K. Ramasubramanian K. Mahesh: AICTE Sponsored QIP Program

श्रीम ा राचायर् वर चता ल लावती
ा ानम् ७: भ पिरकम कम्
K. Ramasubramanian
K. Mahesh
Cell for Indian Science & Technology in Sanskrit

IIT Bombay
AICTE Sponsored QIP program

( Understanding Classical Scientific Texts of India in an Immersive Sanskrit Environment )
IIT Indore
September 14–October 2, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K. Ramasubramanian & K. Mahesh श्रीम ा राचायर् वर चता ल लावती – ा ानम् ७: भ पिरकम कम्
Questions/Comments/Request pertaining to Lecture 6
Question:
In both varga and ghana parikarma, utsāraṇa of result obtained by previous procedure is
very confusing as to by how many places we should do utsāraṇa. Be it right to left or
reverse. Can you go over?
Answer:
Multiple approaches – as paths to a building in a big university – can always be

confusing (no doubt)!!
However, the confusion can be easily resolved once we understand the principle
behind the utsāraṇa in its general form.
We shall try to explain this once more with examples.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
घनपिरकमर् – Process of obtaining cubes
सम त्रघात घनः प्र द ः ा ो घनोऽ ततोऽ वगर्ः ।

आ द त्र न त आ दवगर्ः ाहतोऽथाऽऽ दघन सव ॥२४॥
ाना र न
े युता घनः ात् प्रक त युगं ततोऽ म् ।
एवं मुहुवर्गर्घनप्र स ौ आ ा तो वा व धरे ष कायर्ः ॥२५॥ । उपजा तः ।
The product of three equal quantities is called a cube. [Considering the last
digit as the antya, and the penultimate digit as the ādi], the cube of the antya,
thereafter, the square of the antya multiplied by ādi and three, thereafter, the
square of the ādi multiplied by three and the antya, and then the cube of the ādi
should be placed [above the operated digit]. All [these] added place-wise would
become the cube [of the group of two digits considered]. Then, considering that
pair of digits as antya, [and the next digit as ādi], repeat thus.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
उदाहरणम् – घनसाधनं (अ ा ात्)
अ घनः 13 = 1 याघ १
अ वगर्ः आ द त्र न ः 3 × 12 × 2 = 6 यावका ३
आ दवगर्ः ाहतः 3×1×2 2
= 1 2 याकाव ३
आ दघनः 2 3
= 8 काघ १
𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝟏 𝟕 𝟐 𝟖 पीघ १
2
3 × 12 × 5 = 2 1 6 0 पीवनी ३
2
3 × 12 × 5 = 9 0 0 पीनीव ३
3
5 = 1 2 5 नीघ १
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟑 = 𝟏 𝟗 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
उदाहरणम् – घनसाधनम् (आ ा तः)
आ दघनः 53 = 1 2 5 नीघ १
आ दवगर्ः अ त्र न ः 3 × 52 × 2 = 1 5 0 नीवका ३
अ वगर्ः ा ाहतः 3×5×2 2
= 6 0 नीकाव ३
अ घनः 2 3
= 8 काघ १
𝟐𝟓𝟑 = 𝟏 𝟓 𝟔 𝟐 𝟓 लोघ १
2
3 × 25 × 1 = 1 8 7 5 लोवया ३
2
3 × 25 × 1 = 7 5 लोयाव ३
3
1 = 1 याघ १
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟑 = 𝟏 𝟗 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
घनमूलम् - Cube-root
आ ं घन ानमथाघने े पुन था ा नतो वशो ।
घनं पृथ ं पदम कृ ा त्र ा तदा ं वभजे लं तु ॥२८॥
प ां सेत् त ृ तम न ीं त्र ीं जे त् प्रथमा ल ।
घनं तदा ा नमूलमेवं प भर्वेदव
े मतः पुन ॥२९॥ । उपजा तः ।
[In a given number whose cube root is desired] the first (units) digit is [called] ghana,
and the next two [digits] are [called] aghana. Again, like that [mark the subsequent
digits as ghana and aghaana]. Having subtracted the [highest possible] cube from the
last ghana, the cube root [of that number] is placed separately. [Next], one should divide
the digit preceding that [ghana digit], by three times the square of this [root]. One
should place the quotient [thus obtained] on the paṅkti. One should subtract three times
the product of the square of that [quotient] and the antya (previous result on the answer
line) from the digit preceding that [aghana digit], and the cube of the quotient from the
next [ghana position]. Thus, the paṅkti would be the cube root. Thereafter, repeat like
this [on further digits].
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
− | − − |
𝟏 𝟗 𝟔 𝟖 𝟑 प ः क्रमः सामा प ः
शोधनम् : 23 − 8 2 −𝑎3 a
हरणम् : 3 × 22 12) 1 1 6 (7
− 8 4 27 −3𝑎2 𝑏 ab
3 2 8
शोधनम् : 3×2×7 2
− 2 9 4 −3𝑎𝑏2
3 4 3
शोधनम् :7 3
− 3 4 3 −𝑏3
घनमूलम् = 27 ab
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
− | − − | − − |
7 3 5 6 0 0 5 9 Paṅkti Operation
Subtract 43 − 6 4 4 (−) 𝑎3
Divide by 3.42 48) 9 5 (1 4 1 (÷) 3𝑎2
− 4 8
4 7 6
Subtract 3.4.12 − 1 2 (−) 3𝑎𝑏2
4 6 4 0
Subtract 13 − 1 (−) 𝑏3
Divide by 3.412 5043) 4 6 3 9 0 (9 4 1 9 (÷) 3(𝑎 + 𝑏)2
4 5 3 8 7
1 0 0 3 5
Subtract 3.41.92 − 9 9 6 3 (−) 3(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑐2
7 2 9
Subtract 93 − 7 2 9 (−) 𝑐3
0 0 0
Cube root = 4 1 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Algorithm for finding the cube root
The algorithm for obtaining the cube root is presented by Āryabhaṭa in the
following āryā:
अघनात् भजेत् तीयात् त्रगुणेन घन मूलवगण ।
वगर् पूवर्गु णतः शो ः प्रथमात् घन घनात् ॥
A few observations before we explain the verse above:

1 If a number has 𝑛 digits, the number of digits in the cube of that number will be
≥ 3𝑛 − 2 and ≤ 3𝑛.
2 With this in mind Āryabhaṭa prescribes to group the number of digits—starting from
the unit’s place of the given number whose cube root is to be found—into three.
3 The groups of the three notational places are called
Ghana (𝐺)
Prathama-aghana (𝐴1 )
Dvitīya-aghana (𝐴2 )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The verse and its translation
अघनात् भजेत् तीयात् त्रगुणेन घन मूलवगण ।

वगर् पूवर्गु णतः शो ः प्रथमात् घन घनात् ॥
Having subtracted the greatest possible cube from the last cube place and then having
written down the cube root of the number subtracted in the line of the cube root], divide
the second non-cube place (standing on the right of the last cube place) by thrice the
square of the cube root [already obtained]; (then) subtract from the first non-cube place
(standing on the right of the second non-cube place) the square of the quotient multiplied
by thrice the previous (cube-root); and (then subtract) the cube (of the quotient) from
the cube place (standing on the right of the first non-cube place) [and write down the
quotient on the right of the previous cube root in the line of the cube root, and treat this
as the new cube root. Repeat the process if there are still digits on the right.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The algorithm presented by Āryabhaṭa essentially consists of four steps:

1 Starting from the unit’s place, having grouped the digits of the given number into three,
from the remaining (1, 2 or 3) most significant digit(s), which constitutes ghana-sthāna,
subtract the cube of the max. digit that is possible. This digit forms the first (most
significant) digit of the cube root to be determined.
2 Then, along with the remainder bring down the next digit from the dvitīya-aghana place.
This has to be divided by thrice the square of the ghana-mūla obtained so far. The quotient
forms the next digit of the cube root.
3 Along with the remainder bring down the next digit in the prathama-aghana place, and
subtract from it the square of the previous quotient multiplied by 3 and the pūrva, the cube
root determined previously, that is till now (वगर् पूवर्गु णतः).
4 Then from the successive ghana place we have to subtract the cube of the quotient that was
determined previously (second step), and the whole process has to be repeated.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illustrative example
Āryabhaṭa’s algorithm for finding the cube root
𝐺 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐺 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐺 121
1 7 7 1 5 6 1 (line of cube root)
Subtract 13 1
Divide by 3.12 3) 0 7 (2
0 6
1 7
Subtract 3.1.22 1 2
5 1
Subtract 23 0 8
Divide by 3.122 432) 4 3 5 (1
4 3 2
3 6
Subtract 3.12.12 3 6
0 1
Subtract 13 1
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rationale behind Āryabhaṭa’s cube root algorithm
Any three digit number may be represented as,
𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are integers & 𝑥 = 10
The cube of this number may be expressed as:

terms operation significance of it
𝑥6 (𝑎3 ) (−) 𝑎3 cube of max. digit
+𝑥5 (3𝑎2 𝑏) (÷) 3𝑎2 to get the value of 𝑏
+𝑥 (3𝑎 𝑐 + 3𝑎𝑏 ) (−) 3𝑎𝑏2
4 2 2
+𝑥3 (6𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏3 ) (−) 𝑏3 we are left with 3𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏)2

+𝑥2 (3𝑏2 𝑐 + 3𝑎𝑐2 ) (÷) 3(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 to get the value of 𝑐
+𝑥1 (3𝑏𝑐2 ) (−) 3(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑐2
+𝑥0 (𝑐3 ) (−) 𝑐3 remainder zero ⇒ perfect cube.
The algorithm presumes (i) a thorough understanding of decimal place value

system, and (ii) skill in algebraic manipulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
भ पिरकम कम्
Eight types of operations with fractions
Verses 30 – 44
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
जा तचतु यम् – Four jātīs
Indian way of denoting fractions was to simply place the denominator below the numerator
without a separating line, as follows:
१ १
६३ १४
In this section, Bhāskara discusses different techniques of savarṇana or ‘unification’, by means of

which he shows how to reduce different kinds of fractions to a standard form.
The four techniques discussed include:
भागजा तः — determining the common denominator
प्रभागजा तः — reducing fractions of fractions to a simple fraction
भागानुब ः — appendment of fractions
भागापवाहः — removal of fractions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
भ पिरकमर् ण भागजा तः
का जा तः?
य या पदाथषु एकाकारा बु ःज ते।
पदाथ नां म े अनुगत-एकाकार-बु ज नका जा तः। त ापार ।
व भ वण नां भागानां एक स ा दका जा तः।
अंशसवणर्नम्
मुनी रः –
अंशयोरं शानां वा एक करणम्, अख तस या तदेक करणं वा सवणर्नम्।
गणेशः –
भेदं प्रा ः भ ः। अतः अध शयुतो र हतो वा रा श भर् इ ु ते।
वसदृश े दानाम् अंशानां सदृश े दकरणं भागजा तः इ ु ते।
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
भागजा तः
अ ो हारा भहतौ हरांशौ रा ोः सम े द वधानमेवम् ।

मथो हरा ामपव तर्ता ां य ा हरांशौ सु धयात्र गु ौ ॥ ३०॥ । उपजा तः।
The denominator and numerator of the numbers (fractions) are multiplied by
the denominators of each other. Thus is the method for obtaining a common
denominator. Or, the denominator and numerator should be multiplied by the
denominators of each other reduced by a common factor, by the intelligent per-
son.
योऽ ो वभाग न म ं येन केन भा ते सोऽ ोऽधो हरः, त रसंज्ञः अंशः ात्। तत्र भा ांश मेव पूवः
स े ततम्।
अपवतर्ना ोप ता वदं लाघवम्। अनुप तौ पूवर् मव कायर्म्। वचारे णापवतर्ना ोप तग रवमेव,
वल ात् ॥
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
उदाहरणम्
रूपत्रयं प लव भागो योगाथर्मेतान् वद तु हारान् ।

त्रष भाग चतुदश
र् ांशः सम दौ मत्र वयोजनाथर्म् ॥ ३१॥ । उपजा तः।
अंशः अ हरौ सवणर्नम्

