SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR

MECHANICAL
DESIGN
OF MACHINE
COMPONENTS
SECOND EDITION: SI VERSION

by

ANSEL C. UGURAL
 SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR
MECHANICAL DESIGN
OF MACHINE
COMPONENTS
SECOND EDITION: SI VERSION

by
ANSEL C. UGURAL

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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 CONTENTS

Part I BASICS

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 2 MATERIALS 16

Chapter 3 STRESS AND STRAIN 24

Chapter 4 DEFLECTION AND IMPACT 48

Chapter 5 ENERGY METHODS AND STABILITY 68

Part II FAILURE PREVENTION

Chapter 6 STATIC FAILURE CRITERIA AND RELIABILITY 100

Chapter 7 FATIGUE FAILURE CRITERIA 117

Chapter 8 SURFACE FAILURE 135

Part III APPLICATIONS

Chapter 9 SHAFTS AND ASSOCIATED PARTS 145

Chapter 10 BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION 164

Chapter 11 SPUR GEARS 176

Chapter 12 HELICAL, BEVEL, AND WORM GEARS 194

Chapter 13 BELTS, CHAINS, CLUTCHES, AND BRAKES 208

Chapter 14 MECHANICAL SPRINGS 225

Chapter 15 POWER SCREWS, FASTENERS, AND CONNECTIONS 240

Chapter 16 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINE COMPONENTS 261

Chapter 17 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN DESIGN 278

Chapter 18 CASE STUDIES IN MACHINE DESIGN 308

vi
 NOTES TO THE INSTRUCTOR

The Solutions Manual to accompany the text MECHANICAL DESIGN of Machine Components
supplements the study of machine design developed in the book. The main objective of the manual is to
provide efficient solutions for problems in design and analysis of variously loaded mechanical components.
In addition, this manual can serve to guide the instructor in the assignment of problems, in grading these
problems, and in preparing lecture materials as well as examination questions. Every effort has been made
to have a solutions manual that cuts through the clutter and is self –explanatory as possible thus reducing
the work on the instructor. It is written and class tested by the author.

As indicated in its preface, the text is designed for the junior-senior courses in machine or
mechanical design. However, because of the number of optional sections which have been included,
MECHANICAL DESIGN of Machine Components may also be used to teach an upper level course. In
order to accommodate courses of varying emphases, considerably more material has been presented in the
book than can be covered effectively in a single three-credit-hour course. Machine/mechanical design is one
of the student’s first courses in professional engineering, as distinct from basic science and mathematics.
There is never enough time to discuss all of the required material in details.

To assist the instructor in making up a schedule that will best fit his classes, major topics that will
probably be covered in every machine design course and secondary topics which may be selected to
complement this core to form courses of various emphases are indicated in the following Sample
Assignment Schedule. The major topics should be covered in some depth. The secondary topics, because
of time limitations and/or treatment on other courses, are suggested for brief coverage. We note that the
topics which may be used with more advanced students are marked with asterisks in the textbook.

The problems in the sample schedule have been listed according to the portions of material they
illustrate. Instructor will easily find additional problems in the text to amplify a particular subject in
discussing a problem assigned for homework. Answers to selected problems are given at the end of the text.
Space limitations preclude our including solutions to open-ended web problems. Since the integrated
approach used in this text differs from that used in other texts, the instructor is advised to read its preface,
where the author has outlined his general philosophy. A brief description of the topics covered in each
chapter throughout the text is given in the following. It is hoped that this material will help the instructor in
organizing his course to best fit the needs of, his students.

Ansel C. Ugural
Holmdel, N.J.

vii
 DESCRIPTION OF THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN
“MECHANICAL DESIGN of Machine Components”

Chapter 1 attempts to present the basic concepts and an overview of the subject. Sections 1.1 through 1.8
discuss the scope of treatment, machine and mechanical design, problem formulation, factor of safety, and
units. The load analysis is normally the critical step in designing any machine or structural member (Secs.
1.8 through 1.9). The determination of loads is encountered repeatedly in subsequent chapters. Case studies
provide a number of machine or component projects throughout the book. These show that the members
must function in combination to produce a useful device. Section 1.10 review the work, energy, and power.
The foregoing basic considerations need to be understood in order to appreciate the loading applied to a
member. The last two sections emphasize the fact that stress and strain are concepts of great importance to a
comprehension of design analysis.

Chapter 2 reviews the general properties of materials and some processes to improve the strength
of metals. Sections 2.3 through 2.14 introduce stress-strain relationships, material behavior under various
loads, modulus of resilience and toughness, and hardness, selecting materials. Since students have
previously taken materials courses, little time can be justified in covering this chapter. Much of the material
included in Chapters 3 through 5 is also a review for students. Of particular significance are the Mohr’s
circle representation of state of stress, a clear understanding of the three-dimensional aspects of stress,
influence of impact force on stress and deformation within a component, applications of Castigliano’s
theorem, energy of distortion, and Euler’s formula. Stress concentration is introduced in here, but little
applications made of it until studying fatigue (Chap.7).

The first section of Chapter 6 attempts to provide an overview of the broad subject of “failure”,
against which all machine/mechanical elements must be designed. The discipline of fracture mechanics is
introduced in Secs. 6.2 through 6.4. Yield and fracture criteria for static failure are discussed in Secs. 6.4
through 6.12. The last 3 sections deal with the method of reliability prediction in design. Chapter 7 is
devoted to the fatigue and behavior of materials under repeated loadings. The emphasis is on the Goodman
failure criterion. Surface failure is discussed in Chapter 8. Sections 8.1 through 8.3 briefly review the
corrosion and friction. Following these the surface wear is discussed. Sections 8.6 through 8.10 deal with
the surfaces contact stresses and the surface fatigue failure and its prevention. The background provided
here is directly applied to representative common machine elements in later chapters.

Sections 9.1 through 9.4 of Chapter 9 treat the stresses and design of shafts under static loads.
Emphasis is on design of shafts for fluctuating loading (Secs. 9.6 and 9.7). The last 5 sections introduce
common parts associated with shafting. Chapter 10 introduces the lubrication as well as both journal and
roller bearings. As pointed out in Sec. 8.9, rolling element bearings provide interesting applications of
contact stress and fatigue. Much of the material covered in Secs. 11.1 through 11.7 of Chapter 11 introduce
nomenclature, tooth systems, and fundamentals of general gearing. Gear trains and spur gear force analysis
are taken up in Secs. 11.6 and 11.7. The remaining sections concern with gear design, material, and
manufacture. Non-spur gearing is considered in Chapter 12. Spur gears are merely a special case of helical
gears (Secs. 12.2 through 12.5) having zero helix angle. Sections 12.6 through 12.8 deal with bevel gears.
Worm gears are fundamentally different from other gears, but have much in common with power screws to
be taken up in Chap. 15.

viii
 Chapter 13 is devoted to the design of belts, chains, clutches, and brakes. Only a few different
analyses are needed, with surface forms effecting the equations more than the functions of these devices.
Belts, clutches, and brakes are machine elements depending upon friction for their function. Design of
various springs is considered in Chapter 14. The emphasis is on helical coil springs (Secs. 14.3 through
14.9) that provide good illustrations of the static load analysis and torsional fatigue loading. Leaf springs
(Sec. 14.11) illustrate primarily bending fatigue loading. Chapter 15 attempts to present screws and
connections. Of particular importance is the load analysis of power screws and a clear understanding of the
fatigue stresses in threaded fasteners. There are alternatives to threaded fasteners and riveted or welded
joints. Modern adhesives (Secs. 15.17 and 15.18) can change traditional preferred choices.

It is important to assign at least portions of the analysis and design of miscellaneous mechanical
members treated in Chapter 16. Sections 16.3 through 16.7 concern with thick-walled cylinders, press or
shrink fits, and disk flywheels. The remaining sections concerns with the bending of curved frames, plate
and shells-like machine and structural components, and pressure vessels. Buckling of thin-walled cylinders
and spheres is also briefly discussed. Chapter 17 represents an addition to the material traditionally
covered in “Machine/Mechanical Design” textbooks. It attempts to provide an introduction to the finite
element analysis in design. Some practical case studies illustrate solutions of problems involving structural
assemblies, deflection of beams, and stress concentration factors in plates. Finally, case studies in
preliminary design of the entire crane with winch and a high-speed cutting machine are introduced in
Chapter 18.

ix
SAMPLE ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULE MACHINE/MECHANICAL DESIGN (3 credits.)

TEXT: A. C. Ugural, MECHANICAL DESIGN of Machine Components, 2nd SI Version, CRC

Press (T & F Group).
Prerequisites: Courses on Mechanics of Materials and Engineering Materials.

WEEK TOPICS SECTIONS PROBLEMS

1 Introduction 1.1 to 1.12 1.6,1.17,1.26,1.34

Materials* 2.1 to 2.5,2.8 to 2.11 2.7,2.11,2.15,2.20

2 A Review of Stress Analysis* 3.1 to 3.14, 4.1 to 4.9 3.12,3.34,3.45,4.24,4.37

5.1 to 5.12 5.20,5.26,5.30,5.54, 5.73

3 Static Failure Criteria & Reliability 6.1 to 6.15 6.7,6.14,6.25,6.29,6.40

4 Fatigue Criteria and Surface Failure 7.1 to 7.15, 8.1 to 8.10 7.6,7.17,7.28,7.32,7.34
8.3,8.8, 8.14, 8.21

5 EXAM # 1 - - - - - - - - - -
Shafts and Associated Parts 9.1 to 9.12 9.7,9.14,9.19,9.24,9.28

6 Lubrication and Bearings 10.1 to 10.16 10.4,10.10,10.16,10.31,10.36

7 Spur Gears 11.1 to 11.12 11.15,11.18,11.22,11.33,11.38

8 Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears* 12.1 to 12.10 12.10,12.12,12.18,12.21,12.32

9 EXAM # 2 - - - - - - - - - -
Belt and Chain Drives 13.1 to 13.6 13.1,13.8,13.9, 13.10,13.13

10 Clutches and Brakes 13.8 to 13.15 13.21,13.27,13.34,13.39,13.46

11 Mechanical Springs 14.1 to 14.11 14.8,14.12,14.22,14.25,14.35

12 EXAM # 3 - - - - - - - - - -
Power Screws and Fasteners 15.1 to 15.12 15.2,15.6,15.14,15.19,15.30

13 Connections* 15.13 to 15.16 15.34,15.40,15.48,15.54

14 Miscellaneous Machine
Components* 16.1 to 16.5, 16.8 16.6,16.17,16.25,16.38
to 16.11

15 FEA in Design and

Case Studies in Machine Design* 17.1 to 17.3,17.5,17.7 17.2,17.4,17.8,17.12
18.1 and 18.2 18.2,18.4,18.6,18.10
FINAL EXAM - - - - - - - - - -

* Secondary topics. The remaining, major topics constitute the “main stream” of the machine design
course.

x
Section I BASICS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

SOLUTION (1.1)

Free Body: Angle Bracket (Fig. S1.1)

(a)  M B
 0; F ( 0 .5 )  6 8 ( 0 .2 5 )  2 8 .8 ( 0 .5 )  0 , F  6 2 .8 k N 

(b)  Fx  0 : R B x  2 8 .8  F  0 , R Bx  3 4 k N 

 Fy  0 : R B y  6 8  2 1 .6  0 , R B y  8 9 .6 k N 

Thus
RB  (3 4 )  (8 9 .6 )  9 5 .8 k N
2 2

and
1
  ta n  2 0 .8
34 o
8 9 .6

F A

34 B
0.5 68 kN 21.6 kN

89.6
R Bx 28,8 kN 
B C
RB
Figure S1.1 R By 0.25 0.25

SOLUTION (1.2)
Free Body: Beam ADE (Fig. S1.2)
 M A
 0:  W (3 .7 5 a )  F B D ( 2 a )  0 ,
E F B D  1 .8 7 5 W 
D W  Fx  0 : R Ax  0
FBD
 Fy  0 :  R Ay  FBD  W  0 ,
A
R A y  0 .8 7 5W 
R Ax
2a 1.75a Free-Body: Entire structure (Fig. S1.2)
R Ay
 M
A
 0: R C (3 a )  W (3 .7 5 a )  0 ,
a V
A F R C  1 .2 5 W 
O
M” Free Body: Part AO (Fig. S1.2)
0.875 kN Figure S1.2 V  0 .8 7 5W 
F  0
M  0 .8 7 5 a W

1
SOLUTION (1.3)

29 kN/m
32 kN  m
 M A
 0: R B  1 1 .0 2 k N 
C
D A E
B  Fy  0 : R A  4 5 .8 2 k N 
0.6 m RA RB
1,2 m 2.4 m 2.4 m
Segment CD
29 kN/m
 ( 2 9 )( 0 .6 )  5 .2 2 k N  m
1 2
M D 2
C M
0.6 m D V
D
V D  1 7 .4 k N
D

Segment CE
3 4 .8 k N VE
M  3 4 .8 (1 .8 )  4 5 .8 2 (1 .2 )  7 .6 5 6 k N  m
0.6 m E

C M E V E  1 1 .0 2 k N
1.2 m A 1.2 m E
45 . 82

SOLUTION (1.4)

(a)  M B
 0: 0 .8 R C ( 6 )  0 .6 R C ( 2 )  2 4 ( 4 )  0
1m
8 kN m 2m
10 kN  R C  26 . 667 kN

C R Cx  16 kN , R Cy  21 . 334 kN
3m D B 2m
RC
R Bx Then
4
R By 2m
 F x  0 : R Bx  16 kN
3
A
 F y  0 : R By  12 . 66 kN

( b ) Segment CD

8 M D
 21 . 334 ( 3 )  12 (1 . 5 )  6 ( 2 )  34 kN  m
4 M F D  16 kN
16 D

FD V D  21 . 334  18  3 . 334 kN
C 3m D V
D
21.334

2
SOLUTION (1.5)
3m
(a)
A
  0: RCx 
3
M A 2 RCy
2 2m
3
C
RCx
RCy 4
3

R By R Cy
 M B
 0: 4 0 (5 )  4 R C y  0 RCy  5 0 k N 
RCx 40 kN
R Bx B C Then R Cx  75 kN 

4m 1 R By  1 0 k N  , R Bx  7 5 k N 
m

(b) M
FD D

0.75
VD D F D  75 ( 53 )  50 ( 54 )  85 kN
1.0
75 V D  75 ( 54 )  50 ( 53 )  30 kN
C
5
50 4 3 M D
 7 5 (1)  5 0 ( 0 .7 5 )  3 7 .5 k N  m

SOLUTION (1.6)

(a) B Free body entire connection

P A T 0.15 m
 M C
0 : R A ( 0 .7 )  T  0

T  0 .7 R A
C
RA
0,5 m
0.2 m
AB  ( 0 .5 )  ( 0 .1 5 )  0 .5 2 2 m
2 2
Segment AB F AB
B

18 kN
A 0.15 m
 M B
0 : 18 ( 0 . 15 )  R A ( 0 . 5 )  0

R A  5 .4 k N
0.5 m
RA and T  3 .7 8 k N  m

 Fx  0 : 18  FAB  0, F A B  1 8 .7 2 9 k N
0 .5
(b) 0 .5 2 2

SOLUTION (1.7)
Free Body: Entire Crankshaft (Fig. S1.7a)
120 mm
120 mm ( a ) From symmetry: R A  R B

 Fz  0 : R A  R B  2 k N
A y 70 mm
D T  M x
 0 :  4 ( 0 .0 5 )  T  0 ,
B
T  0 .2 k N  m  2 0 0 N  m
R A  2 kN
z RB  2 kN x
50 mm C
4 kN (a)
(CONT.)

3
1.7 (CONT.)

M y

D ( b ) Cross Section at D (Fig. S1.7b)

Vz Vz  2 kN

(b) T  200 N  m
T
Figure S 1.7 M y
 2 ( 0 .0 7 )  0 .1 4 k N  m

 140 N  m

SOLUTION (1.8)

30 kN

B Free-Body Diagram, Beam AB

 Fx  0 :  FC D  6 0  0 , F C D  6 9 .1 1 k N
7

1.8 m 4 65

7
 Fy  0 : R A  FC D  3 0  0 , R A  6 4 .3 k N 
4
C FC D 65

  0:  6 0 (1 .8 )  FC D ( 3 )  M  0,
7
1.2 m M A A
65

M A
 72 kN  m
60 kN
1.8 m

A
M A
RA

SOLUTION (1.9)

B 1.2 m C Free body entire frame

129.6 kN
 0 :  129 . 6 ( 0 . 9 )  R Dy (1 . 2 )  R Dy ( 3 )  0
1
0.9 m 0.9 m 1.2 m
M A 2

2 2.4 m
R D y  4 8 .6 k N , R D x  2 4 .3 k N
A 1
1
D 2 R Dy

R Dy R D

R By
B C Free body BCD
R B x 1.2 m  Fx  0 : R B x  2 4 .3 k N
2.4 m
 Fy 0 : R B y  4 8 .6 k N
D 24.3
RB  2 4 .3  4 6 .6  5 2 .6 k N
2 2

48.6

4
SOLUTION (1.10)
y
R Ay 4 kN 3 kN

A
R Az 0.3 m T R Ey 5 kN
z
C
E
1m D
R Ez 2 kN
1m B x
0.5 m
0.5 m

(a) 0.3 m

 M x
 0: 3 ( 0 .1 5 )  4 ( 0 .1 5 )  T  5 ( 0 .1 5 )  2 ( 0 .1 5 )  0
or T  0 . 6 kN  m

(b)  M z
 0 : ( 4  3 )( 1 )  R Ey ( 2 . 5 )  0 , R Ey   2 . 8 kN

 M y
 0 :  R Ez ( 2 . 5 )  ( 5  2 )( 3 )  0 , R Ez  8 . 4 kN

 F y  0 : R Ay  4  3  R Ey  0 , R Ay   4 . 2 kN

 F z  0 : R Az  R Ez  5  2  0 , R Az   1 . 4 kN

RA   1 .4  4 . 427
2 2
Thus 4 .2 kN

RE   8 .4  8 . 854 kN
2 2
2 .8

SOLUTION (1.11)
(a) Free-body Diagrams, Arm BC and shaft AB

y C T

x B
z M
A
T V T V
M
M V
Figure S1.11 B T
(b) At C:
V  2 kN T  50 N  m
At end B of arm BC:
V  2 kN T  50 N  m M  200 N  m
At end B of shaft AB:
V  2 kN T  200 N  m M  50 N  m
At A: V  2 kN T  200 N  m M  300 N  m

5
SOLUTION (1.12)

Free Body: Entire Pipe

0.15 m 200 N
D
y
C 36 N  m

T Ry
Rx A 0.2 m

Rz
Mz
z My
0.3 m B x

Reactional forces at point A:

 Fx  0 : Rx  0

 Fy  0 : R y  200  0, R y  200 N

 Fz  0 : Rz  0

Moments about point A:

 M x
 0: T  2 0 0 ( 0 .1 5 )  0 , T  30 N  m

 M y
 0: M y
 0

 M z
 0: M z
 2 0 0 ( 0 .3 )  3 6  0 , M z
 96 N  m

The reactions act in the directions shown on the free-body diagram.

SOLUTION (1.13)

Free Body : Entire Pipe

0.15 m 200 N
D
y 0.075 m

C 36 N  m
Ry
Rx WCD
T WAB 0.2 m
WBC
Rz A
Mz
My
z
0.15 m
0.3 m B x

(CONT.)

6
1.13 (CONT.)

We have 1 lb/ft=14.5939 N/m (Table A.2).

Thus, for 3 in. or 75-mm pipe (Table A.4): 14.5939(7.58)=110.62 N/m
Total weights of each part acting at midlength are:
W A B  1 1 0 .6 2 ( 0 .3)  3 3 .2 N
W B C  1 1 0 .6 2 ( 0 .2 )  2 2 .1 N
W C D  1 1 0 .6 2 ( 0 .1 5 )  1 6 .6 N

Reactional forces at point A:

 Fx  0 : Rx  0

 Fy  0 : R y  W AB  W BC  W CD  2 0 0  0, R y  2 7 1 .9 N

 Fz  0 : Rz  0

Moments about point A:

 M x
 0: T  W C D ( 0 .0 7 5 )  1 0 ( 0 .1 5 )  0 , T  2 .7 4 5 N  m

 M y
 0: M y
 0

 M z
 0: M z
 ( 2 0 0  W C D  W B C )( 0 .3 )  W A B ( 0 .1 5 )  3 6  0

M z
 1 1 2 .6 N  m .

SOLUTION (1.14)
RCy 1.6 kN 150 mm
(a)
R Ay C RCx
0.5 m Dy
1m Bx B
0.25 m
R Ax A D B Bx 1.6 kN 1.6 kN
Dx E
By 0.15 m By
D
Dx
Dy
Free body pulley B
 F x  0 : B x  1 . 6 kN 

 F y  0 : B y  1 . 6 kN 
Free body CED
 M D
 0 : R Cx ( 0 . 4 )  1 . 6 ( 0 . 15 )  0 , R Cx  0 . 6 kN 

 F x  0 :  D x  0 .6  1 .6  0 , D x  1 kN 

 F y  0: R Cy  D y

Free body ADB

 M A
 0 : D y ( 0 . 5 )  B y (1 . 5 )  0 , D y  4 . 8 kN , R Cy  4 . 8 kN 

 F x  0 :  R Ay  D y  B y  0 , R Ay  3 . 2 kN 

(CONT.)

7
1.14 (CONT.)

 F x  0 : R Ax  D x  B x  0 , R Ax  0 . 6 kN 

M V G 0.6 m B
(b) G
1.6 M G
 1 . 6 ( 0 . 6 )  960 N  m , V G  1 . 6 kN
FG G
1.6 F G  1 . 6 kN

SOLUTION (1.15)

Free body entire rod

 M x
 0 : R Dy ( 0 . 25 )  300 ( 0 . 1 ), R Dy  120 N 

 M z  C
 0:  2 0 0 ( 0 .3 5 )  R B y ( 0 .2 5 )  ( 3 0 0  1 2 0 ) ( 0 .2 )  0

R By  136 N 
Free body ABE
y
A B Vy M z

200 N 100
175 x
E
136 N
z

 M z
 E
 0:  M z
 200 ( 0 . 275 )  136 ( 0 . 175 )  0 , M z
 31 . 2 N  m

 F y  0 : V y  200  136  64 N

SOLUTION (1.16)

Free body entire rod:

 M  0: x
R D y ( 0 .2 5 )  4 0 0 ( 0 .1)  0 , RDy  160 N 

 M   z
C
0: R B y ( 0 .2 5 )  ( 4 0 0  1 6 0 ) ( 0 .2 )  0 , R By  1 9 2 N 

Segment ABE
y
A B
Vy
0.175 m x
192 N E
M
z z

At point E:
M z
  192 ( 0 . 175 )   33 . 6 N  m
V y  192 N

8
SOLUTION (1.17)

Side view Top view

F2
50 mm
F2
B D
C
Td
100 mm 50 mm
F1 Figure (a) Figure (c)

150 N  m

A
50 mm F1 Figure (b)

Fig. (b):  M A
 0 : F 1 ( 0 . 05 )  150  0 , F 1  3 kN

Fig. (a):  M B
 0 : F 1 ( 0 . 1 )  F 2 ( 0 . 05 )  0 , F 2  6 kN

Fig. (c):  M D
 0: F 2 ( 0 .0 5 )  T d  0 , T d  0 .3 kN  m

SOLUTION (1.18)

18 kN 13.5 kN
1m C

3m
B
Rx
A Ry 3
6m 4m 4
R

Free body-entire frame

 M A
 0: R y (1 0 )  1 3 .5 ( 6 )  1 8 ( 4 )  0 , R y  1 5 .3 k N

Free body-member BC
 M C
 0: R x (3)  R y ( 4 )  0
and
Rx  4
3
(1 5 .3)  2 0 .4 k N
Thus
FBC  R  ( 2 0 .4 )  (1 5 .3 )  2 5 .5 k N
2 2

9
SOLUTION (1.19)

P Free body-member AB
B
o  M A
 0:
A E 40 a
R Ax
R E ( 4 a )  P c o s 4 0 ( a )  P s in 4 0 ( 6 a )  0
o o
4a 2a
R Ay RE  R E  1.1 5 6 P

 F x  0: R Ax  P co s 4 0  0 .7 6 6 P 
o

 F y  0: R A y  1.1 5 6 P  P s in 4 0  0, R A y  0 .5 1 3 P 
o

Free body-member CD

RE

D
 M D
 0: R E ( 4 a )  RCy ( 6 a )  0
C 2a 4a
RCx  R C y  0 .7 7 1 P 
o
E 30
RCy RD

  0: R D s in 3 0 ( 6 a )  R E ( 2 a )  0 , R D  0 .7 7 1 P
o
M C

 F x  0: RCx  R D co s 3 0  0 .6 6 8 P 
o

SOLUTION(1.20)

( a ) Power= P = ( p A ) ( L ) ( n /6 0 )
 (1 .2 )( 2 1 0 0 )( 0 .0 6 )( 1 56 00 0 )  3 .7 8 k W
Power required  P
e
 3 .7 8
0 .9
 4 .2 k W

( b ) Use Eq.(1.15),
9 5 4 9 ( 4 .2 )
T  9549 kW
n
 1500
 2 6 .7 4 N  m

SOLUTION (1.21)

a=1.5 m, b=0.55 m, c=0.625 m, L=2.7 m, V=29 m/s, W=14.4 kN, kW=14

( a ) From Eq. (1.15), the drag force equals,
1000 kW 1 0 0 0 (1 4 )
Fd  V
 29
 4 8 2 .8 N
See: Fig. P1.21:
 Fx  0 : F d  4 8 2 .8 N
It follows that
 M A
 0:  W a  Fd c  R f L  0
or
 1 4 4 0 0 (1 .5 )  ( 4 8 2 .8 )( 0 .6 2 5 )  R f ( 2 .7 )  0
(CONT.)

10
1.21 (CONT.)

Solving,
R f  7 .8 8 8 k N
and
 Fy  0 : R r  1 4 .4  7 .8 8 8  0
or
R r  6 .5 1 2 k N

(b)
We have V  0 , Fd  0 , F  0.
See Fig. P1.21:
 M A
 0: Wa  Rf L  0
Thus
Rf  a
L
W  1 .5
2 .7
(1 4 .4 )  8 k N

So,  F y  0 gives

R r  W  R f  1 4 .4  8  6 .4 k N

SOLUTION (1.22)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 1.21.

a=1.5 m, b=0.55 m, c=0.625 m, L=2.7 m, V=29 m/s, W=14.4 kN, kW=14
Now we have
W t  1 4 .4  5 .4  1 9 .8 k N

( a ) From Eq. (1.15), the drag force equals,

1000 kW 1 0 0 0 (1 4 )
Fd  V
 29
 4 8 2 .8 N
See: Fig. 1.21 (with W  W t ):

 M A
 0:  W t a  Fd c  R f L  0

  1 9 8 0 0 (1 .5 )  ( 4 8 2 .8 )( 0 .6 2 5 )  R f ( 2 .7 )  0
from which
R f  1 0 .8 8 8 k N

and  Fy  0 : R r  1 9 .8  1 0 .8 8 8  0

R r  8 .9 1 2 k N

( b ) V  0, Fd  0 , F  0 , as before,

 M A
 0:  Wta  R f L  0

Then Rf  a
L
W  1 .5
2 .7
(1 9 .8 )  1 1 k N

So,  F y  0 gives

R r  W t  R f  1 9 .8  1 1  8 .8 k N

11
SOLUTION (1.23)

( a ) Free-Body Diagram: Gears (Fig. S1.23).

Applying Eq. (1.15):
9550 (35 )
T AC  9550 P
n
 500
 6 6 8 .5 N  m
Therefore,
TA
F  rA
 6 6 8 .5
0 .1 2 5
 5 .3 4 8 k N

( b ) T D E  F rD  5, 3 4 8 ( 0 .0 7 5 )  4 0 1 .1 N  m

TDE T AC
A
F
D
rD rA
F

Figure S1.23

SOLUTION (1.24)

n1  1 8 0 0 rp m , n 2  4 2 5 rp m , kW  20
From Eq. (1.15), we obtain T = 9549 kW/n. Thus

For input shaft

9549 ( 23)
T  1800
 122 N  m
For output shaft
9549 ( 20 )
T  425
 4 4 9 .4 N  m
Equation (1.14) gives
e  20
23
 100  87 %

SOLUTION (1.25)

N=150, F=2.25 kN, s=62.5 mm, e=88%

( a ) Referring to Eq. (1.12):
power output  F s ( 6N0 )  2 2 5 0  0 .0 6 2 5 ( 16500 )
 3 5 1 .6 W

( b ) Using Eq. (1.14), power transmitted by the shaft:

power input  3 5 1 .6 ( 0 .8 8 )  3 9 9 .5 W

SOLUTION (1.26)

Equation (1.10) becomes

Ek  I ( 
1 2 2
2 max min
) (1)
Here, mass moment inertia with 5 percent added:

I  ( 1 . 05 ) ( d o  d i )  l
4 4
32
(Table A.5)
(CONT.)

12
1.26 (CONT.)


 1 . 05  0 . 3 )( 0 . 1 )( 7 , 200 )
4 4
32
( 0 .4

 1 . 299 kg  m
2

 m a x  1 2 0 0 ( 610 )  2 0 r p s  1 2 5 .7 ra d s
 m in  1 1 0 0 ( 610 )  1 8 .3 r p s  1 1 5 ra d s

Equation (1) is therefore

Ek   115
1 2 2
2
( 1 . 299 )( 125 . 7 )
 1, 6 7 3 J

SOLUTION (1.27)

Final length of the wire:

L AC '  ( 2 )  (1 .2 6 )  2 .3 6 3 8 m
2 2

Initial length of the wire is

L AC  ( 2 )  (1 2 .5 )  2 .3 5 8 5 m
2 2

Hence, Eq. (1.20):

L AC '  L AC
 AC  L AC
 2 .3 6 3 8  2 .3 5 8 5
2 .3 5 8 5

 0 .0 0 2 2 5  2 2 5 0 μ

SOLUTION (1.28)

2 ( r  r ) 2 r
(a) c  2 r
 r
r

( c ) i  0 .3
150
 2000 μ
( c ) o  0 .2
250
 800 μ

 r o   ri
(b) r  r o  ri
 0 .3  0 .2
250  150
 1000 μ

SOLUTION (1.29)

LO B  d , L AB  L BC  d 2  1 .4 1 4 2 1 d
( a )  OB  0 .0 0 1 2 d
d
 1200 μ

( b ) L AB '  L CB '  d 
1

 (1 . 0012 d )  1 . 41506 d
2 2 2

 AB   BC  1 .4 1 5 0 6  1 .4 1 4 2 1
1 .4 1 4 2 1
 601 μ

 1 .0 0d1 2 d  
1
( c ) C A B  ta n
o
4 5 .0 3 4 4

Increase in angle C A B is 4 5 .0 3 4 4  4 5  0 .0 3 4 4 .
o

Thus
  0 .0 3 4 4  18 0   6 0 0 μ

13
SOLUTION (1.30)

(a) x  0 .8  0 .5
250
 1200 μ  y
  0 .4  0
200
 2000 μ

( b ) L ' AD  L AD   x L AD  L AD (1   x )
 250 (1 . 0012 )  250 . 3 mm

SOLUTION (1.31)

6 3
 L AB  800 (10 )150  120 (10 ) mm
6 3
 L AD  1000 (10 ) 200  200 (10 ) mm

We have
L BD  L AB  L AD
2 2 2

2 L BD  L BD  2 L AB  L AB  2 L AD  L AD
or
L AB L AD
 L BD  LBD  L AB  LBD  L AD (1)
  150
250
(120 )  200
250
( 200 ) 10
3
 0 . 232 mm

SOLUTION (1.32)

AC  BD   300  424 . 26 mm
2 2
300
B ' D '  4 2 4 .2 6  0 .5  4 2 3 .7 6 m m , A ' C '  4 2 4 .2 6  0 .2  4 2 4 .4 6 m m
Geometry: A ' B '  A ' D '

x   y
 A ' D '  AD
C' AD
1
B'   4 2 3 .7 6  2  4 2 4 .4 6  2  2

      300
  2   2  
 300
 363 μ
D'
   1 423 . 76 2
 xy
 2
   2
 2 tan 424 . 46 2
 1651 μ
A'

SOLUTION (1.33)

0.5 m 1m We have
A'  AD   AD L AD
0.00064 m F B C 6
A B  800  10 ( 0 .8 )
B'  0 .0 0 0 6 4 m
x 0.005 m

0.33 m
C'
(CONT.)

14
1.33 (CONT.)

From triangles A ' A F and C ' C F :

0 .0 0 0 6 4
x
 0 .0 0 5
1 .5  x
, x  0 .1 7 m
From triangles B ' B F and C ' C F :
0 .3 3

 01.0.3035 ,  B  0 .0 0 1 2 4 m    B E (contraction)
B

Therefore
  BE 6
 BE  LBE
 0 .0 0 1 2 4
1
  1 2 4 0 (1 0 )

  1, 2 4 0 

SOLUTION (1.34)

(a) x  0 . 006
50
 120 μ  y
  0 . 004
25
  160 μ

 xy
  1000  200   800 μ

( b ) L ' A B  L A B (1   y )  2 5 (1  0 .0 0 0 1 6 )  2 4 .9 9 6 m m
L ' A D  L A D (1   x )  5 0 (1  0 .0 0 0 1 2 )  5 0 .0 0 6 m m

End of Chapter 1

15
CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS

SOLUTION (2.1)

 
A0  (1 2 .5 )  1 2 2 .7 m m , Af  (1 2 .5  0 .0 0 6 )  1 2 2 .6 m m
2 2 2 2
4 4

We have  a  0 .3
200
 1500 μ , t  0 .0 0 6
1 2 .5
 480 μ
Thus
3
1 8 (1 0 )
S p
 P
A0
 1 2 2 .7
 1 4 6 .8 M P a
S 6
t
 
1 4 6 .7 (1 0 )
E    9 7 .8 G P a ,  0 .3 2
p

a 1 5 0 0 (1 0
6
) a

Also
% e lo n g a tio n  0 .3
200
(1 0 0 )  0 .1 5
122 . 7  122 . 6
% reduction in area  122 . 7
(100 )  0 . 082

SOLUTION (2.2)

Normal stress is
  P
A
 
2200
2
 2 8 6 .8 M P a
( 3 .1 2 5 )
4

This is below the yield strength of 350 MPa (Table B.1).

We have
  L  576.50 0  0 .0 0 1 3 3 9  1 3 3 9 μ
Hence
6
 2 8 6 .8 (1 0 )
E  
 6
 2 1 4 .2 G P a
1 3 3 9 (1 0 )

SOLUTION (2.3)

The cross-sectional area: A  w o t o  1 2 .7 ( 6 .1)  7 7 .4 7 m m

2

( a ) Axial strain and axial stress are

 a  0 6.038.54 1  0 .0 0 1 3 2 4  1 3 2 4 μ
    2 7 7 .5 M P a
P 2 1 ,5 0 0
a A 6
7 7 .4 7 (1 0 )

Because  a
 S y (See Table B.1), Hooke's Law is valid.
( b ) Modulus of elasticity,
 2 7 7 .5 (1 0 )
6

E  a
a
 6
 2 0 9 .6 G P a
1 3 2 4 (1 0 )

( c ) Decrease in the width and thickness

 w   w o  0 .3(1 2 .7 )  3 .8 1 m m
 t   t o  0 .3( 6 .1)  1 .8 3 m m

16
SOLUTION (2.4)

Assume Hooke's Law applies. We have

 t   15.5   3 0 0 μ
t
a   
  300
0 .3 4
 822 μ
Thus,
9
  E  a  (1 0 5  1 0 )(8 2 2  1 0 )  9 2 .6 1 M P a
9

Since   S y , our assumption is valid.

So
P   A  (9 2 .6 1)(  4 )(5 )  1 .8 1 8 k N
2

SOLUTION (2.5)

We obtain
L AC  L BD   15  21 . 21 mm
2 2
15

 L AC
 x
 L AC
 21 . 17  21 . 21
21 . 21
  1886 μ
 L BD
 y
 L BD
 21 . 22  21 . 21
21 . 21
 471 μ


6
100 ( 10 )
(a) E  
x
 6
 53 GPa
x  1886 ( 10 )

y
(b)   x 
471
1886  0 .2 5

(c) G  53
2 ( 1  0 . 25 )
 21 . 2 GPa

SOLUTION (2.6)

Use generalized Hooke’s law:

1 2 
x   y  z  E ( x   y
z) (1)
For a constant triaxial state of stress:
x   y  z  ,  x   y
 z  

1 2 
Then, Eq. (1) becomes   E  . Since  and  must have identical signs:
1  2  0  
1
or 2

SOLUTION (2.7)

We have 
4 5 0 (1 0 )
x
 50 (75 )
 120 M Pa

(CONT.)

17
2.7 (CONT.)

(a) x  0 .5
250
 2000 μ,  y
  0 .0 2 5
50
 500 μ

   0 .2 5
500
2000

 1 2 0 (1 0 )
6

(b) E  x
x
 6
 60 G Pa
2 0 0 0 (1 0 )

 6

(c) z  
1 2 0 (1 0 )
E
x
  0 .2 5 9
 500 μ
6 0 (1 0 )

6 3
 a   5 0 0 (1 0 ) 7 5   3 7 .5 (1 0 ) mm; a '  7 5  0 .0 3 7 5  7 4 .9 6 2 5 m m
9
6 0 (1 0 )
(d) G  2 (1  0 .2 5 )
 24 G Pa

SOLUTION (2.8)

We have
3

 y  z  0 
25 ( 10 )
x
 6
 125 MPa
20  10 ( 10 )

Thus
y  0  [   (  x   z )]
1
E y
(1)

z  0  [ z   (  x   y )]
1
E (2)

x  [ x   (    z )]
1
E y
(3)
Equations (1) and (2) become
 y   z   x (1’)
 z   y
  x (2’)

Adding :  (    z )  2   x (1   ) . Then, Eq. (3):

2
y

1   2 
2 
x 
x
1  E

Substituting the data:

6

 x
 1  0 . 3  0 . 18 125 ( 10 )
0 .7 9
 1327 μ
70 ( 10 )

SOLUTION (2.9)

Hooke's Law. We have  y

 0 and
  
x   
x y z

E E E
6
 10
9
[(8 0 )  0  0 .3 (1 4 0 )]  0 .0 0 0 5 2 8  5 2 8 μ
7 2 1 0

  
y    
x y z

E E E
6
 10
9
[  0 .3 (8 0 )  0  0 .3 (1 4 0 )]   9 1 7 μ
7 2 1 0

  
z    
x y z

E E E
6
 10
9
[  0 .3 (8 0 )  0  1 4 0 ]  1 6 1 1 μ
7 2 1 0

(CONT.)

18
2.9 (CONT.)

(a) Change in length  L AB   x a ,

6
 L A B  (5 2 8  1 0 )(3 2 0 )  0 .1 6 9 m m

(b) Change in thickness

6
 t   yt  (917  10 )(1 5 )   0 .0 1 4 m m

(c) Change in volume,

e  x  y
  z  5 2 8  9 1 7  1 6 1 1  1 .2 2 2

 V  e V o  1 .2 2 2 (3 2 0  3 2 0  1 5 )  1 .8 7 7 m m
3

SOLUTION (2.10)

By assumptions, rubber in triaxial stress:

    p,    F
2
  4F
2
x z y d 4 d

Stains are  x   z  0 . Hooke's law gives  y

x  0  1
E
[ x
  ( y
  z )]
or

0  p  4F x
2
 d (1   )

Solving,  z
4 F
p  2 Q.E.D.
 d (1   )

Substitute the data:

3
4 ( 0 .5 )(1 0  1 0 )
p  2
 3 .2 6 M P a (C)
 ( 6 2 .5 ) (1  0 .5 )

SOLUTION (2.11)

Hooke’s law gives

90 MPa 6
 x
 1
( x
  y
)  10
9
(150  90
)  1800 μ
y 10 mm E 100 ( 10 ) 3
150 MPa 6
 y
 1
E
( y
 x )  10
9
(90  150
3
)  1400 μ
1 0 0 (1 0 )
x
6

 ( 
( 1 3 ) 10
100 mm z
  E x y
)   9
(150  90 )   200 μ
100 ( 10 )

Thus
 L  1800  (100 )  180 μm
 a   1400  ( 50 )   70 μm
 b   200  (10 )   2 μm
and
L '  100 . 018 mm , a '  49 . 993 mm , b '  9 . 9998 mm

19
SOLUTION (2.12)

We have
x   y
 z  p

Gen. Hooke’s law:

6

     (1  2 )  
p 120 ( 10 ) 1
x y z
  E 9
  400 μ
100 ( 10 ) 3

Thus
 L   400  (100 )   40 μm
 a   400  ( 50 )   20 μm
 b   400  (10 )   4 μm
and
L '  99 . 96 mm , a '  49 . 98 mm , b '  9 . 996 mm

SOLUTION (2.13)

We have
 x
 y
 z
  p . The volume is
4
Vo  r  (1 2 5 )  8 .1 8 1(1 0 ) m m
4 3 3 6 3
3 3


(a) x   1
E
[   (   )]   E
(1  2 )
6
1 6 8 (1 0 )
 9
(1  0 .5 )   1 2 0 0 μ
7 0 (1 0 )

Change in diameter,
6
 d   x d   1 2 0 0 (1 0 ) 2 5 0   0 .3 m m

Decrease in circumference:
 (  d )   0 .3    0 .9 4 2 5 m m

( b )  V  e V o  (1  2 )  xV o
6
 ( 0 .5 )(  1 2 0 0  1 0 )(8 .1 8 1  1 0 )   4 9 0 9 m m
6 3

SOLUTION (2.14)

From Fig.2.3b and Eq.2.20:

S y  Su
U t
 2
 f
 250  440
2
( 0 . 27 )  93 MPa

We have L f  50  50 ( 0 . 27 )  63 . 5 mm

6 3 .5  5 0
Using Eq.(2.1): % e lo n g a tio n  50 (1 0 0 )  2 7 %

20
SOLUTION (2.15)

Table B.1: S y
 260 MPa , E  70 GPa
We have
 6
V  AL  ( 0 . 005 ) ( 3 )  58 . 9  10
2 3
4
m
2 6 2
S ( 260  10 )
   482 . 9 kJ
y 3
U r 9
m
2E 2 ( 70  10 )

6
 U r V  482 . 9  10 ( 58 . 9  10 )  28 . 44 J
3
U app

For U app
 9 J :

n   3.1 6
2 8 .4 4
9

SOLUTION (2.16)

( a ) ASTM-A242. E  2 0 0 G P a and  y
 345 M Pa
2 6 2
Sy ( 3 4 5 1 0 )
U o
  9
 298 kJ
3
2E 2 ( 2 0 0 1 0 ) m

( b ) Stainless (302). E  1 9 0 G P a and S y  5 2 0 M P a

2 6 2
Sy ( 5 2 0 1 0 )
U o
  9
 712 kJ
3
2E 2 ( 2 0 0 1 0 ) m

SOLUTION (2.17)

( a ) Aluminum 2014-T6. E  7 2 G P a and  y

 410 M Pa
2 6 2
Sy ( 4 1 0 1 0 )
Uo   9
2E 2 ( 7 2 1 0 )

 1167 kJ
3
m

( b ) Annealed yellow brass. E  1 0 5 G P a and S y  1 0 5 M P a

2 6 2
Sy (1 0 5  1 0 )
Uo   9
 5 2 .5 kJ
3
2E 2 (1 0 5  1 0 ) m

SOLUTION (2.18)

6
1 0 5 (1 0 )
Referring to Fig. P2.18: E  0 .0 0 2 5
 42 G Pa, S y  1 9 2 .5 M P a

2 6 2
Sy (1 9 2 .5  1 0 )
(a) Uo    4 4 1 .5 k J m
3
9
2E 2 ( 4 2 1 0 )

( b ) Total area under    diagram:

 2 6 2 .5 (1 0 )( 0 .1 7 6 )  4 6 .2 M J m
6 3
U t

21
SOLUTION (2.19)

( a ) V  50  50  1, 500  3 . 75 (10 ) mm
6 3

2
S
nU 
y
Thus 2E V
1

 [
2 EnU
or S y V ]2
1
9
 [ 2  200 10  1 . 5  400
3
] 2  253 MPa
3 . 75 ( 10 )

2 6 2
S ( 253  10 )
   160
y
(b) U r 9
kPa
2E 2 ( 200  10 )

SOLUTION (2.20)

Table B.1: S y  250 M Pa, E  200 GPa

We have
U  nU app
 5 (1 7 )  8 5 N  m
2 6 2
S ( 2 5 0 1 0 )
   1 5 6 .2 5 kN  m m
y 3
U r 9
2E 2 ( 2 0 0 1 0 )

Therefore
3
V    0 .5 4 4 (1 0
U 85 3
Ur 3
) m
1 5 6 .2 5 (1 0 )

3 
V  AL : ) 
2
Also 0 . 544 (10 4
d ( 2 .4 )
or
d  0 .0 1 7 m = 1 7 m m

SOLUTION (2.21)

Refer to Fig. P2.21. We have

6
1 9 0 (1 0 )
E  0 .0 0 1
 190 G Pa, S y  245 M Pa
2 3 2
Sy ( 2 4 5 1 0 )
(a) Uo   9
 158 kJ
3
2E 2 (1 9 0  1 0 ) m

( b ) Total area under    diagram:

 3 5 0  1 0 ( 0 .2 8 )  9 8
3 MJ
U t 3
m

SOLUTION (2.22)

V  ( 0 .0 5 )( 0 .0 5 )(1 .2 )  0 .0 0 3 m and S y  S p
3

2
S nU ( 2 E )
( a ) n U  
p 2
2E
V, S p V

Substituting the data given,

(CONT.)

22
2.22 (CONT.)

