1)dentify the key stages of a workplace risk assessment

1)dentify the hazards

Decide who might be harmed and how

Evaluate the risks and decide on precaution

Record your findings and implement them

Review your assessment and update if necessary

Identify the hazard

2)Outline the meaning of `as low as reasonably practicable' – ALARP

2)"ALARP" is short for "as low as reasonably practicable".

ALARP involves weighing risk against the trouble, time and money needed to control it.
Thus, ALARP describes the level to which we expect to see workplace risks controlled.

ALARP allows us to set goals for duty-holders

It is a key part of the general duties of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

ALARP is about weighing the risk against the sacrifice needed to further reduce it

To spend £1m to prevent five staff suffering bruised knees is obviously grossly
disproportionate

But

To spend £1m to prevent a major explosion capable of killing 150 people is obviously
proportionate
3)Many major oil / gas incidents have occurred in recent years, eg Piper Alpha, Texas
City, Mumbai High.

Outline reasons why such incidents should be investigated by employers.

3)Distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary offshore evacuation methods

Offshore evacuation methods are:

Primary Method:

The usual none-emergency method, e.g. ship.

Secondary method:

Used when the primary method is unavailable, e.g. lifeboat launched from the rig.

Tertiary Method:

Heavily reliant on the individuals own effort and used as a last resort when all other
methods are unavailable, e.g. putting on lifejackets and survival suits and jumping into
the sea.

4)Give a brief summary of the emergency command structure for offshore installations
The emergency command structure for offshore installations.

In such circumstances the Offshore Installations Manager OIM is in overall charge.

They will be assisted by two on-scene commanders, one from drilling and one from
process, a permit controller, a radio operator and an Offshore Installation Supervisor
OIS.

Outline why it might be important to plan the route of a road tanker carrying dangerous
goods
There are two basic reasons why it might be important to plan the route of a road tanker
carrying dangerous goods.
Not all roads are suitable for tankers - narrow roads, weak bridges.

The security threat (terrorism, theft) to the valuable load being carried and its possible
use as a terrorist weapon.

Identify three marine hazards associated with all types of Floating Platform Storage
Offloading Units -FPSO's
Marine hazards associated with all types of Floating Platform Storage Offloading Units
-FPSO's

Flaring near production area

Crew transfer

Weather

Environmental impact

Transferring oil to tanker vessels

Risk of collision from sea going vessels

Supply/logistics difficulty

Pirates

Terrorists

Spillage damage to marine life

Q5) Identify suitable controls that minimize risk when operating Floating Platform
Storage Offloading Units - FPSO's

Security & surveillance

Q6) Piper Alpha accident;

How it happened and what course of actions were taken to prevent recurrence, Lessons
learned.
Piper Alpha Facts:

Fire Explosion knocked out fire proof - not Blast proof - walls

Control room damaged in 1st blast

Initial fire could have been extinguished

Fire pumps were set to manual

Lifeboats all in one location and could not be reached from accommodation block

Other platforms did not shutdown instead continued pumping hydrocarbons to Piper
Alpha, increasing the fire
Piper Alpha Failures
Piper Alpha Failures:

Permit to Work System -two permits issued for same task

Platform layout

Delayed decision making

Lack of training

Active fire system set from Auto to Manual

Passive fire protection

Lifeboats

Communications/Shift Handover

Buncefield Incident:

Causes:
Buncefield Incident Causes:

A fill level gauge and high fill level alarm failed

Fuel storage tank overfilled

Fuel leaked out of the vents at the top of the storage tank into the bund

This resulted in a Vapour Cloud

The vapour cloud flowed offsite

Ignition leading to the vapour cloud explosion took place at a pump house

Buncefield Lessons learned

Buncefield Lessons learned:

Need for back-up systems/processes for safety critical devices

Bunds/containment walls to be designed to withstand heat/explosion

Importance of coordinated response & emergency planning

Business/Disaster interruption and or recovery plan

Dealing with media after the incident.

Q7) Identify the key stages of a workplace risk assessment
Identify the hazards

Decide who might be harmed and how

Evaluate the risks and decide on precaution

Record your findings and implement them

Review your assessment and update if necessary

Identify the hazard

Q8) Outline the meaning of `as low as reasonably practicable' – ALARP

"ALARP" is short for "as low as reasonably practicable".

ALARP involves weighing risk against the trouble, time and money needed to control it.
Thus, ALARP describes the level to which we expect to see workplace risks controlled.

