Fundamental Design Principles

Fundamentals Design
Principles
(Design Philosophies)
Instructor:
 Javaid Ahmad Ph. D. (Structural Dynamics)
(University of Windsor, Canada)

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 Fundamentals of Design

Fundamentals of Design
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 No-Collapse-Based Design
 To prevent collapse during severe earthquake(s).
 No structural damage in case of minor earthquake
 Acceptable level of damage in case of major
earthquake(s).
 Elastic Design
 Elastic behavior,
 Too conservative and expensive/uneconomical
 design,
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 Difficult or even impossible for some material.

 Even severe earthquake (seismic loading) may
exceed its elastic limit.
 Ductile Design (Modern approach)
 Allow a structure to perform inelastic behavior to
dissipate the energy,
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 Fundamentals of Design

Fundamentals of Design (Cont’d)

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 Ductile Design (Cont’d)

 Appropriate locations are chosen to allow inelastic
deformation (plastic hinges),
 In case of bridge, preferred locations/components are
columns, pier walls, soil behind abutment walls, and
wing walls.
 Inelastic action in superstructure is undesirable.
• Repair is costly and difficult.
 Absorb the energy of major earthquake through
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inelastic deformation or energy dissipating devices

without total collapse.
 Enforcing low seismic coefficient (i.e. Cs) induces
the ductility and structure may survive in severe
earthquake.

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 Fundamentals of Design

Fundamentals of Design (Cont’d)

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 Seismic design codes account for ductility.

 Find a trade-off between safety and cost.
 Control the damage.
 Manage the risk at an acceptable level.
 Ductile behavior of an inelastic frame with beams design
as to go into plastic zones.
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 Fundamentals of Design

Loading frequencies and Design

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 Ground motion depends

 Seismic waves
 Site conditions
• Soil layers
• Ground topology
 Peak period: Less than 4 sec
 Dominated period of earthquake: 0.2 to 0.50 sec
 Peak acceleration response observed if structure has
natural period close to this.
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Wide range of environmental forces frequency

 Seismic loading: Low periods (0.2 to 0.50 sec)
 Wind loading: High periods (e.g. 15+ sec
 Oceanic waves 3-20 sec (Rapid waves)
 Seismic loading requires a ‘softer’ structure.

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 Fundamental Design Principles

Loading frequencies and Design (Cont’d)

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 In case of both seismic loading and other period(s)

loadings.
 Find “balance” between the two or more loadings.
 For example: Taipei 101 in Taiwan
 Natural period: 7 sec
 Well above the seismic loading frequency (0.2 to 0.50
sec),
 Far below the turbulent wind loading frequency (e.g.
30 sec),
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 Still vibrations were observed on the top stories.

 Slender light-weight structures (e.g. Chimneys or any
other elevated structures), the structural design is governed
by the wind loading rather than the seismic loading.

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 Fundamental Design Principles

1: Whipping Effect
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 Mostly, tip of the slender structures being much softer

than the structural parts below the tips, therefore, vulnerable
to earthquakes and known as Whipping Effect.
 Sudden change in lateral stiffness at the top is not good
practice/design.
 Research shows that whipping effect is influenced by
many factors but more sensitive in the first vibration mode.
 Significant change in the lateral stiffness at the top of the
structure may lead to an even higher increase of seismic
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response on the top part.

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 Fundamental Design Principles

Whipping Effect (Cont’d)

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 For example:
 Taipei 101 in Taiwan.
 San Francisco’s Pyramid building
• In 1989-Loma Prieta earthquake, Horizontal
movement on the 49th floor of was five times
greater than that measured in the basement.
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 Fundamental Design Principles

Whipping Effect (Cont’d)

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 However, the structural response

of slender structures is mostly
governed by the wind loading rather
than the seismic loading.
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 Fundamental Design Principles

Whipping Effect: Mitigation

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 Apply Elevation control strategy.

 Structure with a pyramid-shape is a better approach.
 e.g. Eiffel tower
 However, Elevation control may results in a rather
slender tip, the seismic responses at this tip may be greatly
amplified.
 e. g. Taipei 101
Mass should not be concentrated.
 Vibration modes should be global.
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 Add tuned-mass damper to the structural tip.

 Two TMD are installed in case of Taipei 101
 Any other damping mechanism to dissipate energy.

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 Fundamental Design Principles

2: Irregularity in Shape/Configuration
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 An irregularity in shape may have significant effect on

structure earthquake response.
Two types: horizontal irregularities and vertical
irregularities.
 One of the major causes of structural damage at in 2005
Kashmir earthquake.
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 Fundamental Design Principles

Vertical/Elevation Irregularity
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 Irregularities in Elevation (Vertical irregularities)

 Significant difference in followings between two
adjacent stories.
• Mass,
• Stiffness,
• Strength,
• Floor size.
 Continuity of lateral resistance from toe to top.
 Gradual reduction of mass, stiffness etc from bottom
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to top is acceptable.
 But, opposite has a negative impact.

