Wa0001 PDF

SDH Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Understand the basic of SDH multiplexing standard
 Know the features, applications and advantages of SDH based

equipment
Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents
1. SDH Overview
2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
3. Overheads & Pointers
Emergence of SDH
 What is SDH?
 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
 It defines a standard frame structure, a specific multiplexing

method, and so on
 Why did SDH emerge?

 Need a system to process increasing amounts of information
 Need a new standard that allows interconnecting equipment of

different suppliers
Advantages of SDH
 Interfaces
 PDH electrical interfaces  SDH electrical interfaces
 Only 3 regional standards:  Universal standards
European (2.048 Mb/s),  SDH optical interfaces
Japanese, North American
 Can be connected to different
(1.544 Mb/s)
vendors’ optical transmission
 PDH optical interfaces equipments
 No standards, manufacturers
develop at their will
Disadvantages of PDH
 Multiplexing methods: Level by level
140 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
34 Mb/s 34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s
Demultiplexers Multiplexers
2 Mb/s
More equipment to achieve this functionality
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission More equipment  More floor space
Headache for network planners More power  More costs
Advantages of SDH
 Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved
Lower rate SDH to higher rate SDH One Byte from
STM-1A STM-1 B
(STM-1 STM-4 STM-16  STM-64)
AA A
STM-1B …
BB B 4:1
STM-4
STM-1C
C
C
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and
STM-1D
flexible mapping structure
D D --- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in
What about PDH? SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert
capabilities
Advantages of SDH
 OAM function
 PDH  SDH
 In the frame structure of  Abundant overheads bytes
PDH signals, there are few for OAM
overhead bytes used for  Remote & Centralized
OAM. Management
 Weak OAM function  Fast circuit provisioning
from centralized point
Advantages of SDH
 Compatibility
STM-N STM-N
Transmit Receive
Processing Processing
SDH Network
Container Container
Pack Unpack
PDH SDH ATM Ethernet PDH SDH ATM Ethernet

Service Signal Flow Model
Comparison between SDH and PDH
 Low bandwidth utilization ratio
 In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signals.
 In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signals.
 Complex mechanism of pointer justification
 Influence of excessive use of software on system security
Contents
1. SDH Overview
SDH Frame Structure
From ITU-T G.707: Frame = 125 us
1. One frame lasts for 125
microseconds (8000
frames/s) 1
2. Rectangular block structure 2
9 rows and 270 columns 3
4
(Basic frame: STM-1) 5
9 rows
3. Each unit is one byte (8 bits) 6
4. Transmission mode: Byte by 7
8
byte, row by row, from left
9
to right, from top to bottom
270 Columns
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000
SDH Frame Structure (Cont.)
 Three parts: Frame = 125 us
 SOH
 AU-Pointer
1
 Information Payload 2 RSOH
3
4 AU-PTR Information
5 9 rows
6 Payload
7 MSOH
8
9
9
270 Columns
Information Payload
 Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4)
 Used to transport low speed tributary signals
 Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH)
 Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH
package
AU-PTR
HPOH
9 rows Payload low rate signal
MSOH
package
9 1
LPOH, TU-PTR
Data
package
270 Columns
Section Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM
1 Types of Section Overhead

2 RSOH
3 1. RSOH monitors the regenerator
AU-PTR Information section
5 9 rows 2. MSOH monitors the multiplexing
6 Payload section
7 MSOH Location:
8 1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
9
columns #1 ~ #9
2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9,
9
columns #1 ~ #9
270 Columns
AU-PTR
RSOH
Function:
Indicates the first byte of 4 AU-PTR
VC4 Information
9 rows
Payload
Location: MSOH
row #4, columns #1 ~ #9
J1
270 Columns
SDH Multiplexing Features
 SDH Multiplexing includes:
 Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1  STM-N)
 PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M  STM-N)
 Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP  STM-N)
 Some terms and definitions:

 Mapping
 Aligning
 Multiplexing
SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 ×1 AU-4-64c
STM-64 AUG-64 VC-4-64c C-4-64c
×4
×1 AUG-16 ×1 AU-4-16c
STM-16 VC-4-16c C-4-16c
×4
×1 AUG-4 ×1 AU-4-4c
STM-4 VC-4-4c C-4-4c
×4
×1
×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal
×3
Mapping ×1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 E3 signal
Aligning
×7
Multiplexing
TUG-2
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal

Go to glossary
×3
From 140Mb/s to STM-N
C4 VC4
1 1
H
Rate
140M Add HPOH P Next
adaptation
O
Mapping H
9 9
1 260 1 261
125μs 125μs
AUG-1 1 STM-1 270
10 270
RSOH
AU-PTR Info
Add AU-PTR AU-4 Add Payload
AU-PTR X1
SOH
MSOH
9
Aligning Multiplexing
AUG-N 1 STM-N 270N
RSOH
AU-PTR Info
One STM-1 frame can load Add Payload
SOH
only one 140Mbit/s Signal MSOH
9
C3 VC3
1 1
L
34M Rate
Add LPOH P Next
Adaptation
O
H
9 9
84 Mapping 85
1 1
125μs 125μs
TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4
1 86 1 86 1 3 261
1 1 1
H1 H1
H2 H2
H3 H3 H
Fill P
1st ×3
gap R R
align O
R
H
9 9 9
Aligning
Multiplexing Same procedure
as 140M
From 2Mb/s to STM-N
C12 VC12 TU12
1 4 1 4 1 4
1 1 1
LPOH LPOH
Rate Add Add Next

2M
Adaptation LPOH TU-PTR page
TU-PTR
9 9
9
125μs Mapping Aligning
From 2Mb/s to STM-N
TUG-2 TUG-3
1 12 1 86
1 1
R R
X3 X7
9 9
Multiplexing Multiplexing Same procedure

as 34M
Questions
 What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?
 What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?
Contents
1. SDH Overview
Overheads
Overheads
Section Overhead Path Overhead

(SOH) (POH)
Regenerator Multiplex Section High Order Path Low Order Path

Section Overhead Overhead Overhead Overhead
(RSOH) (MSOH) (HPOH) (LPOH)
Overheads (Cont.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X J1
● ● ●
RSOH
2 B1 E1 F1 X X
B3
3 D1 ● ● D2 ● D3  
4 AU-PTR C2
HPOH: VC-3/4
5 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 G1
6 D4  D5 D6
MSOH
F2
7 D7 D8 D9
8 H4
D10 D11 D12 
9 S1 M1 E2 F3
V5 J2 N2 K4 K3
● Media dependent bytes (Radio-link, Satellite)
X Reserved for National use N1
LPOH: VC-11/12
 Huawei propriety bytes
A1 and A2 Bytes
 Framing Bytes
 Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame
 Bytes are unscrambled
 A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
 STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N
Finding frame head
A1 and A2 Bytes (Cont.)
Frame
N over 625μs (5
Find
frames)
A1,A2
Y OOF
over 3ms
LOF
Next
process
AIS
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
 Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
 RS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s)
 MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)
NE NE NE NE
DCC channel
NMT OAM Information: Operation, Administration and
maintenance
E1 and E2 Bytes
 Orderwire Bytes
 E1 – RS Orderwire Byte  Used between regenerators
 E2 – MS Orderwire Byte  Used between multiplexers
NE NE NE NE
E1 and E2
Digital telephone channel

E1-RS, E2-MS
B1 Byte
 Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
 A parity code (even parity)
 Used to check the transmission errors over the RS
 B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)

STM-N B1
Tx Rx
A1 00110011
A2 11001100
A3 10101010 1#STM-N Calculate B 2#STM-N
BIP-8 A4 00001111
B 01011010 2#STM-N B1 = B Calculate B’ 1#STM-N

Compare B’ & B  RS-BBE
B2 Byte
 Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
 BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS
 B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event)
 The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1
M1 Byte
 Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
 A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors
 Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors
 Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Traffic
Tx Rx
Return M1
Generate
MS-FEBBE Find B2 bit errors
MS-REI Generate MS-BBE
K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes
Automatic
Protection
Switching (APS)
bytes I
I I
I
S WTR
S P WTR
P P P
Used for network multiplexing
Transmitting APS protocol
protection switch function
K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte
 Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "111“ Start
 Generate MS-AIS alarm
 Tx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110" Detect

K2 (b6-b8) 110
 Generate MS-RDI alarm
111
Generate
MS-AIS
Generate
Return
MS-RDI
MS-RDI
S1 Byte
 Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
 b1 ~ b4  Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended SSM)
 b5 ~ b8  Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8 Description
0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)
0010 G.811 PRC
0100 SSU-A (G.812 transit)
1000 SSU-B (G.812 local)
1011 G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock)
1111 Do not use for sync (DNU).
Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte
2 R S O H B3 Path BIP-8
3 C2 Path Signal Label
4 A U–P T R G1 Path Status
5
F2 Path User Channel
6
7 M S O H H4 TU Multiframe Indication
8 F3 Path User Channel

9 K3 AP Switching
Higher Order Path Overhead N1 Network Operator
J1 Byte
 Path trace byte
Detect J1
 The first byte of VC-4
 User-programmable
(HUAWEI SBS) N Y
Match
 The received J1 should
match the expected J1
Next
HP-TIM process
B3 Byte
 Path bit parity Verify B3
 Even parity code
 Used to detect bit errors

N Y
 Mechanism is same as B1 Correct
and B2
HP-BBE Next
process
C2 Byte
Detect C2
 Signal label byte
 The received C2 should match
with the expected C2 N Y
00H
 Specifies the mapping type in
the VC-n Y N
Match HP-UNEQ
 00 H  Unequipped
 02 H  TUG structure Next HP-SLM

process
 13 H  ATM mapping
Insert AIS
downward
Path Overheads
 V5 Low Order Path Overhead
 Indicated by TU-PTR 1 4
 Error checking, Signal Label 1 V5 J2 N2 K4
and Path Status of VC-12

 b1 - b2  Error Performance VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12
Monitoring (BIP-2)
 b3  Return Error detected

in VC-12 (LP-REI)
9
 b8  Return alarm detected
in VC-12 (LP-RDI) 500μs VC-12 multi-frame
Pointers
Pointers
Bytes indicated
Administrative Tributary
Unit Pointer Unit Pointer AU-PTR VC-4  J1
(AU-PTR) (TU-PTR) TU-PTR VC-3  J1
VC-12 V5
AU-PTR
1
Positive
RSOH Negative
justification justification
4
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3 0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 125μs
1 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608
RSOH
696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
4 H1YYH2FFH3H3H3 0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250μs
1 9 270
TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500μs
1 4
1
H1
H2
TU POINTERS
H3
VC3
VC- VC- VC- VC-
12 12 12 12
TU POINTERS
9 V1 V2 V3 V4
Questions
 Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?
 What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation?
 Which byte implements the RS (MS/HP) error monitoring?
Summary
 SDH Overview
 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
 Overheads & Pointers
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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SDH Principle

Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Know the features, applications and advantages of SDH based

2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

3. Overheads & Pointers

 It defines a standard frame structure, a specific multiplexing

 Why did SDH emerge?

 Need a new standard that allows interconnecting equipment of

PDH SDH ATM Ethernet PDH SDH ATM Ethernet

 In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signals.

 Complex mechanism of pointer justification

 Influence of excessive use of software on system security

2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

3. Overheads & Pointers

9 rows Payload low rate signal

Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM

1 Types of Section Overhead

 PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M  STM-N)

 Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP  STM-N)

 Some terms and definitions:

TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal

TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4

C12 VC12 TU12

Rate Add Add Next

Multiplexing Multiplexing Same procedure

 What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?

2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

3. Overheads & Pointers

Section Overhead Path Overhead

Regenerator Multiplex Section High Order Path Low Order Path

 Bytes are unscrambled

 A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)

 STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes

STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N

Finding frame head

 MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)

 E2 – MS Orderwire Byte  Used between multiplexers

Digital telephone channel

 Used to check the transmission errors over the RS

 B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)

B 01011010 2#STM-N B1 = B Calculate B’ 1#STM-N

 B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event)

 The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1

 Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors

 Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE

 Generate MS-AIS alarm

 Tx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110" Detect

 b5 ~ b8  Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)

8 F3 Path User Channel

Higher Order Path Overhead N1 Network Operator

 Even parity code

 Used to detect bit errors

 02 H  TUG structure Next HP-SLM

 Error checking, Signal Label 1 V5 J2 N2 K4

and Path Status of VC-12

 b3  Return Error detected

 What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation?

 Which byte implements the RS (MS/HP) error monitoring?

 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

 Overheads & Pointers

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