ALARP allows us to set goals for duty-holders

It is a key part of the general duties of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

ALARP is about weighing the risk against the sacrifice needed to further reduce it

To spend £1m to prevent five staff suffering bruised knees is obviously grossly
disproportionate

But

To spend £1m to prevent a major explosion capable of killing 150 people is obviously
proportionate
Q9) Many major oil / gas incidents have occurred in recent years, eg Piper Alpha, Texas
City, Mumbai High.

Outline reasons why such incidents should be investigated by employers.

Establish the Chain of Events

Establish Causes of incident

Establish Route Cause

Establish process failures

Establish Lessons learnt to prevent similar occurrences

Identify four parties, other than the employer, who may want to
investigate these types of incident
Authorities

Insurance Companies

Manufactures

Suppliers

Q9) List the Hazards associated with LNG

Hazards associated with LNG;

Fire and explosion

Pool Fires

Bleve's & Vapour Cloud Explosions

Explosion in confined space

Cold Burns

Asphyxiation in a confined space

Terrorism

Q10) List the Hazards associated with LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas (Propane/Butane)
Hazards associated with LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas (Propane/Butane)

Highly Flammable

Fire & explosion

Cold Burns, Frostbite - In its Liquid form

Bleve's

Pool Fires
What are the main dangers associated with LPG
The dangers of LPG lie with its flammability and explosive properties, and the fact that it
is stored under great pressure, and hence very low temperature, to retain its liquid state.

On release, LPG reverts to its gaseous state, with rapid and considerable increase in
volume.
Q11) An employee was seriously injured in an accident at work within an oil and gas
installation.

Identify the documented information that might be used by the investigating team to
determine the causes of this accident
Documented information that might be used by the investigating team to determine the
causes of an accident;

PTW

Photographs

CCTV Footage

Witness Statements

Previous Health and Safety Meeting Minutes

Risk Assessments / JSA's

Method Statements

Control Room Data

Internal incident report forms

Maintenance records

Disciplinary records

Safe systems of work

Audit / inspection reports

SOP's

D & A Test results

Q12) Outline the term Flash Point
Flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which sufficient vapour is given off to "Flash" -
that is, ignite momentarily, and not carry on burning, when a source of ignition is applied
to the vapour.

At the flash point the application of a naked flame gives a momentary flash rather than
sustained combustion, for which the temperature is too low

Q12) Give the meaning of the following term

Lower flammable limit LFL

LFL - The minimum concentration of fuel in air that is sufficient to allow combustion to
occur.

Bellow the LFL, the mixture is too lean to burn.

Q13) Give the meaning of the following term

Flashpoint
Flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which sufficient vapour is given off to "Flash" -
that is, ignite momentarily, and not carry on burning, when a source of ignition is applied
to the vapour.
Q14) Give the meaning of the following term

Highly flammable liquids

Highly flammable liquids

Liquids with a flash point below 32°C.

Substances which, when hot, catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature
without any energy input

Q15) Identify the information that might be included on a checklist for an investigation
following an accident
1. Obtain basic facts:

Names of injured
Witnesses
Place
Date and time
Persons in area
Ascertain substances / chemicals involved
Injuries
Damage to equipment

2. Establish circumstances:

What happened?
Causes
Events leading to incident
Competence
Supervision
Behavior

3. Preventive Measures - Review the risk assessment for the activity:

What precautions should have been in force?
What training should those carrying out the activity have received?

What precautions were actually taken? Compare them with those which should
have been taken.

What training was actually given? Compare it with training which should have
been given.

4. Was the initial response adequate?:

Firefighting
First aid
Containment and spillage

5. Identify underlying causes:

Management or supervision failure?

Lack of competence?
Inadequate training?
Shortcomings in original design of
Equipment
Facilities
Absence of a system for maintenance.

6. Determine action needed to prevent a recurrence

Improve physical safeguards

Introduce better test and maintenance arrangements
Improve work methods,
Provide and use personal protective equipment
Make changes to supervision and training arrangements,
Review procedures involving outside contractors
Improve inspection systems.
Q16) Following preparation of a vessel for maintenance within an oil and gas installation
a low specific activity - LSA - radioactive sludge was encountered

Identify hazards associated with the sludge

Hazards associated with LSA, radioactive sludge;

Risk of fire, explosion.

Toxicity to Divers
Outline FOUR control measures to reduce the risk to workers exposed to the sludge.
FOUR control measures to reduce the risk to workers exposed to LSA sludge;

Wearing of correct PPE - Respirator

Monitoring devices and personal sensors

Explosion proof certified equipment

Safety procedures

Training
Q17) Identify TWO other pieces of workplace equipment where the sludge may be
found.
TWO other pieces of workplace equipment where the sludge may be found;

Shale Shakers

Mud Pits
Q18) An oil and gas industry employer is reviewing tendering contracts for an offshore
platform modification.

