1.

Problem:

A 3-phase transmission line operating at 10 kV and having a resistance of 1 Ω and reactance of

4 Ω is connected to the generating station bus-bars through 5 MVA step-up transformer having a
reactance of 5%. The bus-bars are supplied by a 10 MVA alternator having 10% reactance. Calculate
the short-circuit kVA fed to symmetrical fault between phases if it occurs reactance. Calculate the
short-circuit kVA fed to symmetrical fault between phases if it occurs

(a) at the load end of transmission line

(b) at the high voltage terminals of the transformer

Using the Sb = 10 MVA, Eb = 10 kV at the transmission line, we have

ZL Eb 2 (10kV ) 2
Z Lpu = Z base = = = 10 Ω
Z base Sb (10 MVA)

1+ j4
Z Lpu = = 0.1 + j 0.4 Ω
10

To solve for the base voltages

Eb 10kV 2Eb
= ; Eb1 = but Eb = 10 kV
Eb1 2kV 10

2(10)
E b1 = = 2 kV
10

For the transformer per unit reactance;

2
E  S 
X Tpunew = X Tpuold  bold   bnew 
 Ebnew   Sbold 
2
 10   10 
X Tpu = j 0.05     = j 0.1 pu
 10   5 
For the generator subtransient reactance per unit;

2
E  S 
X gpunew = X gpuold  bold   bnew 
 Ebnew   S bold 
2
 2   10 
X gpunew = j 0.1    = j 0.1 pu
 2   10 

if we let VLpu = 1.0 pu, then Espu = VLpu = 1.0 pu at no-load.

So for a fault at point A.

then by KVL, we have

Espu − I 3φ FApu ( j 0.1 + j 0.1 + 0.1 + j 0.4) = 0

Espu 1.0∠0°
I 3φ FApu = =
( j 0.1 + 0.1 + j 0.4) ( j 0.1 + j 0.1 + 0.1 + j 0.4)

I 3φ FApu = 1.644∠ − 80.54° pu

3S b 3(10 x106 )
I base = = = 1732.05 Amps
Eb 10 x103

I 3φ FA = 1.644(1732.05)

I 3φ FA = 2847.47 Amps

So for a fault at point B.

then by KVL, we have

Espu − I 3φ FBpu ( j 0.1 + j 0.1) = 0

Espu 1.0∠0°
I 3φ FBpu = =
( j 0.1 + j 0.1) j 0.2

I 3φ FApu = 5.0∠ − 90° pu

 Sb (10 x106 )
I base = = = 577.35 Amps
3Eb 3(10 x103 )

I 3φ FB = 5.0(577.35)

I 3φ F = 2886.75 Amps

2. Problem:

Figure shows the single line diagram of a 3-phase system. The percentage reactance of each
alternator is based on its own capacity. Find the short-circuit that will flow into a complete 3-phase
short-circuit at F.

Using the Sb = 60 MVA, Eb = 13.2 kV at the point F, and solving for the base voltages we have

Eb1 66 kV 66Eb
= ; E b1 = but Eb = 13.2 kV
Eb 13.2 kV 13.2

66(13.2)
E b1 = = 66 kV
13.2
Eb 2 12 kV 12 (66)
= ; Eb2 = but Eb2 = 12 kV
Eb1 66 kV 66

For reactances of transformers

2
 13.2   60 
X T1pu = j 0.06     = j 0.06 pu
 13.2   60 
2
 66   60 
X T2pu = j 0.05     = j 0.06 pu
 66   50 

For reactances of generators

2
 12   60 
X g1pu = j 0.30     = j1.20 pu
 12   15 
2
 12   60 
X g2pu = j 0.50     = j1.50 pu
 12   20 

For reactances of transmission lines

Eb 2 (66kV ) 2
Z base = = = 72.6 Ω
Sb (60 MVA)

j 25
Z LINEpu = = j 0.3444 pu
72.6
if we let VLpu = 1.0 pu, then Espu = VLpu = 1.0 pu at no-load.

So for a fault at point F.

then by KVL, we have

Espu − I 3φ Fpu ( j 0.6667 + j 0.06 + j 0.3444 + j 0.06) = 0

Espu 1.0∠0°
I 3φ FBpu = =
( j 0.6667 + j 0.06 + j 0.06 + j 0.3444) j1.1311
I 3φ Fpu = 0.8841∠ − 90° pu

Sb (60 x106 )
I base = = = 2624.32 Amps
3Eb 13.2 x103

I 3φ F = 0.8841(2624.32)

I 3φ F = 2320.16 Amps