MODULE # 1

MECHANICAL
BASICS PUMPS
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

FIRST SLIDE (1 OF 2)
DYNAMIC PUMPS

1- CAVITATION

1- cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles in any flow that is subjected SPECIAL CENTRIFUGAL
to an ambient pressure equal to or less than the vapor pressure of the liquid 1- A Centrifugal Pump Use A Rotating Impeller To Add Velocity To The Liquid Being Pumped.
being pumped. 2- Within The Pump, The Velocity Of The Liquid Is Generated By The Centrifugal Force.
2- cavitation damage is the loss of material produced JET EJECTOR HYDRAULIC RAM 3- The Velocity Of The Solution Is Converted Within Internal Restrictions Within The Pump To
COLLAPSE OF
by the collapse of the vapor bubbles against the VAPOUR BUBBLES
Into Pressure.
surfaces of the impeller or casing. Formation of these 1- A Surface Mounted Centrifugal Pump That 1- Use The Energy Of A Large Amount Of 4- Used For Liquids That Are Water Like Viscosity And When Quantities Of Flow Are Large
bubbles cannot occur if the net positive suction head Uses An “Ejector” Device To Augment Its Water Falling A Small Height To Lift A Small Compared To The Pressure Requirements.
supplied, or NPSHA, exceeds the NPSH required for Suction Capacity. The Ejector May Be Down In Amount Of That Water To A Much Greater
cavitation inception. The Well , To Assist The Pump In Overcoming Height.
The Limitations Of Suction AXIAL FLOW RADIAL FLOW MIXED FLOW
3- life cycle of a bubble to be on the order of 0.003 s.
CRYOGENIC
4- The bubbles rebounded following the initial collapse
and caused pitting of the boundary. Pressures on the order of 104 atm have been estimated during 1- The Regime Of Cryogenic Technology Has Been Generally Taken To Indicate
collapse of a bubble. All known materials can be damaged by exposure to bubble collapse for a sufficiently Temperatures Colder Than 100°F (73°C). Fluids Such As Liquid Oxygen,
long time. Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Helium, Argon, Methane, And Ethane, With Normal
Boiling Points Below 100°F (73°C) Are Called Cryogenic Fluids.
2- NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH) Axial-flow Radial-flow Mixed-flow
2- For The Pump Designer, The Cryogenic Regime Requires Consideration Of
1- NPSH is the pressure at the suction, above the liquid vapor pressure, which will allow the The Effect Of Low Temperatures On The Properties Of Construction
pump to operate without, cavitations or vapor lock problems. Materials And The Effect Of Varying Shrinkage Rates On Critical Fits And
Clearances. The Problem Is Further Complicated By The Fact That Cryogenic
2- NPSH = SUCTION HEAD MINUS LIQUID VAPOUR PRESSURE. There fore, NPSH must Fluids Are Stored At Near Atmospheric Pressure And Must Be Pumped At Or
always be a positive figure. Near Their Normal Boiling Point, So The Only NPSH Available Is That Due To
The Liquid Level Above The Pump Suction.
3- BEARING HOUSING LUBRICATION (CONSTANT LEVEL OILER)

1- The Oil Stays In The Bottle As Long As The Oil Level In The LIQUEFIED HYDROCARBON GASES
Bearing Housing Is Level With The Mouth Of The Bottle.
1- The Cryogenic Fluids Encountered In This Service Are Primarily LNG (A Mixture That Is Normally More Than 90%
2- When The Oil Level Drops, Air Enters The Bottle Allowing Oil To
Methane), Ethylene, And Ethane, Along With The Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) Propane And Butane.
Flow Out Until The Oil Level In The Bearing Housing Is Again Up To
The Mouth Of The Bottle.
2- A Novel Approach To Pumping These Fluids Was Introduced In 1959 With The Application Of The Submerged
Electric-motor-driven Pump. Because These Fluids Are Excellent Dielectrics, Part Of The Pumped Fluid Stream Can
3- The Oil Level In The Bearing Housing Therefore Stays Constant.
Be Directed Through The Motor To Cool It And Lubricate The Bearings.
The Oiler Is Usually Set So That The Oil Either:
There Is No Need To Can Or Treat The Windings With Anything Other Than Specially Selected Varnishes. Many
1. Covers Half Of The Lowest Ball In A Flood Oil Lubricated Ball Bearing, Or
2. Is ¼” Above The Bottom Of The Oil Ring In A Ring Oiled Bearing. Advantages Accrue To This Design, Such As

NOTE • No Cool-down Requirement On Pumps Installed In Tanks SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
• High Inherent Reliability Due To Protection From Corrosion And Humidity And Elimination Of Shaft Seal
• Low Hazard Due To 100% Rich Environment
1- OIL LEVEL IN THE
• Minimal Differential Shrinkage Problems
OILER DOESN’T
• Capability Of Directing Rejected Heat In Accordance With Designer’s Wishes
INDICATE THE OIL SUBMERGED
LEVEL IN THE CRYOGENIC PUMP

BEARING HOUSING. PUMP SEALING DEVICES

2- THE CORRECT OIL

1-PACKING
LEVEL IN THE
BEARING HOUSING Packing Is Used In The Stuffing Box Of A Centrifugal
APPEARS IN THE Pump To Control The Leakage Of The Pumped
SIGHT GLASS. Liquid Out, Or The Leakage Of Air In. The Three
Major Virtues Of A Packed Stuffing Box Are: Stuffing Box With Lantern Ring Stuffing Box and Packing
1- It Is Relatively Inexpensive In Initial Cost.
4-WEARING RINGS Shaft Sleeve

2- It Rarely Is The Cause Of An Unscheduled Shutdown Of The Pump Since Its

1- For A Pump To Operate Correctly There Must Be A Physical Separation Sealing Efficiency Usually Deteriorates Slowly.
Between The High And Low-pressure Sides. Other Wise, Fluid Would Simply
Circulate From The High-pressure Side To The Low Pressure Are Side And Be 3- To Compensate For Wear, The Packing Can Be Adjusted Or Completely Replaced
Re-pumped. Without Dis­assembly Of The Pump.

2- When This Fluid Passes From High To Low Pressure Side Some Solids Pass
As Well. These Solids Can Cause The Impeller And Casing To Wear. 2-MECHanical SEALS

A mechanical seal is a sealing device that provides a seal

3- Wearing Ring Prevent Damage To Impeller And Casing. They Are Usually between rotating and stationary parts, thus keeping the liquid
Made Of The Same Material As The Impeller And Casing. being pumped inside the pump. Today, the design of liquid
handling equipment with rotating parts usually include the
features necessary for the use of a mechanical seal.
Some of the advantages mechanical seals offer over
conventional packing include:
Rotating Seal Stationary Seal
1. Reduced friction and power losses because of lower drag in the stuffing box.
Flat type rings L-Type Rings 2. Reduced leakage from the stuffing box. 3. Reduced shaft or sleeve wear. 4. Reduced maintenance.