Identify the factors that should be considered when assessing the health and safety
competence of a contractor.
Factors that should be considered when assessing the health and safety competence of
a contractor:

HSE Policy's
Certifications - Accreditations

Commitment to HSE from senior management and how this is demonstrated - Safety
Management system and implementation - Safety tools used

Project records - track record of similar projects

Safety Statistics - KPI's records and achieved

Risk Management system and procedure

Previous incident investigations reports

Competency of employees and project staff

Safety Initiatives used with in the business and project

Q18) Outline the term Major Accident

A Major Accident Is:

An unplanned event with potential for multiple fatalities and or serious damage, possibly
beyond the asset itself.

Typically these are hazardous releases, but also include major structural failure or loss
of stability that could put the whole asset at risk.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. A fire, explosion or other release of a dangerous substance involving death or serious
personal injury to persons on the installation or engaged in an activity on or in
connection with it

2. Any event involving major damage to the structure of the installation or plant affixed
thereto or any loss in the stability of the installation;

3. The failure of life support systems for diving operations in connection with the
installation, the detachment of a diving bell used for such operations or the trapping of a
diver in a diving bell or other subsea chamber used for such operations

4. Any event arising from a work activity involving death or serious personal injury to five
or more persons on the installation or engaged in an activity in connection with it
Q19) Describe the Key Principles of Safe Shift Handover
The Key Principles of Safe Shift Handover are:

A formal procedure

High priority conducted Face to Face

Two way communication, with both parties taking joint responsibility

Both verbal & written communication

Based on the analysis of the needs of incoming staff

Given as much time as necessary

Provide as much, information as necessary

Q20) In relation to Hydrocarbon Vapour Clouds Define what is meant by:

BLEVE's
"BLEVE" is an acronym for "Boiling Liquid Evaporating Vapour Explosion"

It is an explosion caused by the rupture of a vessel containing a pressurized liquid

above its boiling point.
Q21) In relation to Hydrocarbon Vapour Clouds Define what is meant by:

CVCE's
CVCE - Confined Vapour Cloud Explosion

Explosion of a liquefied hydrocarbon or other flammable gas cloud in a confined Space,

such as vessels, pipelines, buildings

Q22) In relation to Hydrocarbon Vapour Clouds Define what is meant by:

UVCE's
Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion

Explosion of a liquefied hydrocarbon in a unconfined space. Such as a fuel leaking from

a Storage facility, e.g. Buncefield incident
Many serious accidents or incidents, including the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988, involve
root causes associated with shift handover.

An outgoing operator is handing over to an incoming operator at the end of a shift.

Q23) Outline the main operational issues communicated at shift handover

Main operational issues communicated at shift handover include:

Operational status of the installation or process

Maintenance completed

Maintenance still ongoing

Maintenance planned during on-coming shift

Routine operation for next shift

Updating PTW's - Closed out or still open

Any events that happened during the out-going shift, Emergencies, incidents, accidents,
breakdowns, plant overrides.

Situations where safety systems have been overridden e.g. fire deluge system switched
to manual operation

Planned events during oncoming shift, shutdowns, drills exercises

Operational issues that will occur during the on-coming shift

Changes in plant parameters

Q24) Outline FOUR types of work activity associated with an oil platform that might
require permit to-work AND give a reason in EACH case for the requirement.
Hot Work

Hot Work Permits are generally applied to any type of work, which involves actual or
potential sources of ignition, and work for which there may be a risk of a fire and/or
explosion, or which involves the emission of toxic fumes from the application of heat.

Cold work

Cold work shall include but not be limited to the following: scaffolding, cleaning, over
side working, painting

Confined space entry

A confined space is any vessel, enclosure or compartment large enough to take a

person where the atmosphere may be dangerous or incompatible to a person entering
because of flammable/toxic gases and other substances or oxygen deficiency.

Isolation

An Isolation Certificate is required before any work can be started on process,

mechanical or electrical plant or equipment. An Isolation Certificate is also required
where access to the site of work is restricted or its safety is jeopardized by any adjacent
plant or equipment. An activity cannot commence until all the necessary isolation
requirements are in place

Diving

Diving certificate can be used to control the diving activity itself and to ensure that there
are no other activities taking place nearby which create unnecessary additional risks
e.g. over-side work, live firewater intake pumps.
Q25) Identify TWO ways in which vapour clouds can be generated
Sudden depressurization

Rupture of vessel

Loss of containment

Uncontrolled buildup of pressure

Q26) Outline how a vapour cloud explosion can be generated
Vapour cloud explosion can be generated by;

Confined / unconfined generation

Vapour cloud explosions may arise from vaporization of a release of liquefied gas from
a ruptured vessel or pipeline

Q27)Identify the physical consequences of vapour cloud explosions

Physical consequences of vapour cloud explosions;

Overpressure

Fire & explosion

Resulting debris as airborne missiles

Q27)  pump containing flammable corrosive slurry has been stopped for maintenance.

