THERMODYNAMICS

Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
 THERMODYNAMICS
Temperature and Heat

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
Temperature and Heat Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

temperature
• qualitative measure of “hotness” or “coldness”
• quantity of what we measure with a thermometer
• To use temperature as a measure of hotness or coldness, we need to
construct a temperature scale.

Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
Temperature and Heat Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

There are three temperature scales in use today

Fahrenheit
Celsius
Kelvin

Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
Temperature and Heat Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Fahrenheit

- is a scale based on 32 for the freezing point of water and 212 for the
boiling point of water
- the interval between the two being divided into 180 parts.
- The 18th-century German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit originally
took as the zero of his scale the temperature of an equal ice-salt mixture
and selected the values of 30 and 90 for the freezing point of water and
normal body temperature

abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
Temperature and Heat Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Celsius

- also called centigrade temperature scale

- the scale is based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the
boiling point of water.
- Invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, it is
sometimes called the centigrade scale because of the 100-degree interval
between the defined points.

abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
Temperature and Heat Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Fahrenheit

Celsius

abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
Temperature and Heat Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Kelvin

- Kelvin temperature scale is the base unit of thermodynamic temperature

measurement in the International System (SI) of measurement.
- named for the British physicist Lord Kelvin (1824–1907)
- The units are the same size as those on the Celsius scale, but the zero is
shifted so that 0 𝐾 = −273.15°𝐶 and 273.15 𝐾 = 0°𝐶

abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
Temperature and Heat Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Kelvin

abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
Temperature and Heat Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium - the interaction between two body causes no further

change in the system

The Zeroth law of Thermodynamics

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 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal expansion • Temperature and Heat

• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of

Most materials expand when their temperatures increase. Thermodynamics

linear expansion

Volume expansion

Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
 THERMODYNAMICS

linear expansion • Temperature and Heat

• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
What are the basic properties of linear expansion? Thermodynamics

temperature change

material

Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 9th Ed./ Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Jr.
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
Halliday & Resnick | Fundamentals of physics, 9th ed/ Jearl Walker
 THERMODYNAMICS

linear expansion • Temperature and Heat

• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

𝐿𝑜 – original length of rod

𝑇𝑜 – initial temperature
∆𝐿 − change in length
∆𝑇 − change in temperature

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS

linear expansion • Temperature and Heat

• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

𝐿𝑜 – original length of rod

𝑇𝑜 – initial temperature
The change in length ∆𝐿 is proportional to length L .
∆𝐿 − change in length
The dependence of thermal expansion on
∆𝑇 − change in temperature
temperature, material, and length is summarized in
the equation
∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇 ∆𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝐿𝑜
𝐿 − 𝐿𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) ∆𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜
𝛼 – coefficient of linear expansion

𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 + 𝐿𝑜 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS

linear expansion • Temperature and Heat

• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

𝐿𝑜 – original length of rod

𝑇𝑜 – initial temperature
∆𝐿 − change in length

𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 + 𝐿𝑜 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) ∆𝑇 − change in temperature

𝛼 – coefficient of linear expansion

𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 (1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ))

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 Volume THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
expansion Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
• Increasing temperature usually causes increases in Thermodynamics

volume for both solids and liquids.

• Just as with linear expansion, experiments show that if
the temperature change ∆𝑇 is less than 100 𝐶𝑂 or so, the
increase in volume V is approximately proportional to
both the temperature change ∆𝑇 and the initial volume
𝑉𝑜 :

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 Volume THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
expansion Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 Volume THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
expansion Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

For solid materials we can find a simple relationship between

the volume expansion coefficient 𝛽 and the linear expansion ∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇
coefficient 𝛼 ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛽∆𝑇

Consider a cube of
material with side
length L and
volume 𝑉 = 𝐿3

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 Volume THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
expansion Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

For solid materials we can find a simple relationship between

the volume expansion coefficient 𝛽 and the linear expansion ∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇
coefficient 𝛼 ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛽∆𝑇

𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝐿
Consider a cube of
𝑑𝐿
material with side 𝑑(𝐿𝑜3 )
length L and 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝐿= 3𝐿𝑜2 𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝐿
volume 𝑉 = 𝐿𝑜 3
𝑑𝑉 = 3𝐿𝑜2 (𝐿𝑜 𝛼 𝑑𝑇)

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 Volume THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
expansion Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

For solid materials we can find a simple relationship between

the volume expansion coefficient 𝛽 and the linear expansion ∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇
coefficient 𝛼 ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛽∆𝑇

𝑑𝑉 = 3𝛼𝐿𝑜3 𝑑𝑇 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜 3
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝐿
𝑑(𝐿𝑜3 ) 2
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝐿= 3𝐿 𝑜 𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝐿

Consider a cube of 𝑑𝑉 = 3𝐿𝑜 2 (𝐿𝑜 𝛼 𝑑𝑇) 𝑑𝑉 = 3𝛼𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑇

material with side
length L and 𝑑𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝑇
volume 𝑉 = 𝐿3
𝛽 = 3𝛼

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal expansion • Temperature and Heat

• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape that is exactly

50.000 m long at a temperature of 20°C. The markings
on the tape are calibrated for this temperature. What is the
length of the tape when the temperature is 35°C?
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal expansion • Temperature and Heat

• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

The Humber Bridge in England has the world’s longest

single span, 1410 m. Calculate the change in length of
the steel deck of the span when the temperature
increases from -6.0oC to 17.5OC.
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal expansion • Temperature and Heat

• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

A copper cylinder is initially at 20.0°𝐶. At what

temperature will its volume be 0.150% larger than it is
at 20.0 °𝐶?
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal expansion • Temperature and Heat

• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

A glass flask whose volume is 1000.00 cm3 at 0.0°C

is completely filled with mercury at this temperature.
When flask and mercury are warmed to 55.0 °C, 8.95
cm3 of mercury overflow. If the coefficient of volume
expansion of mercury is 18.0 × 10−5 𝐾 −1 , compute
the coefficient of volume expansion of the glass
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
HEAT, Q • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Heat, Q, is the energy transferred between a system and Thermodynamics

its environment (or between two systems) because of a

temperature difference between them.

Heat can
change the
temperature
of an object

https://kids.britannica.com/kids/assembly/view/217648
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
Internal Energy and Heat • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

• A thermal system has internal

energy which is the sum of the
mechanical energies of its
molecules (proportional to its
temperature).

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II__Therm
odynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/1%3A_Temperature_and_Heat/1.4%3A__Heat_Transfer%2C_Specific_Heat%2C_a
nd_Calorimetry

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
Internal Energy and Heat • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
• A thermal system has internal energy which Thermodynamics

is the sum of the mechanical energies of its

molecules (proportional to its temperature).

• if two objects at different

temperatures are brought into
contact with each other, energy is
transferred from the hotter to the
colder object until the bodies
reach thermal equilibrium
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II__Therm
odynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/1%3A_Temperature_and_Heat/1.4%3A__Heat_Transfer%2C_Specific_Heat%2C_a
nd_Calorimetry

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
Internal Energy and Heat • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

• the temperature of a
substance can be raised
either by heating it, by
doing work on it, or a https://kids.britannica.com/kids/assembly/view/217648

combination of the two.

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II__Therm
odynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/1%3A_Temperature_and_Heat/1.4%3A__Heat_Transfer%2C_Specific_Heat%2C_a
nd_Calorimetry

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
Internal Energy and Heat • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Since heat is a form of

energy, its SI unit is the
joule (J).

https://kids.britannica.com/kids/assembly/view/217648

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II__Therm
odynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/1%3A_Temperature_and_Heat/1.4%3A__Heat_Transfer%2C_Specific_Heat%2C_a
nd_Calorimetry

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
HEAT, Q • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

The quantity of heat Q required to increase the

temperature of a mass m of a certain material from T to 1

T is found to be approximately
2

• proportional to the temperature change ∆T = T - T . 2 1

• proportional to the mass m of material

• depends on the nature of the material

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
HEAT, Q • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
The quantity of heat Q required to increase the temperature of Thermodynamics
a mass m of a certain material from T1 to T2 is found to be
approximately
• proportional to the temperature change ∆T = T2 - T1 .
• proportional to the mass m of material
• depends on the nature of the material

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
HEAT, Q • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
HEAT, Q • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
Heat, Q, is the energy transferred between a system and • The Second Law of
Thermodynamics
its environment (or between two systems) because of a
temperature difference between them.

• When energy flows

into the system, Q > 0; http://www.hk-phy.org/energy/domestic/print/heat_phy_print_e.html

• when energy flows out

of the system, Q < 0.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
HEAT, Q • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

In an effort to stay awake for an all-night study session,

a student makes a cup of coffee by first placing a 200-W electric
immersion heater in 0.400 kg of water.
(a) How much heat must be added to the water to raise its
temperature from 21.0C to 90.5C?
(b) How much time is required? Assume that all of the heater’s
power goes into heating the water.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
HEAT, Q • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

You are given a sample of metal and asked to

determine its specific heat. You weigh the sample
and find that its weight is 29.7 N. You carefully add
4
1.50 × 10 𝐽 of heat energy to the sample and
find that its temperature rises 15.0 OC. What is the
sample’s specific heat?