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 Fundamental Design Principles

Vertical/Elevation Irregularity (Cont’d)

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 Irregularities in Stiffness:
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 Fundamental Design Principles

Vertical/Elevation Irregularity (Cont’d)

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 Irregularities in Mass/Weight:
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 Fundamental Design Principles

Vertical/Elevation Irregularity (Cont’d)

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 Irregularities in floor size:

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 Fundamental Design Principles

Vertical/Elevation Irregularity (Cont’d)

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 Irregularities in Strength:
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 Fundamental Design Principles

Horizontal Irregularity
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 Major horizontal irregularities in plan:

 Torsional Irregularity.
 Reentrant Corner Irregularity.
 Diaphragm Discontinuity.
 Out-of-Plan Offset.
 Non Parallel System.
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 Fundamental Design Principles

Horizontal Irregularity (Cont’d)

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 Torsional Irregularity:

 Reentrant Corner Irregularity:

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 Fundamental Design Principles

Horizontal Irregularity (Cont’d)

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 Diaphragm Discontinuity/Irregularity:
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 For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of
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 Out-of-Plan Offset:
Horizontal Irregularity (Cont’d)

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Fundamental Design Principles
 Fundamental Design Principles

Horizontal Irregularity (Cont’d)

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 Non Parallel System :

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Frame elements located on line F are not parallel to the

major axes (orthogonal one) of the building.

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 Fundamental Design Principles

3: Structures’ Orientations
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 Horizontally-oriented structures (e.g. Cantilever beams)

are more sensitive to the vertical excitations.
 Vertically-oriented structures such as a tower, chimneys,
building, are more sensitive to the horizontal acceleration
 However, oblique structures are sensitive to both
horizontal and vertical accelerations.
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 Fundamental Design Principles

4: Structural Configurations
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Basic seismic design principles

 Simplicity
 Increases the reliability of the results/models.
 Minimize uncertainties.
 Uniformity: (symmetry, continuity and redundancy)
 Uniform distribution of mass and resistance both in
plan and elevation.
 Prevents accumulation of damage.
 Strong foundations:
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 Transmit the inertial forces to the ground without

imposing additional deformations.

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 Fundamental Design Principles

5: Pounding or Collision
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 A different dynamic characteristics of adjacent buildings

make then vibrate out of phase, and pounding/collision
may occur if there is not enough spacing.
 Inadequate clear spacing between them
 Especially in old parts of the cities.
 Poundings between structures have been observed not
only in previous earthquakes but also in many recent
earthquakes:
 San Fernando earthquake of 1971,
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 Mexico City earthquake of 1985,

 Loma Prieta (California) earthquake of 1989,
 Kobe (Japan) earthquake of 1995,
 Turkey, Iran and Pakistan.
 2005-Kashmir earthquake destroyed Margalla Tower
in Islamabad.
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 Fundamental Design Principles

5: Pounding (Cont’d)
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 Major factors:
 Minimum distance between the adjacent buildings
 Building mass(s) that impact or pound,
 The surface of the impact,
 The stiffness and damping of each building,
 The local stiffness,
 The number of storeys of each building,
 The elastic–plastic behaviour of the buildings
 Exterior elements are more vulnerable than interior ones
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(like building corners).

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 Fundamental Design Principles

6: Strong Column-
Column-Weak Beam
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 Spreading of plastic regions, how?

A plastic hinge formed on a beam is less critical than one
formed on a column or shear wall.
 Ultimately at the later stage of loading:
 All the beams spanning to the column yielded,
 Columns (or walls) become cantilever,
 Further increase in lateral loads will lead to yielding
at the column base,
 Then the plastic hinges formed at the base of column
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or wall.

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 Fundamental Design Principles

Strong Column-
Column-Weak Beam (Cont’d)
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 Understanding of strong column-weak beam analogy:

 Consider three-storey building:
 Look at progress of plastic hinges at different stages of
loading and increase in frame ductility before ultimate
collapse.
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 Fundamental Design Principles

Strong Column-
Column-Weak Beam (Cont’d)
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 Understanding of weak column-strong beam approach:

 Plastic hinges form at the first story columns first where
the moments are maximum.
 Frame strength increases during plastic hinges formation.
When plastic hinges develop both at the bottom and top
ends of the first story columns, a soft story forms.
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 Fundamental Design Principles

Strong Column-
Column-Weak Beam (Cont’d)
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 Understanding of weak column-strong beam approach

(Cont’d):
 The lateral stiffness becomes very low or almost zero,
 Further increase in lateral loading increase deformations
quickly,
 The frame loses its stability under gravity loads.
 Brittle failure results in a catastrophic collapse (pan-
caking.
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 Fundamental Design Principles

7: Short Column Effect

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 Deformation demands on
the individual substructure
piers are highly irregular.
 The largest strains are
imposed on the shortest
columns.
 Short column attracts larger
internal shear forces and
reaches its shear capacity
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easily (Refer to Prob in our last

lecture).
 They fail before longer and
more flexible adjacent columns
can fully participate.
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