An operator will prepare the pump for maintenance using a nitrogen supply, drain
header and collection vessel. Using this information;

Outline EIGHT risks to the operator when preparing the pump for maintenance.
Asphyxiation due to displacement of 02

Fire

Explosion

Irritant/Corrosive substance

Incorrect isolation of valves

Incorrect Lock Out/Tag Out system

Lack of gas monitoring

Burst pressure lines causing injury

Q28) Oil and gas installations use water for cooling and heating although it can be a
hazard in some situations.

Identify risks with water AND give a practical example in EACH case
When stored under pressure as in Fire lines and steam water lines

May contain bacteria if not circulated e.g. dead end pipe legs

May cause an unstable reaction when mixed with some hydrocarbons

Q29) Outline operational control measures that could minimize the risk of plant damage
or injury during start-up or shutdown of a process
Shutdown:

Ensure work carried out under the controls of a PTW

All services are;

Stopped
Isolated
Drained down
Blanked

Empty & drain hydrocarbon facilities, with all liquids, gases and residues removed
leaving the plant safe to work o
Eliminate or control ignition sources
Suitable supervision of the operation
Certification of items that have been maintained or replaced
Start-up:
Establish all isolations reconnected, all blanks removed
Ensure all safety systems are operational
Ensure all systems are tested before start-up
Complete PTW
Emergency plan - in place
Q30) A distillation column requires protection from fire through passive and active fire
protection.

(a) Outline how a fixed water deluge system could provide fire protection (2)

(b) Identify two additional examples of active fire protection. (2)

A) fixed water deluge system could provide protection for a distillation column by
extinguishing the fire, controlling the fire or by providing protection for the adjacent
distillation columns with the cooling effect the fixed water deluge system provides.

B)Water mist systems and a Firewater monitor and hose-reels

Q31)) Outline the types of failure mode of storage tanks that may lead to loss of
containment from hydrocarbon
Types of failure mode of storage tanks that may lead to loss of containment from
hydrocarbon：

Overfilling

Corrosion

Construction fault

Design Fault

Bund Failure

Operator / Instrument Error

Tank not tested

Foundations Overload

Vacuum effect during emptying of tank

Q32) Identify the controls available to maintain Safety Critical Equipment
Controls available to maintain Safety Critical Equipment

Process Control Systems

Process and Emergency Shutdown systems

Fire and Gas Systems

Drilling Control systems

Q33) During an inspection an external fuel storage tank is found without a bund.

Identify TWO reasons for providing a tank bund.

T WO reasons for providing a tank bund:

Prevent a potential leak causing environmental damage

Control any leak within a known area

Ensure the maximum quantity of product can be contained within the bund
Q34) During an inspection an external fuel storage tank is found without a bund.

Outline the features which should be included in the design of a tank bund
Features which should be included in the design of a tank bund:

-Ensure the maximum quantity of product can be contained within the bund at least
110%

-Make allowance for the space occupied by other tanks

-Located away from traffic routes

-Impermeable base

-No drain valve- rain water should be pumped out

-Lightening protection
Q35) Large quantities of hydrocarbons are contained in a process plant, with the risk of
gas release and explosions

Identify THREE types of fire or explosion that could occur

THREE types of fire or explosion that could occur;

"BLEVE" Boiling Liquid Evaporating Vapor Explosion"

CVCE's Explosion of a liquefied hydrocarbon in a confined space

UVCE's Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion

Q36) Large quantities of hydrocarbons are contained in a process plant, with the risk of
gas release and explosions.

Identify process safety control measures that would minimise the risk of an explosion
Process safety control measures that would minimise the risk of an explosion:

Gas detectors

Zoning

Passive Fire Protection systems

Structural Fire Protection systems

Fire Detection Systems — Heat detectors; Flame detectors; Smoke detectors; Duct
Sampling; Acoustic detectors

Process safety systems and controls; flares and vents

Q37) Large quantities of hydrocarbons are contained in a process plant, with the risk of
gas release and explosions.

Identify the zone classifications relating to flammable atmospheres

Zone 0 - Area where an explosive gas atmosphere is present continuously or for long
periods

Zone 1 - Area where an explosive atmosphere is likely to occur in normal operations

Zone 2 - Area where an explosive atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operations
— if it occurs will only exist for a short time
Q38) Outline the actions that should be taken by a person upon discovering a fire
Actions that should be taken by a person upon discovering a fire:

Call Alarm

Call emergency services

Isolate any gas/ hydrocarbon supplies if possible

Evacuate area
Q39) Identify different ways in which an alarm may be raised in the event of a fire in a
building
Ways in which an alarm may be raised in the event of a fire in a building:

Manually

Automatically

Visually

Verbally
Q40) Identify suitable control measures to minimise the risk to employees using
mechanical land transport
-Suitable working hours - rest periods

-Suitable maintenance of vehicles

-Basic vehicle checks such as lights, tyre pressures

-Maintain speed limits

-Wear Seat belts

-Correct loads and security of loads

-Chemical and Hazardous material controls

-Training of drivers

-Traffic routes and plans

-GPS tracking systems

Q41) Outline how a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) occurs
- "BLEVE" is an acronym for "Boiling Liquid Evaporating Vapor Explosion" and involves
a situation where. a liquid in a container - often a compressed liquid such are propane
suddenly fails, resulting in a rapid expansion of the liquid into a vapor, releasing energy
that is capable of hurtling parts of the tank or other nearby objects for considerable
distances.
If an ignition source is present and the vapor is flammable, a sudden deflagration (fire)
or explosion may occur, further increasing the energy of the sudden vapor release, and
causing the creation of a fireball that releases a sudden burst of radiant (heat) energy.

The largest documented BLEVE explosions (usually involving propane or similar

substances) have resulted in numerous deaths, some at great distances from the initial
explosion (hundreds of feet or more) from either propulsion of debris, exposure to
radiant heat, or a combination of both.
Q42) Identify the hazardous properties of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG).
hazardous properties of Liquid Petroleum Gas - LPG

Heavier than air

Vaporisation - Cold

Storage - Leaks

Fire / Explosion
Q43) Outline the risks associated with Liquid Petroleum gas LPG.
Risks associated with Liquid Petroleum gas LPG.

Asphyxiation

Burns (Hot and Cold)

Fire / Explosion
Q44) Outline the following failure modes that may lead to loss of hydrocarbon
containment from storage tanks/vessels or pipelines

-Creep
Is slow movement under stress, made more severe with heat for long periods,
especially with increases in temperature approaching melting
-Stress corrosion cracking;
Occurs under tensile stress and is worse in a corrosive environment at elevated
temperatures.
-Thermal shock;
Cracking associated with rapid temperature change with different parts of an object
expanding by different amounts where the stress overcomes the strength of the
materials.
-Brittle fracture.
Rapid run of cracks through a stressed material with plastic deformation before failure
caused by such things as repetition of inappropriate heating or pressurizing rates
Q44) A large oil company is proposing to build a new oil and gas installation in the North
Sea. The Process Safety Management Team is analysing past incidents and database
records from the Oil and Gas Industry.

Excluding active and passive fire protection systems, outline physical design features of
the platform that would minimise risk to operating personnel in the event of a major
incident
-Physical design features of an offshore platform that would minimise risk to operating
personnel in the event of a major incident:

-Plant separation

-Compartmentalization

-Protection of personnel / equipment

-Means of escape

-Blow out panels

-Temporary refuges with communications & control

Q45) An operator is draining a flammable liquid from process pipework to a metal
container. The supervisor is concerned about the possibility of an electrostatic charge
forming and stops this operation until a risk assessment is undertaken.

During this work activity:

Identify factors that influences the generation of the electrostatic charge;

- Factors that influences the generation of the electrostatic charge:

Hot Dry Weather

Flow rate,
Overfilling

Lack of earthing / bonding

Liquid instability

Splash Filling

None Conductivity of materials

Agitation

Filters

Pressure Velocity
Q46) An operator is draining a flammable liquid from process pipework to a metal
container. The supervisor is concerned about the possibility of an electrostatic charge
forming and stops this operation until a risk assessment is undertaken. During this work
activity:

Outline practical ways of minimising the formation of an electrostatic charge. Practical

ways of minimising the formation of an electrostatic charge:

Humidification of the atmosphere

Antistatic additives

Reduce flow velocity

Intrinsically safe equipment

Bonding & Grounding of equipment & containers

Avoid splash filling by submerging the fill pipe bellow the liquid level in the container

Increasing the conductance of floors, footwear

53) Outline physical design features of an oil and gas installation that would minimize
risk to operating personnel in the event of a major incident
53) phsical design features of an oil and gas installation that would minimize risk to
operating personnel in the event of a major incident:
Temporary Refuge

Routes to and from the TR

Means of evacuation from these points

Facilities within the TR for monitoring and control of the incident and organizing
evacuation

54) Petroleum storage tank fires have been reduced substantially by using floating
roofs, but a fire risk may still exist.