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Calorimetry means “measuring heat.”

A container that prevents heat

transfer in or out is called
a calorimeter, and the use of a
calorimeter to make measurements
(typically of heat or specific heat
capacity) is called calorimetry.
https://www.ddscalorimeters.com/the-difference-between-a-
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman; coffee-cup-calorimeter-and-a-bomb-calorimeter/
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Calorimetry means “measuring heat.”

In calorimetry, the heat gained by the colder object

must equal the heat lost by the hotter object, due to
conservation of energy:

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0
Suppose you pour 0.250 kg of 20.0oC water
(about a cup) into a 0.500-kg aluminum pan off
the stove with a temperature of 150oC. Assume
no heat transfer takes place to anything else.
What is the temperature when the water and pan
reach thermal equilibrium?

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0
A camper pours 0.300 kg of coffee, initially in a
pot at 70.0OC, into a 0.120-kg aluminum cup
initially at 20.0OC. What is the equilibrium
temperature? Assume that coffee has the same
specific heat as water and that no heat is
exchanged with the surroundings.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0
You have 750 g of water at 10.0OC in a
large insulated beaker. How much boiling
water at 100.0OC must you add to this
beaker so that the final temperature of the
mixture will be 75OC?

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0

A copper calorimeter can with mass 0.100 kg

contains 0.160 kg of water and 0.0180 kg of ice in
thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. If
0.750 kg of lead at 255OC is dropped into the
calorimeter can, what is the final temperature?
Assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0

A copper pot with a mass of 0.500 kg contains

0.170 kg of water, and both are at 20.0°C. A
0.250-kg block of iron at 85.0°C is dropped into
the pot. Find the final temperature of the system,
assuming no heat loss to the surroundings.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

phase change or phase transition - a transition from one

phase to another

For any given pressure a phase change takes place at a

definite temperature, usually accompanied by heat flowing in
or out and a change of volume and density.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
Melting of ice • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of

• When we add heat to ice at 0OC and normal Thermodynamics

atmospheric pressure, the temperature of

the ice does not increase.
• Instead, some of it melts to form liquid
water.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
Melting of ice • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of

• If we add the heat slowly, to maintain the Thermodynamics

system very close to thermal equilibrium,

the temperature remains at 0OC until all the
ice is melted.
• The effect of adding heat to this system is
not to raise its temperature but to change
its phase from solid to liquid.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
Melting of ice • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of

• To change 1 kg of ice at 0OC to 1 kg of liquid Thermodynamics

water at 0OC and normal atmospheric

pressure requires heat of
3.34 × 105 𝐽
• The heat required per unit mass is called
the heat of fusion (or sometimes latent
heat of fusion), denoted by 𝐿𝑓
• For water at normal atmospheric pressure
the heat of fusion is

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
Melting of ice • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
Evaporation of water • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

for boiling or evaporation, the corresponding heat (per unit

mass) is called the heat of vaporization Lv

At normal atmospheric pressure the heat of vaporization L for v

water is

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
• Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

How much heat is required to convert 12.0 g

of ice at −10℃ to steam at 100℃. Express
your answer in joules, calories, and Btu.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

A glass contains 0.25 kg of Omni-Cola (mostly water)

initially at 25°C. How much ice, initially at -20C, must
you add to obtain a final temperature of 0 °C with all the
ice melted? Ignore the heat capacity of the glass.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

In a container of negligible mass, 0.370 kg of ice at an

initial temperature of -34.0OC is mixed with a mass 𝑚 of
water that has an initial temperature of 80.0OC. No heat is
lost to the surroundings. If the final temperature of the
system is 26.0OC, what is the mass m of the water that was
initially at 80.0OC?

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

An ice-cube tray of negligible mass contains

0.205 𝑘𝑔 of water at 18.0OC. How much heat must
be removed to cool the water to 0.00OC and freeze
it?

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

An insulated beaker with negligible mass contains

0.250 kg of water at a temperature of 75℃. How
many kilograms of ice at a temperature of
− 20℃ must be dropped into the water
to make the final temperature of the system 40℃

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;
 THERMODYNAMICS
• Temperature and Heat
calorimetry and phase changes • Thermal Properties of
Matter
• The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Second Law of
Thermodynamics

A copper calorimeter can with mass 0.100 kg

contains 0.160 kg of water and 0.0180 kg of ice in
thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. If
0.750 kg of lead at a temperature of 255℃ is
dropped into the calorimeter can, what is the final
temperature? Assume that no heat is lost to the
surroundings.

Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: with Modern Physics. 13th ed. / Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman;