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Chem Revision Booklet PDF
Chem Revision Booklet PDF
Chem Revision Booklet PDF
CHEMISTRY
Unit 1
Revision Booklet
-1-
Atomic Structure:
Proton
-1
Neutron
-2-
Atomic Mass: Complete the following definitions.
-3-
Complete the following table:
A 7 14
B 16 15
C 10 8 16
D 35 36 79
E 30
3+
F 27Al
-4-
Isotopes are atoms of the same ______ which
have the same number of ______ but different
number of ______. The Relative ______ Mass must
be calculated from the _________ and Relative
Isotopic Mass of every isotope.
10.8
-5-
Mass Spectrometer:
Na(g) Na+(g) + e-
Br2(g) Br2+(g) + e-
-6-
Qu 2) Calculate the Relative Atomic Mass of Neon
from the following spectra.
-7-
Electron Configuration:
a) an s orbital
b) a p orbital
-8-
Energy Level s p d Total electrons
1 1 2
2 1 3 8
3 1 3 5 18
4 1 3 8
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
2) Carbon
-9-
The electronic configurations of Chromium and
Copper are unique because the 3d and 4s orbitals are
so close in ______ it is possible to promote an
electron to achieve a more ______ configuration. A
half-full or full d orbital is much more stable.
- 10 -
The chemical properties of an element are
governed by the ________ configuration and in
particular the number of outer electrons. Those
elements with similar __________ (i.e. in the same
group of the Periodic Table) will form compounds
with similar _______.
Transition metals first lose the ___ electrons
before the ___ electrons. Because of the close
proximity in energy of the energy levels it is possible
for the transition metals to form a number of
different ions (i.e. they can have ions with more than
one valency).
- 11 -
Atomic Mass: Complete the following definitions.
- 12 -
The Mole:
- 13 -
Empirical and Molecular Formulae:
e.g. Benzene:
Molecular Formulae: C6H6
Empirical Formulae: CH
- 14 -
Follow the same steps every time to calculate the
empirical formula.
1 Write down the mass of each element.
element.
3 Divide numbers by the smallest number to get the
ratio of elements.
4 These numbers give the empirical formula.
Element Symbol C O
Mass of element 24 64
Mass ÷ Relative ÷ 12 ÷ 16
Atomic Mass
2 4
Divide by the
÷2 ÷2
smaller number
1 2
Ratio
- 15 -
1. A compound is made from 72 g of carbon and
12 g of hydrogen. Work out its empirical
formula.
- 16 -
3. Aluminium ore may consist of 156 g of
aluminium and 278 g of oxygen. Is its
empirical formula AlO2 or AlO3?
- 17 -
Molecular Formulae:
Once you have found the Empirical Forumla e.g CH2 then
you can find the Molecular Formula using the Mr of the
compound.
- 18 -
2. a) Work out the molecular formula of the following
compounds given the information below?
i) empirical formula = P2O5 Mr = 284
- 19 -
Writing equations:
It is important when writing equations to do it
methodically:
- 20 -
Concentration, Volume and Moles:
n = c x v
- 21 -
Reacting Masses Calculations:
1. Moles:
Calculate the initial number of moles of one of
the species using either:
n=m/Mr (solids)
n=c x v (solutions)
Pv = nRT (gases)
2. Ratio:
Calculate the number of moles of the other
species using the ratio from the equation:
3. Answer:
Calculate your answer now that you have the
number of moles of the species required.
- 22 -
The reaction below is known as the Thermitt reaction, which is
used to form molten iron to mould train tracks
together. What mass of aluminium powder is needed to react with
8.00 g of iron (III) oxide?
- 23 -
Percentage Yield:
- 24 -
Pecrentage Atom Economy:
3) Calculate the atom economy to make iron from iron oxide in the
Blast Furnace. Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
- 25 -
Types of Bond:
1) Ionic
This is the _________ attraction
between oppositely charged ions.
Cation:- ________ ion due to the
loss of electrons
Anion:- _______ ion due to the gain
of electrons
2) Covalent
This is the _______ of a pair of
electrons in which both species
donate ____ electron.
3) Dative Covalent
This is the ______ of a pair of
electrons in which _____ electrons
come from the same species
4) Metallic Bond
The attraction between _______
ions and the sea of _________
electrons.
- 26 -
Ions:
- 27 -
Electronegativity:
i) The electronegativity of an element is a
measure of the attraction its atoms has for a pair of
________ in a covalent bond.
Metals usually have _____ electronegativities.
Non-metals have _____ electronegativities.
If there is a very ______ difference in
electronegativity then the bond will be more _____
than covalent but all ionic bonds show some _______
character.
If a covalent bond is formed between two
different elements then there will be an _______
sharing of the electrons. Therefore a _____ bond is
formed.
- 28 -
There are various types of intermolecular bond that
occur because of the attraction between dipoles.
- 29 -
Properties:
The properties of a substance depend upon the
structure and bonding of a substance.
a) Ionic:
1. Have a very regular three-
dimensional arrangement of ions
(ionic _______). The crystals are
very _______.
2. Have very high _______ points due
to the strong attraction.
3. Conduct electricity when ______ or
in aqueous solution because they have
free moving _____.
4. Most ionic solids are water-soluble
because the ______ required to
separate the ______ is compensated
for by the exothermic nature of
hydration. The strong ionic bonds are
replaced by _________ to the polar
water molecules.
- 30 -
b) Covalent:
- 31 -
ii) simple molecular e.g. I2 and many other
organic substance.
a. Usually have ___ boiling points
due to the ______ of the Van
der Waals forces.
b. As the molecule increases in
____ the Van der Waals forces
become ______.
- 32 -
iii) hydrogen-bonded molecular e.g. Ice and
ethanol
a. Have unusually high ________
points because of the fairly
strong _________ Bond
between molecules.
b. Can _______ in polar solvents
because of the attraction
between molecules.
c. Ice has a ______ density than
water because the ________
bonds in solid ice, which hold
the molecules together, are in
_______ positions and lead to
an open structure. In water the
hydrogen bonds are constantly
being ______ and made.
- 33 -
iv) non-crystalline e.g. polymers like
polyethene.
a. Are generally ________ with
high melting points because of
the strong Van der Waals
forces between the molecules.
b. Some polymers form cross-
links between the strands and
therefore cannot be
_________.
- 34 -
Melting Point:
- 35 -
Boiling Point Trends:
i) Noble Gases:
- 36 -
Molecular Shapes:
- 37 -
The structures are based upon the following.
2 Bond pairs
Linear
Bond Angle
180
3 bond pairs
Triangular
Planar
Bond Angle
120
4 Bond Pairs
Tetrahedral
Bond Angle
109.5
- 38 -
5 Bond Pairs
Trigonal
Bipyramidal
Bond Angle
90 and 120
6 Bond Pairs
Octahedral
Bond Angle
90
- 39 -
However the shape will differ if any of the pairs
are lone pairs because of the greater repulsion.
e.g. Ammonia
(Bond Angle 107)
Pyramidal
Water
(Bond Angle 104.5)
Non-linear
- 40 -
You should be able to draw shapes of the following:
i) HCl (Linear)
- 41 -
iv) SO32- (pyramidal)
- 42 -
Metallic Bonding:
The metallic bond is the _________ between
the regularly arranged positive _______ and the sea
of _________ electrons.
- 43 -
Periodicity:
Atomic Radius:
- 44 -
Melting Point:
- 45 -
Ionisation Energies:
X(g) → X+(g) + e-
X+(g) → X2+(g) + e-
a) 1st I.E. of Mg
b) 2nd I.E. of Mg
- 46 -
Trends:
- 47 -
Exceptions to the general rule are:
- 48 -
Introduction to Organic Chemistry:
e.g CH3CH2CH3
e.g.
- 49 -
Homologous Series: A family or organic compounds, with
the same f________ group, but
different c_______ chain length.
- 50 -
d) Give an example of two positional isomers of
chloropropane.
- 51 -
Naming compounds:
- 52 -
Alkanes:
hydrocarbons
alkanes
percentage of a_________
a___________ hydrocarbons
- 53 -
a) What are the economic reasons for cracking?
c___________ or i_________.
- 54 -
Pollutants caused by the internal combustion engine can be
atmosphere
- 55 -
MD. KAMRUL ALAM KHAN,
B.Sc Honors in Chemistry (SUST),
M.Sc in Chemistry (SUST), CCNA
(All through first class),
CELL: 8801557704046
- 56 -