HOTEL PLANNING

In Partial Fulfilment of Requirements

In Architectural Design

To be presented to

Ar./Enp. Gerelson Ray R. Bernardino uap, piep, mscm

Submitted by:

Dimayuga, Mark Russell B.

Bachelor of Science in Architecture 2B

October 24, 2020

1|Hotel Planning and Design

 ABTRACT

A hotel consists of two major components, the business operations, and

the physical property. These two components although is distinctively different,
and are very much interdependent and affect the hotel’s ability to succeed. An
understanding of this important duality is evident in the increasingly market-
driven nature of hotel design. More diverse and innovative new hotel concepts
are constantly being developed. However, the common perception of the hotel
property as being a static and permanent entity remains the same. Despite the
volatile and ever‐changing nature of hotel markets, hotel designs have always
been one of the biggest concerns and topics of discussion for hotel planning and
marketing. This paper aims to bridge the gap by directing a design response
targeted specifically at the nature of architecture.

2|Hotel Planning and Design

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………….….1
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….2
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………..3
List of
Figures…………………………………………………………………………..4
Introduction……….………………………………………………………………....…
5Body………………………………………………………………………………….
…..5
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….35
Recommendations…………………………………………………………………...36
References…………………………………………………………………………….37

3|Hotel Planning and Design

 FIGURE NO TITILE PAGE
1 Natural Ventilation 7
2 Wind Tower 8
3 Passive Heating 9
4 Pros And Cons Of Passive Cooling And Heating 11
5 Pros And Cons Of Active Cooling And Heating 12
6 Heat Transfer26 14
7 Convection 14
8 Conduction 15
9 Radiation 15
10 Passive Design 16
11 Shading 17
12 Suntech Design 18
13 Roof Design 21
14 Wall Design 21
15 Orientation 24
16 Ventilation 24
17 Thermal Mass 28
18 Winter 29
19 Summer 29
20 Insulation 33
21 Windows 34
22 Natural Lighting 35
LIST OF FIGURES

4|Hotel Planning and Design

INTRODUCTION

The design that maintains a

comfortable temperature within the
building using the
climate and natural elements to get
the optimum benefit and to reduce
or eliminate
the independence on mechanical
systems for heating, cooling and
lighting, is called
‘Passive Design’. There are two
crucial measures that should be
considered for

5|Hotel Planning and Design

passive design to be beneficial and
effective: climate and comfort. The
passive
design building and urban benefits
are explained in the following
sections as well as
the benefits of passive design on
human health and wellbeing are
discussed. Many
environmental characteristics affect
human health, wellbeing and social
life.
The design that maintains a
comfortable temperature within the
building using the
climate and natural elements to get
the optimum benefit and to reduce
or eliminate
6|Hotel Planning and Design
the independence on mechanical
systems for heating, cooling and
lighting, is called
‘Passive Design’. There are two
crucial measures that should be
considered for
passive design to be beneficial and
effective: climate and comfort. The
passive
design building and urban benefits
are explained in the following
sections as well as
the benefits of passive design on
human health and wellbeing are
discussed. Many
environmental characteristics affect
human health, wellbeing and social
life.
7|Hotel Planning and Design
Due to the commercial nature of hotel developments, the success of the hotel
and its design are both measured by design and reliant on the business’s ability
to make a profit. In today’s increasingly competitive hotel marketplace, designers
and architects are not only required to design beautiful spaces, but also the right
spaces for the right markets. Consequently, the processes of hotel development
and hotel design have become increasingly market‐ driven. New hotel designs
are increasingly affected by strategic design objectives that are derived from
market analyses and feasibility studies, which study and compare the
opportunities and weakness between different hotel market segments as well as
in different aspects. Cautions designers who would often incorrectly do what they
or their clients think is right, rather than what will attract the end‐users, who are
ultimately, the hotel guests.

However, even though hotel designs have become more market orientated, there
is always a high level of risk due to the level of market instability, which
characterises the hotel industry. Economic trends and cycles, and changes in
political, technological, social‐economic and other uncontrollable factors, all have
a significant impact on the level and nature of hotel demand. These factors cause
the demand to change extensively from year‐to‐year, month‐to‐month, and even
day‐to‐day, making it very difficult to strike a balance between hotel supply and
demand.

BODY

8|Hotel Planning and Design

HOTEL

A hotel is an establishment which purpose it is to host guest’s over-night or for a

couple of days. The property is fitted with multiple rooms each suited with beds,
duvets, cushions, a bathroom and everything else required for lodging a guest.
The amenities offered vary from property to property, but all is aimed to cater
towards the needs and wants of the customer for a much better experience. The
service and products provided that is related to the price paid and sometimes not
only the room night is included in the price but also access to restaurants, spas,
swimming pools, meeting rooms, business centers, childcare and maid service.
Though what and how much is included varies from hotel to hotel.