अंशः अ हरः अपव तर्तहरः सवणर्नम्
3 3×5×3 45
5, 3 =
1 1×5×3 15 1 1×2 2
1 1×1×3 3 14 2 =
1, 3 = 63 63 × 2 126
5 5×1×3 15 1 1×9 9
1 1×1×5 5 63 9 =
1, 5 = 14 14 × 9 126
3 3×1×5 15
१ १
ासः — । एतौ हरांशौ स ापव तर्तहरा ां ९, २ अ ो ं गु णतौ जातौ सम े दौ
६३ १४
२ ९ ७
। अनयोर रे कृते जातम् ।
१२६ १२६ १२६
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
प्रभागजा तः
भाग भागः प्रभागः। तयो ष
े ां वा एक करणं प्रभागजा तः।
लवा लव ा हरा हर ा भागप्रभागेषु सवणर्नं ात् ॥३२॥ । उपजा तः।
𝑎1 × 𝑎 2 × ⋯ × 𝑎 𝑛
. (1)
𝑏1 × 𝑏2 × ⋯ × 𝑏𝑛
एकसं ाभा े
अ र् चतुथ श इ ु े य ाध त ा मांशः पयर्वस इ ागोपालानुभव स म्।
एत ु चतुथ श श
ं योः हरघातादुपप म्।
1 1 1
× =
2 4 2×4
एकसं ेतरभा े
एवं त्रचतुथ श तृतीयांश इ ु े त्रयाणां ादशांशो गुण इ त ष ां ादशांशोऽ र्रूप न
े
सवर्जनानुभव स ः। इदं च अंशयोः भा घात हरघातांशरूपम् उपप म्। अतो लवा लव ा हरा हर ा
इ त सवणर्नं यु मु म् ॥
3 2 3 6
× = ×2= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 3 12 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
प्रभागजातेः उदाहरणम्
द्र ाधर् त्रलव य सुमते पादत्रयं य वेत्
त ांशकषोडशांशचरणः स ा थर्तेना थर्ने ।
द ो येन वराटकाः क त कदयणा पर्ता न
े मे
ब्रू ह ं य द वे व ग णते जा तं प्रभागा भधाम् ॥३३॥ । शादूर्ल वक्र डतम् ।
सुमते! द्र ाधर् त्रलव य पादत्रयं य वेत् त ांशकषोडशांशचरणः स ा थर्तेन अ थर्ने येन द ः, तेन
कदयण क त वराटकाः अ पर्ताः? व ! ं मे ब्रू ह य द ग णते प्रभागा भधां जा तं वे ।
1 2 3 1 1 1 6 1 का कणी = 20 वराटकाः
× × × × × ×=
2 3 4 5 16 4 7680 1 पणः = 4 का क ः
1
= द्र ाः 1 द्र ः = 16 पणाः
1280
= 1 वराटकः 1 न ः = 16 द्र ाः
आ ानं धमर्कृ पुत्रदारां पीडयेत्। लोभा पतॄन् भृ ान् स कदयर् इ त

