25, 27, 32, 41.
their age (years) are Q3 = x3(n+1)
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41. 4
What is the third quartile (Q3) of the
= x3(5+1) = x4.5 = 36.5
customers’ age? 4
Alternatively,
𝑥4.5 = 𝑥4 + 0.5(𝑥5 − 𝑥4 )
= 32 + 0.5 (41 - 32)
= 36.5
• Example 1:
their age (years) are Q1 = x1(n+1)
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41. 4
What is the first quartile (Q1) of the
= x1(5+1) = x1.5
customers’ age? 4
x1.5 = x1 + 0.5(x2 − x1 )
= 19+ 0.5 (25 – 19)
= 22
• Example 1:
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41.
P70 = x 70 (n+1)
What is the 70th percentile (P70) of
100
the customers’ age? = x 70 = x4.2
100(5+1)
x4.2 = x4 + 0.2(x5 − x4 )
= 32+ 0.2 (41 – 32)
= 33.8
• Example 2:
A researcher wants to determine the
P73 = x 73
cholesterol level (mg/dL) of all the six 100 n+1
are as follows: = x 73 6+1
= x5.11
120, 120, 140, 150, 160, 190. 100
What is its 73rd Percentile (P73)?
x5.11 = x5 + 0.11(x6 − x5 )
= 160+ 0.11 (190 - 160)
= 163.3
MEASURES OF VARIATION
• RANGE
• INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)
• MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
• VARIANCE
• STANDARD DEVIATION
• COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
• RANGE
the difference between the lowest & highest observations
• Example 1:
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41.
Find its range.
Range = 41 − 19 = 22
• INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)

the difference between the Q1 and Q3.
• Example 1:
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41.
Find its IQR.
Since Q1 = 22 and Q3 = 36.5,
then IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 36.5 - 22 = 14.5
• Example 1: Additionally,
randomly selected customers and LB = Q1 – 1.5(IQR)
their age (years) are = 22 – 1.5(14.5)
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41. = 0.25
UB = Q3 + 1.5(IQR)
= 36.5+ 1.5(14.5)
= 58.25
• Example 1:
Summary: UB = 58.25
A marketing specialist gathered five Highest = 41
randomly selected customers and 𝑄3 = 36.5
their age (years) are 𝑄2 = 27
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41.
𝑄1 = 22
Lowest = 19
LB = 0.25
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐨𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐭
also known as the
Box and Whiskers plot
• Example 1: Summary: UB = 58.25

Highest = 41
𝑄3 = 36.5
their age (years) are 𝑄2 = 27
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41. 𝑄1 = 22
Lowest = 19
LB = 0.25
Boxplot
with outliers
• MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION (MAD)

- the average distance of each observation from the mean
σ 𝑥−𝜇 σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
MAD = MAD =
N n
• Example 4: Compute first for its mean.

All the five students of students in 𝜇 = σN𝑥 = 11 hrs
section A were asked by the
teacher to record the number of MAD =
σ 𝑥−𝜇
N
hours each spent studying for a =
9 − 11 + 15 − 11 + 8 − 11 + 9 − 11 + 14 − 11
5
given exam from the time the 14
=
exam was announced in class. 5
= 2.8 hrs
The following
observations were
the recorded (in hrs):
9, 15, 8, 9, 14.
Compute for MAD.
• VARIANCE
2 σ x − xത 2
σ x−μ 2
2
σ = s =
N n−1
• Example 4: Compute first for its mean.

All the five students of students in 𝜇 = σN𝑥 = 11 hrs
section A were asked by the
teacher to record the number of
hours each spent studying for a σ x−μ 2
2
given exam from the time the σ =
exam was announced in class. 9 − 11 2 N+ 15 − 11 2
+ 8 − 11 2
+ 9 − 11 2
+ 14 − 11 2
=
5
The following
42
observations were = = 8.4 hrs2
5
9, 15, 8, 9, 14.
Compute for its variance.
• Example 1: Compute first for its mean:

σ x 144
n
xത =
= = 28.8 years
randomly selected customers and 5
their age (years) are 2
σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41. 𝑠2 =
Compute for its variance. n−1
2 2 2 2 2
19 − 28.8 + 25 − 28.8 + 32 − 28.8 + 27 − 28.8 + 41 − 28.8
=
5−1
272.8
= = 68.2 yrs 2
4
If x1, x2, … , xn are random

samples from a population
with variance σ2 ,
2 σ x−തx 2
then s = is an
n−1
2
unbiased estimate of σ .
• STANDARD DEVIATION
𝜎= 𝜎2 𝑠= 𝑠2
• Example 4:
All the five students of students in
section A were asked by the Since 𝜎 2 = 8.4 hrs2 ,
teacher to record the number of
then 𝜎 = 8.4 hrs2
hours each spent studying for a
= 2.90 hrs
given exam from the time the
exam was announced in class.
The following
observations were
9, 15, 8, 9, 14.
Compute for the
standard deviation.
• Example 1:
A marketing specialist gathered five Since s 2 = 68.2 yrs2 ,
their age (years) are then s = 68.2 yrs2
19, 25, 32, 27 and 41. = 8.26 yrs
Compute for its standard deviation.
Which variable
(A or B) has more
variation?
Which variable
(A or B) has more
variation?
𝜎 𝑠
CV = 100% or CV = 100%
𝜇 𝑥ҧ
Which variable
(A or B) has more
variation?
𝜎 𝑠
CV = 100% or CV = 100%
𝜇 𝑥ҧ
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV)

𝜎 𝑠
CV = 100% CV = 100%
𝜇 𝑥ҧ
Used to compare the variability of two or more variables

with different means.
Used to compare the variability of two or more variables

with different units of measurement.
END OF UNIT 4.2

Descriptive Statistics: Mathematics in The Modern World - Unit 4

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Mathematics in the Modern World – UNIT 4

Mathematics & Physics Department

also known as “average”

• MEAN (arithmetic mean)

The mean age of the customers is 28.8 years.

The mean cholesterol level of the

The mean cholesterol level of the

The median age of customers is 27 years.

• Example 2: Arranging the observations ascendingly:

Just take the middle value of 140 and 150.

The median cholesterol level of the

In the previous examples,

Example 2: 120, 120, 140, 150, 160, 190

Find the median of the data presented in the frequency

A set of observations with

Find the mode of the data presented in the

When do we use the different

also known as “quantiles”

Given that x1< x2< … < xn,

• INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)

• Example 1: Summary: UB = 58.25

• MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION (MAD)

• Example 4: Compute first for its mean.

• Example 4: Compute first for its mean.

• Example 1: Compute first for its mean:

If x1, x2, … , xn are random

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV)

Used to compare the variability of two or more variables

Used to compare the variability of two or more variables

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