Prices of a room rental depend on factors such as location, the surrounding

market, quality of the hotel, hotel room size, quality and policy. There are also
several different types of hotels. Some examples are resort, city, boutique,
lifestyle and chain hotels.

Types of Hotels

The hotels can be categorized depending upon their size, location, target
market, and ownership.

Hotel Types by Size

Hotels are categorized by the number of rooms to which service is provided. For
example:

 Below 200 rooms – Very Small

 Up to 200 rooms – Small
 200 to 399 rooms – Medium
 400 to 700 rooms – Large
 More than 700 rooms – Mega
This category is useful if the management needs to compare different hotels
within the same size.

Hotel Types by Location

9|Hotel Planning and Design

They are categorized by considering their location with respect to city.
 Airport Hotels − They are located near airport. The guests in transit use
them for short stay.
 Boatels − They are on the houseboats such as Shikara in Kashmir.
 City Center − Located in the heart of the city near commercial area.
 Motel − They are small hotels usually located on highways. Transit
guests use them.
 Suburb Hotels − They are located near urban area. Budget guests use
them.
 Floating Hotels − They are on the cruise ships, large lakes, or rivers.
 Resorts − They are on the beaches, mountains, islands, or on the river
banks.
 Rotels − They are hotels on wheels such as Deccan Odyssey train.
 Self-Catering Hotels − They are located at the same premises where the
owner stays.

Hotel Types by Target Market

Here, the hotels are categorized depending upon the target market they serve.
 Airport Hotels − They target the business clientele, airline passengers,
or any guests with cancelled or delayed flights.
 Business Hotels − They primarily cater for the guests who are on
business travel.
 Bed and Breakfast (B&B) − They are small hotels who target guests in
transit or on leisure tour. The owner of B&B usually stays in the same
premises and is responsible for serving breakfast to the guests.
 Casino Hotels − They target the guests interested in gambling. Their
functions of housekeeping is primary but food and beverage functions are
just supportive.
 Resorts − They target high-income busy professionals who wish to spend
time away from city, noise, and crowd. They offer facilities such as spa,
tennis court, fitness and center, sailing, snorkeling, and swimming.
 Self-Catering Hotels − They target long stayers who prefer to cook
themselves. They offer a small kitchen and kitchen amenities with the
guest room.
 Service Apartments − They are located in residential colonies. They
provide long-term accommodation for guests. They need to execute an

10 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
 agreement with the guests for the stay of at least one month. All basic
amenities such as kitchen, washing machine, dish washer, and beds are
provided with once a week housekeeping service.
 Suite Hotels − These hotels offer a living room and an en suite bedroom.
The professionals who need to interact with their clients/customers find
these hotels a good choice because they can interact with their guests in
small meetings without any interruption and sacrificing privacy.

Hotel Types by Ownership

B&B and Self-Catering hotels are generally family owned hotels and are not
governed or run by corporate policies and procedures.
A chain of hotels or group of hotels such as Taj, Ramada, can have
management affiliation with their other properties in the same group. They
strictly are governed by predetermined policies.

Hotel Types by Star Rating

The star rating system is a guideline for a customer that denotes what to expect
from the hotel service at the time of booking. However, there is no clear
distinguishing method to divide hotels into various star rating categories till
today; but a guest can assume that more the number of stars, more is the luxury
provided by the hotel.
 One Star − A guest can expect a small hotel operated and managed by
the owner and family. The ambience as more personal and the guest
rooms with basic amenities. The restaurant would be at a walking
distance. There would be a small commercial area and a nearby public
transportation hub.
 Two-Star − These hotels are mostly part of a chain of hotels that offer
consistent quality but limited amenities. They are either small or medium
size hotels with a phone and TV. They lack the convenience of room
service, but provide a small on-site restaurant at a walking distance within
the hotel premises.
 Three-Star − These hotels are usually located near a major business
center, express way, and/or shopping area. The rooms are clean and
spacious rooms, and decorative lobbies. An on-site restaurant offers all
meals such as breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The facilities such as valet
and room service, fitness center, and a swimming pool are also available.
 Four-Star − This hotel would be large, often standing as a part of a
cluster of similar hotels with a formal appearance and very good services.
The hotel would be located in the prime area of the city around shopping,
dining, and entertainment joints. The guest can expect furnished and

11 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
 clean rooms, restaurants, room service, valet parking, and a fitness
center within the hotel premises.
 Five-Star − This hotel would be large and luxurious, which offers the
highest degree of room and personal service. It is built with beautiful
architecture, and is managed keeping elegance and style in mind. The
guest rooms are equipped with high quality linens, TV, bathtubs, and
special outside view from the room. The hotel provides multiple eating
joints in its premises such as coffee shops, restaurants, poolside snack
joint, and bar. They also provide 24X7 room service, valet service, and
personal protection service.