9
1 .8 (1 5 0 )( 2  2 1 0  1 0 )
Sp   3 7 .8  1 0
2 15
0 .0 0 3

or
S p  1 9 4 .4 M P a

2
Sp 15
3 7 .8  1 0
(b) Uo   9
 90 kJ
3
2E 2 ( 2 1 0 1 0 ) m

SOLUTION (2.23)

Applying Eq. (2.22), we find

S u  3 .4 5 H B
M P a  3 .4 5 (1 4 9 )  5 1 4 M P a
Equation (2.24):
S y  3 .6 2 (1 4 9 )  2 0 7  3 3 2 .4 M P a

SOLUTION (2.24)

Using Eq. (2.22),

S u  3 .4 5 H B
M P a  3 .4 5 (1 7 9 )  6 1 8 M P a
Formula (2.24):
S y  3 .6 2 (1 7 9 )  2 0 7  4 4 1 M P a

SOLUTION (2.25)

Formula (2.22),
S u  3 .4 5 H B
M P a  3 .4 5 (1 5 6 )  5 3 8 M P a
Equation (2.24):
S y  3 .6 2 (1 5 6 )  2 0 7  3 7 8 M P a

SOLUTION (2.26)

Equation (2.22) gives

S u  3 .4 5 H B
M P a  3 .4 5 ( 2 9 3)  1 0 1 0 .9 M P a
Formula (2.24):
S y  3 .6 2 ( 2 9 3 )  2 0 7  8 5 3 .7 M P a

End of Chapter 2

23
CHAPTER 3 STRESS AND STRAIN

SOLUTION (3.1)

(a) 
4 5 (1 0 )
 3 2
 9 1 .6 7 M Pa
s  ( 2 5 1 0 ) 4

(b) h 
4 5 (1 0 )
3 3
 5 0 .7 9 M P a
 ( 2 5 .7 8  1 0 )(1 0 .9 4  1 0 )

(c) t 
4 5 (1 0 )
3 3
 5 4 .2 6 M Pa
 ( 2 1 .1 2  1 0 )(1 2 .5  1 0 )

(d) b 
4 5 (1 0 )

 3 1 .2 2 M P a
3 2 3 2
[( 5 0  1 0 )  ( 2 5 .7 8  1 0 ) ]
4

SOLUTION (3.2)

S
A   [( a  )  a ] a   A  
a 2 2 9 2 y P Pn
4 16 all n
,  Sy
all

a   a 
9 2 Pn 2 16 Pn 4 Pn
Thus 16 Sy
, a 9 S y
, 3  Sy

Substituting the data given:

6
1 . 2 ( 10 )( 2 . 2 )
a  4
6
 73 mm  a min
3  ( 280  10 )

SOLUTION (3.3)

R Ay Free body-Member ACD

  0 :  45 sin 15 ( 0 . 8 ) 
o
A R Ax M A
3
F BC ( 0 . 3 )
5

FBC  4
F BC ( 0 . 1)  0
0.4 m 5

C 4  F B C  R B  2 9 .1 2 kN
3
 Fx  0 : F BC  45 sin 15  R Ax  0
3 o
0.1 m 5

0.4 m  R A x  5 .8 2 5 kN 

 F y  0 : 45 cos 15  R Ay  F BC  0
o 4
D 5
o
15  R A y  6 6 .7 6 3 kN 
45 kN

RA  (5 .8 2 5 )  ( 6 6 .7 6 3 )  6 6 .9 9
2 2
Resultant is kN
1
 RA 2 2 R An
We therefore have  2 , d  ( 
)2
n  d 4

Hence
3 1
2 ( 6 6 .7 6 3  1 0 )( 2 )
dA  [ 6
] 2  0 .0 2 0 8 m = 2 0 .8 m m
 (1 9 6  1 0 )
3 1
2 ( 2 9 .1 2  1 0 )( 2 )
dB  [ 6
] 2  0 .0 1 3 7 5 m = 1 3 .7 5 m m
 (1 9 6  1 0 )

24
SOLUTION (3.4)

R Ay 5 kN
B 1m 1m  M A
 0: 5( 3 ) 
3
5 R E ( 0 .7 5 ) 
4
5 RE (2)  0
C
R Ax A 1 m 0.75 m or R E  13 . 04 kN
1.5 m E  F x  0 : R Ax  7 . 82 kN 
4
D 3 RE  F y  0 : R Ay  5 . 43 kN 

RA  7 .8 2  5 .4 3  9 .5 2 k N
2 2

Free body-beam ABC

7.82 A B C RCx
 M C
 0 : F BD  8 . 145 kN ( C )
1m 2m
5.43 FBD RCy

(a)      1 . 018
8 ,145
BD 3
MPa
8 ( 10 )

(b) 
9 .5 2 (1 0 ) 2
 2
 9 .6 9 7 M P a
A  ( 0 .0 2 5 ) 4

SOLUTION (3.5)

RA A  M A
 0: R B  FBC 
P
ta n 
L cos 
 F y  0: R A  F AC 
P
s in 
L ta n 
 C We have
RB B L A AC  P
 sin 
A BC  P
 tan 
P
L AC  L BC  L
L
cos 

Total weight, W   ( A A C L A C  A B C L B C ) :

 PL cos   PL 1  cos 
2
W  
( sin  1cos   sin 
)   sin  cos 

Therefore
P L
2 2 2
s in  c o s  ( 2 c o s  )(  s in  )  (1  c o s  )(  s in   c o s  )
 ] 0
dW
d  [ (s in  c o s  )
2

The foregoing reduces to

3 cos   1 cos  
2 1
or 3

  5 4 .7
o
or

25
SOLUTION (3.6)

Refer to Table 3.1 (Case C)

3
a  b  0 .0 9  0 .0 4 5  4 .0 5  1 0
2
t m

45 mm
1 .2  1 0
t 3
T
  30  10 
6
; 3
90 mm
2abt 2 ( 4 .0 5  1 0 )t

Solving,
t  4 .9 4 m m

We have
  1 .5  0 .0 2 6 ra d and  a ll   L  0 .0 2 6 0 .8  0 .0 3 3 ra d m .
o

Hence
( a  b ) tT ( a  b )T
  2 2 2
 2 2
2t a b G 2 ta b G

0 .1 3 5 (1 .2  1 0 )
3

0 .0 3 
2 ( 0 .0 4 5 ) ( 0 .0 9 ) ( 2 8  1 0 ) t
2 2 9

Solving: t  5 .3 4 m m

Use
t a ll  5 .5 m m

SOLUTION (3.7)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 3.6. We now have a=b.

1 .2  1 0
3
T
  30  10 
6
2
; 2
2a t 2 ( 0 .0 7 ) t

t 70 mm
Solving: t  4 .1 m m

70 mm
Similarly,
1 .2  1 0
3
T
  ; 0 .0 3 3 
( 0 .0 7 ) ( 2 8  1 0 ) t
3 3 9
a Gt

Solving: t  3 .8 m m
Use
t a ll  4 .1 m m

26
 SOLUTION (3.8)

Refer to Case C, Table 3.1.

We now have a=b=31.25 mm,  a ll  1 2 2 .4 5  4 .9  0 .0 8 6 ra d m .

o

T T
 a ll  105 10  T  9 6 3 .8 7 N  m
6
; 3 3
,
2 ( 3 1 .2 5  1 0 ) ( 4 .7  1 0
2 2
2a t )

Likewise,
T T
 a ll  ; 0 .0 8 6  3 3
, T  3 5 4 .0 2 N  m
( 3 1 .2 5  1 0 ) ( 4 .7  1 0 ) ( 2 8 .7  1 0 )
3 3 9
a tG

Thus, T a ll  3 5 4 .0 2 N  m

SOLUTION (3.9)

We have a  b  ( ro  ri ) 2  1 1 .7 m m Case E, Table 3.1).

From Eq. (3.11),
3

 m ax 
T (1 2 .4 )(1 0 )
  8 7 7 (1 0 ) T
Tr 3
4 4 12
J (  2 )(1 2 .4  1 1 )(1 0 )

From Table 3.1:

 m ax    8 3 0 .5 (1 0 ) T
T T 3
2 abt 2
2  (1 1 .7 ) (1 .4 )(1 0
9
)

Therefore, error in the thin-wall estimate:

8 7 7  8 3 0 .5
877
 0 .0 5 3  5 .3 %

SOLUTION (3.10)

( a ) Maximum moment occurs at midlenth B.

60 kN Thus
32 M
 a ll
 Mc
 m ax
3
I d

d or
32 M
d  3

m ax

a ll
30 kN 30 kN
32 ( 435 )
 3  2 6 .1 m m
14 mm 30 mm 14 mm  ( 2 5 0 1 0 )
6

V(,kN) 30 ( b ) Maximum shear is at D and E.

B E Hence, from Table 3.2:
A x
D  a ll  4 V m ax
 4 V m ax

1 6 V m ax
3 A 3 d2 4 3 d
2

M, (N  m) -30
or
435 1 6 V m ax
210 d  2
3   a ll
x 3
1 6 ( 3 0 1 0 )
 2
6
 1 8 .4 3 m m
3  (1 5 0  1 0 )

Use d a ll  2 6 .1 m m

27
SOLUTION (3.11)

24 kN 12 kN
21 kN

2m 2m 4m
B D A C
3m
RB 4m 2m RD RA RC

Reactions
 M D
 0 : R B  21 kN M C
 0 : R A  14 kN

 F y  0 : R D  15 kN F y
 0 : R C  7 kN

21 kN
A C
14 2m 4m
7
V 14
(kN) + _ x
7
M 28
( kN  m )
+
x

SOLUTION (3.12)

2.7 4
1m 1m 1m  M A
 0: R B  3 .5 7 k N  m
A B
3.13  Fy  0 : R A  3 .1 3 k N  m
V M m ax c
(kN) + 0.43  a ll
 I
:
x
_ 3
3 .5 6 (1 0 )( h 2 ) 3
3 .5 6  1 0  6
1 2 .5 (1 0 )  
6
3.57 3 2
,
( 0 .0 5 )( h 12 ) 0 .0 5 ( h )

3.13 3.56 h  0 .1 8 5 m
M
( kN  m ) +  max
 3 V
2 A
 3 3 . 57
2 0 . 05 ( 0 . 185 )
 578 . 9  700 OK
x

SOLUTION (3.13)

2 2 3

b  h  d ,  d  b S    b )  
2 2 2 2 2 2 bh b 2 2 bd b
h 6 6 (d 6 6

We obtain
2 2 2
   0: 
dS d b 2 d
db 6 2
b 3

Thus b 
d
3
and h  d 2
3

28
SOLUTION (3.14)

200 ( 25 )( 162 . 5 )  150 ( 15 )( 75 )

c  200 ( 25 )  150 ( 15 )
 135 . 35 mm

I   200  25 ( 27 . 15 )  135 . 35  15 ( 1352. 35 )  13 . 24  10

1 3 2 2 6 4
12
( 200 )( 25 ) mm

We have at N.A.:
Q m a x  1 3 5 .3 5 (1 5 )( 1 3 52.3 5 )  1 3 7 .4  1 0
3 3
mm

3 6
22 ( 10 )( 137 . 4  10

VQ )
max
 Ib
 6
 15 . 22 MPa
13 . 24 ( 10 )( 0 . 015 )

SOLUTION (3.15)

6
I   100 ( 200 ) ]  383 . 3 (10
1 3 3 4
12
[ 200 ( 300 ) ) m
3
Q  A y  200  50 (100  25 )  1 . 25 (10
* 3
) m
q  F (2)  q  s, 
VQ 2F VQ
I
, s I

Thus
3 6
2 (1 5  1 0 )( 3 8 3 .3  1 0 )
V a ll  2 FI
 3
 92 kN
sQ 0 .1 (1 .2 5  1 0 )

SOLUTION (3.16)

V max  2 . 4 kN   1 . 44 kN  m
1 2
M max 2
wL

Design is based on  all

 12 MPa :
3


M c 1 . 44 ( 10 ) b
 )   , b  56 . 5 mm
max 6 2 ,160
all I
: 12 (10 4 3
2b 3 b

Check
 all  0 . 18 MPa :
3

 3 V max 2 . 4 ( 10 )
max
 2 A
: 3
2 2 ( 0 . 0565 ) 2
 564 kPa  810 kPa OK .

SOLUTION (3.17)

V max  ( 50  6 )  150   225 kN  m

1 1 2
2
kN , M max 8
( 50 )( 6 )

Design based on  all

 170 MPa :
3
M 225 ( 10 )
S min    1 . 324 (10
max 6 3
 6
) mm
all 170 ( 10 )

Table A.7: S 4 6 0  8 1 . (smallest possible, others will work)

Shear stress S 460  81 : A web  d ( t w )  457 (11 . 7 )  5 . 347 (10 ) mm

3 2


V max 150 ( 10 )
max
 A web
 3
 28 . 1 MPa  100 MPa OK .
5 . 347 ( 10 )

29
SOLUTION (3.18)

 (w0 x 2 L )( x 3 )  w 0 x
2 3
M x
6L
2 3
M w0x 6L
S  
x
; bh
6
 
(1)
all all

3
bh 1 w0x 6L
At x=L: h  h1 6
 
(2)
all

Divide Eq.(1) by (2):

2 3 3
h
2  x
3 or h  h 1 ( Lx ) 2

h1 L

SOLUTION (3.19)

M 2

RA  RB   wLx  S  
1 1 1 2 x bh
2 wL, M x 2 2 wx ,  a ll 6

2
 ( Lx  x )
bh w 2 1
Equation (3.27), at a distance x : 6 2  all
(1)
2 2 4
bh 1
At x  L
2
: 6
 w
2
( L
2
 L
4
) 
1
all
(2)
2 2
Lx  x
Divide Eq.(1) by Eq.(2): h
2  2
h1 L 4

or h  2 h 1  ( Lx )
x 2
L

SOLUTION (3.20)
y
12.5 mm n 
Es
 20
200 mm Ew

z 300 mm
3
( 4  1 0 )( 3 2 5 )
3 3
( 3 .8  1 0 )( 3 0 0 )
3

It  12
 12

3
 2 .8 9  1 0  2 .8 9  1 0
9 4 4
12.5 mm mm m
(20)200=40(103) M ( 0 .1 5 )

My
 7 .3 5  1 0  
6 w
w 3
I 2 .8 9  1 0

 M w
 1 4 1 .6 kN  m
20 M ( 0 .1 6 2 5 )

nM y
 126  10   112 kN  m
6 s
s
; 3
; M s
I 2 .8 9  1 0

Stress in steel governs:

M  112 kN  m

SOLUTION (3.21)

Es
n  Ew  20
6
I  [( 7 5  4 0 t )( 2 2 5 )]  [ 7 5 (1 0 0 )]  ( 6 4 .9 4 1  3 7 .9 6 9 t )  1 0
1 3 1 3 4
12 12
m

M  wL  [3 5  1 0 ( 2 .5 )(1 2 )]  2 7 .3 4 kN  m
1 2 1 3 2
8 8

Therefore, we write
3
2 0 ( 2 7 .3 4  1 0 )( 0 .1 1 2 5 )

nM y
 135  10  t  1 0 .2 9 m m
6
s
; 6
,
I ( 6 4 .9 4 1  3 7 .9 6 9 t )  1 0

Similarly
3
( 2 7 .3 4  1 0 )( 0 .1 1 2 5 )

My
 8  10  t  8 .4 1 5 m m
6
w
; 6
,
I ( 6 4 .9 4 1  3 7 .9 6 9 t )  1 0

Stress in steel governs: t  1 0 .2 9 m m

30
SOLUTION (3.22)

Transformed Section of Brass

y

Es
n  Eb
 2
3 3

It  [  A d ]1  [  A d ]2
2 2
89.1 mm bh
36
bh
12

z C1
 [ 3 6 ( 2 0 0 )(1 2 0 )   1 2 0 ( 9 .1 ) ]1
1 3 200 2
9.1 mm 2

y  55.9 mm 43.4 mm  [ 1 2 (1 0 0 )( 2 5 )  1 0 0 ( 2 5 )( 4 3.4 ) ] 2

1 3 2
C2
 15 . 43  10
6 4
1100mm mm
200 mm

Thus
3
M ( 55 . 9  10 )
)  M  33 . 12 kN  m
6
120 (10 6
,
15 . 43  10

Similarly,
3
2 M ( 89 . 1  10 )
)  M  12 . 12 kN  m
6
140 (10
15 . 43  10
6
, (governs)

SOLUTION (3.23)

Es
n  Eb  2
3 4 4
30 ( 50 )  ( 7 .5 )  ( 7 .5 )
I t  I b  nI  [  ]  2[ ]  314 , 985
4
s 12 4 4
mm

Thus, we write
3
M ( 25  10
(  b ) max 
)
  120 (10 M  1 . 512 kN  m
Mc 6
It  12
), (governs)
314 , 985 ( 10 )

Similarly,
3
2 M ( 7 . 5  10
(  s ) max 
)
  140 (10 M  2 . 94 kN  m
nMc 6
It  12
),
314 , 985 ( 10 )

SOLUTION (3.24)

Eb
n  Ea  1.5
4
 15  d
Ib   ( d2 ) ] 
2 4
Transform to brass: 64
[d 1024

Aluminum core: Each element of area of area has its width reduced in ratio n .
4
1   d
Ia  
4
n 64
( d2 ) 1024 n

and
4
 d
It  Ib  Ia  1024
( 15  1
n
)
We have
 bIt
3
 d
 b
 Mc
It
, M  d 2
 512
 b ( 15  1
n
)
Substituting numerical values:
3
 ( 0 .0 5 )
M  (3 5 0  1 0 )(1 5  )  4 2 0 5 .7 N  m = 4 .2 1 k N  m
6 1
512 1 .5

31
SOLUTION (3.25)

  1 0 5 . Apply Eq.(3.31):
o

( a )  x'  1
(25  15) 
1
(  2 5  1 5 ) c o s 2 1 0  1 0 sin 2 1 0
o o  x'
 x'y'
2 2

  5  17 . 32  5  17 . 32 MPa x’
o
15
 x'y'   (  2 5  1 5 ) s in 2 1 0  10 cos 210
1 o o
2
x
y’
  10  8 . 66   1 . 34 MPa

( b )  1, 2   5  (20)  (10)   5  2 2 .3 6
2 2

or
 1  17 . 36 MPa  2
  27 . 36 MPa

 p ' '  13 . 28
o

1
 2

 p''

SOLUTION (3.26)
70
(a)
y’

 m ax 30 70 30 70
x   cos 2(  55 )
o
2 2
30
  20  17 . 1   37 . 1 kPa
x
   20  17 . 1   2 . 9 kPa
o
55 y

x’  xy
  30  70
sin 2 (  55 )  47 kPa
o
2

( b )  max  1
2
[ 30  (  70 )]  50 kPa

SOLUTION (3.27)
y
50(0.866)
  35  90  125   0,   50 MPa
o
x’ 50(1) , y xy

(0.866)  x  F x  0: 0 .8 6 6  x  0 .5 ( 5 0 )  0 .5 ( 5 0 )
 o
60  x
 57 . 74 MPa (C )
x
50(0.5)

( a ) Equations (3.31) with   1 2 5 :

o

   2 8 .8 7  2 8 .8 7 c o s 2 5 0  5 0 s in 2 5 0   6 5 .9 8
o o
x'
M Pa

  28 . 87 sin 250  50 cos 250   44 . 23 MPa

o o
x'y'

(CONT.)

32
3.27 (CONT.)

( b )  1 , 2   2 8 .8 7  [(  2 8 .8 7 )  5 0 ]   2 8 .8 7  5 7 .7 4
2 2 2

1
 1  2 8 .8 7 M P a ,    8 6 .6 1 M P a ,  p ''   30
1 50 o
2 2
ta n 2 8 .8 7

1
x’ x
44.23
 p''
x’
o
35
 2
x
y’ 65.99

SOLUTION (3.28)

From Solution of Prob. 3.27:  x

  5 7 .7 4 M P a ,  y
 0 , and  xy
 50 M P a.
6

   
57 . 74 ( 10 )
x
  9
  289 μ , y x
 87 μ
200 ( 10 )

2 (1  0 .3 )
  ( 50  10 )  650 μ
6
xy 9
200 ( 10 )

289 87 28987
(  x ) AC  
o
2 2 c o s 2 ( 4 0 .8 6 )
B C

650 o
2 s in 2 ( 4 0 .8 6 )
34.6 40   1 0 1  2 7 .0 7  3 2 1.6 1
L A C  52.915 o
60  194 μ
A 40 20 D
o
4 0 .8 6

( a ) (  x ' ) A B   1 0 1  1 8 8 c o s 2 (1 2 0 )  3 2 5 s in 2 (1 2 0 )   2 8 8 μ
o o

 L A B  4 0 (  2 8 8  )   0 .0 1 1 5 m m

6
( b )  L A C  5 2 .9 1 5 (1 9 4  1 0 )  0 .0 1 0 3 m m

SOLUTION (3.29)
y  y

(a)  y
  7 0 ( 0 .5 )   3 5 M P a 60.6(0.866)=52.5

 x y   7 0 ( 0 .8 6 6 )   6 0 .6 M P a 30
o

( 0 .5 )  x
140(1)
x

 Fx  0 : 0 . 5 x
 140  52 . 5  0   x
 175 M Pa

 p'
1

(b) 1  175  35
 [( 175 2 35 )  (  60 . 6 ) ] 2  70  121 . 23  191 . 23 MPa
2 2
2
x
 2   5 1 .2 3 M P a
x’
p'
1
   15
1 2 ( 6 0 .6 ) o
2
ta n 175 35
1

 2

33
SOLUTION (3.30)

From Solution of Prob. 3.29:

 x
 175 M Pa,  y
  3 5 M P a , and  xy
  6 0 .6 M P a .

9  6
G  2 0 0 1 0
 80  10     6 0 .6  1 0
 758 
9 xy

2 (1  0 .2 5 )
Pa, xy 9
G 8 0 1 0
6
x  1
E
( x
 y )  10
9
(1 7 5  3 .7 5 )  9 1 9  ,
2 0 0 (1 0 )

6
 y
 10
9
(  3 5  4 3 .7 5 )   3 9 4 
2 0 0 (1 0 )

  919  394
 919  394
cos 2 (141 . 5 ) 
o 758 o
x' 2 2 2
sin 2 (141 . 5 )
 2 6 2 .5  1 4 7 .6 8  3 6 9 .2 9  7 7 9 .4 7 

x’ L B D  0.0416 m
B C
0.05 m
=141.5o
x
A 0.075 m D

Thus
6
 L B D  0 .0 4 1 6 ( 7 7 9 .4 7  1 0 )  0 .0 3 1 3 m m

SOLUTION (3.31)

  40
o

    100 cos 45  70 . 71 MPa

o
x y

  100 sin 45  70 . 71 MPa

o
xy

Equations (3.31):
  70 . 71  70 . 71
 0  70 . 71 sin 80  140 . 3 MPa
o
x' 2

 y'
 70 . 71  0  69 . 64  1 . 07 MPa

   0  70 . 71 cos 80  12 . 28 MPa
o
x'y '

y’
x’

 x'y' o
40
 x' x
 y'

34
SOLUTION (3.32)

  40  90  130
o

 y
  40 MPa ,  x
 50 MPa ,  xy
 25 MPa

( a ) Equations (3.31):
50 40 50 40
 x'   c o s 2 (1 3 0 )  2 5 sin 2 (1 3 0 )
o o
2 2

 5  7 . 814  24 . 62   27 . 43 MPa

   45 sin 260  25 cos 260  44 . 316  4 . 341  39 . 975

o o
x'y'
MPa

 y'
 5  7 . 814  24 . 62  37 . 434 MPa

(b)   [( 50  40
 25 ] 2  51 . 48 MPa
2 2
max 2
)
 1 25
 p'  14 . 53
1 o
2
tan 45

x’
 x'  y'

 x’
 x'y'
x  m ax
 p'
x
y’ x

SOLUTION (3.33)

x” AC  BD  90 . 139 mm
B 75 mm C x’
G  E 2 .6

x  ( x    y )
1
E
50 mm 6 6
6 2 1 0
 [ 5 0  0 .3 (  4 0 ) ] 
10
o
o 1 4 6 .3 E E
3 3 .6 9
x
A D
6 6
5 5 1 0
y  (   x )  [  4 0  ( 0 .3 ) ( 5 0 ) ]  
1 10
E y E E

 xy 6 6
2 5 1 0 6 5 1 0
 xy
 G  E 2 .6  E

We have
6
  [( 62  55 )  ( 62  55 ) cos 2 ( 33 . 69
10 o
x' 2E
)

 ( 65 ) sin 2 ( 33 . 69 )] 
o 89 . 85 6
E
(10 )
6
  [117  ( 7 ) cos 2 (146 . 3 )  ( 65 ) sin 2 (146 . 3 )] 
10 o o 29 . 84 6
x" 2E E
(10 )
Thus
6
 L A C   x ' (9 0 .1 3 9 )  8 9 .8 5  1 0
9
(9 0 .1 3 9 )  0 .0 3 8 6 mm
2 1 0 1 0
6
 L B D   x " (9 0 .1 3 9 )  2 9 .8 4  1 0
9
(9 0 .1 3 9 )  0 .0 1 2 8 mm
2 1 0 1 0

35
SOLUTION (3.34)

Vessel is thin walled.

1.2 kN/m
VQ

A  xy  Ib  0 at A and C
B M
0.9 m V V  2 .7  1 .2 (1 .5 )  0 .9 k N
1.5 m C M  2 .7 (1 .5 )  1
(1 .2 )(1 .5 )
2
2
2.7 kN  2 .7 kN  m

Point A

 
2 .7 ( 0 .4 5 ) pr 4 2 ( 0 .4 5 )
 Mc
 3 3
  1 .4 1 5 M P a ,   3
 3 .1 5 M P a
x' I  ( 0 .4 5 ) ( 3  1 0 ) a 2t 2 ( 3 1 0 )

(a)    y
 2 a
 6 .3 M P a   1 ,  2
 3 .1 5  1 .4 1 5  1 .7 3 5 M Pa

(b)  m ax  1
2
( 1   2 )  1
2
( 6 .3  1 .7 3 5 )  2 .2 8 2 5 M Pa

Point C

(a)  x'
 1 .4 1 5 M P a ,  2  1 .4 1 5  3 .1 5  4 .5 6 5 M P a ,  1  6 .3 M P a

(b)  m ax  1
2
( 1   2 )  1
2
( 6 .3  4 .5 6 5 )  0 .8 6 8 M Pa

SOLUTION (3.35)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 3.34.

(a)  x
 x'
 a
 0  3 .1 5  3 .1 5 M P a ,  y
    6 .3 M P a
2r
0 .9 (  r t )( )


VQ
  3 (see Table A-3)
xy Ib  r t(2t)

 0 .9
 rt
 0 .9
3
 0 .2 1 2 2 M P a
 ( 0 .4 5 ) ( 3  1 0 )

 1, 2  6 .3  3 .1 5
 [( 6 .3 23 .1 5 )  ( 2 .1 2 2 ) ] 2  4 .7 2 5  1 .5 8 9
2 2
Thus 2

or
 1  6 .3 1 4 M P a  2  3 .1 3 6 M P a

( b )  m ax  1
2
( 1   2 )  1 .5 8 9 M P a

36
SOLUTION (3.36)

 
1 1 0 (1 0 )
P
  7 4 .7 M P a
x’
2 2
A  ( 0 .0 2 5  0 .0 1 2 5 )

74.7
 3

 
2 .3 (1 0 )( 0 .0 2 5 )
Tr
J
 
 9 9 .9 6 M P a
x 4
( 0 .0 2 5  0 .0 1 2 5 )
4

2
99.96
  50  90  140
o

x’
 Equations (3.31):
x'
   c o s 2 8 0  9 9 .9 6 s in 2 8 0
o 7 4 .7 7 4 .7 o o
140 x' 2 2

 x'y'  1 4 2 .3 M P a
x
 x'y'   s in 2 8 0  9 9 .9 6 c o s 2 8 0
7 4 .7 o o
2

 1 9 .4 2 M P a
y’

SOLUTION (3.37)

y 410 mm

A 50
z 120 18 24 kN
M 120
40 24 3
4 18 kN
y


A  40 (120 )  4 . 8  10
x 3 2
mm
A
I   5 . 76  10
1 3 6 4
( 40 )( 120 ) mm
x 12

 xy M  18 ( 0 . 12 )  24 ( 0 . 41 )  12 kN  m

We have at A:
3 3
1 8 (1 0 ) 1 2 (1 0 )( 0 . 0 5 )
x       Q  4 0 (1 0 )(5 5 )  2 2 (1 0 ) m m
P Mc 3 3
A I 3 6
4 . 8 (1 0 ) 5 . 7 6 (1 0 )

 (  3 . 75  104 . 17 )  10  100 . 4 MPa

6

3 6
2 4 1 0 ( 2 2 1 0
 xy  
VQ )
  6
  2 .2 9 M P a
Ib 5 .7 6  1 0 ( 0 .0 4 )

Thus
1

   [(  (  2 . 29 ) ] 2  50 . 2  50 . 25
100 . 4 100 . 4 2 2
1,2 2 2
)

or  1  1 0 0 .5 M P a  2   0 .0 5 M P a
 m a x  5 0 .2 8 M P a
and
2 2 (  2 . 29 )
tan 2  p '  
xy

 x 100 . 4

 p '   1 . 31  1 . 31
o
or

37
SOLUTION (3.38)
y
y B
B
M 16
40.3
P 62 C
yo
P=40 z y
A
kN 10 mm Z A
8
45
From Z axis:
6 2  1 6 (3 9 )  4 5  8 ( 4 )
y   2 9 .7 m m
62  16  45  8
y 0  1 0  y  3 9 .7 m m

A  1 6  6 2  4 5  8  1 .3 5 (1 0 ) m m
3 2

About the z axis:

3 3
1 6 (6 2 ) 4 5 (8 )
I   1 6  6 2 ( 9 .3 )   4 5  8 ( 2 5 .7 )
2 2

12 12
 1 0 ( 0 .3 1 8  0 .0 8 6  0 .0 0 2  0 .2 3 8 )  0 .6 4 4  1 0
6 6 4
mm
M  4 0  0 .0 3 9 7  1 .5 8 8 k N  m
Thus,
40  10
3
P
 a
  3
 2 9 .6 M P a
A 1 .3 5  1 0
Mc  1 5 8 8 ( 0 .0 4 0 3 )
( b ) B   6
  9 9 .4 M P a
I 0 .6 4 4  1 0
2 9 .7
(  b ) A  9 9 .4  7 3 .3 M P a
4 0 .3
 A
 2 6 .3  7 3 .3  9 9 .6 M P a
 B
 2 6 .3  9 9 .4   7 3 .1 M P a

SOLUTION (3.39)
3
2 5 (1 0 0 )
A  b h  2 5 (1 0 0 )  2 .5 (1 0 ) m m I   2 .0 8 (1 0 ) m m
3 2 6 4

12
P  50 kN M  5 0  1 0 ( 0 .0 5 )  2 .5 k N  m
3

( a ) At the top fibers:

5  10 2 .5  1 0 ( 0 .0 5 )
3 3
P Mc
t    3
 6
A I 2 .5 (1 0 ) 2 .0 8 (1 0 )
 20  60  40 M Pa

At the bottom fibers:

 b  20  60  80 M Pa

38
SOLUTION (3.40)

A  b h  2 5 (1 5 0 )  3 .7 5 (1 0 ) m m
3 2

I  bh 1 2  2 5 (1 5 0 ) 1 2  7 .0 3(1 0 ) m m
3 3 6 4

At the bottom fibers:

P Mc P 0 .0 7 5 P ( 0 .0 7 5 )
 b
   3
 6
A I 3 .7 5 (1 0 ) 7 .0 3 (1 0 )
Solving,
120  10  2 6 6 .7 P  8 0 0 .1 4 P
6

Pa ll  1 1 2 .5 k N

SOLUTION (3.41)

 6
J  [( 0 .0 6 )  ( 0 .0 5 0 ) ]  1 0 .5 4 (1 0
4 4 4
2
) m

c  0 .0 6 m,  45
o  8 0 M P a   m ax  Tc
J

Thus
T ( 0 .0 6 )
8 0 (1 0 )  T  1 4 .0 5 k N  m
6
6
,
1 0 .5 4 (1 0 )

SOLUTION (3.42)

( a )  1, 2  500  800
   [( 5 0 0 2 8 0 0 )  ( 3 52 0 ) ] 2  6 5 0   2 3 0 μ
2 2
2

or
 1  880 μ ,  2  420 μ ,  max
 460 μ

( b )  max  G 
70 ( 10 )
max
 2 (1  0 .3 )
( 460 )  12 . 38 MPa

SOLUTION (3.43)

1
A
(a)   2 [( 200  600
 ( 400 ) ] 2  566 μ
2 2
max 2
) 2

  149
o

200  600 200 600

( b ) x'  
o
2 2 c o s 2 (1 4 9 ) x
C
 s in 2 (1 4 9 )  1 3 0 μ
400 o
2
L A . C  2 7 .3 3 3 m m

Thus
6 3
 L A C   x ' L A C  1 3 0 (1 0 )( 2 7 .3 3 3 )  3 .5 5  1 0 mm

SOLUTION (3.44)

 1, 2  50  250
 [( 5 0 22 5 0 )  (  ) ]2  150 μ  125 μ
2 150 2
2 2

or
1  275   2  25 
(CONT.)

39
3.44 (CONT.)

Apply Hooke’s Law (with  z  0 ):

6
)  ( 1    2 )
1
2 7 5 (1 0 2 1 0 (1 0 )
9 (1)
6
)  ( 2    1 )
1
and 2 5 (1 0 2 1 0 (1 0 )
9 (2)
Solving
 1  65 . 2 MPa ,  2
 24 . 8 MPa

SOLUTION (3.45)

0 .0 2 

pr p (500 )
a
 2t
 P
A
 2 (1 0 )
 2  ( 0 .5 )( 0 .0 1 )
 25 p  2 M Pa

   50 p
pr
t

 F y  0: 5 0  ( 2 5 p  2 ) s in  50 p cos 40
2 o 2 o
y x 40
50 20
p all  1 . 281 MPa
o
s in 4 0 or
25p-2

o
F x  0: 2 0   ( 2 5 p  2 ) s in 4 0 c o s 4 0
o o
A=1 40

 5 0 p c o s 4 0 s in 4 0
o o o
cos 40
50 p or p all  1 . 546 MPa

SOLUTION (3.46)

( a )  x y   (  x '   y ' ) s in (  2  )   x ' y ' c o s (  2  )

o o

0   ( 2 4 0  4 1 0 ) s in (  6 8 )   cos(68 ) ,   421 μ
o o
x'y' x'y'

1 1 1
x  ( x '   ) ( x '   ) c o s (  2 )   s in (  2  )
o o
Then y' y' x'y'
2 2 2
1 1 1
 (240  410)  ( 2 4 0  4 1 0 ) co s( 6 8 )  ( 4 2 1) s in (  6 8 )
o o

2 2 2
 9 8 .2 μ
1 1 1
  ( x '   ) ( x '   ) c o s (  2 )   s in (  2  )
o o
y y' y' x'y'
2 2 2
1 1 1
 (240  410)  ( 2 4 0  4 1 0 ) co s( 6 8 ) 
o o
( 4 2 1) s in ( 6 8 )
2 2 2
 552 μ

( b ) Hooke’s Law, with  t   y ,  a   x , and  t  2  a

 
x  x
(1  2 )  y

x
(2   )
E E
 y 552 2 
So   5 .6 2  ,   0 .3 5
x 9 8 .2 1  2

40
SOLUTION (3.47)

 a  880  ( a  0 ),  b  320  ( b   6 0 ),  c  60  ( c   1 2 0 )

o o o

 a   x c o s  a   y s in  a   s in  a c o s  a
2 2
Thus xy

6
)   x c o s 0   y s in 0    x  880 μ
2 o 2 o o o
8 8 0 (1 0 xy
s in 0 c o s 0 ,
Likewise,
 b   x c o s  b   y s in  b   x y s in  b c o s  b
2 2

6
)   x c o s (  6 0 )   y s in (  6 0 )   s in (  6 0 ) c o s (  6 0 )
2 o 2 o o o
3 2 0 (1 0 xy

6
3 2 0 (1 0 )  0 .2 5  x  0 .7 5  y
 0 .4 4 3  xy
(1)

 c   x c o s  c   y s in  c   s in  c c o s  c
2 2
and, xy

6
 6 0 (1 0 )   x c o s (  1 2 0 )   y s in (  1 2 0 )   s in (  1 2 0 ) c o s (  1 2 0 )
2 o 2 o o o
xy

6
 6 0 (1 0 )  0 .2 5  x  0 .7 5  y
 0 .4 4 3  xy
(2)

Subtract Eq. (2) from Eq. (1):

3 8 0 μ   0 .8 8 6  xy

So  xy
  4 2 8 .9 μ and then from Eq. (1):  y
  1 0 2 .1 μ


 2

880
1
x  avg  ( x   y )
A 2
388
2 ' 288.1
p 1
O C  ()  (8 8 0  1 0 2 .1)  3 8 9 μ
2
R
y 4 2 8 .9 1

R  [ (8 8 0  3 8 9 )  ( 
2 2
) ]2
2
 5 3 5 .8 μ
 1,2   a vg  R

 1  3 8 9  5 3 5 .8  9 2 4 .8 μ
 2   1 4 6 .8 μ
2 8 8 .1
ta n 2  '  p '  1 6 .8
o
p
,
880  389

x’ x
16.8o
924.8 

y A

y’
146.8 

41
SOLUTION (3.48)

Tc   xy
 xy  J   
3
c xy
J 2 G
   0 x  y  0     25
o
x y

A x


Mohr’s circle for strain:  
2
x
1 1 A’ x’
 avg  ( x   y )  0 R   2
xy
2 2
1 R
    a v g  R s in 2    xy
s in 2  O   
2
 xy Tc
 s i n 2  s i n 2 y
2G 2G J
This gives
2G J  
T 
c s in 2 
Substitute the given data:
6
 (8 0 .5  1 0 )( 0 .0 4 4 ) ( 6 0 0  1 0
9 3
)
T  o
 2 2 5 .0 3 8 k N  m
( 0 .0 4 4 ) s in 5 0

SOLUTION (3.49)

Using Eqs. (3.39), we have

 x  300 μ,  y
 150 μ,  xy
 2(375)  (300  150)  600 μ
Equations (3.38) are thus,
300  150 450 600
 1, 2   ( )  (  175  375
2 2
)
2 2 2
1  300 μ ,  2  450 μ

1 600
  ]  2 6 .6
1 o
p 2
ta n [
300  150
 x '   1 7 5  2 2 5 c o s 5 3 .1  3 0 0 s in 5 3 .1   4 5 0    2
o o

Thus,
 p "  2 6 .6
o

y’
450 

300 
x’
26.6o
x

42
SOLUTION (3.50)

Given: D  5 0 m m , t  1 5 m m , P  2 5 k N . Refer to Figs. P3.50 and C.1:

d r r d D d K t

32 9 0.28 1.56 1.64

33 8.5 0.26 1.52 1.66
34 8 0.24 1.47 1.62
35 7.5 0.21 1.43 1.7

We have
6 3
150 (10 ) 25 (10 )
 a ll  K t  Kt
P
A
; 1.9 0 .0 1 5 h

In this equation, minimum h is reached when K t is minimum. Thus, use

h  34 mm

SOLUTION (3.51)

  1.5 ,   0 .2
D 45 r 6
d 30 d 30

Figure C.1, K t  1.7 2 .



210 1 . 5
Hence nom
 max

1 . 72
 1 . 72
 81 . 4 MPa
and Pall  A  nom
 ( 30  12 )( 81 . 4 )  29 . 3 kN

SOLUTION (3.52)

At the notch and hole:

12  10
3
P
 nom
   20 M Pa
( D  d h  2 r )t ( 0 .0 9  0 .0 1 5  2  0 .0 0 7 5 ) ( 0 .0 1)

For the notch : (see Fig. C.1):

D 90 r 7 .5
  1 .2   0 .1, K t  1 .7 8
d 75 d 75
 m a x  K t  n o m  1 .7 8 ( 2 0 )  3 5 .6 M P a

For the hole (see Fig. C.5):

dh 15
  0 .1 6 7 , K t  2 .5
D 90
Hence  m a x  K t  n o m  2 .5 ( 2 0 )  5 0 M P a

SOLUTION (3.53)

 180
Kt    1 .6 3 6 and D d  1 .5
m ax

 nom
110
From Fig. C.1: r d  0 .2 4 . Then
D  2r  d
(CONT.)

43
3.53 (CONT.)

gives 4 0 .6 2 5  2 ( 0 .2 4 d )  d  1 .4 8 d
or
d  2 7 .4 5 m m
r  6 .5 9 m m

SOLUTION (3.54)

r
For  0 .2 0 :
d
D  2r  d ; 4 0 .6 2 5  2 ( 0 .2 d )  d  1 .4 d
or d  2 9 .0 2 m m We thus have
D
 1 .4
d
Figure C.1 gives K t  1 .7 . Hence,
Pa ll
  3 5 0 (1 0 )  1 .7
6
m ax 3 3
(1 2 .5  1 0 ) ( 4 0 .6 2 5  1 0 )
or Pa ll  1 0 4 .5 k N

SOLUTION (3.55)
1
(ksi)  avg
 ( x
 y)
2
1
 (1 6 8  8 4 )  1 2 6 M P a
2
 x
 y
R  ) 
2 2
(
C 2
xy

3 O  1 (MPa)
168  84
 )  (42)
2 2
(
2
 5 9 .4 M P a

avg =59.4

( a )  1,2   avg
 R

 1  1 2 6  5 9 .4  1 8 5 .4 M P a
 2  6 6 .6 M P a
 3  21 M Pa
1
( b ) ( m a x ) a  ( 1   3 )
2
1
 [1 8 5 .4  (  2 1) ]  1 0 3 .2 M P a
2

44
SOLUTION (3.56)

(MPa) 1
 avg
 ( x
 y)
2
avg 
1
(5 0  0 )  2 5 M P a
2
 
R R  (
x y
) 
2 2
xy
3 O C 1 (MPa)
2

50  0
 )  (25)
2 2
 (
2
 3 5 .3 6 P a

( a )  1,2   avg
 R

 1  2 5  3 5 .3 6  6 0 .3 6 M P a
 2   1 0 .3 6 M P a
 3  60 M Pa

1
( b ) ( m a x ) a  ( 1   3 )
2
1
 [ 6 0 .3 6  (  6 0 ) ]  6 0 .1 8 M P a
2

SOLUTION (3.57)
(ksi)
avg =42
1
 avg
 ( x
 y)
2
35
1
 (7 0  1 4 )  4 2 M P a
2
 
3  C 1 (MPa) R  (
x y
) 
2 2
xy
2

70  14
 )  (56)
2 2
(
2
 6 2 .6 M P a
( a )  1,3   avg
 R

 1  4 2  6 2 .6  1 0 4 .6 M P a
 3  4 2  6 2 .6   2 0 .6 M P a
 2  35 M Pa
(CONT.)

45
3.57 (CONT.)

1
( b ) ( m a x ) a  ( 1   3 )
2
1
 [1 0 4 .6  (  2 0 .6 ) ]  6 2 .6 M P a
2

SOLUTION (3.58)

( a ) In the yz plane:

70 MPa  ' =35

y (MPa)

C  (MPa)
3 O 1
21 MPa 21 R
z

70

We have
R  35  21  4 0 .8 2 M P a
2 2

Thus
 1  R   '  4 0 .8 2  3 5  5 .8 2 M P a
 3   R   '   4 0 .8 2  3 5   7 5 .8 2 M P a
 2  28 M Pa

( b ) Using Eqs. (3.58) :

 oct  [ ( 5 .8 2  2 8 )  (  2 8  7 5 .8 2 )  (  7 5 .8 2  5 .8 2 ) ] 2
1 2 2 2
3

 3 3 .4 9 M P a
 oct  1
3
(5 .8 2  2 8  7 5 .8 2 )   3 2 .6 7 M P a

From Eq. (3.50),

 m a x  12 (5 .8 2  7 5 .8 2 )  4 0 .8 2 M P a

SOLUTION (3.59)

( a ) Using Eq. (3.47):

(70   i ) 0 56
0 (1 4   i ) 0  0
56 0 (1 4   i )

(CONT.)

46
3.59 (CONT.)

Expanding,
(1 4   i )[( i  7 0 )(  i  1 4 )  3 1 3 6 ]  0
or  1  42 M Pa,  2  14 M Pa,  3  98 M Pa

( b ) From Eq. (3.50),

 m a x  12 ( 4 2  9 8 )  7 0 M P a
acts on planes shown in Fig. 3.41.

( c ) Using Eqs. (3.52), we have

 o c t  13 ( 4 2  1 4  9 8 )   1 4 M P a
1

 oct  [( 4 2  1 4 )  (1 4  9 8 )  (  9 8  4 2 ) ] 2
1 2 2 2
3

 6 0 .4 9 M P a
They act on planes depicted in Fig. 3.43.

SOLUTION (3.60)

The principal stresses are  1  8 4 M P a ,  2  6 3 M P a , and  3   1 2 6 M P a .

( a ) By Eq. (3.50),
 m ax  1
2
(8 4  1 2 6 )  1 0 5 M P a
acts on planes shown in Fig. 3.41.

( b ) Applying Eqs. (3.52):

 o c t  13 (8 4  6 3  1 2 6 )  7 M P a
1

 oct  [ (8 4  6 3 )  ( 6 3  1 2 6 )  (  1 2 6  8 4 ) ] 2  9 4 .4 4 M P a
1 2 2 2
3

They act on planes shown in Fig. 3.43.

SOLUTION (3.61)

The principal stresses are  1  2 9 7 .5 M P a ,  2  3 6 .8 2 M P a , and  3   5 4 .7 4 M P a .

The direction cosines:
l  cos 40 m  cos 60 n  cos 66 . 2
o o o

Thus, by Eqs. (3.51), we obtain

  2 9 7 .5 (c o s 4 0 )  3 6 .8 2 (c o s 6 0 )  5 4 .7 4 (c o s 6 6 .2 )
o 2 o 2 o 2

= 174.9 MPA

  [( 2 9 7 .5  3 6 .8 2 ) (c o s 4 0 ) (c o s 6 0 )
2 o 2 o 2

 (3 6 .8 2  5 4 .7 4 ) (c o s 6 0 ) (c o s 6 6 .2 )
2 o 2 o 2

 (  5 4 .7 4  2 9 7 .5 ) (c o s 6 6 .2 ) (c o s 4 0 ) ] 2
2 o 2 o 2

 1 4 8 .9 M P a
End of Chapter 3

47
CHAPTER 4 DEFLECTION AND IMPACT

SOLUTION (4.1)

3
10 ( 10 )
( a ) We have A req .    48 mm
P 2
 all 250 1 . 2

3 3
10 ( 10 )( 6  10 )
A req .    60 mm
PL 2
and E 3
5 ( 200  10 )

Since 60  48 mm ,
4 ( 60 )
d  4A

 
 8 . 74 mm .

6 9
( 6 0 1 0 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )
(b) k    2 (1 0 ) k N m
AE 3
L 6

SOLUTION (4.2)

Refer to Example 4.4. Use numerical values for bar AB.

Cross-sectional area: A A B  1 2  8  9 6 m m .
2

Stress:
3
 AB
 F
A
 4 0 1 0
6
 4 1 6 .7 M P a  4 3 5 M P a OK.
9 6 (1 0 )

Deflection:
3

 AB 
4 0 (1 0 )( 0 .6 )
FL
AE
 3
 2 .3 8 m m
( 9 6 )(1 0 5 )(1 0 )
3
4 0 (1 0 )
k AB    1 6 .8 1(1 0 ) k N m
F 3
 2 .3 8 (1 0
3
)

SOLUTION (4.3)

The cross-sectional area:

2
 D
A  d ) [1  ( Dd ) ]  0 .5 0 2 7 D
2 2 2 2
4
(D 4

Also
7 5 1 0
3
3
A    0 .5 3 6  1 0
P 2
 6
m
1 4 0 1 0

Equating these,
3
 1 .0 6 6 2  1 0 D  0 .0 3 2 7 m
2 2
D m ,
It follows that
3
7 5  1 0 ( 0 .3 7 5 ) 3
  PL
 3 9
 0 .7 2 9  1 0 m
AE ( 0 .5 3 6  1 0 )( 7 2  1 0 )

3
7 5 1 0
k  P

 3
 1 0 2 .8 8 M N m
0 .7 2 9  1 0

SOLUTION (4.4)

Statics:
RA 36 kN RB R A  RB  36 kN (1)

Deformations and Compatibility: Assume gap closes.

(CONT.)

48
4.4 (CONT.)

3
0 .3 5  1 0  
1
( 0 .2 R A  0 .2 5 R B )
3 2 9
(1 2 .5  1 0 ) (1 2 0  1 0 )
4

or R A  1 .2 5 R B  2 5, 7 7 0 .8 7 7 (2)
Solving Eqs.(1) and (2):
R B  4 .5 4 6 kN
R A  3 1 .4 5 4 kN
Since the answer for R B is positive, the gap closes, as assumed.

