E1+Jitter+Wander+Data: Testing

testing
E1+Jitter+Wander+Data www.albedotelecom.com
ALBEDO is a manufacturer
PDH T-Carrier of test, measurement and
monitoring solutions. We
worldwide U.S. and Canada Japan supply tools to install,
troubleshoot and maintain
those infrastructures that
E4 139264 kbps 97728 Kbps J4
97728 kbps support voice, video, internet
and data applications.
x4 x3 x3 ALBEDO core expertise
range from SyncE, GbE, E1,
E3 34368
34368 kbps
Kbps T3 44736 kbps 32064 kbps J3 TDM, Jitter/Wander, QoS,
and SLA technologies that
we have implemented on
x4 x7 x5 WAN EMULATORS, Filtering
/ Aggregation TAPS, hand-
E2 8448
8448 kbps
Kbps T2 6312 Kbps J2
6312 kbps held TESTERS, and
MONITORING Systems
x2
x4 x3 T1c 3152 kbps J1c
x2
E1 2048 kbps T1 1544 kbps J1
x30 x24
Single Channel 64 kbps
Fig. 1 PDH and T-carrier hierarchies
Fig. 2 The E1 frame is the first hierarchy level.

Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet testing, Gigabit Ethernet installation, Gigabit Ethernet maintenance, Gigabit Ethernet commissioning, Gigabit Ethernet troubleshooting,
Gigabit Ethernet protocols, Gigabit Ethernet Alarms, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet tester
Multiplexer A Multiplexer B
Errors
64 2
64 kbps 64 kbps
. 2 Mbps .
. .
. .
REBE (bit E=1)
2 64
CRC-4 Writer CRC-4 Reader
Error Indication Reader Error Indication Writer
Fig. 3 The A multiplexer calculates and writes the CRC code, and the multiplexer B reads and checks the code.
E1 E2 E3 E4
64 kbps .64 2 Mbps 2 8 Mbps 8 34 Mbps 34
x 30 140 Mbps
or x4 x4 x4
x 31
2 8 34 140
E1 E3 E4
2 Mbps 2 34 Mbps 34
140 Mbps
x 16
34 140
E1 E4
2 Mbps 2
140 Mbps
x 64
140
Fig. 4 The PDH hierarchy
Standard Binary Rate Size Frame/s Code Amplitude Attenuation

G.704/732 2,048 kbps±50 ppm 256 bits 8,000 HDB3 2.37-3.00V 6 dB
G.742 8,448 kbps±30 ppm 848 bits 9,962.2 HDB3 2.37V 6 dB
G.751 34,368 kbps±20 ppm 1536 bits 22,375.0 HDB3 1.00V 12 dB
G.751 139,264 kbps±15 ppm 2928 bits 47,562.8 CMI 1.00V 12 dB
Table 1 The PDH hierarchy figures

Fig. 5 The higher PDH hierarchies. A bit-oriented justification process is used to fit tributaries
created with clock impairments.
Multiplexer
8448 kbps (+5 ppm)
8
8448 kbps (+7 ppm) 34368 kbps (-10 ppm)

8448 kbps (+2 ppm)
8448 kbps (-10 ppm)
34
1 n
FAS A S T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T4 J1 J2 J3 J4 T1 T4 J1 J2 J3 J4 R1 R2 R3 R4 T1 T4
R1 R2 R3 R4 4 justification bits, one per tributary
Ji Justification control bit of the ith tributary
Fig. 6 PDH hierarchies are not synchronous, and variations can be expected in the bit rate clock - in this case a
justification mechanism is implemented. If all Ji=1, then the Ri bit does not contain information. If all
Ji=0, then Ri contains information.
Alarm Management:
Network Element Multiplexer A Multiplexer B Network Element
LOF AIS
NE NE
RAI (bit A=1)
AIS Formats:
1 n
:X
:1
2 Mbps 2 Mbps CAS 8, 34, 140 Mbps
RAI Formats:
Time Slot 0 Time Slot 16 1 n
Frame 0 C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 S A S S
1 0 1 A S S S S S a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 a16 b16 c16 d16 FAS A S T1 T2 T3 T4 T1
2 C2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 a17 b17 c17 d17
3 0 1 A S S S S S a 3 b 3 c 3 d 3 a18 b18 c18 d18
Fig. 7 When a multiplexer detects an LOS or LOF, it sends an RAI to its partner multiplexer
and forwards an AIS to the next NE.
ID Detection Criteria
AIS Alarm Indication Signal. It is detected if there are two or less zeros (ITU-T G.775).
LOF Loss of Frame alarm. It is raised after three consecutive frames with FAS error or
three consecutive signalling bits (ITU-T G.706).
LOS Loss of Frame Signal alarm.
RAI Remote Alarm Indication. It is detected after three consecutive frames with the A bit
equal to 1 (ITU-T G.732).
FAS error Frame Alignment Signal error, indicating an incorrect bit in the alignment word.
Bit error Bit sequence mismatch (when the transmitted pattern is known).
Code error Violation on coding sequence.
CRC-LOM Cyclic Redundancy Checksum - Loss of Multiframe. Activated if there is LOF, and
deactivated after one correct FAS and two correct CRC-MFAS (ITU-T G.706).
CAS-LOM Channel-Associated Signalling - Loss of Multiframe. Raised after two consecutive