Types of Hotel Rooms

The condition of guest rooms maintained by housekeeping is the most vital

factor as far as the customer satisfaction in the hotel business is concerned.
 Single Room − A room with the facility of single bed. It is meant for single
occupancy. It has an attached bathroom, a small dressing table, a small
bedside table, and a small writing table. Sometimes it has a single chair
too.
 Double Room − A room with the facility of double bed. There are two
variants in this type depending upon the size of the bed
o King Double Room (with king size double bed)
o Queen Double Room (with queen size double bed)
It is equipped with adequate furniture such as dressing table and a writing
table, a TV, and a small fridge.
 Deluxe Room − They are available in Single Deluxe and Double Deluxe
variants. Deluxe room is well furnished. Some amenities are attached
bathroom, a dressing table, a bedside table, a small writing table, a TV,
and a small fridge. The floor is covered with carpet and most suitable for
small families.
 Double-Double (Twin Double) Room − This room provides two double
beds with separate headboards. It is ideal for a family with two children
below 12 years.
 Twin Room − This room provides two single beds with separate
headboards. It is meant for two independent people. It also has a single
bedside table shared between the two beds.
 Hollywood Twin Room − This room provides two single beds with a
common headboard. If a need arises, the two beds can be brought
together to form a double bed.

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  Duplex Room − This type is composed of two rooms located on two
different floors, connected with internal stairs.
 Cabana − This type of room faces water body, beach, or a swimming
pool. It generally has a large balcony.
 Studio − They are twin adjacent rooms: A living room with sofa, coffee
table and chairs, and a bedroom. It is also equipped with fan/air
conditioner, a small kitchen corner, and a dining area. The furniture is
often compact.
 Lanai − This room faces a landscape, a waterfall, or a garden.
 Suite −It is composed of one or more bedrooms, a living room, and a
dining area. It is excellent for the guests who prefer more space, wish to
entertain their guests without interruption and giving up privacy.There are
various types of suites −
o Regular Suite − Best for business travelers.
o Penthouse Suite − Luxurious than the regular suite. It is provided
with the access to terrace space above the suite. It is aloof from
crowd and provides abird’s eye view of the city. It has all the
amenities and structure similar to a regular suite.
o Presidential Suite − The best possible suite in the hotel.
 Sico − This is a kind of multipurpose room, which can be used as a
meeting room during the day and as a bedroom during the night. These
rooms have special beds called Murphy Bed that can be folded entirely
against a wall. This bed may or may not have headboard. The lower face
of the bed which becomes visible after folding or placing upright, has a
decorative wall paper, mirror, or a painting. After folding the bed, the
room can accommodate sitting for five to ten people.

VIP Amenities in Hotel

VIP amenities are always something like the cherry on the cake. The VIPs are
treated with extra attention, pamper, and care. Hotels provide the following
amenities to the VIPs depending upon their policies −
 Executive Front Desk or Executive Housekeeper escorting the guest up to
the room.
 A welcome document kit containing note from a General Manager (GM) of
the hotel, spa card, and a hotel map.
 Complete housekeeping service with daily linen change.
 A snack kit often containing packed snacks, assorted nuts, fruits, cheese,
or cookies, and beverages.

13 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
  A vanity kit containing cotton balls, makeup removers, lip balm, and au-
de-cologne.
 A bathroom kit with soap dispenser, upgraded robe, tissue box, face mist,
after-shower gel, cotton slippers, toilet mat, and a terry mat.
 In special cases, a romance kit containing a bottle of wine or Champaign,
paired with chocolate dipped strawberries or bite size chocolates.
 Small bag packs for the kids below 12 years.
 A number of servings of award-winning dessert.

HOTEL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

The design of a Hotel is one of the major considerations in planning of efficient

Hotel. While designing the Hotel following factors should be kept in mind:

1. Attractive appearance

2. Efficient plan

3. Location

4. Suitable material

5. Workmanship

6. Sound financing

7. Competent Management

Developing an efficient design is a complex sequential process requiring intense

interaction of many professionals to successfully planned, designed and operate
all facilities. The result of participation will surface following decisions:

i) Manage all services

ii) Prepare a program defining requirements for all services and operations

iii) Apply principles of design and layout to service facilities

14 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
 iv) Select most appropriate equipment for all services provided by the
Hotel

The following design consideration is to be kept in mind:

1. Attractive appearance

2. Efficient plan

3. Location

4. Suitable material

5. Workmanship

6. Sound financing

7. Competent Management

 These are some of the consideration, which affect the design of hotel.

Suggestive details

Market survey

Feasibility report

Attractive/unique façade

• Ethmiaty

• Distinctive appearance

Hotel characteristics

• Market segment

• Star classification

• Number of rooms

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 • Number of floors

• Restaurants

Location

• Distance from neighborhoods

Site

• Size of plot

• Approach roads

• Neighbors

• Stops

Good Building Materials

Strength durability

Efficient layout

Good workmanship

Competent Management

Sound financing

Pollution Contribution

Safety

Security

Climate

16 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
Functional Character of a Building

 Every building has specific functions and is made for specific broad
purpose. The internal planning is in co-ordination with the exterior facade
that tells us the purpose of the building.