SOLUTION (4.5)

Increase in length due to  T (unrestrained):

  (T )L
6 6
t   (12  10 )( 250 )  ( 23  10 )( 300 )  1 . 188 mm
o o
)( 120 )( 120

( a ) Compressive axial force P

 P   t  1  1 . 188  1  0 . 188 mm (1)
But

P ( 0 .2 5 ) P ( 0 .3 )
P   
PL
AE 5 0 0 (1 0
6
)( 2 1 0  1 0 )
9
1 0 0 0 (1 0
6 9
)( 7 0  1 0 )
(2)
Equating Eqs.(1) and (2):
3 9 9
0 .1 8 8 (1 0 )  2 .3 8 1(1 0 ) P  4 .2 8 6 ( 1 0 )P
or P  28 . 2 kN

( b ) Change in length of aluminum bar

9
 a  (  t ) a  (  P ) a   a (  T ) L a  4 .2 8 6 ( 1 0 )P
6 9
 ( 23  10 )( 0 . 3 )  4 . 28 (10 )( 28 . 2  10 )  0 . 707
o 3
)( 120 mm

SOLUTION (4.6)

Refer to Solution of Prob.4.5:

( a )  P   t  1 . 188 mm
3 9
and 1 . 188 (10 )  ( 2 . 381  4 . 286 )10 P , P  178 . 2 kN

3 9
( b )  a  0 .8 2 8 (1 0 )  4 .2 8 (1 0 )(1 7 8 .2  1 0 )  0 .0 6 5 3 m m
3

SOLUTION (4.7)

Let the compressive axial force in the pipe be R.

Moment equilibrium about point A: a
Pa 1 2 (1 .3 ) b P
R    4 4 .5 7 k N A C
b 0 .3 5
B B
R C 
(CONT.)

49
4.7 (CONT.)

The beam can rotate only about A

and the deflections  B and  C can be
described by the rotational angle  as
 B  a  and  C  b
a
Hence, B  C (1)
b
The contraction of pipe  C is as follows:
RL RL
C   (2)
(  4 )( D  d )E
2 2
AE

Inserting Eq.(2) into Eq.(1) gives

4 ( 4 4 .5 7  1 0 )( 0 .6 2 5 )(1 .3 )
3
4RLa
B  
 b(D  d )E  ( 0 .3 5 )( 0 .1 0 5  0 .0 9 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )
2 2 2 2 9

3
 0 .3 2 9  1 0 m = 0 .3 2 9 m m

SOLUTION (4.8)

P Lb P La
(a) b   a  
Eb A Ea A
La Lb
a  b;  (1)
Ea Eb
La  Lb  L (2)
Solving,
 
 
Eb 1
Lb  L ( )  L , La  L  Lb
Ea  Eb  E 
1 a
 Eb 
 

Introducing the given data:

 
 1 
L b  0 .6    0 .3 6 7 m , L a  0 .2 3 3 m
70
1 
 110 

PL P Li
(b)    AE

A
 Ei
 a   b

3
1 0 0 (1 0 ) 0 .3 6 7 0 .2 3 3 1
 (  )  0 .2 6 5  0 .2 6 5  0 .5 3 m m
(  4 ) ( 0 .0 4 )
2 9
110 70 10

50
SOLUTION (4.9)

C
Q=12 kN FD
PCD = -20 kN
0.3 m
A 2b  D
FD =24 kN
 A  2 D b D
B D
0.15 m
PDE =4 kN

 M B
 0 : 2b Q  b FD E
P=4 kN
FD  2 Q  2 4 k N

 2 0 (1 0 )(3 0 0 )
3
PL
(a) D   6
 0 .6 6 m m 
130  10 (7 0  1 0 )
9
AE
 A
 2  D  1 .2 2 m m 

3
PL 10
(b) E   AE

130  10
6
(7 0  1 0 )
9
[ 4  0 .1 5  2 0  0 .3 ]

1 3
 ( 0 .6  6 )   0 .5 9  1 0 m  0 .5 9 m m 
130  70

SOLUTION (4.10)

PD E   4 k N PD C   2 8 k N

 2 8 (1 0 )(3 0 0 )
3
PL
(a) D   6
 0 .9 2 m m 
130  10 (7 0  1 0 )
9
AE
 A
 2  D  1 .8 4 m m 

3
PL 10
(b) E   AE

130  10
6
(7 0  1 0 )
9
[  4  0 .1 5  2 8  0 .3 ]

1 3
 (  0 .6  8 .4 )   9 8 9  1 0 m  0 .9 9 m m 
130  70

SOLUTION (4.11)

F F
C
B
120 mm
180 mm

(CONT.)

51
4.11 (CONT.)

T CD  F ( 0 . 12 )  500 N m
or
F  4 . 167 kN T AB  4 . 167 ( 0 . 18 )  750 N m

( a )  AB 
7 5 0 (1 .2 )
TL
GJ
 
 0 .0 2 8 ra d
9 4
7 9 (1 0 ) ( 0 .0 2 2 5 )
2

CD 
5 0 0 (1 .8 )

 0 .0 7 7 ra d
9 4
( 7 9 1 0 ) ( 0 .0 1 7 5 )
2

 D   CD  1 . 5  AB  0 . 119 rad  6 . 82
o
Thus

(b) 
2TAB 2 (750 )
AB
 3
 3
 4 1 .9 2 M P a
 c  ( 0 .0 2 2 5 )

SOLUTION (4.12)

 all  150
1 .2
 125 MPa
3
 a ll (  d ) 6
1 2 5  1 0 (  0 .0 6 5 )
3

TC D  16
2
 16
 6 .7 4 k N  m
T CD
FC  ( r gear ) C
 6 . 74
0 . 24 2
 56 . 167 kN  m

Hence, we have
T AB  56 . 167 ( 0 .236 )  10 . 11 kN  m

3
16 ( 10 . 11  10 )
 all 
16 T AB
d1 
3
Thus 
3
d1
,
 ( 125  10 )
6

or
d 1  74 . 4 mm

SOLUTION (4.13)

( a ) Polar moment of inertia for a hollow cylinder is

4
 c
J  (c  b )  [1  ( bc ) ]
4 4 4
2 2
(1)
From Eq. (4.10), we have
4 .5  1 0
3
6
   3 2 .1 4 3  1 0  3 2 .1 4 3 m m
J T 2 2
 m ax 6
m (2)
c 1 4 0 1 0

Note that, b  0 .5 c . Using Eqs. (1) and (2) then

3
c
[1  ( 0 .5 ) ]  3 2 .1 4 3, c  2 .7 9 5 m m
4
2

So,
D  2 c  5 .5 9 m m , d  0 .5 D  2 .7 9 5 m m

3
( 4 .5  1 0 )( 0 .2 5 )
(b)     0 .1 5 8 5 ra d  9 .0 8 1
TL o
9 6 3
GJ ( 7 9  1 0 )( 3 2 .1 4 3  1 0 )( 2 .7 9 5  1 0 )
3
4 .5 (1 0 )
(c) k  T

 0 .1 5 8 5
 2 8 .3 9 k N  m ra d

52
SOLUTION (4.14)

TBC  5 6 0 N  m TC D   8 4 0 N  m

( a ) Shaft BC
 
J BC   (3 4 )  1 3 1, 1 9 4 m m LBC  6 2 5 m m
4 4 4
d
32 32
TBC  5 6 0 N  m
3
TBC L BC 5 6 0 (6 2 5  1 0 )
 BC    0 .0 3 4 r a d  1 .9 5
o
So 12
( 7 9  1 0 ) (1 3 1, 1 9 4  1 0
9
G J BC )

( b ) Shaft CD
 
J CD  d2  (2 5)  3 8, 3 5 0 m m LCD  7 5 0 m m
4 4 4

32 32
TC D   8 4 0 N  m
3
TC D LC D  8 4 0 (7 5 0  1 0 )
CD     0 .2 0 8 r a d   1 1 .9 2
o
12
(7 9  1 0 )(3 8, 3 5 0  1 0
9
G J CD )
Hence
 B D   B C   C D  0 .0 3 4  0 .2 0 8   0 .1 7 4 ra d   9 .9 7
o

SOLUTION (4.15)

The polar moment of inertia for the shaft is

 
J   d )  (5 0  3 5 )  4 6 6 , 2 6 9 m m
4 4 4 4 4
32
(D 32

Equilibrium Condition. From the free-body diagram of appropriate portions of

the shaft:
T A C   1 .1 k N  m T C D  1 .9 k N  m T D E  2 .6 k N  m
The results are shown on the torque diagram in Fig. S4.15

( a ) Angle of twist. The shear modulus of elasticity G is a constant for the entire shaft.
Through the use of Eq. (4.9), we obtain
A    ( T A C L1  T C D L 2  T D E L 3 )
TL 1
GJ GJ
3
 9
10
12
[ (  1 .1) ( 0 .4 5 )  (1 .9 ) ( 0 .3 7 5 )  ( 2 .6 ) ( 0 .6 2 5 ) ]
( 7 9 1 0 ) ( 4 6 6 , 2 6 9 1 0 )

 0 .0 5 0 0 ra d = 2 .8 6
o

Comments: A positive result means that the gear will rotate in the direction of the
applied torque at free end.

( b ) Maximum shear stress. The largest stress takes place in region DE, where
magnitude of the highest torque occurs (Fig. S4.15) and J is a constant for the
shaft. Applying the torsion formula:
D 3 3
TD E ( ) ( 2 .6  1 0 )( 2 5  1 0
 m ax 
)
2
 12
 1 3 9 .4 M P a
J 4 6 6 , 2 6 9 1 0

(CONT.)

53
4.15 (CONT.)


Hence, n   210
 1 .5
y

 m ax 1 3 9 .4

Comments: For the situation under consideration, a safety factor of 1.5 to 2 is to

be selected (see Sec. 1.6)

T 2.6
1.9
(kN  m)

A x
C D E
-1.1
Figure S4.15
SOLUTION (4.16)


T ( 0 .5  h )
   
TL 1.5 Th
GJ ; 180  GJs GJh

0 .5  h
or 0 . 02618  1000

[ 4  4
h
4 ]
9 ( 0 . 02 ) ( 0 . 02 )  ( 0 . 011 )
79 ( 10 )
2

Solving h  1 9 7 m m

SOLUTION (4.17)
T

TA Assume T A as redundant.
x
 TB

x
Tx  TA  T 0
1
d x  T A  T1 x

Deformation:
L L 2

  dx 
Tx dx TA T1 TAL T1 L
A  GJ  GJ  GJ xdx  GJ  2GJ
0 0

 A  0; TA 
1
Geometry: 2 T1 L
T A  T B  T1 L , TB 
1
Statics: 2 T1 L

SOLUTION (4.18)

Conditions of equilibrium gives: R A  P and M B

 P L 2 as shown in Fig. S4.18.

P
For portion AC C B
A PL/2
E Iv1 ''  P x Px Px
RA=P x x
1
E I v1 '  P x  C1
2

2 L/2 L/2
1
E I v1  P x  C1x  C 2
3
Figure S4.18
6
(CONT.)

54
4.18 (CONT.)

For portion CB
1
E I v 2 ''  PL
2
1
E I v1 '  PLx  C3
2
1
E Iv 2  PLx  C3x  C4
2

4
Boundary conditions lead to
v1 ( 0 )  0 : C2  0
v2 (0 )  0 : C3  0
Then
L L P L L P L
)  v2 ( )  C1( )  )  C4
3 2
v1 ( ): ( PL(
2 2 6 2 2 4 4
L L P L P L
)  v 2 '( )  C1  
2
v 1 '( ): ( L( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 11
Solving C 1   C4  
2 3
PL PL
8 48
At B(x=0):
11 11
vB  v2 (0 )   PL  PL 
3 3

48 48

SOLUTION (4.19)

4 2 3
w0 x w0 x
EI d v
4  EIv ' ' ' '   w 0 x
L
, EIv ' ' '   2L
 c1 , EIv ' '   6L
 c1 x  c 2
dx

Boundary Conditions:
w0L
v ' ' (0)  0 : c2  0, v ' ' ( L )  0 : c1  6

Then
4 2
w0 x w 0 Lx
EIv '   24 L
 12
 c3
5 3
w0x w0Lx
E Iv   120 L  36  c3 x  c4
Boundary Conditions:
3
7 w0L
v ( 0 )  0: c4  0, v ( L )  0: c3   360

Thus, we obtain
w0x
v   (7 L  10 L x  3x )
4 2 2 4
3 6 0 E IL

w0
v'   ( 7 L  30 L x 1  15 x 1 )  0
4 2 2 4
and 360 EIL

x1  L 1   0 .5 1 9 3 L
8
Solving, 15

Hence
4
w0L
v m a x  v ( x 1 )  0 .0 0 6 5 2 2 EI 

55
SOLUTION (4.20)

2
M x M x
Segment AC: EIv 1 ' '  0
L
, EIv 1 '  0
2L
 c1 y a
M
Mo B
Segment CB: EIv 2 ' '   L
0
(L  x) A x
C
EIv ' 
M 0
( Lx  x
2
)  c2
Mo/L Mo/L
2 L 2 L
Boundary Conditions:
v1 ' ( a )  v 2 ' ( a ) : c 2  c1  M 0 a
3
M 0x
Then E Iv1  6L  c1 x  c 3 , v 1 ( 0 )  0: c3  0
Also, we have
2 2 3
M x M x M x
EIv 2
' M 0x  0
2L
 c1  M 0 a , EIv 2
  0
2
 0
6L
 c 1 x  M 0 ax  c 4

Boundary Conditions:
v 2 ( L )  0; c4   M 0 L(a  )  c1 L
L
3

M
v 1 ( a )  v 2 ( a ); c1   6 aL  2 L )
0 2 2
6L
(3a
M ox
v1  (6 aL  3a  2 L  x )
2 2 2
Thus 6 E IL

SOLUTION (4.21)
2
(wL 8 )( h 2 )
We have  m a x  Mc
I  I
1 6 I
w 
m ax
or 2
L h

Therefore
2
4 4 1 6 I 5 L
v m ax   ) 
5wL 5L m ax m ax
384 EI 384 EI ( L h
2 24 hE
1
2 4 h E v m ax
Solving, L  ( 5 m ax
)2
Introducing the given data:
9 3 1
2 4 ( 0 .3 1 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 3 .1  1 0 )
L [ 6
] 2  3 .6 6 m
5 ( 7 0 1 0 )

SOLUTION (4.22)
x1
A P E
x C
B RC  P
a
L
R B  P (1 
a
L )
y

( a ) EIv ' '  P EIv '   c1 , EIv   c1 x  c 2

a 1 a 2 1 a 3
L
x, 2
P L
x 6
P L
x
Boundary Conditions:
v (0)  0 : c 2  0, v(L)  0 : c1   1
6
PaL

v   1]
PaLx x 2
Thus 6 EI
[( L
)

( b ) The v m a x occurs at E where v '  0 . Hence

x1
0   1 ], x1  L  0 . 577 L
PaL 2 1
6 EI
[3( L
)
3

(CONT.)

56
4.22 (CONT.)
2 2
v m ax  [( 0 .5 7 7 )  0 .5 7 7 ]  0 .0 6 4 1 
PaL 3 PaL
and 6 EI EI

3 2
2 5 (1 0 )( 0 .5 )( 2 )
( c ) v m a x  0 .0 6 4 1 9 6
 3 .1 3 m m 
2 0 0 (1 0 )( 5 .1 2  1 0 )

SOLUTION (4.23)

y F
B
x
A C
L L/2
F/2 3F/2
Figure S4.23

Free-body diagram of shaft is in Fig. S4.23. Since reactions at supports A and B,

two differential equations must be written for portion AB and BC.

( a ) We have
M1   P
2
(0  x  L )

M 2
 Px  3 PL
2
(L  x  3 PL
2
)

Integrating twice, the preceding leads to the following expression:

For segment AB For segment AB

E Iv1 ''   Px
2
E Iv 2 ''  P x  3 PL
2
2 2
E Iv 1 '   Px
4
 C1 E Iv 2 '  Px
2
 3 PLx
2
 C3
3 3 2
E Iv 1   Px
12
 C1 x  C 2 E Iv 2  Px
6
 3 PLx
4
 C3x  C4

Using the boundary and the continuity conditions, we find

2
v1 ( 0 )  0 : C2  0 v1 ( L )  0 : C1  PL
12
2 3
v1 '( L )  v 2 '( L ) : C3  5 PL
6
v2 ( L )  0 : C4   PL
4

The result elastic curves of the beam are

v1  (L  x ) (0  x  L )
Px 2 2
12 EI
(P4.23a)
v2  (3L  10 L x  9 L x  2 x ) (L  x 
P 3 2 2 3 3L
12 EI 2
)

( b ) The deflection at the free end of the beam is readily found by introducing x=3L/2
into the second of Eqs. (P4.23a):
3 3
vc   PL
8 EI
 PL
8 EI
 (P4.23b)
Comment: Observe that the deflection of the shaft is downward between B and C
and upward between A and B.

57
SOLUTION (4.24)

P Refer to Table A.8:

E 1 I1 B
A Beam AB: Beam CD:
L/2 L/2 3 3 3

R c' 5 PL
48 E 1 I 1
 RL
24 E 1 I 1
  c'' RL
24 E 2 I 2

D
C
E 2 I2

Condition of compatibility,  c '   c ' ' :

3 3 3 5P (E2I2 )
5 PL
48 E 1 I 1
 RL
24 E 1 I 1
 RL
24 E 2 I 2
; R  2 ( E1 I1  E 2 I 2 )

SOLUTION (4.25)

From a free body diagram of beam BC, we observe that it has vertical reactions 2P/3 and P/3 at
ends B and C, respectively. Thus, beam AB is in the condition of a cantilever beam under a
uniform load of intensity w and a concentrated load B equal to 2P/3.
The deflection of the hinge:

4 3
vB  wa
8 EI
 2 Pa
9 EI

as obtained by Cases 3 and 1 of Table A.8, respectively.

SOLUTION (4.26)

A W A
M C
A
C C v 'C W
RA F B
(a) (b) B

C B
A
F v ''C
(c)

Figure S4.26: (a) Free-body diagram of beam; (b) deflection due to P; (c)
deflection due to reactive force F.

Consider F as redundant and to release the rod from the beam at C (Fig. S4.26a)
and then reapplied (Figs. S4.26 b and c).

(CONT.)

58
4.26 (CONT.)

Refer to Table A.8:

2 3
vc '  WL
6 EI
(2 L  3a )  v c ''  FL
3 EI

Equation of compatibility at point C:
 c  v c '  v c ''
2 3
or F
k
 WL
6 EI
(2 L  3a )  FL
3 EI

Solving,
2
WL k (2 L3a )
F  3
Q.E.D.
2 ( kL  3 E I )

SOLUTION (4.27)

y w
 F y  0: RA  RB  wL (1)
M x
  0:  RB L 
1 2
A B M A
M A 2 wL

RA RB

E Iv "  R A x   M
1 2
2 wx A

E Iv '   w x  M A x  c1
1 2 1 3
2 RAx 6

E Iv  RAx    c1 x  c 2
1 3 1 4 1 2
6 24 wx 2 M Ax
v ' ( 0 )  0: c1  0 , v ( 0 )  0: c2  0
and
E Iv  RAx  
1 3 1 4 1 2
6 24 wx 2 M Ax (2)
The condition that v ( L )  0 RAL   3M  0
1 2
gives 4
wL A
(3)

Solving Eqs.(1) and (3):

RA  wL   RB  wL 
5 1 2 3
8 M A 8 wL 8

SOLUTION (4.28)

w0L
Due to symmetry: R A  R B  4
, M A
 M B

We have, for 0  x  L 2 :
3 3
w0x w0Lx w0x
M  RAx  M A
 3L  4  M A
 3L

Therefore
3
w0Lx w0x
E Iv "   M A
 4  3L
2 4
w0Lx w0x
E Iv '   M A
x  8  12 L  c1
Boundary conditions:
  v ' (0)  0 : c1  0
2
5 w0L
v ' ( L2 )  0 : M A
 96

(CONT.)

59
4.28 (CONT.)

Hence
2 2 3 5
5 w0L x w 0 Lx w0 x
EIv   192
 24
 60 L
 c2
Boundary condition:
v ( 0 )  0: c2  0

Thus, we obtain
2
w0 x
v  (  25 L  40 L x  16 x ) ( for 0  x  L 2 )
3 2 3
960 LEI

and
4
7 w0L
v max  v ( L2 )  3840 EI


SOLUTION (4.29)

y By virtue of symmetry:
A P B
M M x M A
  M B
A B
C
RA  RB 
P
L/2 L/2 2

RA RB

Segment AC
EIv ' ' ' '  0 , EIv ' ' '  c 1 , EIv ' '  c 1 x  c 2

E Iv '   c2 x  c3 , E Iv  c1 x   c3 x  c4
1 2 1 3 1 2
2 c1 x 6 2 c2 x (1)
Boundary Conditions:
EIv ' ' ' ( 0 )  c 1  V   P
2
, EIv ' ' ( 0 )  M A
, c2  M A

v ' (0)  0 : c3  0, v' (L 2)  0 : M A

 M B
 PL
8

v ( 0 )  0: c 4  0.

Equation (1) is thus

2

v   (3L  4 x )
Px
48 EI

SOLUTION (4.30)

Let the reaction R B is selected as redundant and the corresponding constraint is removed.
Then v ' B   w L 8 E I , from Case 3 of Table A.8.
4

The deflection caused by the redundant is

v"B  R B L
3
3EI
The total deflection must be zero;
4 3
RB L
vB     0
wL
8 EI 3EI

or
RB 
3wL
8

Now, applying equations of statics, we obtain

2

RA  
5wL wL
8 M A 8

60
SOLUTION (4.31)
w

A a C a D a B
M x2
EI
x1
x
 wa
2
2EI A2 Spandrel
A1 parabola
A3
 3w a
2
2EI
x3
Tangent at A
A vB
D
B B
2 3

A1     
bh 1 wa wa
3EI 3 a 2 EI 6 EI (App. A.3)
3 3

A2   A3   a(wa )  
wa 1 2 1 wa
2 EI 2 2 EI

x1  a   x2  x3 
3a 7a 5a 8a
4 4 2 3

( a )  B A   B   A  A1  A 2  A 3
3 3

B   (2  6  6) 
wa 7 wa
12 EI 6 EI

( b ) t B A  v B  A1 x 1  A 2 x 2  A 3 x 3
4 4 4

vB   (7  30  32)    
wa 69 w a 23 w a
24 EI 24 EI 8 EI

SOLUTION (4.32)

P
4EI
EI B
(a) A
L/2 C L/2
P
P
2
2

M/EI
PL/4EI Px/2E
I
PL/16EI A2
x
A A1 C D B
x 2

A1  (2) 
1 PL L 1 PL

A B B
2 16 EI 64 EI
2

A2  (2) 
1 PL L 1 PL
v m ax t BD 2 4 EI 16 EI
3

t A B  A1 ( 3 )  A 2 ( ) 
L 2L 3 PL
D 3 64 EI

t AB Tangent 2

B  t AB 
1 3 PL
L 64 EI
Tangent at D
at B (CONT.)

61
4.32 (CONT.)

2
( b )  BD   B   D   B  0 . Also B  1 Px
2 2 EI
(x)  Px
4 EI

Hence
2 2

 x 
3 PL Px 3
64 EI 4 EI , 4 L
Thus,
2 3

v m ax  t B D  ) 
1 Px 2x Px
2 2 EI ( 3 6 EI
3
3 P L3
  
P 3 3L
6 EI 64 128 EI

SOLUTION (4.33)

M A
Tangent at A P
Let R B be redundant.
2a a
A B A  0
RA C
A1  M A (2a )  M Aa
RB 1
2

A2   Pa(2a )   Pa
1 2
2

A3  
1 2
2 Pa
M
M
4a/3
v B  t BA  0  )  A2 (
A 1 4a 2a
A1 B EI [ A1 ( 3 3 )]
A or M 
1
Pa
A2 A3 C x A 2

Pa Statics: R B  7
P  RA 
3
P 
4 4
2a/3

SOLUTION (4.34)

Assume R c as redundant.
w
A tCB

L B L/2 C
t AB
Tangent RC
RB
RA at B

M
L/2
2
wL 8 L/3
2 3
A1 A1  (L) 
2 wL wL
3 8 12 (App. A.3)
2
Rc L Rc L
A2   (L)  
1
A2 A3 x 2 2 4
2
Rc L Rc L
A3   (2)  
1 L
2L/3 R C L/2 2 2 8

(CONT.)

62
4.34 (CONT.)

4 3
Rc L
E I t A B  A1 ( 2 )  A 2 ( )  
L 2L wL
3 24 6
3
Rc L
E It CB  A3 ( 3 )  
L
24
3 4 3
RcL RcL
Since 2 t CB   t AB : 12
 wL
24
 6

Rc  wL 
1
or 6

Statics: R B  3
4 wL  RA 
5
12 wL 

SOLUTION (4.35)
2
S 2 gS y AL
 m ax   W a ll 
y W v E
n g AL , 2
n v E
2

Substitute given data:

6 2  2
9 .8 1 ( 2 5 0  1 0 ) [ ( 0 .0 2 ) ( 2 )]
W a ll  2 2
4
9
 1 6 .6 N
( 3 ) ( 3 .5 ) ( 2 1 0  1 0 )

SOLUTION (4.36)
P=mg

1.25=a b=0.75 Table A.8 ( Case 6 ).

A x
B
0 .7 5 1. 2 5
2 P P
L=2 2

 st 
20 ( 9 . 81 )( 0 . 75 )( 1 . 25 )
(L  b  x )   0 . 75  1 . 25 )  0 . 0535
Pbx 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 3
(2 mm
6 LEI 6 ( 2 )( 210  10 )( 0 . 06  0 . 08 12 )

Max. moment is under load. Thus

M c ( 0 .6 2 5  0 .7 5  2 0  9 .8 1 ) ( 0 .0 4 )
 st
 m ax
 3
 1 .4 3 7 M P a
I 0 .0 6  0 .0 8 12

1
2 ( 0 .5 )
We have K  1  1  st
2h
 1  [1  3
] 2  137 . 7
0 . 0535  10

( a )  m a x   s t K  7 .3 7 m m

( b )  m ax   st K  1 9 8 M P a

SOLUTION (4.37)


A  ( 2 5 )  1 5 6 .2 5  m m Since  s t  W L A E , thus:
2 2
4



A
 [1  1  1]  1
W 2h m ax 2 2h
max A 
]; [ W 
st st

2 2
 m ax A 2 m ax A
 1 1
2 hAE
from which W
2 W WL (1)
2
 A
Solving W  hE
m ax
(P4.37)
2(  m ax )
L

Substituting given data:

6 2 6
( 2 5 0  1 0 ) (1 5 6 .2 5   1 0 )
W  9
 3 1 9 .0 7 N
(1 .1 )( 2 0 0  1 0 ) 6
2[  2 5 0 1 0 ]
4 .6

63
SOLUTION (4.38)
Refer to Solution of Prob. 4.37. From Eq.(1), we obtain
A   
2W hE

2 [ L m ax
] (P4.38)
m ax

9
2 (90 ) 1 .2 ( 2 0 0  1 0 ) 3
  1 2 5  1 0 ]  1 .8 4 5  1 0
6 2
6 2
[ m
(1 2 5  1 0 ) 1 .5

Thus
d
2
3
4
 1 .8 4 5  1 0 , d  0 .0 4 8 5 m = 4 8 .5 m m

SOLUTION (4.39)

A   (10 )  314 . 2 mm
2 2

  m ax )   m ax A
hE 2
From Eq. (P4.37): 2W ( L
L
Solving, h  ( A  m ax  2W )
m ax
2W E (P4.39)
6
3 ( 350  10 )
 9
[ 314 . 2  350  2  500 ]  673 mm
2 ( 500 )( 170  10 )

SOLUTION (4.40)

We have W  2 4  9 .8 1  2 3 5 .4 N and M m ax
 1
4
WL
6
I  ( 0 .0 4 )( 0 .0 6 )  0 .7 2  1 0
1 3 4
12
m

W
h
A C
B
L/2 k L/2

W=196.2 N R
R
 st 
k
R
Using Table A.9:
(W  R ) L
3 3
3 RL R
 st   0 .6 5  1 0  
48EI 48EI k
3 3
6 1 L 6 1 (2)
or 650  10  R(  )  10 R[  ]
k 48EI 0 .2 4 8 ( 0 .0 7 )( 0 .7 2 )
or 6 5 0  R ( 5  3 .3 0 7 ) , R  7 8 .2 N and W  R  1 5 7 .2 N
Hence
R 7 8 .2
 st    0 .4 3 4 m m
180  10
3
k

Maximum stress occurs at midspan:

Mc 1 5 7 .2 ( 2 ) ( 0 .0 3 )
 st
  6
 3 .2 8 M P a
I 4 ( 0 .7 2  1 0 )
(CONT.)

64
4.40 (CONT.)

2 ( 0 .0 5 )
K 1 1 3
 1 6 .2
0 .4 3 4  1 0

( a ) v m a x  1 6 .2 ( 0 .4 3 4 )  7 .0 m m

( b )  m a x  1 6 .2 (3 .2 8 )  5 3 .1 M P a

SOLUTION (4.41)

Refer to Example 4.14.

EkG 9
 m ax  2 2 1 0  1 0  2[ 4 1 6 .6  7 9  1 0
6
; 3
]
AL 4 .4 1 8  1 0 L m in

12
44100  10  4 ( 7 4 4 9L.3 9 1 0 )
12
or
m im

or
L m in  0 .6 7 6 m
Thus, we obtain
2 Ek L
 m ax 
2 ( 4 1 6 .6 )( 0 .6 7 6 )
  0 .0 4 8 ra d = 2 .7 5
o
3
GJ 7 9  1 0 ( 3 .1 1 )

SOLUTION (4.42)

The E k in wheel B must be absorbed by the shaft. We have

 5
J  (1 2 5 )  2 .4 (1 0
4 4
32
) m

Substitute Eqs.(4.42a) and (4.42b) into (4.41):


Ek   b t   ( 0 . 075 ) ( 0 . 025 )( 1800 )( 150060 2  )  27 . 59 N  m
1 4 2 4 2
4 4

1
2 Ek L
 m ax 
2 ( 2 7 .5 9 )( 0 .3 )
[ ] 2  0 .0 0 6 0 2 5 ra d  0 .3 5
o
(a) 9 5
GJ (1 9  1 0 )( 2 .4  1 0 )

9 1
EkG ( 2 7 .5 9 )(1 9  1 0 )
(b)  m ax  2 AL
 2[  2
] 2  1 1 9 .3 3 M P a
( 0 .0 2 5 ) ( 0 .3 )
4

SOLUTION (4.43)

The E k in wheel A must be absorbed by the shaft. Refer to Solution of Prob.4.42. We have

Ek   b t   ( 0 . 0625 ) ( 0 . 025 )( 1800 )( 120060 2  )  8 . 52 N  m
1 4 2 4 2
4 4

1
2 Ek L
 m ax 
2 ( 8 .5 2 )( 0 .3 )
[ ] 2  0 .0 0 3 3 5 ra d  0 .1 9
o
(a) 9 5
GJ (1 9  1 0 )( 2 .4  1 0 )

9 1
EkG ( 8 .5 2 )(1 9  1 0 )
(b)  m ax  2 AL
 2[ 
2
] 2  6 6 .3 1 M P a
( 0 .0 2 5 ) ( 0 .3 )
4

65
SOLUTION (4.44)

Let r  r y , then r x  r xy   , M  M y
, M x
 M xy
 0.

Hence, Eq. (4.46) for z  t

2
:
9 3
200  10 ( 3 . 2  10

) 1
 ) 
Et 1 6
max 2
; 126 (10 2
2 ( 1  ) r 2 (1  0 .3 ) r

or
r  2 .7 9 1 m and D  5 .5 8 2 m

Equations (4.50) lead to


6M 6M
 ) 
m ax 6 m ax
max 2
; 126 (10 3 2
t ( 3 . 2  10 )

or
M m ax
 2 1 5 .0 4 N m m

SOLUTION (4.45)

(a)
y y
Dw ' ' ' '  p 0 sin b
Dw ' ' '   ( b ) p 0 cos b
 c1
y y
Dw ' '   (  ) p 0 sin  c1 y  c 2 Dw '  ( b ) p 0 cos   c2 y  c3
b 2 3 1 2
b b 2
c1 y

and
y
D w  (  ) p 0 s in    c3 y  c4
b 4 1 3 1 2
b 6 c1 y 2 c2 y (1)

Boundary conditions:
w ' ( 0 )  0: c 3   (  ) P0 , w ( 0 )  0: c4  0
b 3

w ( b )  0: c2   c1 b  w ' ( b )  0: c1  0 , c2 
1 2 2 2 2
3 
3 p0b , 
3 p0b

Equation (1) becomes

4
p0b y  
w   
2
D
4 ( s in b b
2 y b y) (2)

( b ) At y=0:
2 2
6M 2 p0b 12 p0
 m ax   ]y0  [0  0  ]
m ax 6 d w 6 b 2
t
2
t
2 [D dy
2
t
2

3

3 (t)

9 3 3
3 7 0  1 0 (1 0  1 0 )
(c) D  Et
1 2 (1  
2
)

1 2 (1  0 .3 )
2
 6 .4 1 k N  m

Thus
4 3 4
p0b  3 5  1 0  ( 0 .5 )  3
w m a x  w ( b2 )  4
(1  )  4 3
(1  )  0 .7 5 2  1 0 m = 0 .7 5 2 m m
 D 4  ( 6 .4 1  1 0 ) 4

and
3
1 2 ( 3 5 1 0 )
  ( 00.0.51 )  3 3 .8 6
2
3
M Pa
m ax 

66
SOLUTION (4.46)

( a ) Dw ' ' ' '  p 0 , Dw ' ' '  p 0 y  c 1 , Dw ' '   c1 y  c 2

1 2
2
p0 y

Dw'  p0 y   c2 y  c3
1 3 1 2
6 2 c1 y
and
Dw   c1 y   c3 y  c4
1 4 1 3 1 2
24 p0 y 6 2 c2 y (1)
Boundary Conditions:
w (0)  0 : c4  0, w ' ' (0)  0 : c2  0

w ( b )  0 a n d w ' ( b )  0: c1   c3 
3 1 3
8 p0 b, 48 p0b
Equation (1) is therefore
4
p0b y y y
w  [ ( b )  3( b )  2 ( b ) ]
3 4
48 D (2)
2 p0 3 yb
 
d w 2
(b) dy
2 2D (y 4 )
At y=b:
2 2 6M
 D  p0  m ax   0 .7 5 p 0 ( t )
d w b m ax b 2
M m ax dy
2 8 , t
2

( c ) From Solution of Prob. 4.45, D  6 4 .1 k N  m

Thus
4
p0b
w m ax  w ( 2 )  [ ( 2 )  3( 2 )  2 ( 2 ) ]
b 1 1 3 1 4
48 D
4 3 4
p0b ( 3 5  1 0 )( 0 .5 )
  3
 0 .0 0 1 8 m = 1 .8 m m
192 D 1 9 2 ( 6 .4 1  1 0 )

and
  0 .7 5 p 0 ( bt )  0 .7 5 (3 5  1 0 )( 51000 )  6 5 .6 3 M P a
2 3 2
m ax

End of Chapter 4

67
CHAPTER 5 ENERGY METHODS AND STABILITY

SOLUTION (5.1)

Axial strain energy Use Eq. (5.11), circular Part:

2 2 2
P L P L 2P L
U C
  
d d E
2 2
2 AE
2( )E
4
Square Part:
2 2 2
P L P (L 2) P L
U S
  2
 2
2 AE 2a E 4a E
Requirement::
2 2
2P L P L
U C
 US; 
d E
2 2
4a E
d 8

a 

SOLUTION (5.2)

Refer to solution 5.1:

2 2 2
U  P L
2
 2P L
2
 P L
( 1
2
 2
2
) (1)
4a E d E E 4a d

Using Eq. (5.27),

U  1
2
P (2)
Equating Eqs. (1) and (2), we obtain
  PEL ( 2  4 ) 2 2
a d

SOLUTION (5.3)

T A B  2 .5 k N  m T B C  1 .5 k N  m
Segment AB
 9
J AB  ( 4 5 )  4 0 2 .5 8  1 0
4 4
m
32
( 2 .5  1 0 ) ( 0 .5 4 )
2 3 2
T L
U AB
  9
 1 0 4 .8 J
2 ( 4 0  1 0 )( 4 0 2 .5 8  1 0
9
2G J )
Segment BC
 9
J BC  (3 0 )  7 9 .5 2  1 0
4 4
m
32
(1 .5  1 0 ) ( 0 .3 6 )
2 3 2
T L
U BC
  9
 7 5 .8 3 J
2 ( 4 0  1 0 )( 7 9 .5 2  1 0
9
2G J )
(CONT.)

68
5.3 (CONT.)

Total strain energy

U  1 0 4 .8  1 2 7 .3  2 3 2 .1 J

SOLUTION (5.4)

T AB  3 k N  m TBC  5 k N  m

20 mm 30 mm
C TC=5 kN  m
A 45 mm B TB=2 kN  m
0.54 m 0.36 m

Segment AB
 9
J AB  ( 4 5  2 0 )  3 8 6 .9  1 0
4 4 4
m
32
(3  1 0 ) ( 0 .5 4 )
2 3 2
T L
U AB
  9
 1 5 7 .0 2 J
2 ( 4 0  1 0 )(3 8 6 .9  1 0
9
2G J )
Segment BC
 9
J BC  (3 0 )  7 9 .5 2  1 0
4 4
m
32
(5  1 0 ) ( 0 .3 6 )
3 2

U BC
 9
 1, 4 1 5 J
2 ( 4 0  1 0 )( 7 9 .5 2  1 0
9
)
Total strain energy
U  1 5 7 .0 2  1 4 1 5  1 5 7 2 J

SOLUTION (5.5)

See solution of Prob. 5.3:

9
J A B  4 0 2 .5 8  1 0
4
m
9
J B C  7 9 .5 2  1 0
4
m
Therefore
2 2
T L TC 0 .5 4 0 .3 6

6
U    ]  1 0 4 .8  1 0
2
[ TC
2G J 2 ( 2 8 ) 4 0 2 .5 8 7 9 .5 2
TL TC 0 .5 4 0 .3 6

6
C   [  ]  2 0 9 .6  1 0 TC
GJ 2 8 4 0 2 .5 8 7 9 .5 2
or
 C (1 0 )
6

TC 
2 0 9 .6
Then

6
1 0 4 .8  1 0 ( C  1 0
2 12
)
U   2 3 8 5  C  2 3 8 5 ( 0 .0 6 )  8 .5 8 6 J
2 2
2
( 2 0 9 .6 )

69
SOLUTION (5.6)

See solution of Prob. 5.3:

9 9
J A B  4 0 2 .5 8  1 0 J B C  7 9 .5 2  1 0
4 4
m m
2
TC L AB LBC
Thus, U  2G
( J
 J BC
)
AB

3 2
(1 .4  1 0 )
 2 (80 )
( 4 00 .52 .54 8  0 .3 6
7 9 .5 2
)
 7 1 .8 9 J
1 1 4 0 0 C
Equation (5.29): U  TC  C ; 7 1 .8 9 
2 2
from which
 C  0 .1 0 2 7 r a d  5 .8 8
o

SOLUTION (5.7)

P
B
C   V AB  P , V BC 
6 Pa
A 5 L

a L
V Pa/L
x
P

L 2  L
Vx 2 2 2

  dx  [ P dx   dx ]  (L  a)
3 2 P a 3P a
U s 2 AG 5 AG L
2 5 AGL
0 0 0

SOLUTION (5.8)

Vx  wL
2
 wx   6
5
L 2 L
Vx 2

  dx    x ) dx
3w L 2
U s 2 AG 5 AG ( 2
0 0

2 2 2 3 L 2 3 2 3

 x    
3w L x L x 3w L 1 w L
5 AG 4 2 3 5 AG 12 20 AG
0

SOLUTION (5.9)

I  bh
3
P 12
A B C 2
P (La )
2
P (La )
P U a
 2 AE  2 Ebh
a L
We have
x x’ Pa/L
 Px 
Pa
M AB
M CB L x'

a L 2 2 2 2

 [ dx   dx' ]  (a  L )  (a  L )
1 2 2 P a 2P a
(a) U b 2 EI M AB
M CB 6 EI Ebh
3
0 0

 dx   (
My
 dA  
1 2 1 P 2
U t 2E 2E A I ) dA (1)
(CONT.)

70
5.9 (CONT.)

But  y d A  0 , and Eq. (1) becomes U t

 U a
 U b.
2
P (La )
 [1  4 ( h ) ]
a 2
Thus U t 2 Ebh

Pa ( h 2 )
( b )  b ,m ax  bh
3
12

6 Pa
bh
2 ,  a ,m ax 
P
bh ,  m ax 
P
bh (1 
6a
h )
2
 2

  (1 
m ax P 6a 2
Hence U 0 ,m ax 2E 2 Eb h
2 2 h )

SOLUTION (5.10)

M  ( Lx  x )
w 2
2

b
w M 
1
wL
2
m ax 8
A B h
I  bh c  h 2
3
12 ,
x M m ax c
2

 m ax  
wL wL 3wL
2 L 2 I 4 bh
2

2
 2 4

 
m ax 9w L
U 0 ,m ax 2E 32 Eb h
2 4 (1)

L 2 5

U   M dx   ) ( Lx  x ) dx 
1 2 1 w 2 2 2 w L
2 EI 2 EI ( 2 20 Ebh
3 (2)
0

It is required to obtain C : U 0 , m a x  C U V ,
or
C  U
V
0 ,m ax U
(3)
Substituting Eqs.(1) and (2) into (3): C  4 5 8 .

45 U
Thus U 0 ,m ax 8 V

SOLUTION (5.11)

From Solutions of Probs. 5.9 and 5.7:

2 2 2

 (a  L )  (a  L )
P a 3P a
U b 6 EI U s 5 AGL
2 2 2
p a
U  (a  L )  (a  L ) 
3P a 1
Thus 6 EI 5 AGL 2 Pv A
or
v A  2 P a ( a  L )[ 6 E I 
a 3
5 AGL ]

SOLUTION (5.12)

x
w
1
 
2
x M x
wx
A L B 2

2 2 5
M dx 1 L 1 1 w L
U     ( w x ) dx 
2 2

0
2EI 2EI 2 40 EI

71
SOLUTION (5.13)
P P
A B
a C 2a D a
P P MAC=Px
MCD=Pa
M Pa

Segment AC
2 2 2 3
a M dx P a P a
    x dx 
2
U AB
0 0
2EI 2EI 6EI

Segment CD
2 2 2 3
3a P a P a
U CD
  0
2EI
dx 
EI
By symmetry: U AC
U BD
.
Total strain energy :
3 2 3 2 3
Pa P a 4 P a
U  2  
6EI EI 3 EI

SOLUTION (5.14)

x
w b
h
A L B

6
We have   Vx  wx
5
V
2
L 6 1 L
  dx   ( w x) dx
2
U s
0 0
2 AG 5 2 AG
L
2 3 2 3
3 w x 1 w L
 
5 AG 3 0
5 AG

SOLUTION (5.15)

We have
V AC  V BD  P VCD  0   6 5
Thus
 V
2 2 2
a P dx 6 P a
U s
  dx  2   2( )
0
2 AG 2 AG 5 2 AG
2
6 P a

5 AG

72
SOLUTION (5.16)

See solution of Probs. 5.13 and 5.15:

2 3 2
4 P a 6 P a
U b
 U s

3 EI 5 AG
vC  v D (due to symmetry)
2 3 2
4 P a 6 P a 1 1
Thus U    P (vCb  vCs )  P vC
3 EI 5 AG 2 2
2a 3
or vC  2 P a (  )
3EI 5G A

SOLUTION (5.17)

( a ) Axial strain energy in bolt.

2 2
P L T L
U b
 
2 AE 2 AE
2
T ( 0 .0 3 ) 9
  2 .6 5 2 6 (1 0
2
)T

(6 ) ( 2 0 0  1 0 )]
2 3
2[
4
9
 2 .6 5 2 6 (1 0 )( 6 3 0 )  1 .0 5 2 8 J
2

Thus Ub  1
2
T ; 1 .0 5 2 8 N  m  1
2
( 6 3 0 )
  3 .3 4 2 m m

( b ) Bending strain energy in link.

I  bh 1 2  (1 2 )( 6 ) 12  216 m m
3 3 4

2
L M dx
U b
  0
2EI
1 0 .0 2 5 0 .0 5
 {[ (420 x) dx  
2 2
( 2 1 0 x ') d x '}
0 0
2EI
1 .3 8 25 mm 50 mm

EI A B
Substituting the data,
1 .3 8
x x’
U b
 420 630 210
( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 2 1 6 )
3

6
 3 1 9 (1 0 ) J

SOLUTION (5.18)

a P
M  Qx M  Qx  P(x  a )
A B AC CB

x C
Q L
(CONT.)

73
5.18 (CONT.)

M
vA  
1 i
Thus EI M i Q dx
a L
 [ ( Q x )( x )d x   [Q x  P ( x  a ) ]( x ) d x
1
EI
0 a

Set Q  0 , and integrate:

L
vA   P ( x  a )xdx  ( 2 L  3a L  a ) 
1 P 3 2 3
EI 6 EI
a

SOLUTION (5.19)

M BC
 Px M CA
 P L  P R s in 
L 
M 2 M
B  [ dx   Rd ]
1 BC CA
Thus EI M BC P M CA P
0 0

 ( 4 L  6  R L  2 4 R L  3 R )
P 3 2 2 3
12 EI

SOLUTION (5.20)

 ( x  a ), 
P P
P a M AD 2 M BD 2 x
A a a B
M
vD  
1 i
Pa/2 EI M i P dx
C D
P/2 2a
(xa )
2 a 2

vD  [ dx  
P x
P/2 dx
Pa/2 2 EI
0
2
0
2
M
+ x
Pa/2
Integrating,
3

vD  
Pa
4 EI

SOLUTION (5.21)
B C M 0
A Consider R A as redundant.
L/2 L
RA
RB M RA
RC  
0

x x’ L 2

M

M RA
 RAx  (  ) x ' M 0 , vA  0 
0 1 i
M AB
M CB L 2 2 M i R A
dx
Thus
L
2 L
M RA
vA   ( R A x )xdx    ) x ' M 0 ] dx  0
0 x'
( L 2 2
0 0

After integrating
M
RA  
2 0
3 L
M
RC  
4 0
Then 3 L


M
F y  0: RB  2 
0
For the entire beam, L

74
SOLUTION (5.22)

2 Ls 2 2
   M  Px  U  U U
P (2L) M wx
U a 2 AE
U s 2Es
dx 2 a s
a 0
L 2
U
D     (Px  )xdx  0
2 PL 1 wx
P AEa EsI 2
0
3 4

   0
2 PL PL wL
or AEa 3EsI 8 EsI

3 3 AE
Solving P  wL
8
( 2
AE a L  6 E s I
a
)

SOLUTION (5.23)
w
 L AB  2 a
1 2
M AB 2
wx
Q
 ( 2 wa )  2 wa  L BC  5 a
3x 2 4x
M BC 5 5
Q
x B x A M
 A
 1
EI M i Q
i
dx
4 2a
 {
1 1 2
( 2 w x )( 0 )d x
3 EI
0
C 5a
  ( 65x wa  2 wa 
2 4x 4x
5
Q )( 5
) dx }
0

Set Q  0 and integrate:

4
 A
 60 wa
EI


SOLUTION (5.24)
P M AB
 Px M BC
 Pa
x A
a

C x B
L
a L
M
A   dx  { ( P x ) xd x   ( P a )( a )d x}
1 i 1
EI M i P EI
0 0

Integrating,
2

A  (a  3L )
Pa
3EI

SOLUTION (5.25)

Introduce a fictitious horizontal force Q at end B. Vertical reactions at supports are P/2.
 R (1  c o s  )  ( R sin  ) Q  M
P
We have M BC 2 M CA BC

Thus
 2
M
B   Rd
2 BC
EI M BC Q
0
 2
  [ R (1  c o s  )  ( R s in  ) Q ] [ R s in  ] R d 
2 P
EI 2
0

Setting Q=0 and integrating:

3

B 
PR
2 EI

75
SOLUTION (5.26)

(a) x Let fictitious couple C=0:

C B
a M AB
 Px
a
x M BC
 Pa
2a A P M DC
 Px  Pa
C
x
D
P
Pa+C
M
A  
i
Thus M i P dx
a a 2a
 P  x dx  Pa  dx  P  2ax  a )dx
2 2 2 2
(x
0 0 0

  Pa ( 3  4  2)
4 3 3 8
3 Pa
3

 
2 Pa
EI

( b ) We now have
M AB
 Px  C M BC
 Pa  C M DC
 Px  Pa  C
M
A  [ M
1 i
EI i C dx ]
Hence, after setting C=0:
a a 2a 2

A  [ xdx  a  dx   (x  a )dx ] 
P 3 Pa
EI 2 EI
0 0 0

SOLUTION (5.27)

  Pz,   Px, T B C  T 0 (1  )  Pa
x
M AB
M BC L

a L L
M M
(a)  A
 1
EI
[ M AB P
AB
dz   M BC
BC
P
dx ]  1
GJ  [ T 0 (1  x
L
)  Pa ]( a ) dx
0 0 0
3 3 T0 L
  )  Pa L)
P a L 1 2
EI ( 3 3 GJ ( 2

( b ) Introduce a fictitious couple C about x axis at point B.

