História, Consciência Histórica e Utopia em J. Rüsen e A. Heller: Re Exões para A Didática Da História

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História, consciência histórica e utopia em J. Rüsen e A. Heller: reflexões para


a didática da história

Article · June 2018


DOI: 10.14393/HeP-v30n57-2017-7

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Luis Fernando Cerri Caroline Pacievitch


State University of Ponta Grossa Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
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