. . . त
ृ . ः. ॥
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
भागानुब ापवाहौ
अख स ाः एक भागैः अ धकोनकाः तदा —
छे द रूपेषु लवा धनणर्म् एक भागा अ धकोनका ेत् ।
1 𝑝×𝑞±1
𝑝± = . (2)
𝑞 𝑞
एक क चत् रूप भागैः इ त गृह ते
𝑟 𝑝×𝑞±𝑟
𝑝± = . (3)
𝑞 𝑞
यदा रा शः ांशा धकोनः तदा —
ांशा धकोनः खलु यत्र तत्र भागानुब े च लवापवाहे ।
तल हारे ण हरं नह ात् ांशा धकोनेन तु तेन भागान् ॥३४॥ । उपजा तः।
𝑝 𝑐 𝑝 𝑝 × (𝑑 ± 𝑐)
±( × )= . (4)
𝑞 𝑑 𝑞 𝑞×𝑑 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
उदाहरणम् -१
सा यं त्रयं क दृ ू ह सव णर्तम् ।
जाना ंशानुब ं चेत् तथा भागापवाहनम् ॥ ३५॥ । अनु ु भ् ।
२ ३
९ ११
ासः — १ १ ̇ । सव णर्ते जातम्
४ ४
४ ४
1 2×4+1 9 1 3×4−1 11
2+ = = 3− = = .
4 4 4 4 4 4
छे द रूपेषु लवा धनणर्म् एक भागा अ धकोनका ेत् ।
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
उदाहरणम् -२
अ ः श
ं यु ः स नजदलयुतः क दृशः क दृशौ च
श
ं ौ ा ांशह नौ तदनु च र हतौ तौ त्र भः स भागैः ।
अध ा ांशह नं नव भरथ युतं स मांशैः क यैः
क दृ ा ू ह वे मह य द सखेंऽशानुब ापवाहौ ॥३६॥ ।स्र रा।
अ ः श
ं यु ः। स नजदलयुतः क दृशः [भवेत्]?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
१ २ १ [ + ( × )] + × [ + ( × )]
4 3 4 2 4 3 4
४ ३ २
१ १̇ १̇ श
ं ौ ा ांशह नौ, तदनु च तौ त्र भः स भागैः र हतौ क दृशौ च?
ासः —
३ ८ ८
१ ३̇ ९ 2 1 2 3 2 1 2
[ − ( × )] − × [ − ( × )]
२ ७ ७ 3 8 3 7 3 8 3
१ १ १ अध ा ांशह नं, अथ नव भः क यैः स मांशैः युतं क दृक् ात्?

सव णर्ते जातं क्रमेण
२ ३ १
1 1 1 9 1 1 1
[ − ( × )] + × [ − ( × )]
2 8 2 7 2. . . . 8. . . .2. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
प्र ाः समाधानं च
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
[ + ( × )] + × [ + ( × )] (i)
4 3 4 2 4 3 4
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
[ − ( × )] + × [ − ( × )] (ii)
3 8 3 2 3 8 3
1 1 1 9 1 1 1
[ − ( × )] + × [ − ( × )] (iii)
2 8 2 7 2 8 2
⎧ 1 ⎫ ⎧ 7 ⎫
{ 2 } 1 × (8 − 1) 7 { 16 } 7 × (7 + 9)
⎨ 1 ⎬ = 2×8
=
16 ⎨ 9 ⎬ = 16 × 7 = 1.
{ − } { + }
⎩ 8 ⎭ ⎩ 7 ⎭
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thanks!
ध वादाः !
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

K. Ramasubramanian K. Mahesh: AICTE Sponsored QIP Program

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श्रीम ा राचायर् वर चता ल लावती

ा ानम् ७: भ पिरकम कम्

Cell for Indian Science & Technology in Sanskrit

AICTE Sponsored QIP program

Multiple approaches – as paths to a building in a big university – can always be

सम त्रघात घनः प्र द ः ा ो घनोऽ ततोऽ वगर्ः ।

A few observations before we explain the verse above:

अघनात् भजेत् तीयात् त्रगुणेन घन मूलवगण ।

The algorithm presented by Āryabhaṭa essentially consists of four steps:

𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are integers & 𝑥 = 10

The cube of this number may be expressed as:

+𝑥3 (6𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏3 ) (−) 𝑏3 we are left with 3𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏)2

The algorithm presumes (i) a thorough understanding of decimal place value

In this section, Bhāskara discusses different techniques of savarṇana or ‘unification’, by means of

अ ो हारा भहतौ हरांशौ रा ोः सम े द वधानमेवम् ।

रूपत्रयं प लव भागो योगाथर्मेतान् वद तु हारान् ।

अंशः अ हरौ सवणर्नम्

आ ानं धमर्कृ पुत्रदारां पीडयेत्। लोभा पतॄन् भृ ान् स कदयर् इ त

छे द रूपेषु लवा धनणर्म् एक भागा अ धकोनका ेत् ।

१ १ १ अध ा ांशह नं, अथ नव भः क यैः स मांशैः युतं क दृक् ात्?

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