T B C  C  T 0 (1  )  Pa
x
L

Hence
a L L
M M TBC
B  [ dz   dx ]  
1 AB BC 1
EI M AB C M BC C GJ TBC C dx
0 0 0
L
 0  0   [ C  T 0 (1  )  P a ] (1 ) d x
1 x
GJ L
0

Setting C=0 and integrating:

T0 L
B   PaL )
1
GJ ( 2

76
SOLUTION (5.28)

Due to Symmetry: F A B  F C D , F AC  FBD

Statics: R A x  6 0 k N , R A y  1 2 .5 kN , R D y  1 2 .5 kN 

Method of joints:
Joint A Joint B
F AC  30 kN ( T ) F BC   12 . 5 kN ( C )
F AB  32 . 5 kN ( T )

Total strain energy:


2
Fi L i 6

U   [ 3 2 .5 (1.3 ) 2  3 0 (1.2 ) 2  1 2 .5 ( 0 .5 ) ]
10 2 2 2
2 AE 2 AE

This gives, substituting the given data,

U  4 7 .4 7 N  m

Hence
U  W; 4 7 .4 7  ( 6 0  1 0 ) D
1 3
2

or
 D
 1 . 582 mm 

SOLUTION (5.29)

2P B
P Introduce a fictitious force Q at C.

0.9 m Statics:
R Ax  P  Q 
A C
R Ax Q R A y  0 .2 4 P 
R Ay R C  1.7 6 P 
1.2 m 0.675 m RC

Apply method of joints at C and B:

F B C  2 .2 P (C ) F A C  1.3 2 P  Q (T )
F A B  0 .4 P (C )

Thus
 Fi
C 
1
AE  Fi Q Li

Differentiating and setting Q=0:

C 
1 . 32 P ( 1 )
AE
(1 . 875 )  2 . 475 P
AE


77
SOLUTION (5.30)

A B P
Introduce Q  at C.
L By method of joints:
L F AB  0, FBC   P

F AC  ( P  Q ) 2, FC D   Q
P
D C
Q

We write
 Fi
( C ) v 
1
AE  Fi Q Li

 1
AE
[ 0  (  P )( 0 )  ( P  Q ) 2( 2) 2  (  Q )( 1 )] L

This yields, for Q  0:

( C ) v   2 .8 2 8 
2 2PL PL
AE AE

Similarly
 Fi
( C ) h 
1
AE  Fi P Li

( C ) h  [0  (  P ) (  1 )  ( P )
1
or AE 2( 2) 2 ]L
1 2 2
 P L  3.8 2 8 
PL
AE AE

SOLUTION (5.31)

Introduce Q  at point C.
F.b.d. - Entire truss ( from  M  0,  F  0 ):

R Ax  Q  R A y  1.2 5 P  0 .9 3 7 5 Q 

R B y  2 .2 5 P  0 .9 3 7 5 Q 

Joint A:
F AC
13 F A C  3 .2 5 P  2 .4 3 7 5 Q (T )
5
Q 12 F A B  3 P  1. 2 5 Q (C )
A F AB
R Ay

Joint B: F B C  3 .7 5 P  1.5 6 2 5 Q (C )

Thus, we have
 Fi
( C ) h 
1
AE  Fi L i Q 
P
AE [1 2  6 1.7 9 1  2 9 .2 9 6 9 ]  1 0 3.0 8 8
P
AE 
and
 Fi
( C ) v  1
AE  Fi Li P
 P
AE
[ 3 ( 3 . 2 )( 3 )  3 . 25 ( 7 . 8 )( 3 . 25 )

 ( 3 . 75 )( 3 . 75 )( 5 )]  181 . 5 P
AE


78
SOLUTION (5.32)

C F BD  0 .
32
Introduce Q at point D.
Reactions, as found by statics, are shown in the
figure. We shall apply the method of joints, as
Q needed.
B D 32 kN C

32 E 17 Joint C
A 15
FC D   (32 )  68 kN
17
FBC 8 (C )
FC D 8
42-Q/2 42+Q/2
F BC  60 kN ( T )

Joint E Joint A
FDE F AD
5 60 5
3 3
F AE 4 E 32 4
56+2Q/3
A
42+Q/2 42-Q/2

FDE   7 0 
5
6 Q (C )
F AE  5 6  F AD   3 0 
2 5
3 Q (T ) 6 Q (C )

F j
Thus  D
 1
AE  F jL j Q
3

 [0  0  0  0  2 (  7 0 ) (  )  3 .2 ( 5 6 ) ( 3 )  2 (  3 0 ) ( 
10 5 2 5
AE 6 6 )]
3
2 8 6 .1 3 3  1 0
 AE 

SOLUTION (5.33)

Joint B

FBD FBC
FBD  
5
4 FBA
3
4 (1)
FBA B
FBC  P 
3
4 FBA
P

F j
A  0  
1
AE FjL j  FBA

 [( P  )( 4 )  (  )(  )  F B A ( L )(1 )]
1 3 3L 3 5 5L 5
AE 4 F B A )( 4 4 F B A )( 4 4

 0 .5 6 2 5 P L  3 .3 7 5 F B A L  0 , F B A   0 .1 6 6 P   P 6

Then Eqs.(1) give

FBD  FBC 
5 7
24 P 8 P

79
SOLUTION (5.34)

M
M  F R s in   P R (1  c o s  ) , v  0  
1
EI M F dx
Therefore

v  1
EI  [ FR sin   PR ( 1  cos  )]( R sin  ) Rd 
0
3
FR
3

   0, F    
2 PR 4P 4P
2 EI EI  

SOLUTION (5.35)

P
C M 
Px
c o s   Q x s in 
2

L
x

A 
Q
B
P/2 P/2
Line of symmetry

( a ) With Q  0:
L
B   c o s  ) ( x s in  ) d x
2 Px
EI ( 2
0
3 3

 s in  c o s   s in 2 
PL PL
3EI 6 EI

( b ) With Q   R B h :
L
B  0   c o s   R B h x s in  ) (  x s in  ) d x
2 Px
EI ( 2
0

or
R Bh  P cot  
1
2

SOLUTION (5.36)

Statics: F B C  2P
3
, FC D 
P
3
, F AB 
P
3
, M AB
 Px
Thus
B 2 B 2 C 2 D 2

   
FAB M FBC FC D
U  dx  dx  dx 
AB
2 AE 2 EI 2 AE 2 AE dx
A A D C
2L 2 2L 2L L 2

  dx   P x dx   P dx  
1 P 1 2 2 1 4 2 1 P
2 AE 3 2 RI 2 AE 3 2 AE 3 dx
0 0 0 0
3

 ( 6 AE 
11L 4L 2
3EI )P
We have
2
U
C  P
 PL
3E
( 11A  8L
I
)

80
SOLUTION (5.37)

Let the load at B be designated by Q. Locate origin of coordinates at A:

V AB M
V AB  P  Px   1,  x
AB
M AB P P

Locate origin of coordinates at B:

V BC M
V BC  P  Q  P(x  )  Qx   1,  x 
L BC L
M BC 2 P P 2

( a ) Equation(5.38), with Q=P, gives

M Vi
vA  M dx   V
1 i 1
EI i P AG P
dx
L L L L
2 2 P(2xL 2) 2 2

   
1.2 ( 2 P )
 Px
EI ( x )dx  EI (x  L
2 )dx  1.2 P
AG (1 ) d x  AG (1 ) d x
0 0 0 0
3

 
7 PL 1 .8 P L
16 EI AG (P5.37)

( b ) From Table B.1: E=200 GPa and G=79 GPa. Given L/h=5.
We have A=bh and I  b h 1 2 . Eq.(P5.25) is rewritten as
3

3
Ebv A 7 (1 2 ) L
 
1 .8 E L
P 3 Gh
16 h
3
7 (1 2 )( 5 ) 1.8 ( 2 0 0 ) ( 5 )
 16  79

 656 . 25  22 . 78  679 . 03

Error: 22 . 78
679 . 03
(100 )  3 . 35 %

SOLUTION (5.38)

Inasmuch as horizontal displacement at C,  h is zero, Eq.(5.41) gives


h  U
H
 0  1
EI  [ HR sin   FR ( 1  cos  )] R (sin  ) Rd 
0
2R
  [( H  P ) x  2 F R ]x d x
1
EI
0

 H ( 2  8
3
)  2F  8P
3

or
4 . 2375 H  2 F  2 . 6667 P  0 (1)

Similarly, vertical displacement at C is zero:


v  U
F
 0  1
EI  [ HR sin   FR ( 1  cos  )][  R ( 1  cos  ) Rd 
0
2R
  [( H  P ) x  2 F R ]2 R d x
1
EI
0

3
 2H  F( 2  8)  4P
or
2 H  1 2 .7 1 2 4 F  4 P  0 (2)

Solving Eqs.(1) and (2):

H  0 . 5193 P F  0 . 2329 P

81
SOLUTION (5.39)

The structure is statically indeterminate to the first degree. Select R, the reaction at B, as
R redundant. From the equilibrium of forces at joint D,
with F A D  F D C  F :
F F
4
F  (W  R )
3 5
D 8 (1)

W
Substituting Eq.(1), into Eq.(5.45), together with Eq. (5.38) we have
L h
F R
B  0  [2  F dx  
1
AE R R R dx ]
0 0

 1
AE
[( 2 ) 5
8
(W  R )(  85 ) L  0 . 8 RL ]

  (W  R ) L 
25 0 .8 R L
32 AE AE

Solving, R  0 .4 9 4 W 
Thus
F A D  F C D  0 .3 1 6 W and F B D  0 .4 9 4 W

SOLUTION (5.40)

We write M   M  R A x  kx
3
A
6.
U
Thus vA  R A  0
L
M
  dx   ( M  RAx  kx )xdx  0
1 1 1 3
EI M R A EI A 6 (1)
0
U
A  M A  0
L
M
  dx   ( M  RAx  k x )(  1) d x  0
1 1 1 3
EI M M A EI A 6 (2)
0

Integrating and simplifying Eqs.(1) and (2) we obtain, respectively:

  RAL 
1 1 1 3
2 M A 3 30 kL
 RAL  
1 1 3
M A 2 24
kL
Solving
RA  
3 2 1 3
20 kL M A 30 kL

SOLUTION (5.41)

L 2
L 4
( L ) a sin
2 x EI 
U   ) dx   dx 
2 4 2 2
EI
2
(d v
2
EI
2 L 3 a
0 dx 0 4L

L L
2 x
 w v d x  w 0  a s in
w0L
W  L dx  2 a
0 0

4
E I w0L w0
U  W : a  a 
L 4
Thus 2L
3 2 , EI ( )
We have
w0 x
v 
L 4
EI (  ) s in L

82
SOLUTION (5.42)

L A D  L C D  3 .4 6 m

U  AL i E   AL i E (  v cos  / L i )
1 2 1 2
2 2

Vertical load of the joint, by Eq.(5.46):

3


E jAj
U
W    v cos 
2
 v Lj
1
2 o 2 o
or W  E A v [ cos 30
L AD
 cos 30
LC D
 1
LBD
]
2 o 2 o
 E A  v [ c o3s .4360  cos 30
3 .4 6
 13 ]  0 .7 6 6 9 E A  v
Substitute the given data
6
W  0 .7 6 6 9 ( 0 .0 0 6 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 6 2 5  1 0 )  5 7 5 .2 k N  m
9

SOLUTION (5.43)

v  (3L  x ) v"  3 (L  x)
ax a
(a) 2L
3
L
3

L L
U   (v" ) dx   ( L  x ) dx 
EI 2 9 EI 2 2 3EI 2
2 2L
6 a 2L
3 a (1)
0 0

We have
W  P  v A (2)
Virtual work principle,  U   W , is thus
P  a  (2a  a )
3EI
3
2L

a  PL 3EI
3
and
2

v  (3L  x )
Px
6 EI (3)

( b ) At x=L, Eq.(3) gives

3

v m ax 
PL
3EI (4)
Using Eq.(3):   dv
dx 
Px
2 EI (2 L  x )
and at x=L:
2

 m ax 
PL
2 EI (5)

SOLUTION (5.44)

We have
v  ax ( L  x )  axL  ax , v'  aL  2ax, v"  2a
2

L
U   ( v " ) d x  2 a E IL
EI 2 2
So, 2
0

W  P  v A  P  (acL  ac )
2
Also
From  u   W , it follows that
Pc ( L c )
E IL ( 4 a   a )  ( P c L  P c )  a , a 
2
4 E IL

Hence, at x=c:
2 2
Pc ( Lc )
vA  4 E IL

83
SOLUTION (5.45)

4 2
 d  d
I  64
, A  4
, r  I A  d 4 , Le  L
We have
2 2 2 2
 E  Ed
  P
 2 ; 4P
2  2 , d  4 64 PL
3
cr A ( Le r )  d 16 L  E

Substituting given data:

3 2 1
64 ( 50  10 )( 1 . 2 )
d  [ 3 9
] 4  29 mm
 ( 210  10 )
3
4 ( 1. 2 ) 4 ( 50  10 )
   1 6 5 .5 . Also     75 . 7 MPa  600
L 4L P
Check: r d 0 .0 2 9 2
MPa. OK.
A  ( 0 . 029 )

SOLUTION (5.46)

Substituting the given data: ( L e r ) c   E S y  45 . 7

Try Johnson’s formula
2
Pc r S Le
 S 
y 2
A y 4 E
2 ( r )
or
3 6 2 2
2 2 0 (1 0 ) ( 5 2 0 1 0 ) ( 0 .2 5 ) 1 6
 5 2 0 (1 0 )  d  2 5 .7 m m
6
2 2 9 2
;
 d 4 4 (1 1 0  1 0 ) d

Le
  38 . 9 OK.
250 ( 4 )
Check d 4 25 . 7

Try Euler formula:

2 1 3 2 1
6 4 P Le 6 4 ( 2 2 0  1 0 )( 0 .2 5 )
d [ 3
]4  [ 3 9
] 4  2 2 .5 mm
 E  (1 1 0  1 0 )

4 Le
  44 . 4  45 . 7  does not apply.
4 ( 250 )
and d 22 . 5

SOLUTION (5.47)

( a ) By Eq.(5.61) with A   d 4 and r  d 4 :

2

2 1
64 Pc r L e
d  [ 2
 E
] 4

( b ) Equation (5.61) with A  b h , I  bh  h

3 2 2
12 , r 1 2:
2
1 2 Pc r L e
b   Eh
2 3

SOLUTION (5.48)

( a ) Same area:

 d )  ao  ai
2 2 2 2
(D
4
 
ai  ao   d )  50  (5 0  3 5 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(D
4 4
(CONT.)

84
5.48 (CONT.)
1
or a i  3 8 .7 m m , t  ( a o  a i )  1 1 .3 m m
2
( b ) Circular bar
  9
I   d )  ( 5 0  3 5 )  2 3 3 .1  1 0
4 4 4 4 4
(D m
64 64
 EI  ( 7 2 ) ( 2 3 3 .1)
2 2

Pc r  2
 2
 3 4 .2 k N
Le ( 2 .2 )
Square bar
1 1 9
I  (ao  ai )  ( 5 0  3 8 .7 )  3 3 3 .9  1 0
4 4 4 4 4
m
12 12
 EI  ( 7 2 ) ( 3 3 3 .9 )
2 2

Pc r  2
 2
 49 kN
Le ( 2 .2 )

SOLUTION (5.49)

d  (8 )
4 4

I    2 0 1 .0 6 m m
4

64 64
d  (8 )
2 2

A    5 0 .2 7 m m
2

4 4
12
 EI  ( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 2 0 1 .0 6  1 0
2 2 9
)
P A  Pc r  2
 2
 2 .4 8 k N
L ( 0 .4 )
The corresponding stress is
Pc r 2480
 cr
  6
 4 9 .3 M P a  2 5 0 M P a OK .
A 5 0 .2 7  1 0
We have
 M C
 0: ( a  b ) Q  b Pc r
or 1 8 0 Q  3 0 ( 2 4 8 0 ), Q  413 N
Therefore
Q 4 1 3 .3
Q a ll    295 N
n 1 .4

SOLUTION (5.50)

Pc r  n P  2 .6 ( 2 2 )  5 7 .2 k N , L e  0 .7 L  0 .7 (1)  0 .7 m

 d
2
d
I  A  r 
4
d
64 4 4
Equation (5.61) gives
2
6 4 (5 7 .2  1 0 )( 0 .7 )
3 2
6 4 Pc r L e
  d  0 .0 2 3 m = 2 3 m m
4
d ,
 E  (200  10 )
3 3 9

(CONT.)

85
5.50 (CONT.)

Hence
Le 0 .7
  1 2 1 .7
r 0 .0 2 3 4
Equation (5.62):
200  10
9
Le E
( )c      8 8 .8 6  1 2 1 .7
250  10
6
r Sy
Euler formula is valid, Therefore
d  23 m m

SOLUTION (5.51)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 5.50. Now we have L e  0 .7 ( 6 2 5 )  4 3 7 .5 m m

and Pc r  2 .6 (1 2 5 )  3 2 5 k N . Equation (5.61):
2
6 4 (3 2 5  1 0 )( 0 .4 3 7 5 )
3 2
6 4 Pc r L e
  d  0 .0 2 8 m
4
d ,
 E  (200  10 )
3 3 9

and
Le 4 3 7 .5
  6 2 .5  1 2 1 .7
r 28 4
Euler formula does not apply.
Apply Johnson formula, Eq. (5.66):
2
325  10 2 5 0  1 0 ( 0 .4 3 7 5 )
3 6 2
Pc S y Le 1 1
d  2(  ) 2
 2[  ] 2

 Sy  E   250  10  (200  10 )
2 6 2 9

or d  0 .0 4 1 9 m = 4 1 .9 m m

SOLUTION (5.52)
P
F AB B
L B C  0 .6 5 m F AB  FBC 
5 13
12 P, 12 P
12 13
5 FBC

Bar AB
2 9  3 4
2
 ( 2 1 0  1 0 )[ ( 5 1 0 ) ]
 EI
( F A B ) cr  2
 4
2
 6 .3 5 9 k N  5
12
Pc r , Pc r  1 5 .2 6 k N
Le ( 0 .4 )

Bar BC
2 9  3 4
 ( 2 1 0  1 0 )[ ( 7 .5  1 0 ) ]
( F B C ) cr  4
2
 1 2 .1 9 k N  13
12
Pc r , Pc r  1 1 .2 5 k N
( 0 .6 5 )

Choose the small value, Pc r  1 1.2 5 with n  2 .5 . Thus

Pcr
Pall  n
 11 . 25
2 .5
 4 . 5 kN

86
SOLUTION (5.53)

( a ) Applying the method of joints at A: F AB  40 kN ( C ) and F B C  2 2 0 k N ( C )

L A B  2 .5 m .
3


FAB 4 0 (1 0 )
 2 5 0 (1 0 )  d  1 4 .3 m m
6
; 2
,
cr A  d 4

We have r  I A  d 4 and Euler’s formula:

2 9
 E
2  ( 210  10

)
 )  , d  109 . 8 mm
6
cr 2
; 250 (10 2
(L r) ( 2 . 5 0 . 25 d )

Use, a commercial size of :

d  110 mm diameter

( b ) L B C  1 .8 7 5 m
3
FBC

2 2 0 (1 0 )
 2 5 0 (1 0 )  d  3 3 .5 m m
6
; 2
,
cr A  d 4

Euler formula:
2 9
 E
2  ( 210  10

)
 )  , d  82 . 4 mm
6
cr 2
; 250 (10 2
(L r) ( 1 . 875 0 . 25 d )

Use
8 3  m m diameter

SOLUTION (5.54)

 9
I   125 . 66  10
4 4
64
( 0 . 04 ) m

r  I
A
 d
4
 10 mm L
r
 1600
10
 160

Euler’s formula:
2
2
 EI  ( 200  125 . 66 )
P cr  2
 2
 64 . 6 kN
nL 1 .5 (1 .6 )

Thus
F a ll  1 .0
0 .5
Pc r  2 ( 6 4 .6 )  1 2 9 .2 k N

SOLUTION (5.55)

Two angles:
I x  2 I x  2 ( 4 2 6  1 0 )  8 5 2 (1 0 ) m m
3 3 4

I y  2 ( I y  A x )  2[1 5 3 (1 0 )  7 4 4 (1 0 .5 ) ]  4 7 0 , 0 5 2 m m
2 3 2 4

I m in  4 7 0 , 0 5 2 We have L e  2 .7 5 m Thus
4
Use smaller I : mm
2
 EI y 
2 9
( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 4 7 0 , 0 5 2  1 0
12
)
Pc r  2
 2
 1 2 2 .7 k N
Le ( 2 .7 5 )

Pc r
Pa ll  n
 1 2 2 .7
2 .5
 4 9 .1 k N

87
SOLUTION (5.56)

A  d 4   ( 60 ) 4  2 ,827
2 2 2
mm
4 4
 d  (60 )
I    6 3 6 ,1 7 3 m m
4
64 64
r  I
A
 d
4
 60
4
 15 mm
2 9  12

2  ( 210  10 )( 636  10 )
P cr  EI
2
 2
 1319 kN
L 1

Using Eq.(5.72):
3
Py 0 . 002 ( 2 . 827  10 ) 1
350 ( 10 )  [1 
6
3  12 Py
]
2 . 827  10 636 ,173 ( 10 ) 0 . 03 1  3
1319 ( 10 )

or
P y  2 6 6 0 1 0 4 .4 P y  1.3 0 5  1 0  0
2 12

Solving, this quadratic gives: P y  649 kN . Thus, Pa ll  6 4 9 3  2 1 6 .3 k N

SOLUTION (5.57)

1
I m in  (1 6 0  8 0  1 3 0  5 0 )  5 .4 7 2 5  1 0
3 3 6 4
mm
12
A  1 6 0  8 0  1 3 0  5 0  6 .3  1 0
3 3
mm

rm in  I m in A  2 9 .5 m m L e  0 .5 L  2 .7 5 m

L e r  2 7 5 0 2 9 .5  9 3 .2
Hence,
 E  (7 2  1 0 )
2 2 9

 cr
 2
 2
 8 1 .8 M P a
( Le r ) ( 9 3 .2 )

SOLUTION (5.58)

L e  0 .7 L  3 .8 5 m . From solution of Prob.5.57: rm in  2 9 .5 m m .

We now have
L e r  3 8 5 0 2 9 .5  1 3 0 .5
Hence,
 E  (7 2  1 0 )
2 2 9

 cr
  2
 4 1 .7 M P a
( Le r ) (1 3 0 .5 )

SOLUTION (5.59)

A   (5 0  4 4 )  1, 7 7 2
2 2 2
mm
Equation (5.68):
r   d   88  33 . 3 mm ,   60 . 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 L 2000
4
D 4
100 r 33 . 3

(CONT.)

88
5.59 (CONT.)

12(50 )
  0 .5 4 1
ec
(a) r
2
( 3 3 .3 )
2

Py
Refer to Fig.5.23b: A
 160 M Pa, P y  1 6 0 (1, 7 7 2 )  2 8 3 .5 kN

9( 50 )
  0 .4 0 6
ec
(b) r
2
( 3 3 .3 )
2

Py
Refer to Fig.5.23b: A
 175 M Pa, P y  1 7 5 (1, 7 7 2 )  3 1 0 .1 k N

SOLUTION (5.60)

We have
  1
I   d ) and A   d ); r  I A   d
4 4 2 2 2 2
(D (D D
64 4 4

P  n ( 4 4 0 )  1 .5 ( 4 4 0 )  6 6 0 k N , A  (200  175 )  7363 m m
2 2 2

4

I  ( 2 0 0  1 7 5 )  3 2 .5 (1 0 ) m m
4 4 6 4

64
1
r  200  175  6 6 .4 4 m m
2 2

4
660  10
3
P L 3 .6 6
Hence,  6
 8 9 .6 M P a  3
 5 5 .1
A 7363  10 r 6 6 .4 4  1 0
ec 0 .1 e
 3
 2 2 .6 5 e
( 6 6 .4 4  1 0
2 2
r )

Substitute these into Eq. (5.74a):

  8 9 .6  1 0
6 
2 1 0  8 9 .6 1  2 2 .6 5 e s e c  2 7 .5 5 
  190  10
9

 
from which
e  0 .0 4 9 0 2 m = 4 9 .0 2 m m

SOLUTION (5.61)

P From solution of Prob. 5.60:

A  7363 m m
2

I  3 2 .5 (1 0 ) m m
6 4

Hence
 EI
2

v m ax Pc r  2
L
6
 ( 2 0 0  1 0 )(3 2 .5  1 0
2 9
)
 2
( 4 .6 )
 3 .0 2 3 M N
Figure S5.61
e (CONT.)
P

89
5.61 (CONT.)

( a ) Using Eq. (5.73):

  45  10
3  
1 .2 5  e  s e c    1   e  s e c (1 0 .9 6 )  1  , e  6 7 .2 8 m m
o

  2 3 .0 3 2  1 0
6
 
 

( b ) Referring to Fig S5.61:

M  P ( v m a x  e )  4 5 (1 .2 5  6 7 .2 8 )  3 0 8 0 N  m

45  10
3
P Mc 3 0 8 0 ( 0 .1)
Hence,  m ax
   6
 6
 1 5 .5 9 M P a
A I 7363  10 3 2 .5  1 0

SOLUTION (5.62)

L e  2 ( 4 .6 )  9 .2 m . Refer to solution of Prob. 5.61

6
 EI  ( 2 0 0  1 0 )(3 2 .5  1 0
2 2 9
)
Pc r  2
 2
 7 5 7 .9 k N
Le (9 .2 )

( a ) Equation (5.73):
  45  
1 .2 5  e  s e c    1   e [s e c ( 2 1 .9 3 )  1] , e  1 6 .0 2 m m
o

 2 7 5 7 .9 
  

( b ) M  P ( v m a x  e )  4 5 (1 .2 5  1 6 .0 2 )  7 7 7 .2 N  m Therefore,
P Mc
 m ax
 
A I
45  10
3
7 7 7 .2 ( 0 .1)
 6
 6
 6 .1 1 2  2 .3 9 1  8 .5 M P a
7363  10 3 2 .5  1 0

SOLUTION (5.63)
L e  2 L  3 .6 m
75 mm C
A A  150  75  120  45
15 mm
 5 .8 5  1 0
3 2
P mm
150 mm
B D 1
I  (1 5 0  7 5  1 2 0  4 5 )
3 3

12
P
 4 .3 6 2  1 0
6 4
mm

r  I A  2 7 .3 m m
e  c  3 7 .5 m m
L

Thus,
ec 3 7 .5  3 7 .5 Le
2
 2
 1 .8 8 7  6 5 .9 3
r ( 2 7 .3 ) 2r
(CONT.)

90
5.63 (CONT.)

Use Eq.(5.74b) with L  L e :

160  10
3   160  10  3

   1  1 .8 8 7 s e c  6 5 .9 3    9 9 .3 M P a
m ax
5 .8 5  1 0
3
  2 0 0  1 0 (5 .8 5  1 0 )  
9 3

 

SOLUTION (5.64)
C 150 mm D L e  2 L  3 .6 m
P 75 mm A  150  75  120  45
 5 .8 5  1 0
3 2
A B mm
15 mm
P
1
I  (7 5  1 5 0  4 5  1 2 0 )
3 3

12
 1 4 .6 1  1 0
6 4
mm

e  c  75 m m

r  I A  4 9 .9 7 m m
Therefore,
ec 75  75 Le
2
 2
 2 .2 5  3 6 .0 2
r ( 4 9 .9 7 ) 2r
Apply Eq.(5.74b) with L  L e :

160  10
3   160 10  3

   1  2 .2 5 s e c  3 6 .0 2    9 4 .8 M P a
m ax
5 .8 5  1 0
3
  2 0 0  1 0 (5 .8 5  1 0 )  
9 3

 

SOLUTION (5.65)

We have
A  ao  ai  120  100  4 .4 (1 0 ) m m
2 2 2 2 3 2

1 1
I  (ao  ai )  (1 2 0  1 0 0 )  8 .9 5 (1 0 ) m m
4 4 4 4 6 4

12 12
3
I 8 .9 5 (1 0 )
r    4 5 .1 m m
A 4 .4
ao
c   60 m m Le  2 L  2 (2 )  4 m
2
Hence
3
ec (5 5 )(6 0 ) P 2 0 0 (1 0 )
2
 2
 1 .6 2 2 ,  6
 4 5 .5 M P a
r ( 4 5 .1) A 4 .4 (1 0 )
6
 EI  ( 7 0  1 0 )8 .9 5 (1 0
2 2 9
)
Pc r  2
 2
 3 8 6 .5 k N
Le (4)
(CONT.)

91
5.65 (CONT.)

P 200
  0 .5 1 7
Pc r 3 8 6 .5

( a) Apply Eq. (5.73):

 P
v m ax  e[ s e c ( )  1]
2 Pc r


 (5 5 )[se c ( 0 .5 1 7 )  1]  7 3 .7 6 m m
2

( b ) Use Eq.(5.74a)
P ec  P
 m ax
 [1  2
sec( )]
A r 2 Pc r


 ( 4 5 .5 ) [1  (1 .6 2 2 ) s e c ( 0 .5 1 7 ) ]  2 1 8 .3 M P a
2

SOLUTION (5.66)

From solution of Prob. 5.65:

A  a o  b i  4 .4 (1 0 ) m m
2 2 3 2

1
I  ( a o  a i )  8 .9 5 (1 0 ) m m
4 4 6 4

12
L e  2 ( L )  2 (1 .9 )  3 .8 m c  60 m m
6
 EI  ( 2 0 0  1 0 ) (8 .9 5  1 0
2 2 9
)
Pc r  2
 2
 1, 2 2 3 k N
Le ( 3 .8 )
P 300
  0 .2 4 5
Pc r 1223

( a ) Equation (5.73):
 P
v m ax  e[ s e c ( )  1]
2 Pc r
or

1 5  e[ s e c ( 0 .2 4 5 )  1] , e  3 7 .2 m m
2

(b) M m ax
 P ( e  v m a x )  3 0 0 (3 7 .2  1 5 )  1 5 .6 6 k N  m

300  10 1 5 .6 6  1 0 ( 0 .0 6 )
3 3
P M c
 m ax
 
m ax
 3
 6
A I 4 .4 (1 0 ) 4 .9 5 (1 0 )
 1 7 3 .2 M P a

92
SOLUTION (5.67)

Figure 5.17a: L e  2 L  2 ( 2 )  4 m .

( a ) Cylindrical tube:

A  500 m m   d )
2 2 2
4
(D
or
4 (500 )
d    40   31 m m
2 4A 2
D  

Thus
 
I  d )  [ 4 0  3 1 ]  8 .0 3 3 (1 0 ) m m
4 4 4 4 4 4
64
(D 64

and
4
( 8 .0 3 3 )(1 0 )
r  I
A
 500
 1 2 .6 8 m m
It follows that
L e r  4 0 0 0 1 2 .6 8  3 1 5 .5
Since
L e r  2 0 0 , the Euler formula applies. Hence
2 9 8
 EI
2  (1 0 5  1 0 )( 8 .0 3 3  1 0 )
Pc r  2
 2
 5 .2 0 3 k N
Le (4)

( b ) Square tube.
The cross-sectional area: A  a o  a i . Inner diameter is
2 2

ai  ao  A  4 0  5 0 0  3 3 .1 7 m m
2 2

Then
I  ( a o  bi )  ( 4 0  3 3 .1 7 )  1 1 .2 5  1 0
1 4 4 1 4 4 4 4
12 12
mm
and
r   10  15 m m , Le r  4 0 0 1 5  2 6 7
I 2 1 1 .2 5
A 500

Since
L e r  2 0 0 , the Euler formula is valid. Therefore
2 9 6
 EI
2  (1 0 5  1 0 )( 0 .1 1 2 5  1 0 )
Pc r  2
 2
 7287 N
Le (4)

Comment: Hollow square has a critical load that is 1.4 times more than for a
hollow circular section.

SOLUTION (5.68)

From Table B.1: E  2 0 0 G P a S y  250 M Pa

The properties of area are
1 1
A  b h  (3 5 )(1 0 )  3 5 0 m m , I  bh  (3 5 )(1 0 )  2 9 1 7 m m
2 3 3 4

12 12

(CONT.)

93
5.68 (CONT.)

200  10
3
I 2917 Le E
r    2 .8 8 7 m m , ( )c      8 8 .9
A 350 r Sy 250

( a ) From Fig. 5.17c, L e  0 .7 L  0 .7 (1 8 0 )  1 2 6 m m . Hence

Le 126
  4 3 .6
r 2 .8 8 7
Since 4 3 .6  8 8 .9 , Johnson Formula should be used. Thus:
2
S y ( Le r )
Pc r  A S y [1  ]
4 E
2

2
2 5 0 ( 4 3 .6 )
 ( 3 5 0 ) ( 2 5 0 ) [1  ]  8 2 .2 3 k N
4  200  10
2 3

( b ) Now we have
Le 0 .7 ( 5 0 0 )
  1 2 1 .2  8 8 .9
r 2 .8 8 7
Euler formula applies. So
12
 EI  ( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 2 9 1 7  1 0
2 2 9
)
Pc r  2
 2
 47 kN
Le ( 0 .3 5 )

SOLUTION (5.69)

( a ) Cross-sectional area:
 
A   d )  ( 6 2 .5  6 0 )  2 4 0 .5 m m
2 2 2 2 2
4
(D 4

Moment of inertia:
 
I   d )  ( 6 2 .5  6 0 )  1 1 2 , 8 4 1 .5 m m
4 4 4 4 4
64
(D 64

and
r    2 1 .7 m m
I 1 1 2 ,8 4 1 .5
A 2 4 0 .5

Le
r
 750
2 1 .7
 3 4 .5 6
Also
2 9
Le 2
 E  ( 7 0 1 0 )
( )c   6
 5 0 .5 8
r Sy 2 7 0 1 0

Since L e r  5 0 .9 6 , the Johnson formula applies. Thus

6 2
Sy Le 6 2 7 0  1 0 ( 3 4 .5 6 )
Pc r  A S y [1  ) ]  2 4 0 .5  1 0 ( 2 7 0  1 0 )[1 
2 6
2
( 2 9
]
4 E r 4 ( 7 0 1 0 )

 5 7 .3 6 k N

( b ) We have C  D 2 and:
3125 (3)
  0 .2 A  2 4 0 .5 m m P  16 kN
ce 2
2 2
r ( 2 1 .7 )

(CONT.)

94
5.69 (CONT.)

Equation (5.74a) gives then

 m ax
 P
A
[1  ec
2
s e c ( 2 P
Pc r
)]
r
3

[1  0 .2 s e c ( 2
1 6 (1 0 )
 6
16
)]
2 4 0 .5  1 0 5 7 .3 6

 7 9 .8 M P a

SOLUTION (5.70)

From Prob.5.55 for both angles: I m in  4 7 0 , 0 5 2 m m

4
and A  7 4 4  2  1 4 8 8 m m
2
Thus
Le 3
2 .7 5  1 0
r   1 7 .7 7 m m ,   1 5 4 .8
4 7 0 ,0 5 2
1,4 8 8 r 1 7 .7 7

2 9
2 E
2 2 ( 200  10 )
Cc   6
 128
Sy 240  10

Since C c  1 5 4 .8, use Eqs. (5.77b):

2 9
 ( 2 0 0 1 0 )
 a ll
 2
 4 2 .9 M P a
1 .9 2 (1 5 4 .8 )

Hence
Pa ll   a ll
A  4 2 .9 (1 4 8 8 )  6 3 .8 4 k N

SOLUTION (5.71)

2 3 1
2 E
2 2 ( 200  10 ) Le
Cc   [ ] 2  106 ,  
0 . 65 ( 3 ) 7 .8
Sy 350 r d 4 d
(Eq.c of Sec. 6.2)

Equation (5.77b):
3 2 9
 ( 2 0 0 1 0 )

5 0 (1 0 )
 2
 2
, d  4 4 .1 m m
a ll  d 4 1 .9 2 ( 7 .8 d )

Le
Check: r
 6
0 . 0441
 136  C c OK.

SOLUTION (5.72)

L e  0 . 5 L  2 m . Assume 1 1  L e d  2 6 and use Eq.(5.80b). Thus

3
Le d

1 0 0 (1 0 )
   8 .2 7 [1 
P 1 2 6
a ll A 2 3
( 26
) ]1 0
d

This gives
1 0 0 (1 0 )  8 .2 7 d  0 .0 2 4 5, d  109 m m
3 2

Then
3

 
1 0 0 (1 0 )
P
A
 2
 8 .4 2 M P a
( 0 .1 0 9 )

Check: 8 .4 2  1 0 O K ., L e d  2 0 .1 0 9  1 8 .3 OK.

95
SOLUTION (5.73)


A  (3 5 0  3 0 0 )  2 5 , 5 2 5 m m , L e  0 .7 L  0 .7 ( 6 .1)  4 .2 7 m .
2 2 2
4

Equation (5.68):
Le 3
4 .2 7  1 0
r   d  350  300  1 1 5 .2 4 m m ,   3 7 .0 5
1 2 2 1 2 2
4
D 4 r 1 1 5 .2 4

Using Eq.(5.79b):
 a ll  [1 4 0  0 .8 7 (3 7 .0 5 )]  1 0 7 .7 7 M P a
Hence
6
Pa ll  1 0 7 .7 7  1 0 ( 2 5 , 5 2 5  1 0 )  2751 kPa
6

SOLUTION (5.74)

0 .1 2  0 .0 8
3
6 2 E
2
I m in   5 .1 2 (1 0 Cc   1 2 1 .7
4
12
) m , Sy

3,5 0 0
A  0 .0 0 9 6 m , rm in  A  2 3 .0 9 m m ,
2
I m in Le r  2 3.0 9  1 5 1.6

By Eq.(5.77b):
2 9
 E
2  ( 2 1 0 1 0 )
 a ll
 2
 2
 4 6 .9 7 M P a
1 .9 2 ( L e r ) 1 .9 2 (1 5 1 .6 )

We have
600
9 .6
 62 . 5 MPa  280 MPa

SOLUTION (5.75)

Table A.6: A  27 . 5  10 r z  101 . 1 mm

3 2
mm

Buckling in xy plane:
1

C c  [ 2 ( 200  10 280 ] 2  119 , L e  0 . 7 L  4 . 2 m

2 3)

and
L e r z  4 .2 0 .1 0 1 1  4 1.5  C c . Apply Eq.(5.77a):

n   ( 119 )  ( 1 1 9 )  1.7 9
5 3 4 1.5 1 4 1 .5 3
3 8 8
6
  280  10
[1  ) ]  146 . 9 MPa
2
all 1 . 79
1
2
( 41
119
.5

and
Pall  146 . 9 ( 27 . 5 )  4 , 040 kN

Buckling in xz plane:
L e  0 . 5 (12 )  6 m r y  161 mm ; L r y  37 . 3  C c

n   ( 3171.59 )  ( 31 71 .39 )  1 .7 7
5 3 1 2
3 8 8

6
  2 8 0 1 0
[1  ( 31 71 .39 ) ]  1 5 0 .4 M P a , Pa ll  1 5 0 .4 ( 2 7 .5 )  4 ,1 3 6 k N
1 2
a ll 1 .7 7 2

96
SOLUTION (5.76)
a
A  a r  I A 
2

2 3
a
I  a
4
12
a L 0 .5 1 .7 3 2
 
r a (2 3) a

Assume: 9 .5  L e r  6 6 .

Using Eq. (5.79b):

250  10
3
1 .7 3 2
   [1 4 0  0 .8 7 (
6
a ll 2
) ]1 0
a a
or
3 3
a  1 0 .7 6  1 0 a  1 .7 8 6  1 0  0, a  48 m m .
2

So,
r  a 2 3  48 2 3  1 3 .9 m m
L r  5 0 0 1 3 .9  3 6  6 6
Our assumption was correct. Use a  4 8 m m

SOLUTION (5.77)

A  200  100  160  60  10, 400 m m

2

1
I m in  ( 2 0 0  1 0 0  1 6 0  6 0 )  1 3, 7 8 6 , 6 6 6 .6 7 m m
3 3 4

12
rm in  A  3 6 .4 1 m m , L e rm in  4 .3  1 0 3 6 .4 1  1 1 8 .1
3
I m in

Use Eq. (5.79c):

350  10
3

 a ll
 2
 2 5 .0 9 M P a
(1 1 8 .1)
Pa ll  2 5 .0 9  (1 0 , 4 0 0 )  2 6 0 .9 4 k N

SOLUTION (5.78)

For the situation described L e  2 L (see Fig. 5.17a) and d=62 mm So,
2 (1 .2 2  1 0 )
3
Le
  3 9 .4
d 62
Since 39.4 > 26, use Eq. (5.80c).
0 .3 (1 2  1 0 )
9

 a ll
 2
 2 .3 2 M P a
(3 9 .4 )
and
Pa ll   a ll
A  ( 2 .3 2 ) (8 8  6 2 )  1 2 .6 6 k N

97
SOLUTION (5.79)

We now have L e  2 L  2 ( 7 5 0 )  1 5 0 0 m m and d=62 mm

Le 1500
  2 4 .2
d 62
Since 24 .2< 26, apply Eq. (5.80b).
1 2 4 .2 2
 a ll
 8 .2 7[1  ( ) ]  5 .8 8 M P a
3 26
Thus
Pa ll   a ll
A  ( 5 .8 8 ) (8 8  6 2 )  3 2 .0 8 k N

SOLUTION (5.80)

Boundary conditions: v ( 0 )  0 , v ( L )  0 , M (0)   M 0 , M (L)   M 0

With w=0, the solution of Eq.(5.82b):

v  A sin k x  B c o s k x  C x  D (1)
v "   A k s in k x  B k
2 2
cos kx (2)

Substituting boundary conditions into these equations, we have

v (0 )  B  D  0, v ( L )  A s in k L  B c o s k L  C L  D  0
and since E Iv "  M ,
M ( 0 )   B E Ik   M 0, M ( L )   A E Ik sin k L  B E Ik c o s k L   M
2 2 2
0

 P E I as needed,
2
Solving, and setting k
M 1 c o s k L M
A  B  D  C  0
0 0
P s in k L , P ,
Equation (1) is thus
M 1 c o s k L
v  s in k x  c o s k x  1 )
0
P ( s in k L

SOLUTION (5.81)

Apply Eq.(4.14)
M   Pv   Lx )
w 2
2 2 (x
 M
d v
EI dx
2

P
or
2 wL A B wL
d v
2  k x 
2 w
(x
2
 Lx ) 2
x 2
dx 2
Figure S5.81
We have, the deflection:
v  vh  vP (1)
Here
v h  A s in k x  B c o s k x (2)
It can be shown that, for the case of uniform loading w (Fig. S5.81):
vP   Lx 
w 2 2
2 E Ik
2 (x k
2 ) (3)

Boundary conditions v h ( 0 )  0 and v h ( L )  0 give A and B. In doing so, Eq.(1) results in:
2

v  [(1  c o s k L )  cos kx   L x )  1]
w s in k x k 2
E Ik
4 s in k L 2 (x

98
SOLUTION (5.82)

Refer to Example 5.23.



v   a m sin m x
L
(1)
m 1

Hence
L


2 4
 EI
U   ) dx 
2 4 2
EI
2
(d v
2 3 m am
0 dx 4L

L L

 
2
 P
W   P ( v ') d x   w vdx  m am 
1 2 2 2 2wL 1
2 4L  am m
0 0

Applying  U   W , we obtain
4 2

am  4 wL
5
 EI
3
m (m b)
1
2 where b  PL
2
 EI

Substitution of this into Eq.(1) gives the solution.

End of Chapter 5

99
Section II FAILURE PREVENTATION

CHAPTER 6 STATIC FAILURE CRITERIA AND RELIBILITY

SOLUTION (6.1)

Table 6.2: K c  5 9 1 0 0 0 M P a mm and S y  1503 M Pa

Case A of Table 6.1: with a w  0 . 1 ,   1 . 01

From Eq.(6.3), with n  1 :
 
Kc
  2 0 8 .4
59 1000
M Pa
  a (1 .0 1 )  ( 25 )

Thus, we have
P   ( 2 w t )  2 0 8 .4 ( 0 .5  0 .0 2 5 )1 0  2 , 6 0 5
6
kN

The nominal stress at fracture

6

 
2 .6 0 5 (1 0 )
0 .0 2 5 ( 0 .5  0 .0 5 )
 2 3 1 .6 M Pa
This is well below the yield strength of 1503 MPa.

SOLUTION (6.2)

Py   all
A net  650
1 .2
( 350  15 )  2 . 844 MN

Case B of Table 6.1: with a w  0 .0 7 ,   1.1 2

 
Kc
  2 6 5 .5 M P a
100 1000
By Eq.(6.3), n  a 1 .2 (1 .1 2 )  ( 25 )

Since 265.5 < 650, fracture controls. Thus

P f  265 . 5 ( 350  15 )  1 , 394 kN

SOLUTION (6.3)

From Table 6.2: K c  23 1000 MPa mm and S y

 444 MPa

Case B of Table 6.1: a w  0 .1 6 ,   1.1 2

By Eq.(6.3), with n  1 :
 
Kc
  8 1 .9 3 M P a
23 1000
  a 1 .1 2  ( 20 )

It follows that
P   ( wt )  81 . 93 (125  25 )  256 kN
Then
3

 
256 ( 10 )
P
( w  a )t
 ( 0 . 125  0 . 02 ) 0 . 025
 97 . 5 MPa

 97 . 5 MPa  S y

100
SOLUTION (6.4)

Table 6.1, Case A:   1 .0 3 .