 The external appearance plays an important role in determining the

purpose and the function of the structure.

For example:

 Designing skylights instead of windows can indicate a museum.

 Designing a long wall having numerous windows in a particular order can

also indicate a museum.

 Designing tall and wide windows suggest a library.

 Designing a symmetrical entrance to a central block having a wide

entrance to express balance  and rhythm indicates public buildings.

Associated Character of a Building

 The character of some buildings is expressed through elements

associated with certain influences. Such influences often go thousands of
years back in history and culture.

 Cultural aspects play an important role in determining the Associated

Character of a particular structure….

 We recognize a building by its features, which we associate with a

particular structural style. A spire on a tower by the side of a spacious
building indicates a church. A gopuram depicts a Hindu Temple whereas a
crescent and a white dome is the symbol of a mosque.

Personal Character of a Building

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Characters in architecture is comparable with the attributes of an individual. If a
building is designed in the proper spirit, personal characteristics such as grace,
dignity and vitality can be expressed as an integral part of the structure.

HOTEL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Hotel design involves the planning, drafting, design and development of hotels.

The concept of hotel design is rooted in traditions of hospitality to travelers dating
back to ancient times, and the development of many diverse types of hotels has
occurred in many cultures. For example, the advent of rail travel in the early
1900s led to the planning, design and development of hotels near railroad
stations that catered to rail travelers.

Following are seven major design consideration which must be considered while
designing any Hotel:

1. Attractive appearance:

All over appearance of a Hotel is one of the very important considerations for a
Hotel. It should be attractive and should reflect the architecture of that area and
should also have character of the services being provided in that Hotel.

2. Efficient Plan:

The plan of the Hotel should be such that it should be functional and also appeal
to the eye. All the services should be so designed that it meets various principles
of layout and design.

 3. Location:

The design of the Hotel will be guided by the geographical location of the Hotel
e.g. if a Hotel is situated near the airport or railway station, the reception of the
Hotel will be designed in such a way that it could handle large number of guests
at one time because there is a possibility of guest checking in large groups and
around the clock. Similarly, Hotel situated at hill stations, beaches and the Hotels
located in heart of the cities and metros will be designed differently.

18 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
 4. Suitable Material:

The Hotel should be designed in such a way that it should be able to use the
material locally available, which will be cost effective and efficient.

 5. Workmanship:

While designing a Hotel one should consider the fact that what kind of
workmanship is available and designer should take advantage of local expertise.
This will not only make the hotel efficient but also will be economical.

 6. Sound Financing:

One of the very important factors is finance in designing the Hotel. The
availability of ready funds and management of finance is a crucial factor and it
should be considered very carefully in Hotel Design.

 7. Competent Management:

The design of a Hotel will depend upon the quality of management available to
operate the establishment. If we have the quality management and manpower
only then Hotel should be designed for sophisticated equipment and high tech
gadgets.

HOTEL SITE CONSIDERATION

HOTEL SITE SELECTION

Often, the largest construction planned near a shoreline of an MPA will be a hotel
or other lodging facility. MPA managers may become involved in this process if
hotels are to be sited in or near the MPA, and should also be aware of general
environmental considerations if other hotels are be planned close to the MPA.

All of the above consideration for construction of visitor sites also apply to hotels,
but hotels will impose a greater environmental burden than a typical visitor site,
because hotels have high needs for fresh water, energy, wastewater disposal,

19 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
and solid waste disposal, and will have a greater amount of visitor activity,
including in the evenings.

Hotel site selection by resort developers usually involves simply finding a spot
along the shoreline where guests can have quick, easy access to the beach and
scenic views of the sea. However, available infrastructure, sewage treatment,
water supplies, etc., may not be sufficient to support the site. Some guidelines for
good site selection:

• Avoid sensitive environments such as mangroves, rain forest, or steep

slopes; be

particularly aware of beach erosion (we will discuss this more tomorrow).

• Seek local knowledge on the environmental, cultural & social importance

of the site

• Potential user conflicts should be avoided, such as with local residents

who traditionally

use that area for fishing, etc.

• Concentrate hotel development in nodes, rather than a thin ribbon

spread along the

entire coast.

• Assess proximity to basic infrastructure, such as electricity, roads, water,

solid & liquid

waste disposal.

• Ensure that local residents still have easy access to and along the
beach.

• Ensure appropriate use of setbacks - a prescribed distance away from

the shoreline, to protect structures from wave action, protect shorelines

20 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
 from erosion, and ensure free access for local residents to and along the
beach. (We will discuss this further below.)

Once the general site has been selected, a detailed site plan should be drawn
showing the exact location of all facilities (reception areas, guest rooms,
swimming pools, parking areas, etc.). This will help with planning for:

• Setbacks and buffer zones to ensure free access to beach and protect
sensitive areas

• Clustering to centralize infrastructure & preserve open spaces

• Aesthetically pleasing design

• Sustainable use of local products and materials

Although some tourism developers feel setbacks decrease their establishment’s

desirability tourists, there are several advantages to having setbacks in place. In
a resort or tourist area, the land between development and the beach can be
enhanced and provide attractions to tourists.

Many tourists come from countries where they have to spend months indoors
avoiding the cold. When they travel to the tropics, they want to spend as much
time as possible outside. The beach will always be an attraction, but open,
landscaped spaces away from the water can be equally as appealing in
providing:

• Shade from the sun and heat

• Places for artists and photographers to work

• Native vegetation which provides tourists an opportunity to study

indigenous plants

• Open space to enhance the view of the coastline and ocean.

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Water sources should be carefully assessed during hotel site selection. Water
wells may be needed; as a general guideline, place them away from the beach to
minimize salt water contamination, and away from the hotel’s septic tanks.

Wastewater treatment facilities are often virtually non-existent along rural coasts,
and tourist developments will usually need their own septic tanks or other waste
treatment systems. Septic tanks need to be sited carefully to avoid contamination
of nearby water wells and to avoid sewage leakage to the ocean.

HOTELS & OTHER LARGE BUILDINGS

As mentioned previously in module 7 (hotel siting), a very

common problem is the encroachment of resorts on beaches. It is of paramount
importance that hotels be sited with generous setbacks from the high-tide line. If
resort structures are too close to the water’s edge, they can be severely
damaged or destroyed by large storm waves. For concrete or high-rise style
resorts, the structures cannot be moved or removed, and resort owners are often
forced to install seawalls and revetments to prevent structural damage, or
offshore breakwaters and groins to help trap new beach sand. In turn these
structures invariably prevent natural replenishment of beaches during favourable
weather, and cause beach erosion of down-current beaches.

LAWS

B.P. NO. 344 ACCESSIBILITY LAW

The Law to Enhance Mobility of Disabled Persons

an act to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by requiring certain

buildings; institutions, establishments, and public utilities to install facilities
and other devices.

Section 1. In order to promote the realization of the rights of

disabled persons to participate fully in the social life and the
development of the societies in which they live and the enjoyment

22 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
 of the opportunities available to other citizens, no license or permit
for the construction, repair or renovation of public and private
buildings for public use, educational institutions, airports, sports and
recreation centers and complexes, shopping centers or
establishments, public parking spaces, workplaces, public utilities,
shall be granted or issued unless the owner or operator thereof
shall install and incorporate in such building, establishment,
institution or public utility, such architectural facilities or structural
features as shall reasonably enhance the mobility of disabled
persons such as sidewalks, ramps, railings and the like. If feasible,
all such existing building, institutions, establishments, or public
utilities may be renovated or altered to enable the disabled persons
to have access to the: Provided however, that buildings,
institutions, establishments, or public utilities to be constructed or
established for which licences or permits had already been issued
may comply with the requirements of this law: Provided further,
That in case of government buildings, streets and highways, the
Ministry of Public Works and Highways shall see to it that the same
shall be provided with architectural facilities or structural features
for disabled persons. In the case of the parking place of any of the
above institutions, buildings, or establishments, or public utilities,
the owner or operator shall reserve sufficient and suitable space for
the use of disabled persons.

Section 2. In case of public conveyance, devices such as the

prominent display of posters or stickers shall be used to generate
public awareness of the rights of the disabled and foster
understanding of their special needs. Special bus stops shall be
designed for disabled persons. Discriminating against disabled
persons in the carriage or transportation of passengers is hereby
declared unlawful.

23 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
 Section 3. The Minister of Public Works and Highways and
the Minister of Transportation and Communications, in coordination
with the National Commission Concerning Disabled Persons, shall
prepare the necessary rules and regulations to implement the
provisions of this Act.

Section 4. Any person violating any provision of this Act or of

the rules and regulations promulgated hereunder shall, upon
conviction by a court of competent jurisdiction, suffer the penalty of
imprisonment of not less than one month but not one year or a fine
of P2,000 to P5,000 or both, at the discretion of the court: Provided,
That in the case of corporations, partnerships cooperatives or
associations, the president, manager or administrator, or the
person who has charge of the construction, repair or renovation of
the building, space or utilities shall be criminally responsible for any
violation of this Act and/or rules and regulations promulgated
pursuant thereto.

Section 5. All law, executive and administrative orders,

rules and regulations inconsistent with the foregoing provisions are
hereby repealed or amended accordingly.

Section 6. this Act shall take effect upon its approval.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991

Rules and regulations to govern the accreditation of hotels, tourists inns,

motels, apartels, resorts, pension houses and other accommodation
establishments

Pursuant to the provisions of executive order no. 120 in relation to republic

act no. 7160, otherwise known as the local government code of 1991 on
the devolution of dot's regulatory function over tourist establishments, the

24 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
 following rules and regulations to govern the accreditation of
accommodation establishments are hereby promulgated.