MFAS errors or two multiframes with time slot 16 bits equal to 0 (ITU-T G.732).
CAS-MRAI Channel-Associated Signalling - Multiframe Remote Alarm Indication. Detected

after two consecutive frames with the MRAI bit equal to 1 (ITU-T G.732).
CAS-MAIS Channel-Associated Signaling - Multiframe Alarm Indication Signal. Detected if

there are less than three zeros in the time slot 16 during two consecutive
multiframes.
CRC error Cyclic Redundancy Check error. Raised if one or more bits are erroneous,
whenever CRC-LOM is off (ITU-T G.706).
REBE Remote End Block Error. Raised if the first bit of the frames 14 and 16 is 0
(ITU-T G.706).
Table 2 2 Mbps events: alarms, errors and event indications
ID Explanation
AIS Alarm Indication Signal. This is detected if less than six zeros in a frame in the
case of 140 Mbps, or less than three zeros in 34 Mbps and 8 Mbps.
LOF Loss of Frame alarm. Raised after four consecutive frames with FAS error
LOS Loss of Frame Signal alarm
RAI Remote Alarm Indication. Detected after two consecutive frames with A equals1
FAS error Frame alignment signal error. One or more incorrect bits in the alignment word.
Table 3 PDH events: alarms, errors and event indications for all the hierarchies
DS0 T1 T2
64 kbps DS0 1.544 Mbps DS1 6.312 Mbps DS2 T3
44.736 Mbps
x 24 M1 M12 M23
x4 x7
DS1 DS2 DS3
DS0 T1
64 kbps DS0 1.544 Mbps DS1 T1c
3.152 Mbps
x 24 M1 M11c
x2
DS1 DS1c
DS0 T1
64 kbps DS0 1.544 Mbps DS1 T3
44.736 Mbps
x 24 M1 M13
x 28
DS1 DS3
Fig. 8 T-Carrier hierarchy (US)
Fig. 9 The T1 frame and superframe

Fig. 10 The DS2 frame or M12 multiplexing and DS3 frame.
Code e t ype p a at o
00110010 11111111 DS3 equipment failure Service Affecting (SA), requires quick attention
00011110 11111111 DS3 equipment failure Non-Service Affecting (NSA)
00000000 11111111 DS1 equipment failure Service Affecting (SA), requires quick attention
00001010 11111111 DS1 equipment failure Non-Service Affecting (NSA)
00011100 11111111 DS3 LOS Loss of Signal
00101010 11111111 Multiple DS1 LOS Multiple Loss of Signal in the DS1 tributaries
00111100 11111111 Single DS1 LOS Loss of Signal received from a DS1
00000000 11111111 DS3 OOF Out of Frame in the DS3 signal
00101100 11111111 DS2 AIS Alarm Indication Signal received from a DS2
Table 4 C-bit parity: alarm and status signal codes

Test and Measurement¡
Ref: 700706 02 05.05

2 2
E1 E4 E1
In-Service-Measurement NE NE
(ISM)
140 140
Double or simple,
frame analyzer Test Equipment
2 2 E1
E1 E4
Out-of-Service-Measurement
NE NE
(OOSM)
140 140
Pattern Generation Error Detection
Performance Measurement
%ROUTE ALLOCATION
OK DEGRADED BAD
LIMIT LIMIT
SERIAL OK BAD
OUTPUT
he AT-2048 is the ultimate E1 tester designed in 2011 & 2012

for field engineers that are installing, commissioning and
troubleshooting E1 links, Synchonization Networks, and
Datacom circuits. This instrument, designed and
manufactured in Europe by ALBEDO Telecom, is a brand
new platform, incorporating the latest available electronics,
consequently you will enjoy top performance, high accuracy
and, of course, a very competitive price.
• All in one: E1, nx64, Datacom, Jitter, Wander, Frame

Relay
• Double port
• Pulse Mask
• RJ45 balanced interfaces
• New datacom interfaces with CISCO data cables
• Display 480 x 272 TFT full color screen
in 2E U
• 2xUSB and Ethernet ports
• High performance
d e
Mdaesigned in 0 1 2
• Extra rugged while lightweight (1kg)

• VNC remote control

E1+Jitter+Wander+Data: Testing

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testing

Fig. 1 PDH and T-carrier hierarchies

Fig. 2 The E1 frame is the first hierarchy level.

Standard Binary Rate Size Frame/s Code Amplitude Attenuation

Table 1 The PDH hierarchy figures

8448 kbps (+7 ppm) 34368 kbps (-10 ppm)

R1 R2 R3 R4 4 justification bits, one per tributary

Ji Justification control bit of the ith tributary

RAI (bit A=1)

LOS Loss of Frame Signal alarm.

Code error Violation on coding sequence.

CAS-LOM Channel-Associated Signalling - Loss of Multiframe. Raised after two consecutive

CAS-MRAI Channel-Associated Signalling - Multiframe Remote Alarm Indication. Detected

CAS-MAIS Channel-Associated Signaling - Multiframe Alarm Indication Signal. Detected if

Table 2 2 Mbps events: alarms, errors and event indications

LOS Loss of Frame Signal alarm

Fig. 8 T-Carrier hierarchy (US)

Fig. 9 The T1 frame and superframe

Fig. 10 The DS2 frame or M12 multiplexing and DS3 frame.

Table 4 C-bit parity: alarm and status signal codes

Ref: 700706 02 05.05

Pattern Generation Error Detection

he AT-2048 is the ultimate E1 tester designed in 2011 & 2012

• All in one: E1, nx64, Datacom, Jitter, Wander, Frame

• Extra rugged while lightweight (1kg)

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