Table 6.2, K c  5 9 M P a m, S y  1503 M Pa .

We have
Sy
  n
 1503
2 .5
 6 0 1 .2 M P a
Equation (6.1) gives
3
K    a  (1 .0 3 )( 6 0 1 .2 )  ( 2  1 0 )  4 9 .0 8 M P a m

Using Eq. (6.2), we find

Kc
n  K
 59
4 9 .0 8
 1 .2

SOLUTION (6.5)

Table 6.1, Case B:   1 .3 7 .

Table 6.2, K c  3 1 M P a m, S y  392 M Pa .

We have
Sy
  n
 392
2 .8
 140 M Pa
Equation (6.1):
K    a  1 .3 7 (1 4 0 )  ( 0 .0 0 5 )  2 4 .0 4 M P a m
Applying Eq. (6.2),
Kc
n  K
 31
2 4 .0 5
 1 .2 9

SOLUTION (6.6)

Table 6.1: a w  5 0 5 0 0  0 .1,   1 .0 1 .

Table 6.2: K c  1 1 1 M P a m, S y  798 M Pa .

( a ) Equation (6.1),
K    a  1 .0 1(1 5 0 )  ( 0 .0 5 )  6 0 M P a m
Equation (6.2) gives the safety factor for fracture as,
Kc
n  K
 111
60
 1 .8 5

Safety factor for yielding is

Sy
n  
 798
150
 5 .3 2

( b ) Using Eq. (6.3) with n=1, fracture stress is


Kc
  111
 2 7 7 .3 M P a
f  a (1 .0 1 )  ( 0 .0 5 )

101
SOLUTION (6.7)

Case A of Table 6.1 and Table 6.2:

K c
 59 1000 MPa mm S y  1503 M Pa
  1 . 01 (assumed)

By Eq.(6.3):
 
Kc
  3 1 0 .7 M Pa  S y
59 1000
n  a (1 .5 )(1 .0 1 )  (5)

pfr
(a)   2t
, p f  2 ( 4 9 .7 1)  9 9 .4 2 M P a

pfr
t
 
3 1 0 .7 ( 4 )
(b) t
, pf  r
 25
 4 9 .7 1 M P a

SOLUTION (6.8)

Table 6.2: K c  31 MPa m S y

 392 MPa

 0 .4    1.3 2
a
Case D of Table 6.1: w

Using Eq.(6.3) with n  1 and   6 M tw :

2

Kc   a ; 3 1(1 0 )  1.3 2  ( 0 .0 4 )
6M 6 6M
2 2
tw 0 . 0 2 5 ( 0 .1 )

Solving
M  2 . 76 kN  m

SOLUTION (6.9)

( a ) K c  59 M Pa m and S y  1 5 0 3 M P a (Table 6.2).

Case B of Table 6.1: with a=12.5 mm and w=125 mm: a

w
 0 . 1    1 . 12

Eq.(6.3) with n  1 :
3
5 9  (1 .1 2 )   (1 2 .5  1 0 ),   2 6 5 .8 M P a
Therefore
Pa ll  ( w t )  (1 2 5  2 5 )( 2 6 5 .8 )  8 3 0 .6 k N
Note that the nominal stress at fracture
  8 3 0 .6
2 5 (1 2 5  1 2 .5 )
 2 9 5 .3 M P a  S y

( b ) Table 6.2: K c  6 6 M P a m and S y  1149 M P a

Thus
3
66  10  (1 . 12 )   a  (1 . 12 )( 830 . 6  10
) a
6
6
125  25  10

Solving
a  0 .0 1 5 m = 1 5 .6 m m

Comment: This value of a satisfies Table 6.2

102
SOLUTION (6.10)

Refer to Example 6.3. We now have a

w
 15
37 . 5
 0 .4 :
 a  2 .1 1 and  b  1.3 2

Equation (6.5) is therefore

  ( 2 . 11 )
6 ( 0 . 175 P )
P
0 . 0375 ( 0 . 0125 )
 (1 . 32 ) 2
 83 , 349 P
0 . 0125 ( 0 . 0375 )

Table 6.2: K c  7 7 M P a m and S y  690 M P a

Note that both a and t satisfy Table 6.2. Using Eq.(6.3),

3
 
Kc 7 7 1 0
: 8 3, 3 4 9 P 
n  a 2  ( 0 .0 1 5 )

Solving
P  2 .1 2 8 k N
The nominal stress at fracture,
( 2 .1 2 8  1 0 ) [ 0 .0 1 2 5 ( 0 .0 3 7 5  0 .0 1 5 )]  7 .5 7 M P a  S y .
3

SOLUTION (6.11)

By Table 6.2, K c  5 9 M P a m and S y  1503 M P a . Note that values of a and t satisfy

Table 6.2.

 0 .1    1.1 2 . Therefore,
a
From Table 6.1: w
6

Kc 5 9 1 0
   3 0 0 .2 2 M P a
a ll n  a (1 .4 )(1 .1 2 )  ( 0 .0 0 5 )

and
Pa ll   a ll
( w t )  3 0 0 .2 2 ( 0 .0 5  0 .0 2 5 )  0 .3 7 5 M N = 3 7 5 k N

Comment: The nominal stress at the fracture

3
375 kN 3 7 5 1 0
t(2w2a)
 ( 0 .0 2 5 )( 0 .1  0 .0 1 )
 1 6 6 .7 M P a  S y

SOLUTION (6.12)

3 3
32 ( 5  10 ) 4 ( 50  10 )
 x
 32 M
3
 4P
2
 3
 2
 57 . 3 MPa
D D  ( 0 .1 )  ( 0 .1 )
3
16 ( 8  10 )
 xy
 16 T
3
 3
 40 . 74 MPa
D  ( 0 .1 )

S 1 1

 (  3 x y ) 2 ;  [ 5 7 .3  3 ( 4 0 .7 4 ) ] 2 , n  2 .8 6
y 2 2 260 2 2
(a) n x n

S 1 1

 (  4 xy ) 2 ;  [ 5 7 .3  4 ( 4 0 .7 4 ) ] 2 , n  2 .6 1
y 2 2 260 2 2
(b) n x n

103
SOLUTION (6.13)

Table B.1: S u  2 4 0 M P a and S u '  6 5 0 M P a

From the solution of Prob. 6.12, we have  x
 5 7 .3 M P a and  xy
 4 0 .7 5 M P a .
Thus
 
   )   2 8 .6 5  ( 2 8 .6 5 )  ( 4 0 .7 5 )
x x 2 2 2 2
2
( 2 xy
1 ,2

or
 1  7 8 .4 6 M P a  2   2 1 .1 6 M P a
Thus
1   2 1 .1 6
u n
 u n
2
 1; 7 8 .4 6
240
 650
 1
n

or
n  2 .7 8

SOLUTION (6.14)

y
F
A 0.8 m B
P A  x
T T P x
M D 

We have P=20F, T=0.4F, M=0.8F

Stresses at fixed end:

    127 , 324 F     31 , 831 F
32 M 32 ( 0 . 8 F ) 16 T 16 ( 0 . 4 F )
3 3 3 3
b  D  ( 0 . 04 )  D  ( 0 . 04 )

a   1 5 , 9 1 5 .5 F    a   b  1 4 3 , 2 3 9 .5 F
20 F
2
 ( 0 .0 4 ) 4 x

Apply Eq.(6.16):
S 1 6 1

 [ x  3 ] 2 ;
2 5 0 (1 0 )
 F [(1 4 3 , 2 3 9 .5 )  3 ( 3 1, 8 3 1 ) ] 2
y 2 2 2 2
n 1.4

or
F  1 . 163 kN

SOLUTION (6.15)

Refer to solution of Prob. 6.14. We have


 m ax  ) 
x 2 2
( 2

1
 [( )  (3 1, 8 3 1 F ) ]  7 8 , 3 7 4 .7 F
1 4 3 , 2 3 9 .5 F 2 2 2
2

Hence,
Sy 6

 m ax 
2 5 0 (1 0 )
2n
; 7 8 , 3 7 4 .7 F  2 (1 .4 )

or
F  1 .1 3 9 k N

104
SOLUTION (6.16)

At the fixed end A: T  0 .4 F M z

 0 .8 F Vy  F
Thus,

32M 3 2 ( 0 .8 F )
 x
   3 7 .7 2 6 F
D  ( 0 .0 6 )
3 3
A
1 6T 1 6 ( 0 .4 F )
       9 .4 3 1 F
D  ( 0 .0 6 )
3 3

Then
3 7 .7 2 6 F 3 7 .7 2 6 F
 1, 2   )  (  9 .4 3 1 F )
2 2
(
2 2
 1  3 9 .9 5  1 0 F    2 .2 3  1 0 F  m a x  2 1 .0 9  1 0 F
3 3 3
2

140  10
6

 2 1 .0 9  1 0 F , F  4 .1 5 k N
3
(a)
1 .6

( b )  1   1 2   2  ( S y n )
2 2 2

1
[3 9 .9 5  3 9 .9 5 (  2 .2 3 )  (  2 .2 3 ) ] (1 0 ) F  ( 2 6 0 1 .6 )1 0
2 2 2 3 6

or
F  3 .9 5 k N

SOLUTION (6.17)

Q B  102 (10 . 3 )( 74 . 85 )  78 . 6  10
3 3
mm
Q C  Q B  6 . 6 ( 69 . 7 )( 34 . 85 )  94 . 6  10
3 3
mm
We have
3

 
24 ( 10 )( 0 . 08 )
A
 Mc
I
 6
 143 . 3 MPa , B
 69 . 7
80
(143 . 3 )  124 . 9 MPa
13 . 4 ( 10 )

and
3 6
6 0 (1 0 )( 7 8 .6  1 0 VQc
B  c 
VQB )
Ib
 6
 5 3 .3 M P a , Ib
 6 4 .2 M P a
1 3 .4 (1 0 )( 0 .0 0 6 6 )

Thus
1

(  1, 2 ) B   [( )  5 3.3 ] 2  6 2 .5  8 2 .1
1 2 4 .9 1 2 4 .9 2 2
2 2

or  1 B  1 4 4 .6 M P a  2 B   1 9 .6 M P a
( max
) B  82 . 1 MPa
Hence
S
( m ax ) B   8 2 .1  8 0  F a ils
y 320
2(2 ) 4 ;

Alternatively, using Eq.(6.11), we have

1

 4 ( 5 3.3 ) ] 2  1 6 4 .2  1 6 0  F a ils
2 2 320
[1 2 4 .9 2 ;

105
SOLUTION (6.18)

From Solution of Prob.6.17, at point B:

 1  1 4 4 .6 M P a  2   1 9 .6 M P a
Thus
1 S
[ 1   1 2   2 ] 2    160
2 2 y 320
n 2
1

 (144 . 6 )(  19 . 6 )  (19 . 6 ) ] 2  155 . 3  160  No failure

2 2
or [( 144 . 6 )

Alternatively, by Eq.(6.16):
1

 3 ( 53 . 3 ) ] 2  ; 155 . 3  160  No failure

2 2 320
[124 . 9 2

SOLUTION (6.19)

1     3  0
pr 3 .5 ( 0 .2 5 )
t
 t
 0 .8 7 5
t
, 2
 0 .4 3 7 5
t
,

Sy 3
(a) 1  3
 n
; 0 .8 7 5
t
 250
1 .5
, t  5 .2 5  1 0 m = 5 .2 5 m m

1
S
 1   1   (  ( 0 . 875  20 . 4375 )  ( 0 . 4375 ) ]2 
2 2 y 2 0 . 875 2 2 250
(b) 2 2 n
) ; [( t
) t 1 .5
t

or
1
3
1
t
[ 0 .7 5 8 ] 2  250
1 .5
, t  4 .5 4 8  1 0 m = 4 .5 4 8 m m

SOLUTION (6.20)

From Solution of Prob.6.19:

 1  0 . 875
t
, 2  0 . 4375
t
,  3
 0

Su 3
(a) 1  n
; 0 .8 7 5
t
 350
1 .5
, t  3 .7 5  1 0  3 .7 5 m m

( b ) Using Eq.(6.26):
Su 3
1  n
; 0 .8 7 5
t
 350
1 .5
, t  3 .7 5  1 0 m = 3 .7 5 m m
and
Su 3
 2
 n
; 0 .4 7 5
t
 350
1 .5
, t  1 .8 7 5  1 0 m = 1 .8 7 5 m m

SOLUTION (6.21)

From Solution of Prob.6.17, at point B:

 1  1 4 4 .6 M P a  2   1 9 .6 5 M P a


Su Su
(a) 1
 n
, n  1
 280
144 . 6
 1 . 94

( b ) By Eq.(6.25), n  280
144 . 6  19 . 65 ( 280 620 )
 1 . 82

106
SOLUTION (6.22)

 M A
 0: 1 7 5 ( 2 .4 6 )( 2 .4 6 2 )  R B (1 .7 )  0 , R B  3 1 1 .5 k N

 Fy  0 : R A  119 kN

y
175 kN/m

A z
2b
1.7 m B 0.76 m C
119 kN
b
311.5 kN

V, kN 133 3 ft
119
x

-178.5
M, kN  m
x

-50.54

At B at the upper outermost fiber:

5 0 .5 4  1 0 b 7 5 .8 1  1 0
3 3
M c
 m ax

m ax
  3
I 1 3 b
b (2b )
12
Thus,
7 5 .8 1  1 0
3

   140  10 ,
6
m ax a ll
; 3
b  0 .0 8 2 m = 8 2 m m
b

At B at the neutral axis axis:

3 1 7 8 .5  1 0 1 3 3 .8 7 5  1 0
3 3
3V
 m ax   2
 2
2A 2 2b b

And
 m ax   1    2
Thus,
1 3 3 .8 7 5  1 0
3

 m ax    140  10 , b  0 .0 3 1 m = 3 1 m m
6
a ll
; 2
b
Use a 8 2 m m by 1 6 4 m m rectangular beam.

107
SOLUTION (6.23)

We now have
N.A.
A  0 .3  0 .1 2  0 .0 3 6 m
2

120 mm 3
I  ( 0 .1 2 )( 0 .3 )  0 .2 7  1 0
1 3 3
m
B A 12

M  0 .4  0 .1 5  0 .5 5 P
300 mm
c A  c B  0 .1 5 m
3 ft
Referring to Example 6.9:

McA
A
 P
A
 I
 2 7 .7 7 8 P  3 0 5 .5 5 6 P


M cB
B
 P
A
 I
 2 7 .7 7 8 P  3 0 5 .5 5 6 P
Thus
 1  3 3 3 .3 3 4 P 2  0
 2   2 7 7 .7 7 8 P 1  0
It follows that
6
1 7 0 (1 0 )
3 3 3 .3 3 4 P  2 .5
, P  204 kN
6
6 5 0 (1 0 )
 2 7 7 .7 7 8 P  2 .5
, P  936 kN

SOLUTION (6.24)

S u  170 MPa S uc  650 MPa (Table B.1).

Thus
1
100 50 100 50
 1, 2   [( )  (70 ) ]2
2 2
2 2

and  1  127 . 6 MPa  2

  77 . 6 MPa

(a) 170
n
 127 . 6 , n  1 . 33

  7 7 .6 , n  2 .1 9
170
n

n   1.1 5
170
(b) 1 2 7 .6  7 7 .6 (1 7 0 6 5 0 )

SOLUTION (6.25)

Table B.1: S u  170 MPa S uc  650 MPa

1
120 60 120 60
 1, 2   [( )  40 ]
2 2 2
2 2

or  1  140 MPa ,  2
 40 MPa ,  3
  80 MPa

(a) 170
n
 140 , n  1 . 21
170
n
  80 , n  2 . 13

n   1.0 6
170
(b) 1 4 0  8 0 (1 7 0 6 5 0 )

108
SOLUTION (6.26)

The circumferential, axial, and radial stresses are given by

1   3  0
pr pr
t
 24 p 2
 2t
 12 p

Insertion of these expression into Eqs. (6.6) and (6.14) provide the critical
pressures.

( a ) For the maximum shearing stress theory:

24 p  0  (250  10 )
1 6
1 .4

p  7 .4 4 M P a

( b ) For the maximum energy of distortion theory:

p (24  24  12  12 )  (250  10 )
2 2 1 2 1 6
1 .2

p  1 0 .0 2 M P a
Comment: The permissible value of the internal pressure is conservatively limited
to 7.44 MPa.

SOLUTION (6.27)

Maximum shear stress criterion, substituting the given expressions for  1

and  2
into Eq.(6.6):
Sy S yt S yt
n   1 
 2  0 . 19 2
2 ( 3 . 56  1 . 70 )  a  a

Maximum distortion energy criterion, using Eq.(6.14) together with the given expressions for
 1 and  2 :
Sy S yt S yt
n  1  1  0 . 215 2
2 2 2 2 2  a
[  1   1 2  2 ]2 [ 3 . 56  ( 3 . 56 )(  1 . 70 )  (  1 . 70 ) ] 2  a

The factor of safety based on energy of distortion theory is therefore 11.6 % larger than
that based on the maximum shear stress theory. This indicates that the maximum energy of
distortion criterion is less conservative, as expected.

SOLUTION (6.28)

Principle stress criterion, carrying the given expressions for  1

and  2
into Eq.(6.22):
Su Su Sut
n  1
 2  0 . 281 2
3 . 56  a t  a

Coulomb-Mohr criterion, applying Eq.(6.25) together with the given expressions for  1

and  2 :
Su Sut Sut
n   1 
 2  0 . 256 2
2 S u S uc [ 3 . 56  (  1 . 7 )( 1 5 )]  a  a

The n according to the principle stress criterion is thus 8.9 % larger than that on the basis of
The Coulomb-Mohr criterion. This indicates that the Coulomb-Mohr theory is more conservative,
particularly when S u c   S u .

109
SOLUTION (6.29)

Table B.1; S y  2 5 0 M P a
  4P
2
,   16T
3
x  D xy  D

Equation (6.11) results in

1 3 1
Sy 6 4 ( 4 5 1 0 )
 xy  )   x ]2  { ( 2 5 01 .51 0 )  [ ] } 2  8 2 .5 M P a
1 2 2 1 2 2
[( 2
2 n 2  ( 0 .0 5 )

Thus
3
D
3  ( 0 .0 5 )
T   xy  (8 2 .5  1 0 )  2 .0 2 5 k N  m
6
16 16

SOLUTION (6.30)

Refer to solution of Prob.6.29, Equation (6.16) gives

3 1
Sy 6 4 ( 4 5 1 0 )
 xy  ) x] { ( 2 5 01 .51 0 )  [ ] } 2  9 5 .3 1 M P a
1 2 2 1 2 2
[( 2
3 n 3  ( 0 .0 5 )

and
3
D
3  (2)
T   xy  (9 5 .3 1  1 0 )  2 .3 3 9 k N  m
6
16 16

SOLUTION (6.31)

We have  1   ,  2   .
Table B.2: S u  1 5 0 M P a , S uc  5 7 5 M P a

( a ) Equation (6.22):
 
Su
n
 150
1 .4
 107 . 1 MPa

( b ) Equation (6.24) is thus

 
150
 575
 1
1 .4

or
  84 . 98 MPa

SOLUTION (6.32)

We have n=2, Table B.1: S u  340 MPa , S uc  620 MPa

  (  10  0 )  (  102  0 )   5  25  
1 2 2 2
1, 2 2

Equation (6.24):
1 
 
2 1
Su S uc n

Thus
2 2
5 25   5 25  
340
 620
 1
2

Solving
  111 . 1 MPa

110
SOLUTION (6.33)

We have n=2. Table B.1: S y  3 4 5 M P a

( a ) Equation (6.11):
S 1

 (  4 xy ) 2
y 2 2
n x
1

 [(  1 0 )  4  ] 2 ,   8 6 .1 M P a
345 2 2
or 2

( b ) Equation (6.16):
S 1

 (  3 x y ) 2
y 2 2
n x
1

 [ (  1 0 )  3 ] 2 ,   9 9 .4 3 M P a
345 2 2
or 2

SOLUTION (6.34)

We have  y
 30 M Pa  xy  4 5 M P a  x
 0.

Thus
 y
 y 30 30
 1, 2    )     )  (45)
2 2 2 2
( xy
(
2 2 2 2
 1  3 2 .4 M P a  2   6 2 .4 M P a

( a ) Maximum principal stress theory:

1
 1; 3 2 .4  5 5
Su
But

 1; 6 2 .4  5 5
2
(failure occurs)
Su

( b ) Coulomb-Mohr Theory:
1  2 32  6 2 .4
  1;  1
Su S uc 55 160
gives
0 .5 8  0 .3 9  0 .9 7  1 (no fracture)

SOLUTION (6.35)

32M 1 6T
 x
  xy 
D D
3 3

M  7 5 0 ( 0 .3 )  2 2 5 N  m
(CONT.)

111
6.35 (CONT.)

350
( S u ) a ll   140 M Pa
2 .5
630
( S u c ) a ll   252 M Pa
2 .5
  16
 1, 2   )   (M  T
x x 2 2 2 2
Also ( xy
M )
D
3
2 2

Substituting the given data

16 1
 1,2  (225  225  680 )  (1 1 4 5 .9 2  3 6 4 7 .8 7 )
2 2

D
3 3
D
4 7 9 3 .7 9 2 5 0 1 .9 5
or 1  3
 2
  3
D D

( a ) Maximum Principal Stress Theory

4 7 9 3 .7 9
 1 4 0 (1 0 ) D  0 .0 3 2 5 m = 3 2 .5 m m
6
3
or
D

( b ) Coulomb-Mohr Theory:
1 2 4 7 9 3 .7 9  2 5 0 1 .9 5
  1;   10
6
3 3
( S u ) a ll ( S u c ) a ll 140 D 252 D
or D  0 .0 3 5 3 m = 3 4 .3 m m

SOLUTION (6.36)

M  (W  F ) L  ( 9  2 )  0 .2 5  2 .7 5 k N  m T  W a  9  0 .3  2 .7 k N  m
An element at point A:
32M 3 2 ( 2 .7 5 )
 x
   224 M Pa y
D  ( 0 .0 5 )
3 3
A
1 6T 1 6 ( 2 .7 ) T
t    110 M Pa
D  ( 0 .0 5 )
3 3

So
z B
C

 Sy W+F
 m ax  ) t 
x 2 2
(
2 n
224
 )  (1 1 0 )  157 M Pa
2 2
(
2 y
210 x

n B
A 
Solving, x

n  1 .3 4 x
t t
An element at point B: z Figure (a)

(CONT.)

112
6.36 (CONT.)

4 (W  F ) 1 6T
 m ax   d   t  
D
3
3A
4 (1 1  1 0 )
3
210
  1 1 0 (1 0 )  1 1 7 .4 7 M P a 
6

3  ( 0 .0 2 5 )
2
n
or
n  1 .7 9

SOLUTION (6.37)

Table B.1: S y  250 and   7 . 86 Mg m , n  2 .1

3
MPa
State of stress, at a point C at bottom surface on midspan:

x 
32 M
C D
3

 
16T
3
D

We have
w  7 . 86 ( 9 . 81 )(  D 4 )  60 . 6 D
2 2
kN m
 wL
2
M m ax
8

2 2 2 3 6
32( w L 8) 3 2 ( 6 0 .6 D ) ( 6 )1 0 2 .7 8 (1 0 )
Thus  x
 D
3  8D
3  D

3
16( 400 ) 2 . 0 4 (1 0 )
   D
3   D
3

 x  3  (S
2 2 2
Equation (6.16), y
n) :
6 3 6
2 .7 8 1 0 2 .0 4 1 0 2 5 0 1 0
)  3(  )  (
2 2 2
( D D
3 2 .1 )

or
6
7 .7 2 8 1 0
  1 4 1.7  1 0
1 2 .4 8 4 8 8
2 6
D D

Solving, by trial and error:

D  34 . 34 mm
Use a 35-mm diameter shaft.

SOLUTION (6.38)

Applying Eq.(6.34), we have

s l 400  250
z  2 2
 2 2
 3 . 25
 s  l 30  35

From Fig.6.15: R  9 9 .9 4 % .

113
SOLUTION (6.39)

The state of stress is    d

4P
2 . Thus

  l 
4 ( 200 )
4
2 2
 2 5 4 .6
2
kPa
 d  d d

  l 
4 (30 )
4
2 2
 3 8 .2
2
kPa
 d  d d

Figure 6.16, for R=99.7 %: z  2 . 75

Equation (6.34), in rearranged form:

1

z (  )2   s  
2 2
s 
1

2 .7 5[ ( 3 5  1 0 )  ( 3 8 2.2 ) ] 2  3 5 0  1 0 
3 2 2 3 2 5 4 .6
2
d d

from which
(3 5  1 0 )  ( 3 8 2.2 )  (1 2 7 .2 7 3  1 0 
3 2 2 3 9 2 .5 8 2 2
2
)
d d

3 6
d  1 .5 7 4 (1 0 ) d  0 .4 7 5 (1 0 )  0
4 2
or
Solving,
d  0 .0 3 4 2 m and d  3 4 .2 m m

SOLUTION (6.40)

Apply Eqs.(6.30a) and (6.30b):

12 12

x   xi   76, y   yi   78
1 912 1 936
12 12 12 12
i 1 i 1
12
1 1

x  [  ( x i   x ) ] 2  [ 111 ( 2 2 0 4 )] 2  1 4 .1 5 5
1 2
11
i 1

12
1 1

  [ 11  ( y i   y ) ] 2  [ 1 1 (1, 3 5 1.3 4 )] 2  1 1.0 8 4

1 2 1
y
i 1

SOLUTION (6.41)

n( xi   )
2
(a) x n nx
2
520 7 3640 7( -44.78 )
2
460 2 920 2(-104.78 )
2
430 5 2150 5(-134.78 )
2
545 5 2725 5( -19.78 )
2
570 10 5700 10( 5.22 )
2
575 18 10350 18( 10.22 )
2
595 8 4760 8( 30.22 )
2
600 3 1800 3( 35.22 )
2
620 6 3720 6( 55.22 )
2
660 4 2640 4( 95.22 )
----- ----- ------------ ----------------
68 38405 196521.69
(CONT.)

114
6.41 (CONT.)

Thus, Eq.(6.30a):
   5 6 4 .7 8 M P a
38 ,405
68

Eq.(6.30b):
n
1

  [ 617  ( x i  5 6 4 .7 8 ) ] 2          5 4 .1 5 9 M P a
2

i 1

( b ) Eq.(6.34),
s  l 5 2 5  5 6 4 .7 8
z  
 5 4 .1 5 9
 0 .7 3 5
m

Figure 6.16: R  76 %

SOLUTION (6.42)

Maximum load:  l  2 5 k N ,  l  3 kN
Strength of part:  s  3 0 k N ,  s  2 kN

Equation (6.33a):  m   s   l  3 0  2 5  5 k N

Equation (6.33b):
     2 3  3 .6 k N
2 2 2 2
m s l

Thus, failure impends at

m
z  
 5
3 .6
 1 .3 8 9
m

Figure 6.16: R  92 %

SOLUTION (6.43)

( a ) We have
Pn o m

4 (35 )
nom
  2
 35
4
 2 8 5 .2 M P a
A  ( 0 .0 1 2 5 ) 1 .2 2 7 2  1 0

So
n  350
2 8 5 .2
 1 .2 3

( b ) Mean stress value equals  l   n o m  2 8 5 .2 M P a .

Estimated standard deviation equals
l  2 .5
 2 0 .3 7 2 M P a 4
1 .2 2 7 2  1 0

The margin of safety, Eq. (6.34), is thus

s  l 3 5 0  2 8 5 .2
z  2 2
 2 2
 1 .8 7
 s  l 2 8  2 0 .3 7 2

(CONT.)

115
6.43 (CONT.)

From Fig. 6.16, reliability corresponding to z=1.87 is

R  97 %
Hence, failure percentage equals 100-97=3%.

Comment: In foregoing calculations, statistical variability of dimensions is

omitted.

SOLUTION (6.44)

25  20
Equation (6.34): z  2 2
 1 . 28
2 .5  3

Figure 6.16: R  90 %

Thus failure percentage is 10 %.

End of Chapter 6

116
CHAPTER 7 FATIGUE FAILURE CRITERIA

SOLUTION (7.1)

Use Figure 7.5 for steel (1020).

(a) At infinite life, S e '  2 3 0 M P a

The maximum stress in the beam is
M m ax c 32 M
   m ax
3
m ax I D

from which
32 M
D  3

m ax
(1)
m ax

Letting  m a x  S e ' ,
3
3 2 ( 4 1 0 )
D  3
6
 5 6 .2 m m
 ( 2 3 0 1 0 )

5
(b) At 1 0 cycles, S  3 1 0 M P a . Equation (1) gives
Then
3
3 2 ( 4 1 0 )
D  3
6
 5 0 .8 m m
 ( 3 1 0 1 0 )

SOLUTION (7.2)

Use Figure 7.5 for aluminum alloy (2024).

(a) Endurance strength, S n '  1 3 5 M P a

The maximum stress in the beam:
32 M 32 M
  m ax
3
or D  3

m ax
(1)
m ax D m ax

With  m a x  S n '  1 3 5 M P a ,
3
3 2 (1 .5  1 0 )
D  3
6
 4 8 .4 m m
 (1 3 5  1 0 )

At 1 0 cycles, S  1 6 5 M P a . Equation (1) results in

7
(b)
3
3 2 (1 .5  1 0 )
D  3
6
 4 5 .2 m m
 (1 6 5  1 0 )

SOLUTION (7.3)

To determine the K t , we use Fig.C.1. Structural steel: S u  400 MPa (Table B.1).

At section C:
3

(a) 
15 ( 10 )
  1.2 6 7  1 .7  85 MPa
D 38
d 30 max 0 . 03 ( 0 . 01 )

  0 .1 3 3
r 4
d 30 ( b ) Figure 7.9a:
(CONT.)

117
7.3 (CONT.)

 K t
 1. 7 r  4 mm : q  0 . 78
K f
 1  0 .7 8 (1.7  1 )  1.5 5 (Eq.7.13b)
Similarly, at D:
3

(a) 
15 ( 10 )
  1.1 1 8  1 .8  79 . 41 MPa
D 38
d 34 max 0 . 034 ( 0 . 01 )

  0 .0 5 9
r 2
d 34 ( b ) Figure 7.9a:
 K t
 1.8 r  2 mm : q  0 . 72
K f
 1  0 .7 2 (1.8  1 )  1.5 8

SOLUTION (7.4)

Table B.1: S u  400 MPa , S y

 250 MPa

S e  C f C rC sC t
1 '
K f Se

where K f
 1.5 8 at D (from Solution of Prob.7.3)

S e  0 .4 5 S u  1 8 0
'
M Pa
 0 .9 9 5
 A S u  272( 400 )  0 .7
b
C f

C r  0 .8 7 (Table 7.3)
C s  1 (axial loading)
C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 4 7 5  4 5 0 )  0 .8 5 5
Thus
S e  ( 0 .7 )( 0 .8 7 )(1)( 0 .8 5 5 ) 1
1 .5 8
(1 8 0 )  5 9 .3 M P a

SOLUTION (7.5)

S e  C f C r C s C t (1 K f ) S e
'
(1)

  0 .0 7 7 ,  1.1 5 4
r 2 D
We have d 26 d

K t
 2 .5 (Fig.C.3)

Table B.4: S u  655 MPa , H B

 197

S e  0 .4 5 S u  2 9 4 .8
'
M Pa
Table 7.3: C r  0 .8 9
Fig.7.9a: q  0 . 8 , K f
 1  0 .8 ( 2 .5  1)  2 .2
 0 .2 6 5
Table 7.2: C f  A S u  4 .5 1( 6 5 5 )  0 .8 0 9
b

Use C s  1 (axial loading) Ct  1

Equation (1) is therefore

S e  ( 0 .8 0 9 )( 0 .8 9 )(1)(1)( 21.2 )( 2 9 4 .8 )  9 6 .4 8 M Pa

118
SOLUTION (7.6)

Table B.4: S u  626 MPa H B

 179
From Eq.(7.1):
S e  0 . 5 S u  313
'
MPa

(Note: by Eq.(2.22): S u  3500 (179 )  626 . 5 MPa. )

Using Table 7.3: C r  0 .8 9 Ct  1
From Eq.(7.9): C s  0 .8 5
 0 .2 6 5
 A S u  4 .5 1( 6 2 6 )  0 .8 1 9
b
By Eq.(7.7): C f

For Fillet:
  0 .1 6   1.4
r 4 D 35
d 25 d 25

Hence, from Fig.C.9: K t  1.4 5

From Fig.7.9a, q=0.82
Equation (7.13b): K f  1  0 .8 2 (1.4 5  1 )  1.3 7
Thus
S e  C f C r C s C t ( K1 ) S e  ( 0 . 819 )( 0 . 89 )( 0 . 85 )( 1 )( 1 .137 ) 313  141 . 6 MPa
'

SOLUTION (7.7)

Table B.3: S u  4 7 0 M P a . We apply

S e  C f C r C sC t (
1 '
K f )Se
where
 2 .5 , S e  0 .5 S u  2 3 5
'
K f
M Pa

C r  0 .8 4 (Table 7.3), C s  0 .7 , Ct  1
 0 . 718
 AS  57 . 7 ( 470 )  0 . 696
b
C f u

Thus
S e  ( 0 .6 9 6 )( 0 .8 4 )( 0 .7 )(1)( 21.5 )( 2 3 5 )  3 8 .5 M P a

SOLUTION (7.8)

S e  C f C r C s C t (1 K f ) S e ' (1)
We have
D
d
 30
25
 1 .2 1
d
 2
25
 0 .0 8
Hence, from Fig. C.12, K t  1 .9 5
Table B.4: S u  6 5 8 M P a , H B
 192
Equation (7.1): S e '  0 .5 S u  3 2 9 M P a
Figure 7.9a: r  2 m m ; q  0 .8 2
Therefore,
 0 .2 6 5
 A S u  4 .5 1( 6 5 8 )  0 .8 0 8
b
C f

(CONT.)

119
7.8 (CONT.)

Table 7.3: C r  0 .8 7
K f
 1  q ( K t  1)  1  0 .8 2 (1 .9 5  1)  1 .7 8

Equation (7.9): C s  0 .8 5
Ct  1 (T  4 5 0 C )
o

Equation (1) results in then

S e  ( 0 .8 0 8 )( 0 .8 7 )( 0 .8 5 )(1)( 1 .71 8 )(3 2 9 )  1 1 0 .4 M P a

SOLUTION (7.9)

Refer to solution of Prob. 7.8, Now, Fig. C.11 give

D
d
 1 .2 , r
d
 0 .0 8, K t  1 .5
Table B.3: S u  7 7 0 M P a ; H B
 229
Figure 7.9b: r  2 mm; q  0 .9 8
K f
 1  q ( K t  1)  1  0 .9 8 (1 .5  1)  1 .4 9
Also
 0 .7 1 8
 A S u  5 7 .7 ( 7 7 0 )  0 .4 8 8
b
C f

C r  0 .8 7 , C t  0 .5 6 5, C s  0 .8 5
S e '  0 .5 S u  3 8 5 M P a
Thus
S e  C f C r C s C t (1 K f ) S e '

 ( 0 .4 8 8 )( 0 .8 7 )( 0 .8 5 )( 0 .5 6 5 )( 1 .41 9 )(3 8 5 )
 5 2 .7 M P a

SOLUTION (7.10)

Refer to definitions given by Eqs. (7.14).

( a )  m  12 ( m a x   m in )  12 (8 4  8 4 )  0
a  1
2
( m ax
 m in
) 1
2
(8 4  8 4 )  8 4 M P a
 84
Thus, R  
m in
 84
 1
m ax

and

A  
a
 12
0
 
m

(b) m  1
2
(8 4  1 4 )  3 5 M P a
a  1
2
(8 4  1 4 )  4 9 M P a
14
R  84
  1
6
, A  7
5

(c) m a  1
2
(8 4  0 )  4 2 M P a
R  0
84
 0
A  42
42
1

120
SOLUTION (7.11)

M max
 M min
 M ,  m
 0,  a
 32 M
3
 651 , 898 M
 ( 0 . 025 )

Equation (7.7):
 0 . 265
 AS  4 . 51 ( 700 )  0 . 794
b
C f u

Also
Table 7.3: C r  0 .8 7 Ct  1
Equation (7.9): C s  0 .8 5

S e  0 .5 ( 7 0 0 )  3 5 0
'
Equation (7.1): M Pa

From Fig. C.9, with D d  1 . 5 , r d  0 . 05 :

K t  2 .1
By Fig.7.9a: q  0 .7 7
and K f
 1  0 . 77 ( 2 . 1  1 )  1 . 85

S e  C f C r C sC t (
1 '
Hence K f )Se

 ( 0 .7 9 4 )( 0 .8 7 )( 0 .8 5 )(1)( 1 .81 5 )(3 5 0 )  1 1 1 .1 M P a

Thus, Eq.(7.24):
Se 6
1 1 1 .1  1 0
n  
; 1 .5  6 5 1 ,8 9 8 .6 M
a

or
M  1 1 3 .6 N  m

SOLUTION (7.12)

Table B.3: S u  4 7 0 M P a  131  S e  0 .4 5 S u  2 1 1 .5

'
H B
M Pa
Tensile area through the hole:
2 ( R  r ) t  2 (10  4 )( 2 . 5 )  30 mm
2

m  a   
F F F
and 2A 2( 30 ) 60 (1)
We have
C r  0 .7 0 (Table 7.3) Ct  1
 0 .2 6 5
 A S u  4 .5 1( 4 7 0 )  0 .8 8
b
C f

C s  1 (axial loading)

From Fig.C.5:
 0 .4 , K t  2 .8
d
D

By Fig.7.9a: q  0 .8
Hence K f
 1  0 . 8 ( 2 . 8  1 )  2 . 44
Therefore,
S e  C f C r C s C t (1 K f ) S e
'

 ( 0 .8 8 )( 0 .7 )(1)(1)(1 2 .4 4 )( 2 1 1 .5 )  5 3 .4 M Pa
(CONT.)

121
7.12 (CONT.)

By Eq.(7.20):

4 7 0 1 .4
m
 470
 3 4 .2 5 M Pa (2)
(1 )( ) 1
5 3 .4

From Eqs.(1) & (2):

34 . 25  F
60

or
F  2 .0 6 kN

SOLUTION (7.13)

Refer to solution of Prob. 7.12.

We have,  m   a  F 6 0 and
C r  0 .8 7 (Table 7.3)
C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( T  4 5 0 ) (Eq. 7.11)
 1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 5 4 5  4 5 0 )  0 .4 5

Endurance limit becomes

S e  5 3 .4 ( 00.8.77 )( 0 .4 5 )  2 9 .8 7 M P a
The SAE criterion from Eq. (7.20) with S u  S f
is
S f
n 4 1 5 1 .2
    2 3 .2 2 M P a
m  S
a f
1 (1) 415
1
 m Se 2 9 .8 7

Thus
F 6 0  2 3 .2 2 , F  1 .3 9 k N

SOLUTION (7.14)

Refer to solution of Prob. 7.12. Table B.3: S y  3 9 0 M P a

We have,  m   a  F 6 0 and
C r  0 .8 9 (Table 7.3)
C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( T  4 5 0 ) (Eq. 7.11)
 1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 5 4 0  4 5 0 )  0 .4 8

Endurance limit is then

S e  5 3 .4 ( 00.8.79 )( 0 .4 8 )  3 2 .5 9 M P a
The Soderberg criterion from Eq. (7.20) with S u  S f :
Sy n 3 9 0 2 .2
    1 3 .6 7 M P a
m  Sy
a
1 (1) 390
1
 m Se 3 2 .5 9

Thus
F
60
 1 3 .6 7 , F  8 2 0 .2 N

122
SOLUTION (7.15)

A  10 ( 25  5 )  200 mm
Pm  1
2
( 5  25 )  15 kN , Pa  10 kN

( a ) Stress concentration factor is neglected for ductile materials under static loading. Thus
3


Pmax 25 ( 10 )
max
 A
 6
 125 MPa
200 ( 10 )

S
n    4 .6 4
y 580
 m ax 125

( b ) We now have
 0 .2 , K t  2 .4 5 (Fig.C.5)
d
D

S u  690 MPa , S y
 580 MPa , H B
 197 (Table B.3)
q  0 .8 3 (Fig 7.9a)
K f
 1  0 .8 3 ( 2 .4 5  1 )  2 .2

C r  0 .8 4 (Table 7.3) Ct  1
C s  1 (axial loading)
 0 .2 6 5
 A S u  4 .5 1( 6 9 0 )  0 .7 9 8
b
C f

S e  0 .4 5 S u  3 1 0 .5 M P a
'

Hence
S e  ( 0 .7 9 8 )( 0 .8 4 )(1)(1)( 21.2 )(3 1 0 .5 )  9 4 .6 1 M P a
We have
3

 
Pm 15 ( 10 )
m
 A
 6
 75 MPa , a
 50 MPa
200 ( 10 )

Equation (7.22) gives

n  690
690
 1 . 57
75  ( 50 )
94 . 61

SOLUTION (7.16)

Refer to Solution of Prob.7.15

S
n    4 .6 4
y 580
(a)  m ax 125

( b ) We now have
Pm  1
2
[ 25  (  5 )]  10 kN , Pa  15 kN
Hence
 a
 75 MPa ,  m
 50 MPa
Thus
n  690
690
 1 . 16
50  ( 75 )
94 . 61

123
SOLUTION (7.17)

2
D
2  ( 0 .0 5 3 1 2 5 ) 3
A   2 .2 1 7  1 0
2
4 4
m

( a ) Su  670 M Pa H B
 1 9 7 (Table B.4)
3
and P  S u A  6 7 0 ( 2 .2 1 7  1 0 )  1 .4 8 5 M N

( b ) S e  C f C r C s C t (1 K f ) S e
'

where
K f
1
C r  0 .8 7 (Table 7.3)
C s  1 (axial load)
 0 . 265
 AS  4 . 51 ( 670 )  0 . 804
b
C f u

C t  1  0 . 0058 ( 480  450 )  0 . 826

S e '  0 .4 5 S u  0 .4 5 ( 6 7 0 )  3 0 1 .5 M Pa
and S e  ( 0 .8 0 4 )( 0 .8 7 )(1)( 0 .8 2 6 )(1 / 1)(3 0 1 .5 )  1 7 4 .2 M Pa
Thus
3
P  A S e  ( 2 .2 1 7  1 0 )(1 7 4 .2 )  3 8 6 .2 k N

SOLUTION (7.18)

3
Refer to Solution of Prob.7.17. We now have A   d 4   ( 0 .0 5 ) 4  1 .9 6 3  1 0
2 2 2
m

( a ) For a static fracture of a ductile material, the groove has little effect. Hence,
3
P  S u A  ( 6 7 0  1 0 )  (1 .9 6 3  1 0 )  1 .3 1 5 M N
6

(b) r
d
 0 .0 2 5, D
d
 1 .0 6 2 5  K t  2 .6 (Fig.C.10)
From Fig.7.9a, with S u  6 7 0 M P a and r  1 .2 5 m m  q  0 .7 5

and K f
 1  q ( K t  1 )  1  0 . 75 ( 2 . 6  1 )  2 . 2
We now have
S e  1 7 4 .2 2 .2  7 9 .1 8 M Pa
Thus
3
P  A S e  (1 .9 6 3  1 0 )( 7 9 .1 8  1 0 )  1 5 5 .4 3 k N
6

SOLUTION (7.19)

From Table B.4: S u  519 MPa , S y

 353 MPa , H B
 149

By Eq.(6.20), S ys  0 . 577 S y  203 . 7 MPa

( a ) Thus, S y s  1 6 T  d :
3

3 6
 ( 0 . 025 ) ( 203 . 7  10 )
T  16
 624 . 9 N  m
(CONT.)

124
7.19 (CONT.)

( b ) S es  C f C r C s C t (1 K f ) S es
'

where
C r  0 .8 4 (Table 7.3) Ct  1
C s  0 .8 5 (Eq.7.9)
 0 . 085
 AS  1 . 58 ( 519 )  0 . 929
b
C f u
(Eq.7.7)
S e  0 .2 9 S u  1 5 0 .5
'
M Pa (Eq.7.4)
From Fig.C.8, with r
d
 0 . 05 and D
d
 2  K t  1 . 72
From Fig.7.9b: q  0 .9 , K f
 1  q ( K t  1 )  1.6 5
Hence
S e s  ( 0 .9 2 9 )( 0 .8 4 )( 0 .8 5 )(1)( 1 .61 5 )(1 5 0 .5 )  6 0 .5 M Pa

Refer to Eq.(7.24): S es  16 T  d .
3

Thus
3 6
 ( 0 .0 2 5 ) ( 6 0 .5  1 0 )
T  16
 1 8 5 .6 N m

SOLUTION (7.20)

Refer to Solution of Prob.7.19.

( a ) A  d 4   ( 25 ) 4  490 . 874  353

2 2 2
mm , and S y
MPa . Thus

P  S y A  490 . 874 ( 353 )  173 . 3 kN

( b ) We now have with

 0 .0 5 ,  2
r D
d d

From Fig. C.7: K t  2 .5 2

Figure 7.9a: q  0 .7 and

K f
 1  q ( K t  1 )  1  0 .7 ( 2 .5 2  1 )  2 .0 6

By Eq.(7.3): S e  0 .4 5 S u  2 3 3 .6 M P a
Hence
S e  ( 0 .9 2 9 )( 0 .8 4 )( 0 .8 5 )(1)( 2 .01 6 )( 2 3 3 .6 )  7 5 .2 2 M Pa
Thus
P  S e A  ( 7 5 .2 2 )( 4 9 0 .8 7 4 )  3 6 .9 2 kN

SOLUTION (7.21)

From Table B.3: S u  830 MPa , S y

 460 MPa , H B
 248
By Eq.(6.20),
S ys
 0 . 577 S y
 265 . 4 MPa
Refer to Solution of Prob.7.19.
(CONT.)

125
7.21 (CONT.)

3
 d S ys 3
 ( 0 .0 2 5 ) ( 2 6 5 .4  1 0 )
6

(a) T  16
 16
 8 1 4 .2 N  m

 0 .2 6 5
( b ) C f  A S u  4 .5 1( 8 3 0 )  0 .7 6
b

S e s  0 .2 9 S u  2 4 0 .7 M P a
'

S es  C f C r C s C t (1 K
'
and f
) S es

 ( 0 .7 6 )( 0 .8 4 )( 0 .8 5 )(1)( 1 .61 5 )( 2 4 0 .7 )  7 9 .1 6 M P a
Therefore
3
 d S es 3
 ( 0 .0 2 5 ) ( 7 9 .1 6  1 0 )
6

T  16
 16
 2 4 2 .9 k N  m

SOLUTION (7.22)

Su  658 M Pa H B
 1 9 2 (Table B.4)

S e  C f C r C s C t (1 K f ) S e
'

where
C r  0 .8 1 (Table 7.3) C s  0 .8 5 (Eq.7.9)
 0 . 085
 AS  1 . 58 ( 658 )  0 . 91
b
C f u
(Table 7.2)
S e  0 .5 S u  3 2 9 M P a
'

and d
D
 0 . 125 , K t  2 . 18 Fig.C.13)

From Fig.7.9a: q  0 . 79 , K f
 1  0 . 79 ( 2 . 18  1 )  1 . 93
Thus
S e  ( 0 .9 1)( 0 .8 1)( 0 .8 5 )(1)( 1 .91 3 )(3 2 9 )  1 0 6 .8 M P a
We have
M m
 1
2
(1 5 8 .2  5 6 .5 )  1 0 7 .3 5 N  m , M a
 5 0 .8 5 N  m
M
 m
 3
m
2
 3
1 0 7 .3 5
2
 8 8 .8 3 M P a (Fig.C.13)
( D 32 ) ( dD 6)  ( 0 .0 2 5 ) 3 2  [ ( 0 .0 0 3 1 2 5 ) ( 0 .0 2 5 ) 6]

 a  8 8 .8 3( 15007.8.355 )  4 2 .0 8 M P a
Equation (7.22):
n  658
658
 1 .8 9
8 8 .8 3  ( 4 2 .0 8 )
1 0 6 .8

SOLUTION (7.23)

Refer to Solution of Prob.7.22. We now have

Su  680 M Pa, H B
 2 0 1 (Table B.3)
q  0 . 8 (Fig.7.9a)

 0 .1 2 5 K t  2 .6 5 (Fig.C.13)
d
Also D

K f
 1  0 . 8 ( 2 . 65  1 )  2 . 32

S e  0 .4 5 S u  0 .4 5 ( 6 8 0 )  3 0 6 M P a
'

(CONT.)