Outline how a fire risk may exist with floating tanks

54) The following fire risk may exist with floating tanks:

Lightning strikes

Leaks due to corrosion, damaged pipe work

Product overfill or high internal pressures

Rainwater or snow load sinks the roof and exposes fuel vapours
55) Identify TWO examples of fire protection systems used on floating roof tanks
55) WO examples of fire protection systems used on floating roof tanks:

Fixed foam systems

Portable foam firefighting systems

Hose lines

56) process modules in an oil and gas installation often contain computer rooms that
require fire protection

Identify TWO examples of fire extinguishing media that could be used in a computer
room.
56) TWO examples of fire extinguishing media that could be used in a computer room:

Carbon Dioxide (C02)

Dry Chemica
57) During an inspection an external fuel storage tank is found without a bund wall:

Identify the environmental effects if a tank failure occurred;

57) The environmental effects if a fuel storage tank failure are:

Oil contamination of ground would be highly toxic to plant and animal life and could
enter rivers and waterways depriving life of oxygen
58) Outline the contents of a typical permit-to-work
58) Date & Time

Description of the task to be carried out

Work location

Duration of permit

Potential Hazards

Isolations that have been made

Precautions that are needed (ppe rpe etc)

Details of the person authorising the work

Signature of the worker carrying out the work

Risk Assessment / JSA number

Details of when the permit is revoked or finished

59) Outline how the contents of a hot work permit are different to a typical permit-to-
work
59) Hot Work permits would vary as hot works may ignite flammable materials.

These would need to be eliminated or removed (preferable) or protected

Control of ignition sources through damping down or fire blankets

Firefighting equipment has been checked and placed on location together with trained
personnel.

Gas test details must be included.

Additional PPE appropriate to task to be used in addition to the daily mandatory PPE as
part of the special precautions to be indicated on the hot work permit.

60) A distillation column requires protection from fire exposure through active or passive
fire protection.

Outline how a fixed water deluge system could provide fire

60) A fixed water deluge system could provide protection for a distillation column by
extinguishing the fire, controlling the fire or by providing protection for the adjacent
distillation columns with the cooling effect the fixed water deluge system provides
61) Other than a fixed water deluge system Identify TWO additional examples of active
fire protection
61) Foam Systems

Water Mist Systems

62) A distillation column requires protection from fire exposure through active or passive
fire protection.

Identify TWO examples of passive fire protection.

62) Fire Walls

Fire doors

Fire resistant coatings

Thermal insulation
63)  distillation column requires protection from fire exposure through active or passive
fire protection.

Outline why the metal legs of the column should be protected.

63) Fires can cause thermal weakening of steelwork and result in the collapse of
structures, failure of equipment, and subsequent escalation of the initial event.
64) Identify THREE suitable types of portable extinguisher
64) Foam

Dry Powder

C02 Carbon Dioxide

65) Following an annual shutdown of a process plant

Outline the operational control measures that could minimise the risk of an incident
before filling equipment in preparation for start-up
65) control system - process controls intelligent alarms

Suitable procedures and methods

Trained and competent employees

Suitable supervision of the operation

Detection systems- flow/ no flow/ overflow

Zone controls

Use of flares / over flow / over pressure devices

Maintenance and integrity of systems

Management of overrides
66) dentify THREE properties of Hydrogen Sulphide - H2S
66) THREE properties of Hydrogen Sulphide - H2S

Highly toxic

Flammable gas

Heavier than air and hence tends to accumulate in low-lying areas

Pungent, smells like rotten eggs but rapidly destroys the sense of smell
67) On an oil processing plant outline how activation of an H2S detection system, linked
to a control room, could prevent a fire.
67) H2s is a flammable gas, detectors can be used to trigger alarms, control room
operators can implement process control measures, emergency procedures, shutdowns
or evacuations, activate fire protection systems, and shut down any sources of ignition
remotely.

This can provide an early warning of a problem and help to ensure people's safety
68) A worker has requested a permit-to-work in order to replace damaged thermal
insulation in an overhead pipe rack that runs between two plants.