THE PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE

A Referral Code of the National Building Code of the Philippines

The state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and
healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature against
harmful effects of climate change. It shall safeguard the environment, property,
public health, in the interest of the common good and general welfare consistent
with the principles of sound environmental management and control; and for this
purpose, prescribe acceptable set of standards and requirements for relevant
buildings to regulate their location, site, planning, design, quality of material,
construction, use, occupancy, operation and maintenance.

RA 9514 FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

SECTION 10.2.6.4 FIRE DETECTION, ALARM, AND COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS

Emergency Forces Notification

Automatic fire department notification through central station accredited by

the BFP shall be mandatory to the following types of occupancy:

a. All high rise buildings;

b. All hospitals;

c. All educational institutions, hotels and apartment buildings

(condominium) of at least four (4) storey in height;

d. All highly hazardous occupancies; and

e. All mall buildings.

SECTION 10.2.6.6 STANDPIPES

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 . Wet Standpipes

1. Wet standpipe system extending from the cellar or basement into the
topmost storey shall be required in the following:

Educational, healthcare and detention and correctional, business and

mercantile, industrial, and hotels and apartments occupancies, four or
more storeys in height, and

SECTION 10.2.6.7 PORTABLE AND WHEELED FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Classification of Hazards The classification of Hazard for purposes of application

of this section shall be as follows:

1. Low Hazard

Light hazard occupancies are locations where the total amount of Class A
combustible materials, including furnishings, decorations, and contents, is of
minor quantity. This can include some buildings or rooms occupied as offices,
classrooms, churches, assembly halls, guest room areas of hotels/motels, and so
forth. This classification anticipates that majority of content items are either non-
combustible or so arranged that a fire is not likely to spread rapidly. Small
amounts of class B flammables used for duplicating machines, art departments,
and so forth, are included, provided that they are kept in closed containers and
safely stored.

DIVISION 12. RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES

SECTION 10.2.12.1 CLASSIFICATION

Residential occupancies shall include all occupancies so classified in Division 3

of this IRR. They shall be classified in the following groups, subject to
determination by the Chief, BFP or his duly authorized representative. A. Hotels
– includes buildings or groups of building under the same management in which
there are more than fifteen (15) sleeping accommodations for hire, primarily used
by transients who are lodged with or without meals, whether designated as a

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hotel, inn, motel, or by any other name. So-called appartelle, condotel or pension
houses shall be classified as hotels, because they are potentially subject to
transient 170 occupancy like that of hotels.

SECTION 10.2.12.3 HOTELS AND DORMITORIES

A. Requirements

1. Any ballroom assembly or exhibition hall, and other space used for purposes
of public assembly shall be in accordance, with Division 7 of this Chapter.
Restaurant having a capacity of fifty (50) or more persons shall be treated as
places of assembly.

2. Any dormitory divided into suites of rooms, with one or more bedrooms
opening into a living room or study that has a door opening into a common
corridor serving number of suites, shall be classified as an apartment building.

B. Exit Details

1. Requirements

a. Any room having a capacity of less than fifty (50) persons with an outside door
at street or ground level may have such outside door as a single exit provided
that no part of the room or area is more than fifteen and one-fourth meters (15.25
m) from the door measured along the natural path of travel.

b. Any floor below the floor of exit discharge occupied for public purposes shall
have exits arranged in accordance with the subsequent paragraph of this
Section, with access thereto in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of IRR.

c. Any floor below the floor of exit discharge not open to the public and used only
for mechanical equipment, storage, and service operations (other than kitchens
which are considered part of the hotel occupancy) shall have exits appropriate to
its actual occupancy in accordance with applicable sections of this Chapter. 172

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d. The same stairway or other exit required to serve any one upper floor may
also serve other upper floor, except that no inside open stairway, escalator, or
ramp may serve as a required egress from more than one floor.

2. Types of Exits

Exits, arranged in accordance with Division 5 of this Chapter, shall be one or

more of the following types:

a. Doors, provided that doors in any means of egress shall not be locked against
egress when the building is occupied. Delayed egress locks may be permitted,
provided that not more than one such is located in any one egress path.

b. Stairs and smokeproof enclosures.

c. Ramps.

d. Horizontal exits.

3. Minimum Corridor Width

Corridors, other than those in within individual guest rooms or individual guest
suites, shall be of sufficient width to accommodate the required occupant load
and shall not be less than one hundred twelve centimeters (112 cm).

4. Number of Exits

Not less than two (2) exits shall be accessible from every floor, including floors
below the floor of exit discharge and occupied for public purposes.

5. Travel Distance to Exits

a. Any exit shall be such that it will not be necessary to travel more than thirty
meters (30 m) from the door of any room to reach the nearest exit.

b. Travel distance within a guest room or guest suite to a corridor door shall not
exceed twenty three meters (23 m) in buildings not protected by an approved,
supervised automatic sprinkler system.

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c. Travel distance within a guest room or guest suite to a corridor door shall not
exceed thirty eight meters (38 m) in buildings protected by an approved,
supervised sprinkler system. 173

6. Access to and Arrangement of Exits

a. Access to all required exits shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this
IRR, shall be unobstructed, and shall not be veiled from open view by
ornamentation, curtain, or other appurtenance.

b. Means of egress shall be so arranged that, from every point in any open area
or from any room door, exits will be accessible in at least two (2) different
directions.

c. Doors between guest rooms and corridors shall be self-closing.

d. Common path of travel shall not exceed ten meters (10 m).

e. Dead end corridors shall not exceed six meters (6 m).

7. Discharge from Exits

a. At least half of the required number of units of exit from upper floors, exclusive
of horizontal exits, shall load directly to the street or through a yard, court, or
passageway with protected openings and separated from all parts of the interior
of the buildings.

b. A maximum of fifty percent (50%) of the exits may discharge through areas on
the floor of exit discharge provided:

i. Such exits discharge to a free and unobstructed way to the exterior of the
building, which way is readily visible and identifiable from the point of discharge
from the exit.

ii. The floor of discharge into which the exit discharge is provided with automatic
fire suppression system and any other portion of the level of discharge with
access to the discharge area is provided with automatic fire suppression system

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or separated from it in accordance with the requirements for the enclosure of exit.
(See Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR),

iii. The entire area on the floor of discharge is separated from areas below by
construction having a minimum fire-resistance rating of two (2) hours.

8. Lighting and Signs

a. Each public space, hallway, stairway, or other means of egress shall have
illumination in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11 of this IRR. Access to exit shall
be continuously illuminated at all times. Any hotel and dormitory shall have
emergency lighting installed in individual guest rooms or guest suites, hallways,
landings of stairways and other appropriate areas as determined by the C/MFM
having jurisdiction. 174

b. Every exit access door from public hallways or from corridors on floors with
sleeping accommodations shall have an illuminated sign in accordance with
Section 10.2.5.12 of this IRR. Where exits are not visible in a hallway or corridor,
illuminated directional signs shall be provided to indicate the direction of exit.

C. Protection

1. Protection of Vertical Openings

a. Every stairway, elevator shaft and other vertical openings shall be enclosed or
protected in accordance with Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR.

b. Any required exit stair which is so located that it is necessary to pass through
the lobby or other open space to reach the outside of the building shall be
continuously enclosed down to the lobby level.

c. No floor below the floor of exit discharge, used only for storage, heating
requirements, or other than hotel occupancy open to guest or the public, shall
have unprotected openings to floors used for hotel purposes.

2. Protection of Guest Rooms

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a. In any new hotel building every corridor shall be separated from guest rooms
by partitions having at least a one (1) hour fire resistance rating.

b. Each guest room shall be provided with a door having a fire protection rating at
least twenty (20) minutes.

c. Openings in corridor partitions other than door openings shall be prohibited. d.

Doors that open directly onto exit access corridors shall be selfclosing and self-
latching.

3. Interior Finish

Interior finish, in accordance with Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR and subject to the
limitations and modifications therein specified, shall be as follows:

a. For new construction or new Interior Finish

i. Exits – Class A or Class B;

ii. Lobbies, corridors – Class A or Class B; 175

iii. Places of assembly – See Section 10.2.8.1 of this IRR;

iv. Individual guest rooms – B, or C; and

b. Existing Interior Finish

i. Exits – Class A or B;

ii. Lobbies and Corridors;

ii.a. Used as exit access – Class A or B

ii.b. Not used as required exit access – Class A, B or C

iii. Places of Assembly – See Section 10.2.8.16 of this IRR;

iv. Individual guest rooms – Class A, B or C; and

v. Other rooms – Class A, B or C.

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4. Fire Detection and Alarm System

a. An automatic fire detection and alarm system, in accordance with Section

10.2.6.4 of this IRR, shall be provided for any hotel or dormitory having
accommodations for fifteen (15) or more guests. For less than 15 guests, a
manual fire alarm system shall be installed.

b. Every sounding device shall be of such character and so located as to arouse

all occupants of the building or section thereof endangered by fire.

c. An alarm-sending station and manual fire alarm box shall be provided at the
hotel desk or other convenient central control point under continuous supervision
of responsible employees.

d. Suitable facilities shall be provided for immediate notification of the BFP.

e. Positive fire alarm sequence may be permitted.

f. Hotels and dormitories including its guest rooms and guests suites shall be
required to be equipped with both audible and visible notification appliance.

g. In hotels and dormitories not equipped with automatic fire detection and alarm
system, guest rooms, living area and sleeping rooms within a guest suite shall be
installed with single-station smoke detectors. 176

5. Extinguishing Requirements

a. All buildings shall be protected throughout by an approve, supervised sprinkler

system except in buildings where all guest sleeping rooms or guest suites have a
door opening directly outside at the street or grade level or exterior exit access
arranged in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR in buildings up to and
including three (3) storeys in height.

b. Listed quick response or listed residential sprinklers shall be used throughout

guest rooms and guest room suites.

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c. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in accordance with Section
10.2.6.7 of this IRR.

6. Subdivision of Building Spaces

a. In buildings not protected by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler

system, each hotel guest room, including guest suites, and dormitory rooms shall
be separated from other guest rooms or dormitory rooms by walls and floors
having fire resistance ratings of not less than one (1) hour.

b. In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic

sprinkler system, each hotel guest room, including guest suites, and dormitory
room shall be separated from other guest rooms or dormitory rooms by walls and
floors constructed a fire barriers having fire resistance ratings of not less than
one half (½) hour.

7. Hazardous Areas

a. Any room containing high pressure boilers, refrigerating machinery,

transformers, or other service equipment to possible explosion shall not be
located directly under or directly adjacent to exits. All such rooms shall be
effectively cut off from other parts of the building as specified in Section 10.2.6.8
of this IRR.

b. Every hazardous area shall be separated from other parts of the building by
construction having a fire-resistance rating of at least one (1) hour and
communicating openings shall be protected by approved automatic or self-
closing fire doors, or such area shall be equipped with automatic fire suppression
system. Where a hazard is high as determined by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction, both fire-resistive construction and automatic fire suppression
system shall be used. Hazardous areas include, but are not limited to:

i. Boiler and heater rooms

ii. Laundries

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iii. Repair shops

iv. Rooms or spaces used storage of combustible supplies and equipment in

quantified deemed hazardous by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction.

D. Building Service Equipment

1. Air-Conditioning and Ventilation

a. Every air conditioning installation shall comply with Division 7 of this Chapter.

b. No transom/windowpane shall be installed in partition of sleeping rooms in

new buildings. In existing buildings transoms shall be fixed in the closed position
and shall be covered or otherwise protected to provide a fire-resistance rating at
least equivalent to that of the wall in which they are installed.

2. All other building services equipment installed or used in hotels and

dormitories shall comply with Division 7 of this Chapter.

SECTION 10.2.18.5 RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES

A. Hotel Emergency Organization

1. All employees of hotels shall be instructed and drilled in the duties they are to
perform in case of fire, panic, or other related emergencies.

2. Drills of the hotel emergency organization shall be held twice a year covering
such points as the operation and maintenance of the available first aid fire
appliances, the testing of guest alerting devices, and a study of instruction for
emergency duties.

B. Dormitories, Lodging and Rooming Houses

Fire exit drills shall be regularly conducted at least twice a year.

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 CONCLUSION

The world over, evidence is growing that green buildings bring multiple
benefits. They provide some of the most effective means to achieving a range of
global goals, such as addressing climate change, creating sustainable and
thriving communities, and driving economic growth. The benefits of green
buildings can be grouped within three categories: environmental, economic and
social. One of the most important types of benefit green buildings offer is to our
climate and the natural environment. Green buildings can not only reduce or
eliminate negative impacts on the environment, by using less water, energy or
natural resources, but they can - in many cases - have a positive impact on the
environment (at the building or city scales) by generating their own energy or
increasing biodiversity.   Solar passive architecture concepts and principles are
used in traditional buildings worldwide. Extensive research works have been
done on the analysis of thermal performance of such traditional buildings and
found they are well within the comfort range as prescribed by thermal comfort
standards for naturally ventilated buildings. Thermal performance analysis was
carried out with reference to solar passive architecture principles and in
comparison, with another contemporary house nearby in that region. Compared
to other modern residential building, the solar passive building is more than 2 ºC
to 3 ºC cooler in summer as in the traditional buildings. Thus, design of the
energy efficient building plays a major role to save energy which in turn will give
an impact on national and global economy.

RECOMMENDATION

 To architecture students to passive design as a factor on planning and designing their plates
and using of materials in designing their plans in Tropical Design class.

 To the future architecture students, for the improvement of their observation and
awareness not only in designing the structure but how they analyse the ventilation.

35 | H o t e l P l a n n i n g a n d D e s i g n
 To all the students to be more aware not only the design of the structure but also give
importance to the factors that may affect the structure.

 To all the Architecture Instructors/ Professionals, they could prepare individuals to give
emphasize by discussing to the students to be more aware to the climate

 To University of Batangas Lipa, they can put up a program or contest wherein all
architecture students participate to show their ability and skills in planning tropical design
structure.

REFERENCES

https://www.britannica.com/technology/active-heating

https://www.britannica.com/technology/window

https://www.build.com.au/principles-passive-design

https://www.dergipark.org.tr

https://www.designgate.net/publication/304479756_Passive_Design

https://www.gharpedia.com/blog/importance-of-building-orientation-in-
architecture/

https://www.greenteg.com/heat-flux-sensor/about-heat-flux/3-types-of-heat-
transfer

https://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm

https://www.motherearthnews.com/green-homes/passive-cooling-ze0z1604znsp

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books

https://www.onlinemasters.ohio.edu/blog/six-new-approaches-to-green-building-
design/

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https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating

https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design

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