126
7.23 (CONT.)

and S e  ( 0 .9 1)( 0 .8 1)( 0 .8 5 )(1)( 2 .31 2 )(3 0 6 )  8 2 .6 4 M P a

We write
Pm  (60  20)  40 kN , Pa  2 0 k N A  D 4  Dd
1 2
2
(Fig.C.13)
and
  2
40
 9 6 .9 1 M P a ,   9 6 .9 1 20
 4 8 .4 6 M P a
m  ( 0 .0 2 5 ) 4  [( 0 .0 2 5 )( 0 .0 0 3 1 2 5 )] a 40

Equation (7.22) is therefore

n  680
680
 1 .3 7
9 6 .9 1  ( 4 8 .4 6 )
8 2 .6 4

SOLUTION (7.24)

From Table B.2: S u  5 2 0 M P a , H B

 149
Table 7.3: C r  0 .7
Equation (7.7) and Table 7.2:
 0 .2 6 5
C f
 4 .5 1(5 2 0 )  0 .8 6

S e '  0 .5 S u  2 6 0 M P a
Thus S e  C f C r C s C t (1 K f ) S e '

 ( 0 .8 6 )( 0 .7 )(1)(1)(1 1)( 2 6 0 )  1 5 6 .5 M P a
We have

3 2 (1 5 0 )
 32 M
3
 3
 9 7 .7 8 M P a
a d  ( 0 .0 2 5 )
3
Pm 4 (1 5  1 0 )
   2
 3 0 .5 6 M P a
m A  ( 0 .0 2 5 )

Goodman criterion
 
Se
a
 Su
m
 1
n
; 9 7 .7 8
1 5 6 .5
 3 0 .5 6
520
 1
n

Solving,
n  1 .4 6

SOLUTION (7.25)

Refer to solution of Prob. 7.22.

We have
S y  380 M Pa (Table B.4)
C r  0 .8 9 (Table 7.3)
C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( T  4 5 0 ) (Eq. 7.11)
 1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 4 5 5  4 5 0 )  0 .9 7
Endurance limit is therefore
S e  1 0 6 .8 ( 00 .8.8 91 )( 0 .9 7 )  1 1 3 .8 3 M P a
The Soderberg criterion (by Table 7.4)
 
Se
a
 Sy
m
 1
n

Inserting the data, we have

4 2 .0 8
1 1 3 .8 3
 8 8 .8 3
380
 1
n
, n  1 .6 6

127
SOLUTION (7.26)

1   
pr pr
t
, 2
 2t
, 3
 0. pm  1260 kPa, pa  840 kPa
a pa
 
2
m pm 3 .

Replace S u with S y in Eq.(7.30):

S 1

 [1   ] 2  1 e  0 .8 6 6  1 e
y 1 1
n 2 4
Sy
or  1e  0 .8 6 6 n (1)

Similarly, Eq.(7.25):
S S
      ( pm 
y r y

1e 1m Se 1a t Se
pa )

 1
t
(1260  280
210
 840 )  2380
t
(2)
By Eq.(1) and (2):
280
( 0 .8 6 6 ) 2 .5
 2380
t
, t  0 .0 1 8 4 m = 1 8 .4 m m

SOLUTION (7.27)

1   
pr pr
t
, 2
 2t
, 3
 0. p m  1 . 7 MPa , p a  1 . 1 MPa

Refer to Solution of Prob.7.26:

Su
 1e  0 .8 6 6 n (1)
Use Eq.(7.25):
Su Su
 1e   1m  Se
 1a  r
t
( pm  Se
p a )  3 0[1 .7  35
15
(1 .1)]  1 2 8 M P a (2)

From Eqs.(1) and (2):

 128, n  3.1 6
350
0 .8 6 6 n

SOLUTION (7.28)

b  0 .0 1 m , L  0 .1 m , M  PL 4.
M max
 1
4
( 20 )( 0 . 1)  0 . 5 N  m , M min
 0
M a
 M m
 0 . 25 N  m ,  m
 a

6M 6 ( 0 .2 5 )
m   
m 150
We have, bh
2
0 .0 1 h
2
h
2

Equation (7.20) gives


980 4
m
 98
 7 1 .0 1 M P a
(1 ) 1
40

Thus
h  150
6
 1 . 45 mm
71 . 01  10

128
SOLUTION (7.29)

From Solution of Prob.7.28, we have

a  m 
150
n
2 . (1)
Equation (7.20) by replacing S u with S y :
S n
 
y

m  a
S y
1
 m Se

Substituting the given data gives


620 4
m
 62
 6 0 .7 8 M P a (2)
(1 )( ) 1
40

By Eqs.(1) and (2),

6 0 .7 8 ( 1 0 ) 
6 150
2
h

or
h  1 . 57 mm

SOLUTION (7.30)

At fixed end M m ax
 P L  2 .2 5 ( 0 .0 3 7 5 )  0 .0 8 4 4 N  m Hence
M M
M  M m
 M a
 m ax

2
m in
 0 .0 4 2 2 N  m

 
6 ( 0 .0 4 2 2 )
m a
 6M
2
 2
 81
2
bh ( 0 .0 0 3 1 2 5 ) h h


1 0 5 0 1 .2
Equation (7.20): m
 1050
 2 8 3 .7 8 M P a
(1 ) 1
504

Thus
3
 2 8 3 .7 8  1 0 h  0 .5 3 4  1 0
81 6
2
Pa, m = 0 .5 3 4 m m
h

SOLUTION (7.31)

Refer to solution of Prob. 7.30.

Equation (7.11):
C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( T  4 5 0 )  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 4 7 0  4 5 0 )  0 .8 8
and
S e  5 0 4 ( 0 .8 8 )  4 4 3 .5 2 M P a
Equation (7.20), replacing S u by S f , becomes
S f
n
 
m  S
1
a f

 m Se

Inserting numerical values:

6 9 0 1 .5
 m
  1 7 9 .9 9 M P a
(1)( 4 4639.50 2 )  1
Therefore,
3
 1 7 9 .9 9  1 0 , h  0 .6 7 1  1 0
81 6
2
m = 0 .6 7 1 m m
h

129
SOLUTION (7.32)

 
P0
Pm  Pa  2
, M m
 0 . 2 Pm  0 . 1 P0 , Pa Pm  1 a m
1


850 4
Eq.(7.20): m
 85
 3 6 .2 8 M P a
(1 ) 1
1 7 .5
6M 6 ( 0 .1 ) P0
m    1.2 (1 0 ) P0
m 6
Also bh
2
0 . 0 0 5  1 0 0 (1 0
6
)

Thus
1 . 2 P0  36 . 28 , P0  30 . 23 N

SOLUTION (7.33)

M m ax
 0 .2 P0 , M m in
 0 .2 (  0 .5 P0 )   0 .1 P0
P0 P0
M m
 2 ( 0 .2  0 .1 )  0 .0 5 P0 , M a
 2 ( 0 .2  0 .1 )  0 .1 5 P0

Equation (7.20):  m 
850 2
85
 3 5 .6 2 9 M Pa
1 .5 ( 3 ) 1
35
6M 6 ( 0 . 0 5 P0 )
m    0 .6 (1 0 ) P0
m 6
Also bh
2
0 . 0 0 5  1 0 0 (1 0
6
)

Thus
0 . 6 P0  35 . 629 , P0  59 . 38 N

SOLUTION (7.34)

3 3
24 ( 4 )
I    128
4
bh
12 12
mm . Table B.3: S u  690 MPa

For a wide cantilever beam (see Secs 4.4 and 4.10, and Case 1 of Table A.8):
3 3

  (1   )  0 .9 1
2 PL PL
3EI 3EI

9  12
3 ( 200  10 )( 128  10
This gives Pmin   
3 EI )
3 min 3 ( 0 . 01 )
0 . 91 L 0 . 91 ( 0 . 3 )

 31 . 26 N and hence Pmax  62 . 52 N

Thus
Pm  46 . 89 N , Pa  15 . 63 N and
3
46 . 89 ( 0 . 3 )( 2  10

)
m
 9
 219 . 8 MPa
0 . 128 ( 10 )

 a
 219 . 8 ( 15 . 63
46 . 89
)  73 . 27 MPa

Eq. (7.22):
Su
n  Su
 690
690
 1 . 63
 m   a 219 . 8  ( 73 . 27 )
Se 250

130
SOLUTION (7.35)

Table B.4: S y
 500 MPa

Refer to Solution of Prob.7.34. Replacing S u by S y in Eq.(7.22):

S
n   500
 1 . 36
y

S y 500
   219 . 8  ( 73 . 27 )
m a
Se 250

SOLUTION (7.36)

Refer to solution of Prob. 7.34. We now have

C r  0 .7 5 (Table 7.3)
C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( T  4 5 0 ) (Eq. 7.11)
 1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 4 9 0  4 5 0 )  0 .7 7

Endurance limit becomes

S e  2 5 0 ( 0 .7 5 )( 0 .7 7 )  1 4 4 .4 M P a

The Gerber criterion (Table 7.4):

 
 ( ) 1
a m 2
Se Su

Substitution of the numerical values gives

 ( 2 1699.80 n )  1
7 3 .2 7 n 2
1 4 4 .4

or
0 .5 0 7 4 n  0 .3 1 8 6 n  1  0
2

Solving this quadratic equation:

2
 0 .5 0 7 4  ( 0 .5 0 7 4 )  4 ( 0 .3 1 8 6 )(  1 )
n  2 ( 0 .3 1 8 6 )

or
n  1 .1 5

SOLUTION (7.37)

 6
I   0 . 636  10 Pm  4 kN , Pa  2 kN
4 4
4
( 0 . 03 ) m ,


M c 2000 ( 0 . 5 )( 0 . 03 )
m
 m
 6
 47 . 2 MPa
I 0 . 636  10

 a
 23 . 6 MPa

Eq. (7.16), with replacing S u by S y :

S S
   a;  4 7 .2 
y y 280 280
n m Se 2 .5 150 K f
( 2 3 .6 )

(CONT.)

131
7.37 (CONT.)

Solving K f
 1.4 7 .

From Fig.7.9a: q=0.8

and K f
 1  q ( K t  1 ); 1.4 7  1  0 .8 ( K t  1 ), K t  1.5 9

Then from Fig. C.9:

K t
 1.5 9  D
  3
  0 .1 5 
r 9
d 60 d
and
D  3 d  3 ( 60 )  180 mm

SOLUTION (7.38)

Table B.4: S u  634 MPa , H B

 192
3
3 0 . 02 ( 0 . 06 ) 6
I    0 . 36  10
bh 4
12 12
m

M m
 1 . 8 kN  m M a
 1 . 2 kN  m

Figure C.2:
  2 
D 120
d 60
 K t  2 .1
  0 .0 6 7 
r 4
d 60

Figure 7.9a: q  0 . 82 and K f

 1  0 .8 2 ( 2 .1  1)  1 .9 0 2 . Se  400
1 .9 0 2
 2 1 0 .3 M P a

We have

M c 1800 ( 0 . 03 )
m
 m
 6
 150 MPa
I 0 . 36  10

 a
 150 ( 11 .. 28 )  100 MPa
Equation (7.22):
Su
n  Su
 634
634
 1 .4
 m   a 150  ( 100 )
Se 210 . 3

SOLUTION (7.39)

Refer to solution of Prob. 7.38.

We now have
M m
 1
2
(2200  200)  1200 N  m
M a
 1
2
(2200  200)  1000 N  m
Thus,
 m  1 5 0 ( 11 28 00 00 )  1 0 0 M P a ,  a  1 0 0 ( 11 02 00 00 )  8 3 .3 M P a

(CONT.)

132
7.39 (CONT.)

The Gerber criterion (by Table 7.4).

 
( ) 
a m 2 1
Se Su n

Inserting the numerical values, results in

 ( 160304n )  1, 0 .3 9 6 1 n  0 .0 2 4 9 n  1  0
8 3 .3 n 2 2
2 1 0 .3

Solving this quadratic equation:

2
 0 .0 2 4 9  ( 0 .0 2 4 9 )  4 ( 0 .3 9 6 1 )(  1 )
n  2 ( 0 .3 9 6 1 )

or
n  1 .5 6

SOLUTION (7.40)

Refer to solution of Prob. 7.38.

We now have
S f
 434 M Pa (from Table B.4)
C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 4 7 5  4 5 0 )  0 .8 6 (by Eq. 7.11))
 1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 4 9 0  4 5 0 )  0 .7 7
C r  0 .8 7 (Table 7.3)
and
S e  2 1 0 .3( 0 .8 7 )( 0 .8 6 )  1 5 7 .3 M P a
Also
M m
 1 .5 k N  m M a
 0 .5 k N  m
and
 m  1 5 0 ( 11 58 00 00 )  1 2 5 M P a ,  a  1 0 0 ( 1520000 )  4 1 .6 7 M P a

The SAE criterion from Table 7.4:

 
Se
a
 S
m
 1
n
f

Introducing the data, we obtain

4 1 .6 7
1 5 7 .3
 125
434
 1
n

Solving,
n  1 .8 1

SOLUTION (7.41)

See Tables 7.5, 6.2, and 6.1. We have

12
A  5 .6  1 0 n  3 .2 5 K c  77 M Pa m S y  690 M Pa

  1 .1 4 for a w  0 .4 (Case B, Table 6.1)

(CONT.)

133
7.41 (CONT.)

Note that values of a and t satisfy Table 6.2. The stresses are:
3
Pm a x
 
9 5 0 (1 0 )
m ax
 2wt
 2 ( 0 .0 8 )( 0 .0 3 4 )
 1 7 4 .6 m in
 7 9 .4 M P a
The range stress is then    1 7 4 .6  7 9 .4  9 5 .2 M P a

The final crack length at fracture, by Eq. (7.39):

Kc
af  )  ( 1 .1 4 7 17 7 4 .6 )  0 .0 4 7 6 m  4 7 .6 m m
1 2 1 2

(  
m ax

Equation (7.41) results in then

 0 .6 2 5  0 .6 2 5
 0 .0 3 2
N  12
0 .0 4 7 6
3 .2 5
 2 0 , 4 5 4 cycles
5 .6 (1 0 ) (  0 .6 2 5 ) [ (1 .7 7 ) (1 .1 4 ) ( 9 5 .2 ) ]

For a period of 20 second, approximate fatigue life L is

20 ,454 ( 20 )
L  60 (60 )
 1 1 3 .6 h

End of Chapter 7

134
CHAPTER 8 SURFACE FAILURE

SOLUTION (8.1)

From Table 8.2, we have

2
K  10 (steel on steel)
5
K  2  10 (lead on steel)
3
K  10 (brass on steel)
7
K  10 (polyurethylene on steel)
The Brinell hardness numbers are in MPa:
Steel
Su  58  10
3
psi (Table B.1)
 58  10 500  116 Bhn
3
H s
(Eq. 2.22)
 1 1 6 ( 9 .8 1)  1 1 3 8 M P a
Lead
H l  3(9 .8 1)  2 9 .4 M P a
Brass
H b  8 (9 .8 1)  7 8 .5 M P a
Polyurethylene
H p
 7 (9 .8 1)  6 8 .7 M P a

Thus referring to Eq. (a) of Sec. 8.5:

5
H K  2 9 .4 (1 0 ) 2 (1 0 )  1470 G Pa
6
Lead
3
H K  7 8 .5 (1 0 ) 1 0  7 8 .5 G P a
6
Brass
7
Polyurenthylene H K  6 8 .7 (1 0 ) 1 0  687, 000 G Pa
6

2
H K  1 1 3 8 (1 0 ) 1 0  1 1 3 .8 G P a
6
Steel
Comment: Polyurethylene gives much longer life than any other material.

SOLUTION (8.2)

Through the use of Eq. (8.2), wear volume is

V  K WL
H

where
4
K  10 (by Table 8.3), W  40 N
H b  9 .8 1( 6 0 )  5 8 9 M P a , H s
 9 .8 1(1 0 5 )  1 0 3 0 M P a
c y c le s
L  80  (2 mm
c y c le
) (1 5 0 0 s ix m o n th s
)  240, 000 m m
Therefore
4
(1 1 0 )( 4 0 )( 2 4 0 )
Vb   1 .6 3 m m
3
6
5 8 9 (1 0 )
4
(1 1 0 )( 4 0 )( 2 4 0 )
Vs   0 .9 3 m m
3
6
1 0 3 0 (1 0 )

135
SOLUTION (8.3)

From Eq. (8.2), we have

V  K WL
H

Here
5
K  3  10 (by Table 8.3), W  45 N
H s
 9 .8 1(1 6 0 )  1 5 6 9 .6 M P a
H f
 9 .8 1( 4 5 0 )  4 4 1 4 .5 M P a
c yc le s
L  (3 7 .5  2 mm
c yc le
)( 6 0 0 0 m o n th
)(1 2 m o n th s )  5 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 m m
Hence,
5 ( 4 5 )( 5 , 4 0 0 )
V s  (3  1 0  4 .6 m m
3
) 6
1 5 6 9 .6 (1 0 )

V f  ( 4 .6 )  1 .6 4 m m
1 5 6 9 .6 3
4 4 1 4 .5

SOLUTION (8.4)

Follow procedure of Example 8.1. We have

Copper disk: 110 Vickers hardness, V c  0 .9 8 m m
3

Aluminum pin: 95 Brinell hardness, V a  4 .1 m m

3

Contact force: W  2 5 N at a radius R  2 4 m m

Test duration: t  1 8 0 m in at a speed n  1 2 0 r p m
Total length of sliding is then
L  2 R n t
 2  ( 2 4 )(1 2 0 )(1 8 0 )  3 .2 6  1 0
6
mm
The hardness of pin and disk are
H a  9 .8 1(9 5 )  9 3 2 M P a
H c  9 .8 1(1 1 0 )  1 0 7 9 M P a
From Eq. (8.2); K  V H W L . Thus
4 .1 ( 9 3 2 ) 5
Ka  6
 4 .9 6  1 0
2 5 ( 3 .2 6  1 0 )

0 .9 8 (1 0 7 9 ) 5
Kc  6
 1 .3  1 0
2 5 ( 3 .2 6  1 0 )

SOLUTION (8.5)

Follow procedure of Example 8.1. Given data:

Steel disk: 248 Brinell hardness, V s  0 .9 8 m m
3

Copper pin: 85 Vickers hardness, V c  4 .1 m m

3

Contact force: P  3 5 N at a radius R  2 4 m m

Test duration: t  1 8 0 m in at a speed n  1 2 0 r p m
Total length of sliding equals
L  2 R n t
 2  ( 2 4 )(1 2 0 )(1 8 0 )  3 .2 6  1 0
6
mm
(CONT.)

136
8.5 (CONT.)

Hardness of pin and disks are

H c  9 .8 1(8 5 )  8 3 4 M P a , H s  9 .8 1( 2 4 8 )  2 4 3 3 M P a
Using Eq. (8.2); K  V H W L . Therefore
4 .1 ( 8 3 4 ) 5
Kc  6
 3  10
3 5 ( 3 .2 6  1 0 )

0 .9 8 ( 2 4 3 3 ) 5
Ks  6
 2 .1  1 0
3 5 ( 3 .2 6  1 0 )

SOLUTION (8.6)

Case B ( 1st column ), Table 8.4 with r1  r2 , E1  E 2 .

(a)   1
E 
1
E 
2
E m 
1
r 
1
r 
2
r

a  0 . 88 3
F r
E
 0 . 88 3 500 0 . 15
9
 0 . 624 mm
210 ( 10 )

( b ) p 0  1 .5 a
P
2
 1 .5 500
 ( 0 . 624 ) ( 10
2 6
)
 613 . 1 MPa

( c ) Equations (8.4) at z=0:

1  2
 x
  y
  p 0 [( 1   )  1
2
]  2
p 0   0 . 8 ( 613 . 1 )   490 . 5 MPa

 z
  p 0   613 . 1 MPa

  (  z)  
p0
yz xz
 1
2 x 2
( 0 . 8  1 )  61 . 31 MPa

SOLUTION (8.7)

Refer to Table 8.4 (Case C, Column 2).


( a ) a  0 .8 8 3 F n

where
11
  2 E  1(1 0 ) F  2 .2 k N
n  1
r1
 1
r2
 1
0 .0 0 6
 1
0 .0 0 6 0 5
 1 .3 7 7 4
Thus
11 1
2 2 0 0 (1 0 )
a  0 .8 8[ 1 .3 7 7 4
] 3
 2 .2 1 6 2 m m
3
2 .2 (1 0 )
and p o  1 .5 F
2
 1 .5 2 6
 214 M Pa
a  ( 2 .2 1 6 2 ) (1 0 )

Since 2 1 4 M P a  4 3 6 M P a OK

( b )   0 .7 7 5 F  n
3 2 2

1
11
 0 .7 7 5[( 2 2 0 0 ) (1 0
2 2 3
) (1 .3 7 7 4 )]
 0 .0 0 6 7 7 m m

( c ) From Fig. 8.9a,  m a x is at about z  0 .4 a and  m a x p o  0 .3 2 . Therefore

z  0 .4 ( 2 .2 1 6 2 )  0 .8 8 6 m m
 m a x  0 .3 2 ( 2 1 4 )  6 8 .4 8 M P a

137
SOLUTION (8.8)

See Table 8.4 (Case B, Column 3).

We have
11
  2 E  1(1 0 ), m  1
0 .0 2 5
 1
0 .0 7 5
 5 3 .3 3 3 3


( a ) a  1 .0 7 6 F Lm
11
2 2 0 (1 0 ) 1
5
 1 .0 7 6[ ( 0 .0 2 5 )( 5 3 .3 3 3 3 ) ] 2
 4 .3 7 0 7 (1 0 ) m  0 .0 4 3 7 m m
Then
po  
2 F
 2

220
5
aL ( 4 .3 7 0 7  1 0 )( 0 .0 2 5 )

 1 2 8 .2 M P a  3 2 0 M P a OK

( b ) From Fig. 8.9b,  yz ,m ax

is at z  0 .7 5 a and  yz ,m ax
p o  0 .3 .
Hence,
z  0 .7 5 ( 0 .0 4 3 7 )  0 .0 3 2 8 m m
 yz ,m ax
 0 .3 (1 2 8 .2 )  3 8 .4 6 M P a

SOLUTION (8.9)

Refer 2nd column of C, Table 8.4.

E 1  E 2  E  210 GPa r1  7 mm r 2  45 mm F 1  200 kN m
Hence
    n    1 2 0 .6 3 5
2 2 1 1 1
E 2 1 0 (1 0 )
9
1 0 5 (1 0 )
9 , 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 4 5

3 1
200 ( 10 )
( a ) a  1 . 076 [ 9
] 2  0 . 135 mm
105 ( 10 )( 120 . 635 )

3
200 ( 10 )
( b ) p0  
2 F
aL
 
2
3
 943 . 1 MPa
0 . 135 ( 10 )

SOLUTION (8.10)

We have r1 '   . Substitution of the numerical values into Eqs.(8.6) through (8.10)gives
4 4 ( 2 0 0 1 0 )
9

m   0 .0 3 4 9 n   2 9 3 .0 4 (1 0 )
9
3 ( 0 .9 1 )
2
0 .2 5
 1
0 .0 0 9 3 7 5
1

A   5 7 .3 0 6 6 , B  [( 0 .0 019 3 7 5  0 )  ( 0 )  ( 0 ) ] 2  5 3 .3 3 3 3
2 1 2 2 2
0 .0 3 4 9 2

From Eq.(8.9)
cos     0 .9 3 0 7 ,   2 1 .4 6
5 3 .3 3 3 3 o
5 7 .3 0 6 6

Then, interpolating in Table 8.5, we have c a  3 .6 2 5 1 and c b  0 .4 2 0 4 . Through the

use of Eq.(8.7):
3 1
2 .2 5  1 0  ( 0 .0 3 4 9 )
a  3 .6 2 5 1[ 9
] 3  2 .3 3 7 1 m m
2 9 3 .0 4 (1 0 )
3 1
2 .2 5  1 0 ( 0 .0 3 4 9 )
b  0 .4 2 0 4[ 9
] 3  0 .2 7 1 0 m m
2 9 3 .0 4 (1 0 )

(CONT.)

138
8.10 (CONT.)

The maximum contact pressure, by Eq.(8.6), is thus

3
2 .2 5  1 0
p 0  1 .5  ( 2 .3 3 7 1 )( 0 .2 7 1 0 )
 1 6 9 6 .2 M P a
Thus stress may be satisfactory for the steel used.

SOLUTION (8.11)

In this case: r2  r2 '   as well as r1 '   . Substituting w=L=6.25 mm. and given data into the
equations on the second column of Case A of Table 8.4:
2 .2 5  1 0
3
4
a  1 .0 7 6 F
r1   1 .0 7 6 ( 0 .0 0 9 3 7 5 )( 2
9
)  1 .9 7 6 7  1 0 m
w 0 .0 0 6 2 5 2 0 0 1 0
3
2 ( 2 .2 5  1 0 )
Thus p0  2

F
 4
 1 1 5 9 .4 2 3 M P a
aw  (1 .9 7 6 7  1 0 )( 0 .0 0 6 2 5 )

Comments: With the flat-faced follower inaccuracies in machining, misalignment, and shaft
deflection may cause edge contact and hence higher actual stress than 1159.423. This cannot
occur with a spherical face follower, however.

SOLUTION (8.12)

Refer to Table 8.4 (Case A, Column 2).

r2   and   2 E

Thus a  0 .8 8 3 F r1 
1
4
 0 .8 8[3 6 0 ( 0 .0 5 6 2 5 )( 2
9
)] 3
 5 .1 6 7 6  1 0 m = 0 .5 1 6 7 6 m m
2 0 0 1 0

(a) p o  1 .5 F
2
a

 1 .5 360
4 2
 6 4 3 .7 M P a
 ( 5 .1 6 7 6  1 0 )

2 2
( b )   0 .7 7 5 3 F r1

1
 0 .7 7 5[(3 6 0 ) (
2 2 2
9
) ( 0 .0 516 2 5 )] 3
2 0 0 1 0
6 3
 4 .7 5 1 1  1 0 m = 4 .7 5 1  1 0 mm

SOLUTION (8.13)

See Table 8.4 (Case C, Column 3).

  2 E and n  1 r1  1 r2  1 0 .0 1 5  1 0 .0 1 6 2 5  5 .1 2 8 2

3
F 1 3 .5  1 0 ( 2 ) 1

( a ) a  1 .0 7 6 Ln
 1 .0 7 6[ 9
( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 0 .0 3 7 5 )( 5 .1 2 8 2 )
] 2

4
 9 .0 1 5  1 0 m = 0 .9 0 1 5 m m
3
2 (1 3 .5  1 0 )
po  2F
 aL
  ( 0 .9 0 1 5 )( 0 .0 3 7 5 )
 2 5 4 .2 M P a
 2 5 4 .2 M P a  3 1 7 M P a OK.
(CONT.)

139
8.13 (CONT.)

( b ) Equations (8.5) at z=0:

 x   2 p o   2 ( 0 .3)( 2 5 4 .2 )   1 5 2 .5 M P a
 y
  p o   2 5 4 .2 M P a

 z
  p o   2 5 4 .2 M P a
 xy  1
2
(  1 5 2 .5  2 5 4 .2 )  5 0 .9 M P a

 xz  1
2
( x
  z )  5 0 .9 M P a
 yz
 1
2
( y
 z)  0

( c ) From Fig. 8.9b,  yz ,m ax

is at z  0 .7 5 a and  yz ,m ax
p o  0 .3 .
So,
4 4
z  0 .7 5 (9 .0 1 5 5  1 0 )  6 .7 6 2  1 0 m = 0 .6 7 2 m m
 yz ,m ax
 0 .3 ( 2 5 4 .2 ) M P a  7 6 .2 6 M P a

SOLUTION (8.14)

Refer to Table 8.4 (Case C, Column 2).

11
  2 E  2 (200  10 )  1 10
9

n  1
r1
 1
r2
 1
0 .0 5
 1
0 .0 5 5
 1 .8 1 8 2
11 1
 1 1 0
( a ) a  0 .8 8 3 F n
 0 .8 8[5 6 0 1 .8 1 8 2
] 3

3
 1 .2 8 0 3 6  1 0 m = 1 .2 8 0 3 6 m m

( b ) p o  1 .5 F
a
2
 1 .5 560
 (1 .2 8 0 3 6  1 0
3
)
2
 1 6 3 .1 M P a

1
11
( c )   0 .7 7 5 F  n  0 .7 7 5[(5 6 0 ) (1  1 0
3 2 2 2 2 3
) (1 .8 1 8 2 )]
6 3
 2 .9 8 3  1 0 m = 2 .9 8 3  1 0 mm

3 3
( d ) At z  0 .3 7 5 a  0 .3 7 5 (1 .2 8 0 3 6  1 0 )  0 .4 8 0 1  1 0 m = 0 .4 8 0 1 m m (Fig. 8.9a):
 yz ,m ax
 0 .3 2 p o  0 .3 2 (1 6 3 .1)  5 2 .1 9 2 M P a

SOLUTION (8.15)

11
See Table 8.4 (Column 2). We have   2 E  2 ( 2 0 0  1 0 )  1  1 0
9

( a ) Case A: r2   . Thus
11 1

a  0 .8 8 3 F r1   0 .8 8[(5 6 0 )( 0 .0 5 )(1  1 0 )] 3

4
 5 .7 5 7 1  1 0 m
p o  1 .5 F
2
 1 .5 560
4 2
 8 0 6 .7 1 8 M P a
a  ( 5 .7 5 7 1  1 0 )

(CONT.)

140
8.15 (CONT.)

( b ) Case B:
r1  r2  1 0 0 m m , m  2 r  2 0 .1  2 0
11
 1 1 0
1
4
a  0 .8 8 3 F m
 0 .8 8[(5 6 0 ) 20
] 3
 5 .7 5 7  1 0 m = 0 .5 7 5 7 m m

p o  1 .5 F
2
 1 .5 560
4 2
 8 0 6 .7 M P a
a  ( 5 .7 5 7  1 0 )

SOLUTION (8.16)

Use Table 8.4 (Case A, Column 3).

11
  2 E  2 (200 10 )  1  10
9

3
11 1
a  1 .0 7 6 F
L
r   1 .0 7 6[ 1 .80.11 0 ( 0 .0 1 2 5 )(1  1 0 )] 2

5
 5 .1 0 3 9  1 0 m = 0 .0 5 1 0 4 m m
4
2 a  1 .0 2 0 7 8  1 0 m = 0 .1 0 2 1 m m
Therefore
 
2 r1
0 .5 7 9 F
EL
( 13  ln a
)
3
0 .5 7 9 (1 .8  1 0 ) 2 ( 0 .0 1 2 5 )
 9
[ 13  ln 5
]
( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 0 .1 ) ( 5 .1 0 3 9 1 0 )

7
 3 .4 0 1 4  1 0 m = 3 .4 0 1 4  1 0
-4
mm

SOLUTION (8.17)

We have r1  r2  r . Thus, Eqs. (8.8) and (8.9) become

m  4
(1 r )  (1 r )
 2 r  2 ( 0 .2 2 )  0 .4 4
(1 r )  (1 r )
cos    0,   90
o
(1 r )  (1 r )

From Table 8.5 it can be concluded that surface of contact has a circular
boundary: c a  c b  1 . Then
9
4 ( 2 0 6 1 0 )
n   2 .9 2 9 7 8 (1 0 )
11
2
3 (1  0 .2 5 )

Eqs. (8.7) gives,

3 1
2 (1 0 ) ( 0 .4 4 )
a  b  1[ 11
] 3
 1 .4 4 3 m m
2 .9 2 9 7 8  1 0

Hence, Eq. (8.6):

6
2 (1 0 )
p o  1 .5 3
 6 6 1 .8 M P a
 (1 .4 4 3 )(1 0 )

SOLUTION (8.18)

We have r1  0 .5 m , r2  0 .3 5 m , r1 '   , r2 '   , and   90 . Thus, using Eqs.(8.6)

o

through (8.10):
4 4 ( 206  10 )
9

m   0 . 824 n   3 . 0183 (10

11
3 ( 1  0 . 09 )
)
1
0 .5
 1
0 . 35

A  B   ( r1 
2 1 1 1
m , 2 r2 )
(CONT.)

141
8.18 (CONT.)

1 0 .5  1 0 .3 5
cos      0 .1 7 6 ,   7 9 .8 6
B o
A 1 0 .5  1 0 .3 5

Interpolating from Table 8.5: c a  1.1 2 8 , c b  0 .8 9 3 . Hence

3 1
5 ( 10 )( 0 . 824 )
a  1 . 128 [ 11
] 3  2 . 6958 mm
3 . 0183 ( 10 )

3 1
5 ( 10 )( 0 . 824 )
b  0 . 893 [ 11
] 3  2 . 1342 mm
3 . 0183 ( 10 )
3
5 ( 10 )
Thus p 0  1 .5 F
 ab
 1 .5 6
 414 . 9 MPa
 ( 2 . 6958  2 . 1342  10 )

SOLUTION (8.19)

We now have F  600

2
 300 N for each row, S y
 1500 MPa

and r1  r1 '  5 m m , r2   5 .2 m m , and r2 '   3 0 m m .

We proceed as in Example 8.3.

4
(a) m   0 . 0229 , n  293 . 0403  10
9
2
0 . 005
 1
0 . 0052
 1
0 . 030

and
1

A   87 . 3362 B   (   2 ( 0 ) ] 2  79 . 4872
2 1 2 1 1 2 2
0 . 0229 2
[( 0 ) 0 . 0052 0 . 03
)
Using Eq.(8.9),
cos     0 . 9101   24 . 48
79 . 4872 o
87 . 3362

Table 8.5: c a  3.3 3 3 0 c b  0 .4 4 4 1

Hence
1
300  0 . 0229
a  3 . 3330 [ 9
] 3  0 . 9539 mm
293 . 0403  10
1
300  0 . 0229
b  0 . 4441 [ 9
] 3  0 . 1271 mm
293 . 0403  10

Then
p 0  1 .5 300
6
 1 ,181 MPa
 ( 0 . 9539  0 . 1271  10 )

Fy
(b) n  F (1)
It is required that S y  1.5 F y  a b or

1 .5 3 Fy
S y
 2

cacb (m n ) 3

Substituting the data given

1 .5 3 Fy
1500 ( 10 ) 
6
0 . 0229 2
 ( 3 . 3330  0 . 4441 )( ) 3
9
293 . 0403  10

Solving
F y  614 N
Equation (1):
n   2 .0 5
614
300

142
SOLUTION (8.20)

Refer to Table 8.4 (Case A, Column 3).

a  1 .0 7 6 F
L
r1 
where
F  5 kN , L  25 m m , r1  5 0 0 m m
11
  2
 2
9
 0 .9 7 1(1 0 )
E 2 0 6 1 0

Therefore
3
( 5 1 0 ) 11 1
a  1 .0 7 6[ 0 .0 2 5
( 0 .5 ) ( 0 .9 7 1  1 0 ] 2
 1 .0 6 0 3 m m
Hence,
3
2 ( 5 1 0 )
po  2

F
 3
 120 M Pa
aL  (1 .0 6 0 3  1 0 )( 0 .0 2 5 )

SOLUTION (8.21)

See Table 8.4 (Case C, Column 3).

  2
E
 1
9
, n  1
0 .0 1
 1
0 .0 6 2 5
 84, F L  300 kN
1 0 0 (1 0 )

3 1
F 3 0 0 1 0
( a ) a  1 .0 7 6 Ln
 1 .0 7 6[ 9
] 2
 0 .2 0 3 3 m m
1 0 0 (1 0 )( 8 4 )

( b ) po  2

F
aL
 2 300
 0 .2 0 3 3
 9 3 9 .4 M P a

( c ) From Fig. 8.9b, z  0 .7 5 a  0 .1 5 2 5 m m and

 yz ,m ax
 0 .3 p o  0 .3 (9 3 9 .4 )  2 8 2 M P a

SOLUTION (8.22)

Given: r1  r1 '  0 .0 2 m , r2   0 .0 2 5 m , r2 '   0 .1 m ,   0 .3, E  200 G Pa

Equation (8.8),
9
4 ( 2 0 0 1 0 )
m   0 .0 8 , n   2 .9 3 (1 0 )
4 11
1
 1
 1
 1
3 (1  0 .3 )
2
0 .0 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 2 5 0 .1

Also
1

A    2 5, B   [( 0 )  (   )  2 ( 0 )] 2   1 5
2 2 1 2 1 1 2
m 0 .0 8 2 0 .0 2 5 0 .1
1 15
  cos  5 3 .1 3 0 1
o
25

From Table 8.5, we find

c a  1 .6 6 4 5 c b  0 .6 6 4 2
The semiaxes are then
(1 2 0 0 ) ( 0 .0 8 ) 1
a  1 .6 6 4 5[ 11
] 3
 0 .0 0 1 1 4 7 m  1 .1 5 m m
2 .9 3 (1 0 )

(1 2 0 0 ) ( 0 .0 8 ) 1
b  0 .6 6 4 2[ 11
] 3
 0 .0 0 0 4 6 m  0 .4 6 m m
2 .9 3 (1 0 )

Thus
p o  1 .5 F
 ab
 1 .5 1200
6
 (1 .1 5  0 .4 6 )(1 0 )

 1083 M Pa

143
SOLUTION (8.23)

We have
r1  r1 '  0 .0 1 8 m , r2   0 .0 2 m , r2 '   0 .1 m ,   0 .3, E  200 G Pa
Equations (8.8),
9
4 ( 2 0 0 1 0 )
m   0 .0 7 8 3, n   2 .9 3 (1 0 )
4 11
1
 1
 1
 1 2
3 (1  0 .3 )
0 .0 1 8 0 .0 1 8 0 .0 2 0 .1

Equations(8.10)
A  2
m
 2 5 .5 4 2 8
1

B   [(   ) ]2  20
1 1 1 2
2 0 .0 2 0 .1
1
  cos  3 8 .4 6
20 o
2 5 .5 4 2 8

From Table 8.5, c a  2 .2 1 6 4 c b  0 .5 5 5 6

Equations (8.7):
( 9 0 0 ) ( 0 .0 7 8 4 ) 1
a  2 .2 1 6 4[ 11
] 3
 0 .0 0 1 3 7 9 m  1 .3 8 m m
2 .9 3 (1 0 )

( 9 0 0 ) ( 0 .0 7 8 3 ) 1
b  0 .5 5 5 6[ 11
] 3
 0 .0 0 0 3 5 m  0 .3 5 m m
2 .9 3 (1 0 )

It follows that
p o  1 .5 F
 ab
 1 .5 900
6
 (1 .3 8  0 .3 5 )(1 0 )

 890 M Pa

End of Chapter 8

144
Section III APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 9 SHAFTS AND ASSOCIATED PARTS

SOLUTION (9.1)

9 5 4 9 (1 0 )
T  9549 kW
n
 2500
 3 8 .1 9 6 N  m
and

c   c  7 .8 6 4
3 T 3 8 .1 9 6
 a ll 6
, mm
2 1 5 0 1 0 3

 a ll
2 ( 1 8 0 ) 
3 8 .1 9 6 ( 2 )
Also  T
; 9 4
, c  9 .6 6 m m
L GJ 8 0 (1 0 )  c

A 20-mm dia. shaft would probably be selected.

SOLUTION (9.2)

Refer to Example 9.1. We now have S u  3 6 5 M P a (T a b le B .2 ), n  2 .5 , and S y is

replaced by S u .
Equation (9.9) gives
1

D  [ 1 6Sn ( M   Tc ]
2 2 3
c
M c
u

Substituting the given data,

1 6 ( 2 .5 ) 1

D [ ( 2 0 2 .5  ( 2 0 2 .5 )  (1 6 2 ) ]  0 .0 2 5 2 5 6 m = 2 5 .2 6 m m
2 2 3
6
 ( 3 6 5 1 0 )

SOLUTION (9.3)

9 5 4 9 ( 7 .5 )
(a) T AC  9549 kW
n
 1200
 5 9 .6 8 N  m
and

c   c  7 .1 2 6  D A C  1 4 .2 5
3 T 5 9 .6 8
2  a ll 6
, mm mm
2 1 0 (1 0 ) 2

Similarly
9 5 4 9 ( 2 2 .5 )
TC B  1200
 179 N m

c  c  1 0 .2 8  D C B  2 0 .5 6
3 179
2 6
, mm mm
2 1 0 (1 0 ) 2

( b ) We have   T L G J , with J   c
4
2.
Thus
 AC 
5 9 .6 8 ( 2 )
 0 .3 5 9 6 ra d  2 0 .6
o
 4 9
( 0 .0 0 7 1 2 5 ) ( 8 2  1 0 )
2

 BC 
179 ( 4 )
 0 .4 9 8 ra d  2 8 .5 3
o
 4 9
( 0 .0 1 0 2 8 ) ( 8 2  1 0 )
2

Hence
 A B   B C   A C  7 .9 3
o

145
SOLUTION (9.4)

Table B.1: G a  28 GPa , G s  79 GPa

Table B.3: S u  520 MPa , S y
 440 MPa

We have  a   s but L a  L s , Ta  Ts
Js Ga 
  0 . 354 where J 
4
Ja Gs 32 D

Hence
Ds
Da  0 .7 7 1 or D a  1. 2 9 6 D s

4 2
Wa Va a (  D a 4 ) a Da a
Also Ws  V s s
 (Ds
2
4 )
 2
Ds 
s s

 a  2 .8 M g m ,  s  7 .8 6 M g m
3 3
Table B.1:
Thus
2
Wa (1. 2 9 6 D s ) ( 2 . 8 )
Ws  2
Ds ( 7 .8 6 )
 0 .5 9 8

SOLUTION (9.5)

( a ) Use Eq.(9.5):
6 3 1
2 6 0 (1 0 ) 4 (1 0 )
 [( 8  5  5 0  0 .1 )  ( 8  8 ) ] 2
2 2
3
n  ( 0 .1 )

or n  2 .6 1

( b ) Apply Eq.(9.6):
6 3 1
2 6 0 (1 0 ) 4 (1 0 )
 [ ( 8  5  5 0  0 .1 )  4 8 ( 8 ) ] 2
2 2
3
n  ( 0 .1 )

or
n  2 .8 6

SOLUTION (9.6)

 F y  0 : 0 and  M A
 0 yield

R Ay  1 6 0 0 N R By  8 0 0 N
960
Mz R Az  5 0 0 N R Bz  1 0 0 0 N
(N  m) 480
 960  300  1006 N  m
2 2
x M C
A C B
 600  480  7 6 8 .4 k N  m
2 2
M
My D
600
(N  m) 300 T  1 .2 5 k N  m
x Critical section is at C.
A D B

(CONT.)

146
9.6 (CONT.)

We have
1 6T 1 6 (1, 2 5 0 )
    6 9 .9 M P a
D  ( 0 .0 4 5 )
3 3

32M 3 2 (1, 0 0 6 )
(a)  m ax
   1 1 2 .5 M P a
D  ( 0 .0 4 5 )
3 3


n  m ax

Sy
 345
1 1 2 .5
 3 .0 7


( b )  m ax  )   (5 6 .2 5 )  ( 6 9 .9 )  8 9 .7 M P a
2 2 2 2
(
2
 m ax
n  S ys
 210
8 9 .7
 2 .3 4

SOLUTION (9.7)

y
0 . 6 kN  m 0 . 6 kN  m Critical point is just to
A x the right of C.
C B
z 6 kN
3.75 kN 2.25 kN

1 . 125 kN  m

M
x

0 . 6 kN  m
T
x

S 6 3 1
2 5 0 (1 0 ) 3 2 (1 0 )
  T   0 .6 ] 2
y 32 2 2 2 2
(a) n D
3 M ; 1 .5 D
3 [1.1 2 5
or
D  42 . 71 mm

6 3 1

 
250 ( 10 ) 32 ( 10 ) 2 3 2
(b) 1 .5 D
3 [1 . 125 4
( 0 .6 ) ] 2

Solving D  4 2 .3 m m

SOLUTION (9.8)

We have S y  3 4 0 M P a and n  1 .5 .

The reactions and the torques, as found by the equations of statics, are marked in
Fig. S9.8a. Moment and torque diagrams are shown in Fig. S9.89b. Critical sections is at C.
(CONT.)

147
9.8 (CONT.)
y
A
90 N 2m
C
2m 7.86N  m
z 360 N D
7.86N  m. 360 N
450 N
1m
720 N B x
(a) 360 N

Mz 720
(N  m)

A
C D x Figure S9.8
My 360
(N  m) 180

B x
T
(N  m)

-7.86 x
C B
(b)
Eq. (9.7) is thus
32n
D   M T
2 2 2
3 M z y
 Sy

Inserting the numerical values:

3 2 (1 .5 ) 1
[ 7 2 0  1 8 0  (  7 .8 6 ) ) ]
2 2 2 3
(
 (3 4 0  1 0 )
6

or D  0 .0 3 2 2 m = 3 2 .2 m m

SOLUTION (9.9)

Refer to solution of Prob. 9.8. Now apply Eq. (9.8):

32n 3
D   M 
2 2 2
3 M z y
T
 Sy 4

3 2 (1 .2 ) 3 1
[ 720  180  (  7 .8 6 ) ) ]
2 2 2 3
(
 (3 4 0  1 0 )
6
4
or
D  0 .0 2 9 9 m = 2 9 .9 m m

148
SOLUTION (9.10)

 520 We have M  0 ,  xy 
16T
Table B.1: S y
MPa D
3

By Eq.(1.15),
9549 (70 )
T  9549 kW
n
 110
 6 .0 7 7 k N  m

( a ) Equation (6.11)
Sy
 2
32 (6077 ) 4
  D  7 8 .1 m m
3 32Tn
, D  Sy 6
,
n xy  ( 5 2 0 1 0 )

( b ) Equation (6.16):
Sy
3
16 3 (6077 ) 4
  
3 16 3T n
, D  Sy 6
n xy  ( 5 2 0 1 0 )

or D  7 4 .4 m m

SOLUTION (9.11)

We have S u  5 9 0 M P a and n  1 .4
From statics: Ay  B y  8 kN

y 8 kN 8 kN
0.5 m 1m 0.5 m
A B x (a)
C D
z 0.48 kN  m 0.48 kN  m By
Ay

8  0.5=4 kN  m
Mz
(b)
x
T
0.48 kN  m
x (c)
Figure S9.11

The critical section is between C and D. Thus

T  4  0 .4 8  4 .0 2 9 k N  m
2 2 2 2
M z

Apply Eq. (9.9):

1 6  1 0 (1 .4 )
3

D  3 ( 4  4 .0 2 9 )  0 .0 4 6 m
 (5 9 0  1 0 )
6

Use a 4 6 m m diameter shaft.

SOLUTION (9.12)

Now Fig. S9.11a (see: Solution of Prob. 9.11) becomes as shown below.
From statics:

(CONT.)

149
9.12 (CONT.)
Ay  2 kN B y  6 kN

Az  6 k N Bz  2 kN

y 8 kN
8 kN
0.5 m 1m 0.5 m B
A x (a)
C D
Az Ay 0.48 kN  m 0.48 kN  m Bz
By
z

Mz
x (b)
2  0.5=1 kN  m 2  1.5=3 kN  in.

3 kN  m
My 1 kN  m

x (c)
T
0.48 kN  m
x (d)

The critical section is just to the right of C (or just to the left of D). Thus

 M T  3  1  0 .4 8  3 .1 9 9 k N  m
2 2 2 2 2 2
M z y

Applying Eq. (9.9):

1 6  1 0 (1 .5 )
3

D  3 ( 3  3 .1 9 9 )  0 .0 4 3 1 m
 (5 9 0  1 0 )
6

Use a 4 4 m m diameter shaft.

SOLUTION (9.13)

y
0 . 6 kN  m B y  1 . 95 kN , A y  3 . 25 kN
A B
x
Az B z  1 . 125 kN , A z  1 . 875 kN
0.3 m C 0.5 m 0 . 6 kN  m
3 kN 5.2 kN Bz
z Ay 30o By
975 N m
M z
x
Critical point is just to the right of C.
563 N m 1
M y M  [ 9 7 5  5 6 3 ] 2  1 .1 2 6 k N  m
2 2
C
x
600 N m
T
x
(CONT.)

150
9.13 (CONT.)

Thus M m
 0 M a
 1 . 126 kN  m T m  600 N m
From Sec. 8.6: C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 5 0 0  4 5 0 )  0 .7 1
 0 . 265
S e  0 . 5 S u  260  AS  4 . 51 ( 520 )  0 . 86
' b
MPa C f u
C r  0 .8 9

Assume D  51 mm and C s  0 .7 0 .
S e  C f C r C s C t ( K1 ) S e  ( 0 . 86 )( 0 . 89 )( 0 . 70 )( 0 . 71 )( 11. 2 )( 260 )  82 . 42 MPa
'
Thus
f

Substitute the data and K s b  K s t  1.5 (Table 9.1) into Eq.(9.13):

6 1
520 (10 )
 [ 1.5 ( 8 2 . 4 2  1 ,1 2 6 )  1.5 ( 6 0 0 ) ] 2
32 520 2 2
3
1 .5 D

Solving, D  63 . 5 mm

SOLUTION (9.14)

Statics: R A  9 .4 5 k N , R B  6 .7 5 kN , M D
 2 .5 3 k N  m  M m ax

Refer to Secs. 7.6 and 7.7:

C r  0 .8 1 (Table 7.3) C s  0 .7 K  1, S e  0 . 5 S u  630
'
f

 0 . 085
 AS  1 . 58 (1260 )  0 . 861
b
C f u

and S e  ( 0 .8 6 1)( 0 .8 1)( 0 .7 )(1)( 6 3 0 )  3 0 7 .5 6 M P a

We have M m
 0 M a
 2 .5 3 k N  m T m  2 .2 6 k N  m T a  0 .2 2 6 k N  m
Using Eq.(9.12):
6 3 1
1 2 6 0 (1 0 ) 3 2 (1 0 )
 [( 310276.506  2 .5 3 )  ( 2 .2 6   0 .2 2 6 ) ] 2
2 3 1260 2
3 3
n  ( 6 2 .5  1 0 ) 4 3 0 7 .5 6

or n  2 .8 2

SOLUTION (9.15)

Statics: R A  5 .2 2 k N , R B  8 .2 8 k N , M C
 2 .6 1 k N  m  M a
. We have
M m
 0, T m  3 .4 kN  m , T a  0 .6 8 k N  m
From Secs. 7.6 and 7.7: C r  0 .8 9 C s  0 .7 K f
1

C t  1  0 . 0058 ( 510  450 )  0 . 652

 0 .7 1 8
S e  0 .5 S u  7 0 0  A S u  5 7 .7 (1 4 0 0 )  0 .3 1 8
' b
M Pa C f

and S e  ( 0 .3 1 8 )( 0 .8 9 )( 0 .7 )( 0 .6 5 2 )(1)( 7 0 0 )  9 0 .4 M P a

Apply Eq.(9.13), with replacing S u by S y and K s t  2 (Table 9.1):

6 3 1
910 ( 10 ) 32 ( 10 )
  2 . 61 )  2 (3 .4   0 . 68 ) ] 2
910 2 910 2
3 3
[(
n  ( 87 . 5  10 ) 90 . 4 90 . 4

Solving, n  1 .9 9

151
SOLUTION (9.16)

From Fig. C.13, for d D  0 .2 :

K t  1 .5 (torsion) K t  2 .2 (bending)
Figures (7.9) : q  0 .9 5 (torsion) q  0 .8 (bending)
The endurance limit is
From Eq. 7.13b we have
K fb
 1  q ( K t  1)  1  0 .8 ( 2 .2  1)  1 .9 6

K ft
 1  0 .9 5 (1 .5  1)  1 .4 8
Endurance limit:
S e  C f C r C s C t (1 K t ) S e '
where
 0 .2 6 5
C f
 4 .5 1(5 2 0 )  0 .8 6

C r  0 .8 1 (Table 7.3)
C s  0 .8 5 (Eq. 7.9)
C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 4 9 0  4 5 0 )  0 .7 7 (Eq. 7.11)

S e '  0 .5 S u  2 6 0 M P a (Eq. 7.1)

Thus,
S e  ( 0 .8 6 )( 0 .8 1)( 0 .8 5 )( 0 .7 7 )(1 1 .9 6 )( 2 6 0 )
 6 0 .5 M P a
Also M a
 120 N  m , M m
 0, Tm  6 0 0 N  m , Ta  0

Equation (9.16a):
S 1
 [( S u M a ) 
3 32 n 2 3 2 2
D  Su 4
Tm ]
e

Substituting the given data, we have

9 1
)  [ ( 6502.50  1 2 0 ) 
3 32 n 2 3 2 2
( 4 0 ) (1 0 6
(6 0 0 ) ]
 ( 5 2 0 1 0 ) 4

Solving,
n  2 .8 3

SOLUTION (9.17)

Refer to solution of Prob.9.16.

Apply Eq. (9.16b):
Sy 1
 M a) 
3 32 n 2 3 2 2
D  Sy
[( Se 4
Tm ]

Inserting the given numerical values,

9 1
)  [ ( 6404.50  1 2 0 ) 
3 32 n 2 3 2 2
( 4 0 ) (1 0 6
(6 0 0 ) ]
 ( 4 4 0 1 0 ) 4

From which
n  2 .7 2

152
SOLUTION (9.18)

M a
 200 N m, T m  500 N  m, M m
 0, Ta  0, K st
 2
S y
 290 MPa , S u  455 MPa
Refer to Secs. 7.6 and 7.7:
 0 . 265
 4 . 51 ( 455 )  0 . 89 , C r  0 . 87 , S e  0 . 5 S u  227 . 5 MPa
'
C f

Assume C s  0 . 7 , S e  ( 0 . 89 )( 0 . 87 )( 0 . 7 )( 1)( 1
2 .2
)( 227 . 5 )  56 . 05 MPa

Through the use of Eq.(9.14), we have

6 1
4 5 5 (1 0 )
 [1( 5 6 . 0 5  2 0 0 ) 
32 455 2 3 2
1 .5 D
3 4 ( 2 )(5 0 0 ) ] 2
or D  38 . 8 mm  51 mm  Assumption is incorrect.

Assume C s  0 .8 5 :
Se  0 . 85
0 .7
( 56 . 05 )  68 . 06 MPa
Equation (9.14):
6 1
4 5 5 (1 0 )
 [1( 6 8 . 0 6  2 0 0 ) 
32 455 2 3 2
1.5 D
3 4 ( 2 )(5 0 0 ) ] 2
or D  36 . 7 mm  Assumption is correct.

SOLUTION (9.19)

Refer to Secs. 7.6 and 7.7: q  0 .9 2

K f
 1  q ( K t  1 )  1  0 .9 2 (1.8  1 )  1.7 4

S e  0 . 5 S u  500 C s  0 . 85 , C r  0 . 84
'
MPa ,
 0 . 718
 AS  57 . 7 (1000 )  0 . 405
b
C f u

Thus S e  ( 0 .4 0 5 )( 0 .8 4 )( 0 .8 5 )(1)( 1 .71 4 )(5 0 0 )  8 3 .0 9 M P a

We have: M m
 0, M a
 500 N  m, T m  600 N  m, T a  90 N  m
Apply Eq.(9.11), with replacing S u by S y :
6 1

  500 )  ( 600   90 ) ] 2
600 ( 10 ) 32 600 2 600 2
3 [(
n  ( 0 . 05 ) 83 . 09 83 . 09

or
n  1 . 93

SOLUTION (9.20)

The endurance limit is expressed as

S e  C f C r C s C t (1 K f ) S e '
Here
 0 .2 6 5
C f
 4 .5 1( 6 9 0 )  0 .7 9 8 (Eq. 7.7 and Table 7.2)
C r  0 .8 7 (Table 7.3), C t  1 (Eq. 7.11)
C s  0 .7 0 (Assuming D > 51 mm, Eq. 7.9)
(CONT.)

153
9.20 (CONT.)

S e '  0 .5 S u  0 .5 ( 6 9 0 )  3 4 5 M P a (Eq. 7.1)

Therefore
S e  ( 0 .7 9 8 )( 0 .8 7 )( 0 .7 )(1)(1 1 .2 )(3 4 5 )  1 3 9 .7 M P a
Equation (9.13) with T a  0 becomes
Su 1
  M a )  K sT m ]
3 32 n 2 2 2
D  Sy
[K s (M m Se

Introducing the given numerical values, we have

6
3 2 ( 3 .5 ) ( 6 9 0 1 0 ) 1
 {1 .5[ 2 0 0  ( 6 0 0 )]  1 .5 (3 6 0 ) }
3 2 2 2
D 6 6
 ( 6 9 0 1 0 ) (1 3 9 .7  1 0 )

Solving,
D  0 .0 5 8 6 m  5 8 .6 m m
Since D  5 1 m m , our assumption is correct.

SOLUTION (9.21)

We now have K s  2 (from Table 9.1) and S u replaced by S y .

See solution of Prob. 9.20. Equation (9.14) becomes

Sy 1
  M a )  K s ( 34 T m )]
3 32 n 2 2 2
D  Sy
[K s (M m Se

or
3 2 ( 3 .5 ) 1
 { 2[ 2 0 0  (6 0 0 )] 
3 580 2 3 2 2
D 6
(3 6 0 ) }
 ( 5 8 0 1 0 ) 1 3 9 .7 2

Solution is
D  0 .0 6 1 7 4 m  6 1 .7 m m
Since D  5 1 m m , our assumption is correct.

SOLUTION (9.22)
2 kN  m
M y
0 . 8 kN  m Critical section is just to the left of point D
x
A C D B 1

 [ 2 . 57  0 . 8 ] 2  2 . 692 kN  m
2 2
M
M z
2 .5 7 k N  m D

x M a
 2 . 692 kN  m , M m
 0

600 N m T m  600 N m, T a  30 N  m

T
x

Refer to Secs. 7.6 and 7.7:

 0 . 265
S e  0 . 5 S u  330  AS  4 . 51 ( 660 )  0 . 807
' b
MPa , C f u

S e  C f C rC sC t ( ) S e  ( 0 . 807 )( 1 )( 0 . 7 )( 1 )( 1 )( 330 )  186 . 4 MPa

1 '
K f

Equation (9.14):
6 1
6 6 0 (1 0 )
 [1.5 ( 1 8 6 . 4  2 , 6 9 2 )  (1.5 ) ( 6 0 0   30 ) ]2
32 660 2 3 660 2
3
n  ( 0 .0 7 5 ) 4 1 8 6 .4

Solving n  2 .3 4

154
SOLUTION (9.23)

From Solution of Prob. 9.22

M m
 0, M a
 2 . 692 kN  m , T a  30 N  m , T m  600 N m
S e  1 8 6 .4 M P a
Now we have C r  0 .8 9 . Thus, S e  1 8 6 .4 ( 0 .8 9 )  1 6 5 .9 M P a
Through the use of Eq.(9.13), with replacing S u by S y :
6 1

  2 , 692 )  1 . 5 ( 600   30 ) ] 2
550 ( 10 ) 32 550 2 550 2
3 [1 . 5 ( 165
n  ( 0 . 075 ) .9 165 . 9

or n  2 . 08

SOLUTION (9.24)

R B y  1 .0 3 8 k N , R A y  6 .1 6 2 k N R B z  3 .7 3 8 k N , R A z  0 .1 3 8 k N

0.45 kN 1.35 kN
y z
A x A x
C D B C D B
R By R Az
R Ay 6.3 kN R B z
9 kN 2.7 kN
M z
M y
x x
( kN  m) (kN  m) 0.748
0.021
0.208
0.924

We have T  0 .9 k N  m and
1

 [ 0 .2 0 8  0 .7 4 8 ] 2  0 .7 7 6 k N  m
2 2
M D
1

 [ 0 .9 2 4  0 .0 2 1 ] 2  0 .9 2 4 k N  m
2 2
M C

Hence
M m
 0, M a
 0 .9 2 4 k N  m , Ta  0 , T m  0 .9 k N  m
From Table B.3: S u  5 9 0 M P a .

Refer to Secs. 7.6 and 7.7:

C r  0 .8 7 , C s  0 .7 (assumed D>50 mm)

 0 . 265
 AS  4 . 51 ( 590 )  0 . 83
b
C f u

and S e  ( 0 .8 3)( 0 .8 7 )( 0 .7 )(1)( 11.8 )( 0 .5  5 9 0 )  8 2 .8 4 M P a

Applying Eq.(9.12):
6 1
5 9 0 1 0
 [ ( 8529.804  9 2 4 ) 
32 2 3 2
3
(9 0 0 ) ] 2
1 .6 D 4

D  0 .0 5 6 8 m = 5 6 .8 m m

155
SOLUTION (9.25)

R B y  2 .0 8 k N , R A y  6 .9 2 k N R B z  3 .7 4 k N , R A z  0 .1 4 k N

9 kN 2.7 kN 6.3 kN
y z
A x A x
6.92 kN C D B 0.14 kN C D B
2.08 kN 0.748 3.74 kN
M
1.038
z M x
x y

( kN  m ) (kN  m ) 0.021
0.416

We have T  0 .9 k N  m and M C
 M D
1

 [ (1 .0 3 8 )  ( 0 .0 2 1) ]  1 .0 3 8 k N  m  M
2 2 2
M C a

Refer to Solution of Prob. 9.24: C f  0 .8 3 , C s  0 .7 From Table B-3: S y  4 9 0 M P a

From Sec. 7.6:
S e  C f C r C s C t ( K1 ) S e  ( 0 .8 3 )( 0 .7 5 )( 0 .7 )(1)( 11.2 )( 0 .5  5 9 0 )  1 0 7 .1 2 M P a
'

Using Eq.(9.11), with S u replaced by S y :

Sy 1 1
32 ( 2 )
 M a )  Tm ] 2  [( 1 0479.10 2  1, 0 3 8 )  9 0 0 ] 2
3 32 n 2 2 2 2
D  Sy
[( 6
Se  ( 4 9 0 1 0 )

or D  0 .0 5 8 6 m = 5 8 .5 m m

SOLUTION (9.26)

Refer to Case 6 of Table A.8:

  (L  b  x )
Pbx 2 2 2
6 LEI


We have I   19 . 175  10
4 3 4
4
(12 . 5 ) mm

W D  W E  15  9 . 81  147 . 2 N

Deflection at D:
2 2 2
1 4 7 .2 (1 )( 0 .4 )(1 .4  1  0 .4 )
D ' 6 (1 4 0 0 )( 2 1 0  1 9 .1 7 5 )
 1 .3 9 3 m m
2 2 2
1 4 7 .2 ( 0 .4 )( 0 .4 )(1 .4  0 .4  0 .4 )
 D ''  6 (1 4 0 0 )( 2 1 0  1 9 .1 7 5 )
 1 .1 4 2 m m
and
 D   E  1 .3 9 3  1 .1 4 2  2 .5 3 5 m m

Equation (9.18) results in

2 gW  g
n cr  1
2 2
 1
2 
 1
2
9 . 81
3
 9 . 901 cps
2W  2 . 535  10

 594 rpm

156
SOLUTION (9.27)

Refer to Case 6 of Table A.8:

  (L  b  x )
Pbx 2 2 2
6 LEI

We have W D  W E  15  9 . 81  147 . 2 N

At midspan C:
3

C    0 .4  0 .7 ) 
0 . 5 ( 10 ) 147 . 2 ( 0 . 4 )( 0 . 7 ) 2 2 2 6 . 428
2 6 ( 1 . 4 ) EI
(1 . 4 EI

or
EI  25 . 711 (10 ) N  m
3 2

Deflection at D:
2 2 2
1 4 7 .2 (1 )( 0 .4 )(1 .4  1  0 .4 )
D ' 3
 0 .2 1 8 mm
6 (1 .4 )( 2 5 .7 1 1  1 0 )
2 2 2
1 4 7 .2 ( 0 .4 )( 0 .4 )(1 .4  0 .4  0 .4 )
 D ''  3
 0 .1 7 9 mm
6 (1 .4 )( 2 5 .7 1 1  1 0 )

and
 D
  E
 0 . 218  0 . 179  0 . 397 mm

Equation (9.18) gives

g
n cr  1
2 
 1
2
9 .8 1
3
 2 5 .0 2 cps
0 .3 9 7  1 0

SOLUTION (9.28)

We have

I   39 . 76  10
4 3 4
4
(15 ) mm

Refer to Case10 of Table A.8:

a b P
A C
B
L

2
C  Pb L
3 EI

Thus
2

C 
150 ( 0 . 4 )( 1000 )
3 ( 210  39 . 76 )
 0 . 958 mm

Equation (9.18) results in

n cr  1 g
2 

 1
2
9 .8 1
3
 1 6 .1 1 c p s  9 6 7 rp m
0 .9 5 8  1 0

157
SOLUTION (9.29)

See Table A.8 (Case 6) and Example 9.5.

We have
4
d
4  ( 0 .0 5 6 2 5 ) 6
I    0 .4 9 1 4 (1 0
4
64 64
) m

( a ) Deflection at C owing to 450 N:

C ' 
4 5 0 ( 2 .2 5 )( 0 .6 2 5 )
( 2 .8 7 5  0 .6 2 5  2 .2 5 )  1 .0 5 m m
2 2 2
9 6
6 ( 2 .8 7 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 0 .4 9 1 4  1 0 )

Deflection at C due to 270 N:

C " 
2 7 0 (1 )( 0 .6 2 5 )
( 2 .8 7 5  0 .6 2 5  1 )  0 .6 8 4 m m
2 2 2
9 6
6 ( 2 .8 7 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 0 .4 9 1 4 1 0 )

Total deflection at C:
 C  1 .0 5  0 .6 8 4  1 .7 3 4 m m
Deflection at D owing to 450 N:
4 5 0 ( 0 .6 2 5 )( 2 .8 7 5  1 .8 7 5 )
D ' [ 2 ( 2 .8 7 5 )(1 .8 7 5 )  0 .6 2 5  1 .8 7 5 ]  1 .1 4 1 m m
2 2
9 6
6 ( 2 .8 7 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 0 .4 9 1 4  1 0 )

Deflection at D due to 270 N:

D " 
2 7 0 (1 )(1 .8 7 5 )
( 2 .8 7 5  1 .8 7 5  1 )  1 .1 2 m m
2 2 2
9 6
6 ( 2 .8 7 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 0 .4 9 1 4 1 0 )

Total deflection at D:
 D  1 .1 4 1  1 .1 2  2 .2 6 1 m m
Applying Eq. (9.18), we obtain
3 3
9 .8 1[( 4 5 0 )(1 .7 3 4  1 0 )  ( 2 7 0 )( 2 .2 6 1  1 0 )] 1
n cr  1
2
[ 3 2 3 2
] 2

4 5 0 (1 .7 3 4  1 0 )  2 7 0 ( 2 .2 6 1  1 0 )

 1 1 .2 4 c p s  6 7 4 .4 r p m

( b ) Apply Eq. (9.21):

n c r ,C n c r , D
n cr  2 2
n c r ,C  n c r , D

g
where n cr ,C  1
2 C '
 1
2
9 .8 1
3
 1 5 .3 8 c p s  9 2 3 rp m
1 .0 5  1 0

g
n cr , D  1
2 D "
 1
2
9 .8 1
3
 1 4 .9 c p s  8 9 4 rp m
1 .1 2  1 0

( 9 2 3 )( 8 9 4 )
Hence n cr  2 2
 6 4 2 rp m
(923)  (894 )

SOLUTION (9.30)

Refer to Table A.8 (Case 6) and Solution of Prob. 9.29.

6
We now have I   D 6 4   ( 0 .0 8 7 5 ) 6 4  2 .8 7 7 4  1 0
4 4 4
m

( a ) Deflection at C owing to 450 N:

C ' 
4 5 0 ( 2 .2 5 )( 0 .6 2 5 )
( 2 .8 7 5  0 .6 2 5  2 .2 5 ) = 0 .1 7 9 3 m m
2 2 2
9 6
6 ( 2 .8 7 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 2 .8 7 7 4 4  1 0 )

Deflection at C due to 270 N:

C " 
2 7 0 (1 )( 0 .6 2 5 )
( 2 .8 7 5  0 .6 2 5  1 )  0 .1 1 6 9 m m
2 2 2
9 6
6 ( 2 .8 7 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 2 .8 7 7 4  1 0 )

Total deflection at C:
 C  0 .1 7 9 3  0 .1 1 6 9  0 .2 9 6 2 m m
(CONT.)

158
9.30 (CONT.)

Deflection at D owing to 450 N:

4 5 0 ( 0 .6 2 5 )( 2 .8 7 5  1 .8 7 5 )
D ' [ 2 ( 2 .8 7 5 )(1 .8 7 5 )  0 .6 2 5  1 .8 7 5 ]  0 .1 9 4 8 m m
2 2
9 6
6 ( 2 .8 7 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 2 .8 7 7 4 4  1 0 )

Deflection at D due to 270 N:

D " 
2 7 0 (1 )(1 .8 7 5 )
( 2 .8 7 5  1 .8 7 5  1 )  0 .1 9 1 2 m m
2 2 2
9 6
6 ( 2 .8 7 5 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 2 .8 7 7 4 4 1 0 )

Total deflection at D:
 D  0 .1 9 4 8  0 .1 9 1 2  0 .3 8 6 m m
Applying Eq. (9.18), we find
3 3
9 .8 1[( 4 5 0 )( 0 .2 9 6 2  1 0 )  ( 2 7 0 )( 0 .3 8 6 1 0 )] 1
n cr  1
2
[ 3 2 3 2
] 2

4 5 0 ( 0 .2 9 6 2  1 0 )  2 7 0 ( 0 .3 8 6  1 0 )

 2 7 .2 1 c p s  1 6 3 3 r p m

( b ) Apply Eq. (9.21):

n c r ,C n c r , D
n cr  2 2
n c r ,C  n c r , D

g
where n c r ,C  1
2 C '
 1
2
9 .8 1
3
 3 7 .2 3 c p s  2 2 3 4 rp m
0 .1 7 9 3  1 0

g
n cr , D  1
2 D "
 1
2
9 .8 1
3
 3 6 .0 5 c p s  2 1 6 3 rp m
0 .1 9 1 2  1 0

( 2 2 3 4 )( 2 1 6 3 )
Hence n cr  2 2
 1 5 5 4 rp m
( 2234 )  ( 2163)

SOLUTION (9.31)

Refer to Table A.8 (Case 6) and Example 9.5.

We have
4
d
4  ( 0 .0 4 6 9 ) 6
I    0 .2 3 7 5  1 0
4
64 64
m
( a ) Deflection at C owing to 340 N:
C ' 
3 4 0 (1 .1 2 5 )( 2 5 0 .6 2 5 )
(1 .7 5  1 .1 2 5  0 .6 2 5 )  1 .2 8 3 9 m m
2 2 2
9 6
6 (1 .7 5 )(1 0 5  1 0 )( 0 .2 3 7 5  1 0 )

Deflection at C due to 500 N:

C " 
5 0 0 ( 0 .3 7 5 )( 0 .6 2 5 )
(1 .7 5  0 .3 7 5  0 .6 2 5 )  1 .1 3 2 9 m m
2 2 2
9 6
6 (1 .7 5 )(1 0 5  1 0 )( 0 .2 3 7 5  1 0 )

Total deflection at C:
 C  1 .2 8 3 9  1 .1 3 2 9  2 .4 1 6 8 m m
Deflection at D owing to 340 N:
3 4 0 ( 0 .6 2 5 )(1 .7 5  1 .3 7 5 )
D ' [ 2 (1 .7 5 )(1 .3 7 5 )  0 .6 2 5  1 .3 7 5 ]  0 .7 7 0 3 m m
2 2
9 6
6 (1 .7 5 )(1 0 5  1 0 )( 0 .2 3 7 5 1 0 )

Deflection at D due to 500 N:

D " 
5 0 0 ( 0 .3 7 5 )(1 .3 7 5 )
(1 .7 5  1 .3 7 5  0 .3 7 5 )  1 .0 1 5 4 m m
2 2 2
9 6
6 (1 .7 5 )(1 0 5  1 0 )( 0 .2 3 7 5  1 0 )

Total deflection at D:
 D  0 .7 7 0 3  1 .0 1 5 4  1 .7 8 5 7 m m
Applying Eq. (9.18), we obtain
3 3
9 .8 1 ( 3 4 0  2 .4 1 6 8  1 0  5 0 0  1 .0 1 5 4 1 0 ) 1
n cr  1
2
[ 3 2 3 2
] 2

3 4 0  ( 2 .4 1 6 8  1 0 )  1 1 0  (1 .0 1 5 4 1 0 )

 1 1 .4 9 c p s  6 9 0 r p m
(CONT.)

159
9.31 (CONT.)

( b ) From Eq. (9.21), we have

n c r ,C n c r , D
n cr  2 2
n c r ,C  n c r , D

g
where n c r ,C  1
2 C '
 1
2
9 .8 1
3
 1 5 .9 1 c p s  8 3 5 rp m
1 .2 8 3 9  1 0

g
n cr , D  1
2 D "
 1
2
9 .8 1
3
 1 5 .6 5 c p s  9 3 9 rp m
1 .0 1 5 4  1 0

It follows that
( 8 3 5 )( 9 3 9 )
n cr  2 2
 6 2 4 rp m
(835 ) (939 )

SOLUTION (9.32)

Sy
Shaft  a ll
 n
 580
2 .3
 2 5 2 .2 M P a

Sy
Key  a ll
 n
 3 0 .8
2 .3
 1 3 3 .9 1 M P a
S ys
 a ll  n
 154
2 .3
 6 6 .9 5 M P a
Torque:
9549 kW 9549 (90 )
T  n
 900
 9 5 4 .9 N  m
Force at the shaft surface is then
F  T
r
 9 5 4 .9
1 8 .7 5
 5 0 .9 3 k N

3
5 0 .9 3  1 0
(a) L  
F
(w 2)

2 5 2 .2 ( 9 .3 5  1 0
3
2)
 0 .0 4 3 2 m = 4 3 .2 m m
a ll

3
5 0 .9 3  1 0
(b) L  
F
(w 2)
 6
1 3 3 .9 1  1 0 ( 9 .3 5  1 0
3
2)
 0 .0 8 1 4 m = 8 1 .4 m m
a ll

3
5 0 .9 3  1 0
(c) L  F
 a ll ( w )
 6
6 6 .9 5  1 0 ( 9 .3 5  1 0
3
)
 0 .0 8 1 4 m = 8 1 .4 m m

SOLUTION (9.33)

From Table B.3: For shaft: S y  S y c  4 4 0 M P a For key: S y  S y c  3 9 0 M P a n  2 .

0 .5 8 S y
 a ll 
0 .5 8 ( 4 4 0 )
Shaft: n
 2
 1 2 7 .6 M P a
4
 a ll J  a ll (  D
3
32 )  (1 2 7 .6 ) ( 0 .0 7 5 )
T  r
 D 2
 16
 1 0 .5 7 kN  m

and F  1 0 .5 7
0 .0 7 5 2
 2 8 1 .9 k N

Key length:
3
2 8 1 .9  1 0
Based on bearing on shaft: L  F
 6 3
 0 .2 7 3 4 m = 2 7 3 .4 m m
( S y n )( h 2 ) 4 4 0 1 0 9 .3 7 5  1 0
( )( )
2 2
3
2 8 1 .9  1 0
Based on bearing on key: L  F
 6 3
 0 .3 0 8 4 m = 3 0 8 .4 m m
( S y n )( h 2 ) 3 9 0 1 0 9 .3 7 5  1 0
( )( )
2 2
3
2 8 1 .9  1 0
Based on shear in key: L  F
 6
 0 .1 3 3 m = 1 3 3 m m
0 .5 8 S y 0 .5 8  3 9 0  1 0 3
( )w ( )(1 8 .7 5  1 0 )
n 2

160
SOLUTION (9.34)

3
0 .4  1 0
We have F  T
r

3 7 .5  1 0
3
2
 2 1 .3 3 k N
3 3
 a ll w L 6
( 7 0  1 0 ) ( 9 .3 7 5  1 0 ) ( 7 5 1 0 )
By Eq.(9.23): n   3
 1 .1 5
2F 2 ( 2 1 .3 3  1 0 )

SOLUTION (9.35)

Sy
Shaft  a ll
 n
 460
4
 115 M Pa
S ys
 a ll 
460 2
n
 4
 5 7 .5 M P a

Key
Sy
 a ll
 n
 340
4
 85 M Pa
Sy 2
 a ll  n
 4 2 .5 M P a

Torque in shaft. We have J   D 3 2   (6 0 ) 3 2  1 .2 7 2  1 0

4 4 6 4
mm

Hence,
 a ll J 5 7 .5 (1 .2 7 2 )
T  r
 0 .0 3
 2 .4 4 k N  m

Force at the shaft surface:

F  T
r
 2 .4 4
0 .0 3
 2 .4 4 k N  m

(a) L  
F
(w 2)
 81300
6
1 1 5 (1 0 )( 0 .0 1 )
 7 0 .7 m m
a ll

(b) L  
F
(w 2)
 81300
6
8 5 (1 0 )( 0 .0 1 )
 9 5 .6 m m
a ll

(c) L  F
 a ll ( w 2 )
 81300
6
4 2 .5 (1 0 )( 0 .0 2 )
 9 5 .6 m m

SOLUTION (9.36)

Shear force in each bolt:

F  T
RN

Average shear stress in each bolt,

Sy
 a ll 
T RN
 F
  db 4
 4T
2
n A  db RN

Solving
db   RNS y
4Tn
(P9.36)

Introducing the given data:

3
4 ( 5  1 0 )(1 .2 ) 1
db  [ 6
] 2

 ( 0 .0 8 )( 6 )( 2 6 0 )(1 0 )

 7 .8 2 m m

161
SOLUTION (9.37)

From Eq. (1.15),

9549 kW 9549 (30 )
T  n
 120
 2 .3 8 7 k N  m

Force at shaft surface

F  T
r
 2 .3 8 7
0 .0 3
 7 9 .6 k N

( a ) Key
3 Sy
 
7 9 .6 (1 0 )
F
L(w 2)
 6
 212 M Pa; n  
 420
212
 1 .9 8
7 5 ( 5 )(1 0 )
3 S ys
 
7 9 .6 (1 0 )
F
L(w)
 6
 106 M Pa; n  
 210
106
 1 .9 8
7 5 (1 0 )(1 0 )

( b ) Bolts

Force at bolt circle

F  T
Db 2
 2 .3 8 7
0 .0 7 2
 3 3 .1 5 k N

Sear Stress in bolts

S ys
 
3 3 .1 5 ( 4 )
F
2
 2
 3 1 .3 M P a ; n  
 210
 6 .7 1
6 ( d b 4) 6  ( 0 .0 1 5 ) 3 1 .3

( c ) Bearing on bolts in flange

Sy
  F
6 d b Ft
 3 3 .1 5
6
 2 4 .6 M P a ; n  
 420
2 4 .6
 1 7 .1
6 (1 5 )(1 5 )1 0

SOLUTION (9.38)

9549 ( 45 )
T  9549 kW
n
 200
 2 .1 4 8 k N  m

F  T
r
 2148
0 .0 2 5
 8 5 .9 2 k N

3 3 3
Area in shear in key  (1 4 .0 6 2 5  1 0 )(8 7 .5  1 0 )  1 .2 3  1 0
2
(a) m
3 3 4
Area in bearing for key  [(1 4 .0 6 2 5 2 )  1 0 ](8 7 .5  1 0 )  6 .1 5  1 0
2
m

Shear stress in key:

3
  8 5 .9 2  1 0
3
 6 9 .8 5 M P a
1 .2 3  1 0

3
Bearing stress in key:   8 5 .9 2  1 0
4
 1 3 9 .7 M P a
6 .1 5  1 0

Area in shear for bolts  6 ( 4 )(9 .3 7 5 )  4 1 4 .1 7 m m

2 2
(b)
Force at bolt circle:
F  2 .1 4 8
0 .0 7 5
 2 8 .6 k N

Shear stress in bolts:   28600

4 1 4 .1 7
 6 9 .0 5 M P a
(CONT.)

162
9.38 (CONT.)

( c ) Area in bearing for bolts  6 (9 .3 7 5 )( 2 1 .8 7 5 )  1 2 3 0 .5 m m

2

Bearing stress in bolts:

  28600
6
 2 3 .2 M P a
1 2 3 0 .5 (1 0 )

( d ) Area in shear at edge of hub   D h t f   (1 0 0 )( 2 1 .8 7 5 )  6 8 7 2 .2 m m

2

Force at edge of hub: F  T

Dh 2
 2148
0 .0 5
 4 2 .9 6 k N

3
Shear stress in web:   4 2 .9 6 0  1 0
6 8 7 2 .2 (1 0
6
)
 6 .2 5 M P a

End of Chapter 9

163
CHAPTER 10 BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION

SOLUTION (10.1)

We have
H  9 .8 1( 6 5 )  6 3 8 M P a
Equation (8.3') will be used.
  KWl
HAp
(1)
where
A p  D L  2 4 (1 2 )  2 8 8 m m
2

l  n  D t  1 8  ( 2 4 )( 6 0  1 2 0 0 )  9 7 .7  1 0
6
mm

6
( a ) Good Lub: K  2  1 0 (Table 8.3), Equation (1) gives:
6 6
( 2 1 0 )(1 5 0 )( 9 7 .7  1 0 )
  6 6
( 6 3 8  1 0 )( 2 8 8  1 0 )

 0 .1 6 m m

7
( b ) Excellent Lub: K  1  1 0 (Table 8.3), Equation (1) is then
7 6
(1  1 0 )(1 5 0 )( 9 7 .7  1 0 )
  6 6
( 6 3 8  1 0 )( 2 8 8  1 0 )

 0 .0 0 8 m m

SOLUTION (10.2)

Refer to solution of Prob. 10.1.

H  9 .8 1(1 0 5 )  1 0 3 0 M P a (Table B.6 and Sec. 8.5)
Use Eq. (8.3'),
  KWl
HAp
(1)
Here
A p  D L  ( 2 5 )( 2 5 )  6 2 5 m m
2

l  n  D t  1 8  ( 2 5 )( 6 0  1 5 0 0 )  1 2 7 .2  1 0
6
mm

6
( a ) Good Lub: K  2  1 0 (Table 8.3), Then, Eq. (1) result in
6 6
( 2 1 0 )(1 1 5 )(1 2 7 .2  1 0 )
  6 6
(1 0 3 0  1 0 )( 6 2 5  1 0 )

 0 .0 4 5 m m

7
( b ) Excellent Lub: K  1  1 0 (Table 8.3), Equation (1) gives
7 6
(1  1 0 )(1 1 5 )(1 2 7 .2  1 0 )
  6 6
(1 0 3 0  1 0 )( 6 2 5  1 0 )

 0 .0 0 2 m m

164
SOLUTION (10.3)

We have
H  9 .8 1( 6 0 )  5 8 8 .6 M P a
Equation (8.3) will be used,
  KH WA l (1)
a

where
  0 .1 5 m m , W  450 N
7
K  1 10 (Table 8.3)
l  n  D t  n  ( 2 5 )( 6 0  2 4  3 6 5  1 .2 )  4 9 .5 4  1 0 n m m
6

A p  ( 2 5 )( 2 5 )  6 2 5 m m
2

Equation (1) is thus

7 6
(1  1 0 )( 4 5 0 )( 4 9 .5 4  1 0 n )
0 .1 5  6 6
( 5 8 8 .6  1 0 )( 6 2 5  1 0 )

Solving,
n  2 4 .8 r p m

SOLUTION (10.4)

Equation (10.10):
1 5 9 (1 .5 )
Tf  159 kW
n
 1200 60
 1 1 .9 N  m
Equation (10.7):
Tfc 3

 
11 . 9 ( 0 . 09 ) 10
2 3
 2 3
 12 . 04 mPa  s
4 Lr n 4 ( 0 . 22 )( 0 . 08 ) ( 20 )

t  80
o
From Fig.10.8: C

SOLUTION (10.5)

2 3 3
4
2 3
4  Lr n ( 4 .1 4  1 0 )( 0 .1 )( 0 .0 3 7 5 ) ( 2 4 0 0 0 6 0 )
(a) Tf  c
 3
 4 .6 4 N  m
0 .0 7 5 (1 0 )

Tf n 4 .6 ( 4 0 0 )
( b ) kW  159
 159
 1 1 .6

Tf
(c) f  Wr
 4 .6
2 2 5 0 ( 0 .0 3 7 5 )
 0 .0 5 5

SOLUTION (10.6)

T f
 fWr  0 . 01 ( 8000 )( 0 . 06 )  4 . 8 N  m

Tfc 3

(a)  
4 . 8 ( 0 . 05 ) 10
2 3
 2 3
 23 . 45 mPa  s
4 Lr n 4 ( 0 . 12 )( 0 . 06 ) ( 10 )

( b ) Figure 10.8: SAE 40 oil

165
SOLUTION (10.7)

3
12 ( 10 ) 2
P  W
  0 . 768 MPa, f  F
 80
3
 0 . 667 (10 )
DL ( 0 . 125 )( 0 . 125 ) W 12  10

Equation (10.9):
2 6

 
fP 0 . 667 ( 10 )( 0 . 768 )( 10 )
2
( cr )  2
( 0 . 0004 )  25 . 95 mPa  s
2 n 2 (4)

SOLUTION (10.8)

From Fig. 10.8:   1 1 m P a  s

(a) P  W
DL
 2250
( 0 .1 5 )( 0 .0 3 7 5 )
 400 kPa n  1500
60
 25 rp s
Equation (10.9):
3
2 n r
f  2  2
2 11 ( 10 )( 25 )
3
1
 0 . 014
P c 400  10 0 . 001

( b ) T f  fW D 2  ( 0 .0 1 4 )( 2 .2 5 )( 7 5 )  2 .3 6 N m
Tf n 2 .3 6 ( 2 5 )
kW  159
 159
 0 .3 7

SOLUTION (10.9)

( a ) From Eq. (10.10):

1 5 9 (1 .4 )
Tf  159 kW
n
 2100 60
 6 .3 6 N  m
Equation (10.7) gives then
Tfc
 
( 6 .3 6 )( 0 .1 7 5 )
2 3
 2 3
 9 .5 5 m P a  s
4 Lr n 4 ( 0 .2 )( 0 .0 7 5 ) ( 3 5 )

Using Fig. 10.8:

t  90 C
o

( b ) Equation (10.8) results in

Tf
f  Wr
 6 .3 6
2 (75 )

 0 .0 4 2

SOLUTION (10.10)

Figure 10.8:   8 .4 m P a  s , c  0 .0 0 1 r  0 .0 0 1(5 0 )  0 .0 0 5 m m , L D 1 2

h0
Figure 10.14: c
 0 . 025
0 . 05
 0 .5  S  0 . 52

Equation (10.17):
3
2 n 6 8 .4 (1 0 )( 3 0 )
S  ( cr ) P
 10 P
 0 .5 2 , P  4 8 4 .6 k P a
and
W  P D L  4 8 4 .6 ( 0 .1) ( 0 .0 5 )  2 .4 2 k N

166
SOLUTION (10.11)

3
1 2 (1 0 ) 2
P  W
DL
 ( 0 .1 2 5 )( 0 .1 2 5 )
 0 .7 6 8 M Pa, f  F
W
 80
3
 0 .6 6 7 (1 0 ), L D 1
1 2 (1 0 )

Thus
2
f  ( 0 .6 6 7  1 0 )  1 6 .7
r 1
c 0 .0 0 0 4

From Fig. 10.15: S  0 .8 .

The viscosity is therefore

6

 
0 .8 ( 0 .7 6 8 )1 0
S P
n ( r c )2
 2
 0 .0 2 4 5 8 P a  s  2 4 .5 mPa s
4 (1 0 .0 0 0 4 )

SOLUTION (10.12)

( a ) From Solution of Prob.10.8:

  1 1 m P a  s , P  4 0 0 k P a , n  2 5 rp s , L D  1 4
We thus have
3
2 n 2 11 ( 10 )( 25 )
S  ( cr ) P
 ( 0 . 001
1
) 3
 0 . 69
400 ( 10 )

From Fig. 10.15:

f  20, f  2 0 ( r )  2 0 ( 0 .0 0 1 )  0 .0 2
r c
c

fW D
( b ) Thus Tf  2
 0 .0 2 ( 2 .2 5 )( 0 .0 7 5 )  3 .3 7 5 N  m
Tfn 3 . 375 ( 25 )
kW  159
 159
 0 . 531

SOLUTION (10.13)

( a ) We have
P  W
DL
 1 .4 5
( 0 .0 3 )( 0 .0 3 )
 1 .6 1 M P a L D  30 30  1
Somerfield number:
3
n 2 0 .7 (1 0 )( 4 0 )
S  ( cr ) ( )  ( 01.05 3 ) [ ]  0 .1 2 9
2 2
P 6
1 .6 1 (1 0 )

Then, Fig. 10.14 gives, h o c  0 .4 2 and   1  h o c  0 .5 8 .

It follows that
e   c  0 .5 8 ( 0 .0 3 )  0 .0 1 7 4 m m

( b ) Figure 10.15. With S  0 .1 2 9 , L D  1; ( r c ) f  3 .5 .

So, f  3 .5 ( c r )  3 .5 ( 0 .0 3 ) (1 5 )  0 .0 0 7 N  m
Friction torque,
T  fW ( D 2 )  0 .0 0 7 (1 .4 5 )(1 5 )  0 .1 5 2 N  m
0 .1 5 2 ( 4 0 )
Thus, kW  Tn
159
 159
 0 .0 3 8 2

( c ) Figure 10.16 ( S  0 .1 2 9 with L D  1 ) gives

P
P
 0 .4 2
m ax

or
Pm a x  P 0 .4 2  1 .6 1(1 0 ) 0 .4 2  3 .8 3 M P a
6

167
SOLUTION (10.14)

3
1 5 (1 0 )
P  W
DL
 6
 2 .0 8 3 M P a
(1 2 0 )( 6 0 )1 0

Figure 10.8:   1 6 m P a  s
o
(for SAE 40 oil at 8 0 C )
Apply Eq. (10.17):
n
S  ( cr ) (
2
P
)
or
3
120 2 2 (1 6  1 0 )(1 5 0 0 6 0 )
0 .1 5  ( c
) 6
2 .0 8 3 (1 0 )

Solving,
c  0 .0 6 7 9 m m
It follows that
c r  0 .0 6 7 9 6 0  0 .0 0 1 1 OK (See Sec. 10.8)
Figure 10.14:
h o c  0 .2 8 (for S  0 .1 5 and L D  1 2 )
from which
h o  0 .2 8 ( 0 .0 6 7 9 )  0 .0 1 9 m m

SOLUTION (10.15)

h0
c
 0 . 0025
0 . 00625
 0 .4 , Figure 10.14: S  0 . 13 , L D 1
2 n 2  (900 60 )
S  ( cr ) P
 ( 0 .05006 2 5 ) 3
,   9 .4 5 m P a  s
7 0 0 (1 0 )

t  80 C
o
( a ) Fig.10.8:

( b ) Fig.10.15: r
c
f  3 , f  3 ( 0 . 00625
50
)  0 . 00375

( c ) T f  fW r  0 .0 0 3 7 5 ( 7 0 0  0 .1  0 .1)( 0 .5 )  1 3 .1 N  m
Tfn 13 . 1 ( 15 )
kW  1050
 159
 1 . 24

SOLUTION (10.16)

P  W
DL
 1500
0 .0 2 5  0 .0 2 5
 2 .4 M P a , n  1 6 .6 7 rp s , L D 1
3
2 n 2 5 0 (1 0 )(1 6 .6 7 )
S  ( cr ) P
 ( 0 .010 0 8 ) 6
 0 .5 4 3, c  0 .0 1 m m
2 .4 (1 0 )

h0
( a ) Figure 10.14: c
 0 . 75 ; h 0  0 . 75 ( 0 . 01 )  0 . 008 mm

f  1 1, f  1 1( 0 .0 0 0 8 )  0 .0 0 8 8
r
( b ) Figure 10.15: c

T f
 fWr  ( 0 . 0088 )( 1500 )( 0 . 025 2 )  0 . 165 N m
Tf n 0 .1 6 5 (1 6 . 6 7 )
kW  159  159  0 .0 1 7

168
SOLUTION (10.17)

P  W
DL
 4000
0 .0 8  0 .0 4
 1 .2 5 M P a , n  10 rp s , c  0 .0 8 mm, L D 1 2
Fig.10.8:   30 mPa  s
3
2 n 2 3 0 (1 0 )(1 0 )
S  (c)  ( 0 .0 0 2 )  0 .0 6
r 1
Thus P 6
1 . 2 5 (1 0 )

h0
( a ) Figure 10.14: c
 0 .1 6 , h 0  0 .1 6 ( 0 .0 8 )  0 .0 1 3 m m

( b ) Figure 10.16: P
p m ax
 0 .2 6 , p m ax  1 .2 5
0 .2 6
 4 .8 0 8 M P a

SOLUTION (10.18)

Figure 10.8:   8 mPa s n  1 6 3 0 6 0  2 7 .2 rp s , L D 1

119 hp 1 1 9 ( 0 .1 6 )
T  n
 2 7 .2
 0 .7 N  m , F  T
r
 0 .7
0 .0 2 5
 28 N
Try S=0.03:
Fig.10.15: r
c
f  1 . 45 , f  1 . 45 ( 0 . 001 )  0 . 00145

From Eq.(10.17):
3
2 n 2 8 1 0 ( 2 7 .2 )
P  ( cr ) S
 ( 0 .01 0 1 ) 0 .0 3
 7 .2 5 M P a

W  P D L  7 .2 5 (1 0 )( 0 .0 5 )( 0 .0 5 )  1 8 .1 3 k N
6
Thus
F  fW  0 .0 0 1 4 5 (1 8 .1 3  1 0 )  2 6 .3 N
3

Since 28 > 26.3, assumption S=0.03 is incorrect.