Identify THREE hazards associated with this activity

68) Working at height

SIMOPS
69) A worker has requested a permit-to-work in order to replace damaged thermal
insulation in an overhead pipe rack that runs between two plants

Outline control measures that should be implemented to reduce the risks to the worker
69) Risk assessment/JSA for job

PTW communicated to and posted in adjacent plant

Close communication between adjacent plants

Individual Fall Protection

70) Why are accident investigations carried out
70) To identify the immediate root causes of the incident - incidents are usually caused
by unsafe acts and unsafe conditions in the workplace, but these often arise from
underlying root causes.

To identify corrective actions that will prevent a recurrence - The main reason for
investigating
71) What are the four steps in the investigation process
71) Step 1: Gather factual information about the event.

Step 2: Analyse that information and draw conclusions about the immediate and root
causes.

Step 3: Identify suitable corrective measures.

Step 4: Plan the remedial actions.

72) Identify the categories of staff who might be considered useful members of an
internal accident investigation team
72) A simple investigation might be carried out by the line manager of the area; a more
detailed investigation often involves a team of investigators that might include.

A safety specialist
Senior managers
A technical specialist
A worker representative

Offshore investigating teams may also include installation specialists from services such
as drilling, well services, maintenance, process, and deck crews.
73) What are the two categories of immediate cause of accidents/incidents
73) Immediate causes are the unsafe acts and unsafe conditions that gave rise to the
event itself.

These will be the things that occurred at the time and place of the accident.

For example a worker slips on a patch of oil spilt on the floor

Immediate causes:

The slip hazard = unsafe condition

The worker walking through it = unsafe act
74) Give the meaning of the classification "Carcinogenic
74) Carcinogenic - Can induce the growth of malignant tumours
75) What main areas does a safety case/safety report cover
75) he main areas a safety case/safety report cover

Identification of major accident hazards.

Evaluation of major accident risks and measures taken (or to be taken) to control those
risks.

Arrangements for audit and audit reports.

Confirmation that an adequate safety management system is in place.

Major accident prevention policies.

Identification of the safety critical elements in place to manage major accident hazards.

Details of the emergency plan.

76) Identify the three classifications within flammability
76) flammability falls into three distinct classifications:

Extremely Flammable - Flash point below 0 Celsius.

Highly Flammable - Flash point between 0 and 21 Celsius.

Flammable - Flash point between 22 and 55 Celsius.

77) What is the Dow Fire and Explosion Index

77) The Dow Fire & Explosion Index is a rapid hazard assessment method for use on
chemical plant during process and plant development, and in the design of plant layout
78) What are the four main areas detailed and explained in a Permit to Work
78) Permits to work detail and explain:

The work involved

The isolations required

Hazards in the work to be carried out

Precautions to avoid injury
79) Identify four areas other than electricity where a safe isolation procedure might be
used
79) safe isolation systems are concerned with the safe isolation of (only four required)

Hydraulic (oil) power

Pneumatic power and stored energy

Residual energy

Combustion engines

Natural gravitational forces/weight

Steam or high-pressure water systems

Any combinations of or additions to the above

80) Explain the meaning of the term safe isolation
80) Safe Isolation

The interruption, disconnection and separation of all the equipment's motive power
sources in such a way that this disconnection and separation is secure by lockable
means.
81) Identify four ignition sources that could arise from maintenance or operations on an
installation.
81) Ignition sources are (select four)

Electrical equipment:

Routinely inspect and test to prevent faults developing that could cause sparks and
overheating.

Hot work:

Welding, burning, etc. - control with a permit-to-work when done in sensitive areas.

Smoking:
Control and limit to restricted areas on site (welfare areas).

Cooking and heating appliances:

Locate safely, confine to a galley offshore and use carefully.

Mechanical heat (overheating):

Control by good maintenance programmes.

Deliberate ignition:

Prevent by good security, perimeter fences (onshore), CCTV and security lighting.
82) How is safe isolation, stoppage, draining down and blanking of systems assured
during a shut-down
82) Safe isolation, stoppage, draining down and blanking of systems during a shut-down
is assured by:

It is vital for the safety of maintenance personnel that services are stopped, isolated,
drained down, blanked etc. and remain in a safe condition for the duration of the work.

This is ensured by the work being carried out under the controls of a permit-to work.

The permit will have a completion section to ensure that all systems are put back into
operable condition before start-up, to protect maintenance and operations personnel
83) Identify the factors to be considered when assessing the health and safety
competence of a contractor.
83) There are many factors that have to be considered when assessing the health and
safety competence of a contractor.

One important factor is the contractor's experience and training, both in the type of oil
and gas process that they will be working on and offshore safety requirements.

Whether the contractor has a health and safety policy in place, supported by the
necessary organisation and arrangements, and the quality and extent of risk
assessments carried out are also significant points to look for.

The contractor's recent health and safety performance (including any accident history)
should be reviewed, as well as establishing whether any enforcement action has been
taken against the contractor.
Evidence should be requested of the availability of suitable, up-to-date method
statements; arrangements to monitor health and safety and carry out site inspections;
qualifications; training records and skills cards carried by workers; and membership of
professional bodies or trade associations.

Proof of the contractor having employer's liability and public liability insurance is an
important factor, and references should be available from previous clients.

Finally, it is important to take into consideration arrangements for the selection and
appraisal of any subcontractors and how liaison with the contractor is going to take
place.
84) What are the conditions necessary for stress corrosion cracking to occur
84) he criteria necessary for stress corrosion cracking to occur are:

A susceptible material

A corrosive environment

Enough tensile stress to induce the condition

85) List the three hazard zones and the categories of electrical equipment to be used in
each zone
85) Zone 0 or Zone 20 = Category 1 equipment

Zone 1 or zone 21 = Category 1 0r 2 equipment

Zone 2 or Zone 22 = Category 1, 2 or 3 equipment

86) In relation to fire protection, outline the principle of operation of a voting system and
when it might be used.
86) Voting systems are used in order to minimise false alarms, in cases where
activation has consequences such as shutting down production (you don't want that
unless it is absolutely necessary as it will cost significant time and money).

The principle of operation is that more than one detector in a set must be triggered and
it is in this sense that it is called a "voting" system.

They can be set to different sensitivities depending on the risk - typically two out of three
87) Describe the difference between active and passive fire protection measures
87) Passive Fire Protection:
Is predominantly thermally insulating design elements that are put and left in place, like
fire barriers, fire resistant coatings and cladding.

They help stop escalation of the fire and protect routes.

Active Fire Protection:

Means measures that are brought into play when a fire is detected, in order to actively
tackle/extinguish the fire, e.g. fixed sprinkler installations, hoses and monitors
88) Outline the fire protection that would be used on a floating roof tank
88) For floating roof tanks the main means of fire protection is to use fixed foam
installations which spread foam around the rim seal.

Monitors and water deluge cooling sprays may also be used

89) Outline the tiered, three-level approach to emergency medical treatment

89) The tiered three-level approach to emergency medical treatment is:

Level 1 - Basic first-aid

Intended as first line treatment to preserve life and stabilise the injured:

Requiring the provision of an adequate number of trained first-aiders (depending on the

level of risk, number of workers, installation remoteness, etc.) and first-aid equipment
(first-aid kits etc.).

Level 2 - Advanced first-aid

Requiring first-aiders with more advanced skills (such as the use of specialised
equipment or methods).

Level 3 - Utilising medics or paramedics

With remote support from other medical professionals, who will have specific medical
training and be capable of administering drugs, advanced wound treatment, etc
90) Distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary offshore evacuation methods
90) Offshore evacuation methods are:

Primary Method:
The usual none-emergency method, e.g. ship.

Secondary method:

Used when the primary method is unavailable, e.g. lifeboat launched from the rig.

Tertiary Method:

Heavily reliant on the individuals own effort and used as a last resort when all other
methods are unavailable, e.g. putting on lifejackets and survival suits and jumping into
the sea.
91) Give a brief summary of the emergency command structure for offshore installations
91) The emergency command structure for offshore installations.

In such circumstances the Offshore Installations Manager OIM is in overall charge.

They will be assisted by two on-scene commanders, one from drilling and one from
process, a permit controller, a radio operator and an Offshore Installation Supervisor
OIS.
92) Outline why it might be important to plan the route of a road tanker carrying
dangerous goods.
92) There are two basic reasons why it might be important to plan the route of a road
tanker carrying dangerous goods.

Not all roads are suitable for tankers - narrow roads, weak bridges.

The security threat (terrorism, theft) to the valuable load being carried and its possible
use as a terrorist weapon.
94) Identify three marine hazards associated with all types of Floating Platform Storage
Offloading Units -FPSO's
94) Marine hazards associated with all types of Floating Platform Storage Offloading
Units -FPSO's

Flaring near production area

Crew transfer

Weather
Environmental impact

Transferring oil to tanker vessels

Risk of collision from sea going vessels

Supply/logistics difficulty

Pirates

Terrorists

Spillage damage to marine life

95) Identify suitable controls that minimize risk when operating Floating Platform
Storage Offloading Units - FPSO's
95) Security & surveillance