Try S=0.025:
f  1.3 , f  1.3 ( 0 .0 0 1 )  0 .0 0 1 3
r
Fig.10.15: c
3
2 ( 8 1 0 )( 2 7 .2 )
P  ( 0 .01 0 1 ) 0 .0 2 5
 8 .7 M P a

W  P D L  8 .7 (1 0 )( 0 .0 5 )( 0 .0 5 )  2 1 .8
6
kN
F  fW  0 .0 0 1 3( 2 1 .8  1 0 )  2 8 .3 N ,
3
Assumption is correct.

( a ) W  2 1 .8 k N

h0
( b ) Fig.10.14: c
 0 . 13 , h 0  0 . 13 ( 0 . 001  25 )  0 . 0033 mm

h0
( c ) Equation (10.20):  1  c
 1  0 . 13  0 . 87

SOLUTION (10.19)

h0
c  0 .0 0 1 5 (5 0 )  0 .0 7 5 m m , c
 0 .0 2 5
0 .0 7 5
 1
3
, L D 1 2
Figure 10.14: S=0.022
P  W
DL
 8000
( 0 . 1 )( 0 . 05 )
 1 . 6 MPa n  900 60  15 rps

(CONT.)

169
10.19 (CONT.)

( a ) Equation (10.17):
6
0 . 22 ( 1 . 6  10
 
)
  52 . 8 mPa  s
SP 2 2
n
( cr ) 15
( 0 . 0015 )

f  6 .5 , f  6 .5 ( 0 .0 0 1 5 )  0 .0 1
r
( b ) Figure 10.15: c

F  fW  0 . 01 ( 8000 )  80 N
Tfn ( 80  0 . 050 ) 15
kW  159
 159
 0 . 377

SOLUTION (10.20)

P  W
DL
 6000
0 .1 0 .0 5
 1 .2 M P a , r  50 m m , L D 1 2
6
From Sec. 10.10: A  1 2 .5 D L  1 2 .5 (1 0 0  5 0 )  1 0  0 .0 6 2 5 n  5 rp s
2
m ,
Table 10.3: C  7 . 4 watts  C
2 o
m
Equation (10.17):
3
2 n 2 ( 2 0 1 0 )( 5 )
S  ( cr ) P  ( 1
0 .0 0 1 ) 6
1.2 (1 0 )
 0 .0 8 3

f  3.2 , f  3 .2 ( 0 .0 0 1 )  0 . 0 0 3 2
r
Figure 10.15: c

Through the use of Eq.(10.24), we have

H  fW ( 2  r n )  0 .0 0 3 2 ( 6 , 0 0 0 ) ( 2   0 .0 5  5 )  3 0 .1 6 w a tts

Thus, by Eq.(10.23):
t0  ta   20   20  65 . 2  85 . 2
H 30 . 16 o
CA 7 . 4 ( 0 . 0625 )
C

SOLUTION (10.21)

Refer to Solution of Prob.10.20. We have

C  8 . 5 watts  C (Table 10.3)
2 o
m
Using Eq.(10.23): t 0  t a   30   30  56 . 8  86 . 8
H 30 . 16 o
CA 8 . 5 ( 0 . 0625 )
C

SOLUTION (10.22)

Table 10.5: C  14 kN C s  6 . 95 kN n  1500

Fa Fa
  1.2 5  e   0 .4 3 2
3 3
Table 10.7: V Fr 1.2 ( 2 ) Cs 6 .9 5

X  0 .5 6 Y  1.0 3 7 (by interpolation)

Thus, we obtain
P  XVF r
 YF a  0 . 56 (1 . 2 )( 2 )  1 . 037 ( 3 )  4 . 455 kN
or
P  VF r
 1 . 2 ( 2 )  2 . 4 kN
Hence
6 6
L1 0   ( 4 .41 45 5 )  3 4 4 .8 h
10 a 3
60 n
( CP ) 10
6 0 (1 5 0 0 )

170
SOLUTION (10.23)

Table 10.5: C  1 4 .8 k N C s  7 .6 5
Fa
Table 10.8: V Fr  1.2 5  e  0 .9 5 ; X  0 .3 7 , Y  0 .6 6

We have then
P  XVF r
 YF a  0 . 37 (1 . 2 )( 2 )  0 . 66 ( 3 )  2 . 868 kN
or
P  VF r
 1 . 2 ( 2 )  2 . 4 kN
Thus
6 6
L1 0   ( 21.84 .86 8 )  1 5 2 6 .9
10 a 3
60 n
( CP ) 10
6 0 (1 5 0 0 )
h

SOLUTION (10.24)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 10.22:

Fa
C  14 kN , C s  6 .9 5 kN , Cs
 0 .4 3 2
Table 10.7:
Fa
VF
 3
1( 2 )
 1 .5  e ; X  0 . 56 Y  1 . 037 (by interpolation)
r

It follows that
P  K s [ X V F r  Y F a ]  1 .5[( 0 .5 6 )1( 2 )  1 .0 3 7 (3)]  6 .3 4 7 k N
or
P  K s VF r  (1 . 5 )1 ( 2 )  3 kN
Thus
6 6
L1 0   ( 6 .31 44 7 )  1 1 9 .2
10 a 3
60 n
( CP ) 10
6 0 (1 5 0 0 )
h

SOLUTION (10.25)

Table 10.5:
C  5 5 .9 k N C s  3 5 .5 k N

Table 10.8:
Fa iF a 1 ( 6 .7 5 )
V Fr
 6 .7 5
(1 )( 2 2 .5 )
 0 .3  e , Cs
 3 5 .5
 0 .1 9
and
X  1, Y  0 .9 2
Thus
P  X V F r  Y F a  1(1)( 2 2 .5 )  ( 0 .9 2 )( 6 .7 5 )  2 9 k N
or
P  V F r  (1)( 2 2 .5 )  2 2 .5 k N
Hence
6 6
L1 0  ( CP )  ( 5259.9 )  1 7 0 .5 h
10 3 10 3
60 n 60 (700 )

171
SOLUTION (10.26)

Table 10.5: C  1 4 k N C s  6 .9 5 k N
Table 10.7:
Fa Fa
Cs
 2
6 .9 5
 0 .2 9  e , V Fr
 2
(1 )( 4 )
 0 .5  e
and
X  0 .5 6 , Y  1 .1 4 2 (by interpolation)
Hence
P  X V F r  Y F a  0 .5 6 (1)( 4 )  (1 .1 4 2 )( 2 )
 4 .5 2 k N
or
P  V F r  (1)( 4 )  4 k N
Thus
6 6
L1 0   ( 41.542 )  1 4 1 .5 h
10 a 3
60 n
( CP ) 10
60 (3500 )

From Fig. 10.26: K r  0 .6 2 .

So
L 5  K r L1 0  0 .6 2 (1 4 1 .5 )  8 7 .7 h

SOLUTION (10.27)

Variation factor: V  1 (Eq. 10.25)

Table 10.5: C  1 9 .5 k N C s  10 kN

Table 10.7:
Fa Fa
Cs
 1 .7
10
 0 .1 7 , e  0 .3 4 ; V Fr
 1 .7
(1 )( 4 .5 )
 0 .3 8  e
and
X  0 .5 6 , Y  1 .3 1
Thus
P  X V F r  Y F a  0 .5 6 (1)( 4 .5 )  (1 .3 1)(1 .7 )  4 .7 4 7 k N

or P  V F r  (1)( 4 .5 )  4 .5 k N
It follows that
6 6
L1 0   ( 41.79 .54 7 )  1 9 2 6 h
10 a 3
60 n
( CP ) 10
60 (600 )

SOLUTION (10.28)

Table 10.9: K s  2 .5 V  1 .2
and
Fa
V Fr
 1 .7
(1 .2 )( 4 .5 )
 0 .3 1 5  e ; X  0 .5 6 , Y  1 .3 1
Therefore, Eq. (10.27):
P  K s ( X V F r  Y F a )  2 .5[( 0 .5 6 )(1 .2 )( 4 .5 )  (1 .3 1)(1 .7 )]
 1 3 .1 3 k N
(CONT.)

172
10.28 (CONT.)

or
P  K sV F r  2 .5 (1 .2 )( 4 .5 )  1 3 .5 k N
Hence
6 6
L1 0   ( 11 39 .5.5 )  8 3 .7 h
10 a 3
60 n
( CP ) 10
60 (600 )

From Fig. 10.26: K r  0 .6 2 . So,

L 5  K r L1 0  0 .7 (8 3 .7 )  5 8 .6 h

SOLUTION (10.29)

3
L '10 P1
P2   0 . 5 P1 , P 2  0 . 794 P1  20 . 6 %
3 3
2 L " 10

SOLUTION (10.30)

10
10
L '10 P1 3
  0 . 5 P1 3 , P 2  0 . 812 P1 18 . 8 %
10 3
P2 2 L " 10

SOLUTION (10.31)

Table 10.5: C  5 5 .9 k N , C s  3 5 .5 k N
Fa iF a
  0 . 25  e ,   0 . 085
1 .5 2 ( 1 .5 )
Table 10.8: VF 1 .2 ( 5 ) Cs 35 . 5
r

and
X  1, Y  1.3 8 6 (by interpolation)

Then we obtain
P  XVF r
 YF a  1(1 . 2 )( 5 )  1 . 386 (1 . 5 )  8 . 079 kN
or
P  V F r  1 .2 (5 )  6 k N
Thus
6 6
L1 0   ( 85.05 7.99 )  5 5 2 1 h
10 a 3
60 n
( CP ) 10
6 0 (1 0 0 0 )

and
5 L1 0  5 (5 5 2 1)  2 7 , 6 0 5 h

SOLUTION (10.32)

P  K s [V X F r  0 ]  1 .7[1 .2 (1)5 ]  1 0 .2 kN

35 mm-02-series (Table 10.6):

6 6 10

L1 0  ( CP )  [ 13 01 .2.9 ] 3  3 1 0 .6 5 h
10 a 10
60 n 60 ( 2400 )

35 mm-03-series (Table 10.6):

6 10

L1 0  10
60 ( 2400 )
[ 14 04 .2.6 ] 3  9 4 9 .3 h

173
SOLUTION (10.33)

P  K sV F r  1(1)( 2 5 )  2 5 kN (Eq.10.26)

75 mm-02-series (Table 10.6):

6 6 10

L1 0   [ 9215.3 ] 3  6 2 5 .1 h
10 a
60 n
( CP ) 10
60 ( 2000 )

and 5 L1 0  3,1 2 5 h r

75 mm-03-series (Table 10.6):

6 10

L1 0  10
60 ( 2000 )
[ 12853 ] 3  6 3 4 6 h

and 5 L1 0  3 1, 7 3 0 h

SOLUTION (10.34)

P  K sV F r  2 (1  1  1 2 .5 )  2 5 kN (Eq.10.26)

We have
6 6
L1 0  24  C  3 6 .2 8 6 k N
10 a 3
60 n
( CP ) : 10
60 ( 2400 )
[ 2C4 ] ,

02-series (Table 10.6): 40-mm-bore bearing

03-series (Table 10.6): 30-mm-bore bearing

SOLUTION (10.35)

Fa
Table 10.7: Cs  0 , use 0.014: X  1 , Y  0

We have, by Eq.(10.27),
P  K s XVF r
 2 . 5 (1)( 1 . 2 ) 8  24 kN

Thus
6 6
L 10   ] , C  18 . 1 kN
10 a 3
60 n
( CP ) : 40
5
10
60 ( 900 )
C
[ 24

From Table 10.5: 30-mm-bore bearing

SOLUTION (10.36)

Refer to Solution of Prob.10.22: C  14 kN , P  4 . 455 kN

Figure 10.26: K r  0 .6 2 . We now have n  1200 rpm .

Hence
6 6
L5  K r ( CP )  0 .6 2 ( 4 .41 45 5 )  2 6 7 h
10 3 10 3
60 n 6 0 (1 2 0 0 )

174
SOLUTION (10.37)

Figure 10.26: K r
 0 .3 2 , Refer to Solution of Prob.10.32:

35 mm-02-series:
L 5  K r L1 0  0 .3 2 (3 1 0 .6 5 )  9 9 .4 1 h

35 mm-03-series:
L 5  K r L1 0  0 .3 2 (9 4 9 .3)  3 0 3 .8 h

End of Chapter 10

175
CHAPTER 11 SPUR GEARS

SOLUTION (11.1)

Equation (11.4): m  d
N
, d  6 (3 2 )  1 9 2 m m , r  d
2
 96 m m
Table 11.1:
a  m  6 mm , h  2 .2 5 ( 6 )  1 3 .5 m m , hk  2 ( 6 )  1 2 m m

Equation (11.9) of Sec.11.4:

rb  r c o s   9 6 c o s 2 0  9 0 .2 1 1 m m , r0  r  a  9 6 .2 1 m m
o

SOLUTION (11.2)

N1 N
Equation (11.8): r s   or N 1 
1 2
N 2 3 3

Equations (11.6) and (11.5b):

N1 N 2 N
c  r1  r2   (N1  N 2)   N2)  N 2 )  360
m 3 2 3 4
2P 2 2 ( 3 2 ( 3

or
 1 8 0 teeth. Thus N 1   6 0 teeth
180
N 2 3

SOLUTION (11.3)

( a ) Pitch circle is
P   m  1 0   3 1 .4 2 m m
Pitch diameters are
d p
 N p
 1 8 (1 0 )  1 8 0 m m , d g  4 2 (1 0 )  4 2 0 m m
The center distance:
d dg
c   (1 8 0  4 2 0 )  3 0 0 m m
p 1
2 2

Base circle are

Pb p  r p c o s   9 0 c o s 2 0  8 4 .5 7 m m
o

Pb g  2 1 0 c o s 2 0  1 9 7 .3 4 m m
o

d dg
(b) c   300  8  308 m m
p

2
(1)
The velocity ratio does not change. Hence
d
 18
p

dg 42
(2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2),
d p
 1 8 4 .8 2 m m d g  4 3 1 .1 9 m m

Since rb  r c o s  , the new pressure angle is

1 rb p 1
 new  c o s  cos  2 3 .7 7
8 4 .5 7 o
d p 2 1 8 4 .8 2 2

176
SOLUTION (11.4)

Addendum and circular pitch:

a  1 m  1 (4)  4 m m (Table 11.1)
p   m   ( 4 )  1 2 .5 5 6 m m ; (Eq. 11.5a)

Tooth thickness,
t  1 .1 5 7 1 m  1 .5 7 1( 4 )  6 .2 8 4 m m (Table 11.1)

SOLUTION (11.5)

Refer to Table 11.1; with m 1 P :

Dedendum, b d  1 .2 5 m  1 .2 5 (1 2 )  1 5 m m
Clearance, f  0 .2 5 m  0 .2 5 (1 2 )  3 m m
Working depth, h k  2 m  2 (1 2 )  2 4 m m
Thickness, t  1 .5 7 1 m  1 .5 7 1(1 2 )  1 8 .8 5 2 0 m m

Circular pitch, by Eq. (11.3):

p   m   (1 2 )  3 7 .6 9 9 1 m m

SOLUTION (11.6)

d g  4d p
(Eq. 11.8)
We have
c  1
2
(d p
 d g )  2 0 0; 5d p
 400 or d p
 80 m m
and
m  d p
N p
, N p
 d p
m  80 5  16
Thus,
N g
 4N p
 64

SOLUTION (11.7)

Equation (11.8),
N
rs   1200
  2N  2 (1 8 )  3 6
p 1
N 2400 2
, N g p
g

Equation (11.4),
d p
 N p m  1 8 (3 )  5 4 m m
and
c  1
2
(d p
 dg)  1
2
(5 4  3 6 )  4 5 m m

Equation (11.5a) gives

p   m   ( 3 )  9 .4 2 4 8 m m

177
SOLUTION (11.8)

N N
rs     2 1 teeth
p 1 p
Equation (11.8): N g 4 84 , N p

 p
m  
 0 . 5234
 13 . 1942

 4

d p
 mN p
 4 ( 2 1)  8 4 m m , dg  mN p
 4 (8 4 )  3 3 6 m m

Therefore
c  1
2
(d g  d p )  1
2
(3 3 6  8 4 )  2 1 0 m m

SOLUTION (11.9)

( a ) From Eq. (11.4), pitch diameters are

d g  N g m  6 0 (8 )  4 8 0 m m

d p
 2 4 (8 )  1 9 2 m m

The center distance

c  1
2
(d p
 dg)  1
2
(1 9 2  4 8 0 )  3 3 6 m m

The base circles are

d
rb p  cos    9 0 .2 1 m m
p 192 o
2 2
cos 20

rb g   2 2 5 .5 2 m m
480 o
2
cos 20

( b ) When center distance is increased by 6 mm, we have c=342.

This corresponds to a 1.79% increased in center distance. However,

d p
 d g  2 (3 4 2 )  6 8 4 m m (1)

and
N N
  60
p g 24
d dg
; dp dg
(2)
p

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2):

d g  4 8 8 .6 m m d p
 1 9 5 .4 m m

We have
d
m   1 9 5 .4
 8 .1 4 2 m m
p

N p 24

Circular pithch
p   m  8 .1 4 2   2 5 .5 8 m m

Changing center distance does not affect the base circle. Thus,
1 rb p 1
 new  c o s )  cos ( 1 99 50 .4.2 12 )  2 2 .6
o
( rp

178
SOLUTION (11.10)

N
Equation (11.8): rs  N
p
 1
4
N g
 4N p
 4 ( 22 )  88 teeth
g

Equation (11.4):
d g  N g m  88(4)  352 mm

d p
 N p m  22 ( 4 )  88 mm
Hence,
c  1
2
(3 5 2  8 8 )  2 2 0 mm

SOLUTION (11.11)

From Eq. (11.5b), the modulus is

N
 or d p  N p m  2 5 (3 )  7 5 m m
1 p

m d p

The speed at the contact point, V p  V g  V :

d
V  w p rb p  w p  ( 3 46 00 0 ) 2  ( 725 ) c o s 2 0
p o o
2
cos 20

 1 2 , 5 4 7 m m s  1 2 .5 5 m s

SOLUTION (11.12)

From Eq. (11.5a), the circular pitch,

p   m   ( 2 )  6 .2 8 m m

By Eqs. (11.5b) and (11.6), the center distance:

c  1
2
(N p
 N g )m  1
2
(3 0  1 0 0 )( 2 )  1 3 0 m m

The pitch circular radii are

rp  1
2
N pm  1
2
(3 0 )( 2 )  3 0 m m

rg  1
2
N gm  1
2
(1 0 0 )( 2 )  1 0 0 m m

Using Eq. (11.9), The base radii:

rb p  r p c o s   3 0 c o s 2 0  2 8 .1 9 m m
o

rb g  rg c o s   1 0 0 c o s 2 0  9 3 .9 7 m m
o

The addendum is equal to a p  1

p
 m  2 mm

(CONT.)

179
11.12 (CONT.)

The order radii are therefore

ro p  r p  a  3 0  2  3 2 m m

ro g  1 0 0  2  1 0 2 m m

and ro p  ro g  1 3 4

SOLUTION (11.13)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 11.9. We have

p   m   (8 )  2 5 .1 3 3 m m ,   20
o

rg  4 8 0 2  2 4 0 m m , rp  1 9 2 2  9 6 m m

rb p  9 0 .2 1 m m , rb g  2 2 5 , 5 2 m m , c  336 m m

From Table 11.1, the addendum for gears are

a  1 p  8 mm

The outside radii are then

ro p  r p  a  9 6  8  1 0 4 m m

ro g  2 4 0  8  2 4 8 m m

Substituting the data into Eq. (11.14), the contact ratio:

o
Cr  [ 1 0 4  9 0 .2 1  2 4 8  2 2 5 .5 2 ] 
1 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 ta n 2 0
o 2 5 .1 3 3
2 5 .1 3 3 c o s 2 0

 1 .6 9 4

SOLUTION (11.14)

We have
N1 N
e  ( N3
)( N 3 )   24
96
  0 .2 5
4

Substituting into Eq. (11.18)

0  n2
 0 .2 5  120  n2
, n 2  2 4 rp m

Direction is the same as that of the sun gear.

180
SOLUTION (11.15)

22 (9549 )
kW  Tn
9549
, T1  4000
 5 2 .5 2 N  m

d 1  2 7 (8 )  2 1 6 m m , d 2  4 8 (8 )  3 8 4 m m , d 3  3 6 (8 )  2 8 8 m m (Eq.11.2)

T1
( a ) Ft1  r1
 5 2 .5 2
0 .1 0 8
 486 N

Equation (11.19): F r  F t ta n   4 8 6 ta n 2 5  2 2 7 lb
o o

( b ) RC  486  227  536 N , T C  4 8 6 ( 0 .1 4 4 )  7 0 N  m

2 2

486
227
A B 486
486

o
2 2 .9
C
486 RC

TC

SOLUTION (11.16)

22 (9549 )
T1  9549 kW
n
 4000
 5 2 .5 2 N  m

d 1  2 7 (5 )  1 3 5 m m , d 2  4 8 (5 )  2 4 0 m m , d 3  3 6 (5 )  1 8 0 m m (Eq.11.4)

T1
( a ) Ft 1  r1
 5 2 .5 2
0 .0 6 7 5
 778 N

Equation (11.19): F r 1  F t 1 ta n 2 0  2 8 3 N
o

( b ) RC  778  283  828 N , T C  7 7 8 ( 0 .0 9 )  7 0 N  m

2 2

778
B
A
o
283 45

778 778
o
778 20
C
RC
TC

181
SOLUTION (11.17)
Equation (11.4): d 1  2 0 ( 6 )  1 2 0 m m , d 2  40(6)  240 m m ,
d 3  20(6)  120 m m , d 4  60(6)  360 m m

9549 (37 )
( a ) T1  9549 kW
n
 1200
 2 9 4 .4 N  m

Ft 1   4 .9 1 k N , F r 1  4 .9 1 ta n 2 0  1 .7 9 k N
2 9 4 .4 o
0 .0 6
(Eq.11.19)
We have 4 .9 1( 0 .1 2 )  0 .0 6 F t 3 , F t 3  9 .8 2 k N , F r 3  9 .8 2 ta n 2 0  3 .5 7 k N
o

B ( b )  F x  0 : F x  4 .9 1  3 .5 7  1 .3 4 k N
3
3.57
 F y  0 : F y  9 .8 2  1 .7 9  8 .0 3 k N
9.82
RB  8 .0 3  1 .3 4  8 .1 4 k N
2 2
o
9 .5 4.91
TB  0
RB
1.79

SOLUTION (11.18)

9549 ( 80 ) mN 6 ( 18 )
( a ) T1  9549 kW
n
 1600
 477 . 5 N  m , r1  2
1
 2
 54 mm (Eq.11.4)
T1
F t1    8 . 843 F r 1  8 . 843 tan 20  3 . 219
477 . 5 o
r1 0 . 054
kN , kN (Eq.11.19)

8843 2 3 mN 6 ( 50 )
1 ( b ) r3  2
3
 2
 150 mm
A B C
T C  8 . 843 ( 0 . 15 )
T1 3219 TC o
20  1 .3 2 6 k N  m
8843

RC   3 . 219
2 2
RC 8 . 843
 9 . 411 kN

SOLUTION (11.19)
9549 kW 9549 ( 80 )
( a ) T1  n
 1600
 477 . 5 N  m
mN 8 ( 18 ) T1
Equation (11.4): r1  2
1
 2
 72 mm . F t1  r1
 477 . 5
0 . 072
 6 . 632 kN

F r 1  6632 tan 25  3 . 093

o
kN

mN3 8 (50 )
( b ) r3  2
 2
 200 mm

RC  6632  3093  7 .3 1 8 T C  6 6 3 2 ( 0 .2 0 0 )  1 .3 2 6 k N  m
2 2
kN ,

6632
A B C
T1 TC o
3093 25
6632
RC

182
SOLUTION (11.20)

Equation (11.4): d 1  N 1 m  1 5 (5 .2 )  7 8 m m , d 2  3 5 (5 .2 )  1 8 2 m m ,
d 3  2 0 (5 .2 )  1 0 4 m m , d 4  4 0 (5 .2 )  2 0 8 m m

9 5 4 9 ( 7 .5 )
( a ) T1  9549 kW
n
 1500
 4 7 .5 7 N  m

Ft 1   1 .2 2 k N  F t 2 , F r 1  1 .2 2 ta n 2 5  0 .5 6 k N  F r 2
4 7 .5 7 o
0 .0 3 9

T 2  1 .2 2 ( 0 .0 9 1)  1 1 1 N  m

Ft 3   2 .1 3 k N , F r 3  2 .1 3 ta n 2 5  0 .9 9 k N
111 o
0 .0 5 2

(b)
2 4 RC
T C  2 .1 3( 0 .1 0 4 )
3 2.13 TC
o  2 2 1 .5 N  m
B 65
RC  0 .9 9  2 .1 3
2 2
0.56 0.99 0.99 C
1.22 2.13  2 .3 5 k N

SOLUTION (11.21)

Equation (11.4): d 1  2 4 ( 4 )  9 6 m m , d 2  36(4)  144 m m ,

d 3  18(4)  72 m m , d 4  42(4)  168 m m

9 5 4 9 (1 5 )
( a ) T1  9549 kW
n
 1800
 7 9 .5 8 N m

Ft 1  Ft 2  7 9 .5 8
0 .0 4 8
 1 .6 6 k N

F r 1  1 .6 6 ta n 2 5  0 .7 7
o
kN

T 2  T 3  1 .6 6 ( 0 .0 7 2 )  1 1 9 .5 N  m

Ft 3   3 .3 2 F r 3  3 .3 2 ta n 2 5  1 .5 5 k N
1 1 9 .5 o
0 .0 3 6
kN ,

( b ) R x  1 . 66  1 . 55  0 . 11 kN  R y  3 . 32  0 . 77  2 . 55 kN 

RB  R x  R y  2 .5 5
2 2
kN

0.77
RB
1.66
2
o
2 .5
B 1.55
3
3.32

183
SOLUTION (11.22)

Equations (11.2) and (11.8): d 1  1 5 (5 .2 )  7 8 m m , d 2  3 5 (5 .2 )  1 8 2 m m ,

N1
n 2  n1 N2
 1 5 0 0 ( 13 55 )  6 4 2 .9 rp m

( a ) Table 11.3: Y=0.443, Table 11.4:  0  1 7 2 M P a and 2 5 0 B h n

 0b Ym 6
1 7 2  1 0 ( 0 .0 1 2 ) 0 .4 4 3 ( 0 .0 0 5 2 )
Fb  K 1
 1 .6 1
 2 .9 7 2 kN (Eq.11.33)
f

2 ( 35 )
( b ) Table 11.10: K  1 . 117 , Q  15  35
 1 .4 (Eq.11.40)
F w  d p b Q K  7 8 (1 2 )(1 .4 )(1 .1 1 7 )  1 .4 6 4 k N (Eq.11.38)

 dn  ( 0 .1 8 2 )( 6 4 2 .9 ) 3 .0 5  6 .1 2
( c ) V2  12
 60
 6 .1 2 m s , Fd  3 .0 5
F t  3 .0 0 7 F t (Eq.11.24a)
Thus 2 .9 7 2  3 .0 0 7 F t , Ft  9 8 8 N
and 1 .4 6 4  3 .0 0 7 F t , Ft  4 8 7 N

SOLUTION (11.23)

Equations (11.4) and (11.8):

N1
d 3  mN 3
 5 ( 20 )  100 mm , n 3  n1 N3
 1500 ( 34 )  1125 rpm
 dn
V3  60
  ( 0 .1)( 1 16 20 5 )  5 .8 9 m s

( a ) Table 11.3: Y  0 .3 2 0 , Table 11.4:  0

 172 MPa and 250 Bhn
 0 bYm
Fb  K
 1
1 .5
(172 )( 15 )( 0 . 320 )( 5 )  2 . 75 kN (Eq.11.33)
f

2N4 2 ( 40 )
( b ) Table 11.10: K  0 .9 0 3 M P a , Q  N3 N4
 20  40
 4
3
(Eq.11.40)

F w  d 3 bQK  100 (15 )( 43 )( 0 . 903 )  1 . 81 kN (Eq.11.38)

3 . 0 5  5 .8 9
( c ) Fd  3.0 5 F t  2 .9 3 1 F t
2 . 75  10  2 . 931 F t , F t  938
3
Thus N

1 . 81  10  2 . 931 F t , F t  617 . 5 N
3
and

SOLUTION (11.24)
Refer to Solution of Prob. 11.23.
Equation (11.4) and (11.8):
N1
d 1  m N 1  5 (1 5 )  7 5 m m , n 2  n1 N2
 1 5 0 0 ( 13 55 )  6 4 2 .9 rp m

 dn
V1  60
  ( 0 .0 7 5 )( 1 56 00 0 )  5 .8 9 m s

(CONT.)

184
11.24 (CONT.)

( a ) Table 11.3: Y  0 .2 8 9 , Table 11.4: 1 7 2 M P a at 2 5 0 B h n

 obYm
Fb  K
 1
1 .5
(1 7 2 ) (1 5 ) ( 0 .2 8 9 ) ( 5 )  2 .4 9 k N (Eq. 11.33)
f

2N2 2 (35 )
( b ) Table 11.10: K  0 .9 0 3 M P a , Q  N1  N 2
 15 35
 1 .4 (Eq. 11.40)

F w  d 1 b Q K  7 5 (1 5 )(1 .4 )( 0 .9 0 3)  1 .4 2 k N (Eq. 11.38)

3 .0 5  5 .8 9
( c ) Fd  3 .0 5
F t  2 .9 3 1 F t

Thus

2 .4 9  1 0  2 .9 3 1 F t , F t  8 4 9 .5 N
3

and

1 .4 2  1 0  2 .9 3 1 F t , F t  4 8 4 .5 N
3

SOLUTION (11.25)

We have d  N m  2 2 ( 2 .5 )  5 5 m m

( a )  o  2 2 1 M P a (Table 11.4), Y  0 .3 3 (Table 11.3)

Equation (11.33):
 obYm 2 2 1 ( 3 0 ) ( 0 .3 3 ) ( 2 .5 )
Fb  K
 1 .5
 3 .6 5 k N
f

 dn  ( 0 .0 5 5 )(1 5 0 0 )
(b) V  60
 60
 4 .3 2 m p s

3 .0 5  4 .3 2
Equation (11.24a): Fd  3 .0 5
F t  2 .4 2 F t

Hence

3 .6 5  2 .4 2 F t , F t  1 .5 0 8 k N

Equation (11.22) is then

Ft V 1 5 0 8 ( 4 .3 2 )
kW  1000
 1000
 6 .5 1

SOLUTION (11.26)

Equations (11.4), (11.8), and (11.20'):

d 2  36(4)  144 m m , d 3  18(4)  72 mm
 dn2  ( 0 .1 4 4 )(1 2 0 0 )
n 2  1 8 0 0 ( 23 )  1 2 0 0 rpm , V  60
 60
 9 .0 5 m ps
(CONT.)

185
11.26 (CONT.)

( a ) Table 11.3: Y  0 .4 4 6 (by interpolation), Table 11.4:  0  1 7 2 M P a (for steel of 200 Bhn)
 0b Ym 1 7 2 (1 0 ) ( 0 .4 4 6 ) ( 4 )
Fb  K 1
 1 .4
 2 .1 9 2 k N (Eq.11.33)
f

2 ( 42 )
( b ) Table 11.10: K  0 .6 7 6 M P a , Q  18 42
 21
15
(Eq.11.40)
F w  d 3 b Q K  7 2 (1 0 )( 2 1 1 5 )( 0 .6 7 6 )  6 8 1 .4 N (Eq.11.38)

3 . 05  9 . 05
( c ) Fd  3 . 05
F t  3 . 97 F t ( Eq.11.24a)
Thus 2 .1 9 2  3 .9 7 F t , Ft  5 5 2 N

SOLUTION (11.27)

Equation (11.4): d 1  24 (10 )  240 mm

( a ) Table 11.3: Y  0 .3 9 3 (interpolated). Table 11.4:  0

 172 MPa (for steel of 200 Bhn)
 0 bYm
Fb  K
 1
1 .5
[172 (15 )( 0 . 393 )( 10 )]  6 . 76 kN (Eq.11.33)
f

2 ( 36 )
( b ) Table 11.10: K  0 . 545 MPa, Q  24  36
 6
5
(Eq.11.40)
F w  d 1 bQK  240 (15 )( 65 )( 0 . 545 )  2 . 35 kN (Eq.11.38)

SOLUTION (11.28)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 11.27.

Equation (11.4): d 1  2 4 (1 0 )  2 4 0 m m , d 3  1 8 (1 0 )  1 8 0 m m

( a ) Table 11.3: Y  0 .3 3 7 , Table 11.4:  o  1 7 2 M P a (for steel of 200 Bhn)

 obYm
Fb  K
 1
1 .5
[1 7 2 (1 5 ) ( 0 .3 3 7 ) (1 0 ) ]  5 .8 k N (Eq. 11.33)
f

2 N3 2 (1 8 )
( b ) Table 11.10: K  0 .5 4 5 M P a , Q  N3 N4
 18 42
 0 .6 (Eq. 11.40)

F w  d 3 b Q K  1 8 0 (1 5 )( 0 .5 4 5 )  8 8 3 N (Eq. 11.38)

SOLUTION (11.29)

d p
 N p m  24(2)  48 mm, d g  60(2)  120 mm (Eq.11.4)

 d pnp  ( 0 .0 4 8 )(1 6 0 0 )
V  60
 60
 4 .0 2 m p s (Eq.11.20')

6 . 1  4 . 02
Kv  6 .1
 1 . 659 (Fig.11.15)
(CONT.)

186
11.29 (CONT.)

1 0 0 0 ( 0 .9 )
Ft  1000 kW
V
 4 .0 2
 2 2 3 .9 N

Pinion: (Fig.11.16): J  0 .2 6 (mid-point). Table 11.7: S t  1 9 7 .5 M P a

Equation (11.35'):
KsKm
  Ft K 0 K v
1 (1 .6 )
1
bm J
 2 2 3 .9 (1) (1 .6 5 9 ) 1
0 .0 1 5 ( 0 .0 0 2 ) 0 .2 6
 7 6 .2 M P a
Equation (11.36):
St K L
   ,
1 9 7 .5 (1 )
a ll
 KT K R
 1 (1 .2 5 )
 158 M Pa  a ll
Yes.

Gear: (Fig.11.16): J  0 .3 0 , Table 11.7: S t  58 . 6 ksi

  2 2 3 .9 (1)(1 .6 5 9 )
1 (1 .6 )
1
0 .0 1 5 ( 0 .0 0 2 ) 0 .3
 66 M Pa
and
   ,
5 8 .6 (1 )
a ll
 1 (1 .2 5 )
 4 6 .9 M Pa  a ll
No.

SOLUTION (11.30)

From Solution of Prob.11.29: d p  4 8 m m , d g  120 m m , V  4 .0 2 m p s ,

N
F t  2 2 3 .9 N , mG  d g d  2 .5 , ng  np  1600 ( 60 )  640
p 24
p N
rpm
g

C H  1 . 001 (from Eq.11.46)

Pinion:
KmC 1
Ks
 c  C p ( Ft K 0 K v
f

bd I ) 2
(Eq.11.42)

where C p
 166 M P a (Table 11.11)
sin  cos  mG
I  2 m G 1
 0 . 161 60
84
 0 . 115
Thus
1

 c  1 6 6  1 0 [ 2 2 3 .9 (1)(1 .6 5 9 )
1 .6 (1 )
] 2  4 4 4 .7 M P a
3 1
( 0 .0 1 5 )( 0 .0 4 8 ) 0 .1 1 5

S c  620 . 5 MPa (Table 11.12) (mid-point)

ScC LC H
 c , a ll 
6 2 0 .5 (1 )(1 .0 0 1 )
KT K R
 1 (1 .2 5 )
 4 9 6 .9 M P a (Eq.11.44)
Hence
 c , a ll   c Yes.

Gear:
Table 11.12: S c  4 8 5 .5 M Pa (mid-point)
1

 c  1 6 6  1 0 [ 2 2 3 .9 (1)(1 .6 5 9 )
1 .6 (1 )
] 2  2 8 1 .3 M P a
3 1
( 0 .0 1 5 )( 0 .1 2 ) 0 .1 1 5

 c , a ll 
4 8 2 .5 (1 )(1 )
1 (1 .2 5 )
 386 M Pa
Hence
 c , a ll   c Yes.

187
SOLUTION (11.31)

d p
 N p m  2 0 (3 )  6 0 m m , d g  5 0 (3 )  1 5 0 m m (Eq. 11.4)

 d pnp  ( 0 .0 6 )(1 2 0 0 )
V  60
 60
 3 .7 7 m p s

K   1 .6 1 8 (Fig. 11.15)

1000 kW 1 0 0 0 (1 .0 )
Ft  V
 3 .7 7
 2 6 5 .3 N

Pinion, (Fig. 11.16): J  0 .2 4 5 (mid-point) Table 11.7: S t  2 8 6 M P a

Equation (11.35'):
KsKm
  Ft K o K v
1 (1 .7 )
1
bm J
 2 6 5 .3 (1)(1 .6 1 8 ) 1
( 0 .0 1 5 )( 0 .0 0 3 ) 0 .2 4 5
 6 6 .2 M P a

Equation (11.36):
St K L
     , Yes.
2 8 6 (1 )
a ll
 KT K R
 1 (1 .3 )
 220 M Pa
a ll

Gear, (Fig. 11.16): J  0 .3 , Table 11.7: S t  8 9 .6 M P a

  2 6 5 .3 (1)(1 .6 1 8 )
1 (1 .7 )
1
( 0 .0 1 5 )( 0 .0 0 3 ) 0 .3
 5 4 .1 M P a

     , Yes.
8 9 .6 (1 )
and a ll
 1 (1 .3 )
 6 8 .9 M P a a ll

SOLUTION (11.32)
Refer to Solution of Prob. 11.31

d p
 60 m m , d g  150 m m , V  3 .7 7 m p s , F t  2 9 6 .7 N , mG  d g d p
 2 .5

N
ng  n p  1 2 0 0 ( 52 00 )  4 8 0 rp m , K   4 .2
p

N g

C H  1 .0 0 8 (from Eq. 11.46).

Pinion:
Ks K mC 1
  C p [ Ft K o K v
f

c bd I
] 2
(Eq. 11.42)

 166  10
3
where C p
M Pa (Table 11.11)

s in  c o s  mG
I  2 m G 1
 1 .6 1 50
70
 1 .1 5

1

1 .7 (1 )
 1 6 6  1 0 [ 2 9 6 .7 (1) ( 4 .2 )  2 3 7 .5 M P a
3 1
Then c ( 0 .0 1 5 )( 0 .0 6 ) 1 .1 5
] 2

S c  8 7 9 M P a (Table 11.12) (mid-point)

ScC LC H
 c , a ll 
7 8 9 (1 )(1 .0 0 8 )
KT K R
 1 (1 .3 )
 6 8 1 .6 M P a (Eq.11.44)

(CONT.)

188
11.32 (CONT.)

Hence,  c , a ll   c Yes.

Gear:

Table 11.12: S c  5 5 1 .5 M P a (mid-point)

1

1 .7 (1 )
 1 6 6  1 0 [ 2 9 6 .7 (1) ( 4 .2 )  1 5 0 .2 M P a
3 1 2
c ( 0 .0 1 5 )( 0 .1 5 ) 1 .1 5
]

 c , a ll 
5 5 1 .5 (1 )(1 )
1 (1 .3 )
 4 2 4 .2 M P a

So  c , a ll
 c
Yes.

SOLUTION (11.33)

N p
 20, N g
 40, d p
 2 0 (5 )  1 0 0 mm, b  50 m m
2( 40 )
Q  20 40 
4
3 , Table 11.10: S e  6 2 1 k s i, K  1 .8 2 1 M P a

Thus F w  d p b Q K  1 0 0 (5 0 )( 43 )(1 .8 2 1)  1 2 .1 4 kN (Eq.11.38)

Equations (11.20') and (11.24a):
 dn  ( 0 .1 )( 9 0 ) 3 .0 5  0 .4 7
V  60
 60
 0 .4 7 m p s , Fd  3 .0 5
F t  1 .1 5 4 F t

Then, we obtain 1 2 .1 4  1 .1 5 4 F t , F t  1 0 .5 2 k N
Hence
Ft V 1 0 ,5 2 0 ( 0 .4 7 )
kW  1000
 1000
 4 .9 5

SOLUTION (11.34)

From Solution of Prob.11.33:

N p
 20, N g
 40, d p
 1 0 0 m m , b  5 0 m m , V  0 .4 7 m p s , m G  N g
N p
 2
ScCLC H
 c , a ll  KT K R
, where S c  5 5 1 .5 M P a (Table 11.12) (mid-point)
C L
 1.1 (Fig.11.19)
C H  1, K T  1, K R
 1

 c , a ll 
5 5 1 .5 (1 .1 )(1 )
(1 )1
 6 0 6 .7 M Pa

6
F t  ( 6 0 6 C.7  1 0 )
2 1 bd I
Then p K0Kv Ks K mC f
(Eq.11.42)

where C p
 149 M Pa (Table 11.11)
5 . 56  0 . 47
Kv  5 . 56
 1 . 08 (Curve B, Fig.11.15)
K 0  1, K s
 1, K m  1 .3, C f
 1
sin  cos  mG
I  2 m G 1
 0 . 107
(CONT.)

189
11.34 (CONT.)

6
F t  ( 6 0 6 .7 1 03 )
0 .0 5 ( 0 .1 ) 0 .1 0 7
 6 .3 1 8 k N
2 1
Thus
1 4 9 1 0 1 (1 .0 8 ) 1 1 .3 (1 )

and
Ft V 6 3 1 8 ( 0 .4 7 )
kW  1000
 1000
 2 .9 7

SOLUTION (11.35)

N p
 2 5, N g
 50, d p
 N m  2 5 (5 )  1 2 5 m m , b  40 m m

2 (50 )
Q  25 50
 4
3
, Table 11.10: S e  6 2 1 M P a , K  1 .8 2 1 M P a

Thus,

F w  d p b Q K  0 .1 2 5 ( 0 .0 4 )( 43 )(1 .8 2 1  1 0 )  1 2 .1 4 k N
6
(Eq. 11.38)

Equations (11.20') and (11.24a) with 6 0 0 fp m  6 0 0 1 9 6 .8  3 .0 5 m s :

 dn  ( 0 .1 2 5 )(1 2 0 ) 3 .0 5  0 .7 8 5
V  60
 60
 0 .7 8 5 m s , Fd  3 .0 5
F t  1 .2 5 7 F t

Then, we have

1 2 .1 4  1 .2 5 7 F t , F t  9 .6 6 k N

Hence,
Ft V 9 6 6 0 ( 0 .7 8 5 )
kW  1000
 1000
 7 .5 8

SOLUTION (11.36)

ng
 N  60  24, Y p  0 .3 3 7 , Y g  0 .4 2 1
240
N p g np 600

Table 11.4:  0g
 8 7 .2 M Pa,  0 p
 172 M Pa
Hence
Y p 0 p
 0 .3 3 7 (1 7 2 )  5 8

Yg 0g
 0 .4 2 1(8 2 .7 )  3 4 .8 2  Gear is weaker

Thus
 0bYm 8 2 .7 ( 9 0 ) ( 0 .4 2 1 ) ( 4 )
Fb  K
 1 .4
 8 .9 5 3 kN
f

We have
 dn  ( 0 .2 4 )( 2 4 0 )
d g  60(4)  240 m m , V  60
 60
 3 .0 2 m p s
Hence
3 .0 5  3 .0 2
Fd  3 .0 5
F t  1 .9 9 F t  8 .9 5 3  1 .9 9 F t , F t  4 .5 k N
and
Ft V 4 5 0 0 ( 3 .0 2 )
kW  1000
 1000
 1 3 .5 9

190
SOLUTION (11.37)

ng
 N  60  24, Y p  0 .3 3 7 , Y g  0 .4 2 1
240
N p g np 600

Table 11.4:  0g
 82 . 7 MPa ,  0 p
 172 MPa

Y p 0 p  Yg 0 g  the gear is weaker

Thus
 0 bYm 82 . 7 ( 80 )( 0 . 421 )( 4 )
Fb  K
 1 .4
 7 . 958 kN
f

We have the quantities:

d g
 N g m  60 ( 4 )  240 mm

V   d n 6 0   ( 0 .2 4 )( 2 4 0 6 0 )  3 .0 2 m p s
3 .0 5  3 .0 2
Fd  3 .0 5
F t  1 .9 9 F t (from Eq.11.24a)
and
7 , 9 5 8  1 .9 9 F t , Ft  4 k N

Equation (1.15) results in

Ft V 4 0 0 0 ( 3 .0 2 )
kW  1000
 1000
 1 2 .1

SOLUTION (11.38)

Gear is weaker and can transmit lower hp.

d g  60(4)  240 m m , Table 11.7: S t  3 9 .3 M P a , Table 11.9: K R

 0 .8 5
 d g ng  ( 0 .2 4 ) 2 4 0
K L
 KT  K s
 1, V  60
 60
 3 .0 2 m p s

We have
St K L

3 9 .3 (1 )
a ll
 KtKR
 0 .8 5 (1 )
 4 6 .2 M Pa
Also
3 . 56 
  1 . 49 (Curve C, Fig.11.15)
3 . 02
K v 3 . 56

m  4 m m , b  9 0 m m . (given)
J  0 .3 0 (from Fig.11.16, N g
 60 )
K 0
 1.2 5 (Table 11.5)
K s
 1 (standard gear), K m
 1.7 (Table 11.6)

Thus, Eq.(11.35'):
4 6 .2 ( 9 0 )( 4 )( 0 .3 0 )
Ft  1 .2 5 (1 .0 )(1 .7 )(1 .4 9 )
 1 .5 7 6 k N

Hence,
Ft V 1 5 7 6 ( 3 .0 2 )
kW  1000
 1000
 4 .7 6

191
SOLUTION (11.39)

N
  28
 3 5,  N p m  2 8(6 )  1 6 8 m m , b  50 m m
p
N g rs 4 5
d p

2N
Q   70
 70
K  1 .8 6 2
g

N N 28 35 63
, M P a (Table 11.10)
p g

 dn  ( 0 .1 6 8 )( 6 0 0 )
V  60
 60
 5 .2 8 m p s

We calculate that
F w  d p b Q K  1 6 8 (5 0 )( 76 03 )(1 .8 6 2 )  1 7 .3 8 kN
and
3 .0 5  5 .2 8
Fd  3 .0 5
F t  2 .7 3 1 F t , 1 7 .3 8  2 .7 3 1 F t  F t  6 .3 6 4 k N
Hence
Ft V 6 3 6 4 ( 5 .2 8 )
kW  1000
 1000
 3 3 .6

SOLUTION (11.40)

N g
 35 , N p
 28 , d p
 28 ( 6 )  168 mm , b  60 mm
2 ( 35 )
Q  63
 70
63
, K  1 . 862 MPa (Table 11.10)
F w  d p bQK  168 ( 60 )( 1 . 862 )( 70
63
)  20 . 85 kN

We obtain
V   d n 6 0   ( 0 .1 6 8 )( 6 0 0 6 0 )  5 .2 8 m p s
Using Eq.(11.24a),
3 .0 5  5 .2 8
Fd  F t  2 .7 3 F t 2 0 .8 5  1 0  2 .7 3 F t  F t  7 .6 3 7 k N
3
3 .0 5

Equation (1.15) is thus

Ft V 7 6 3 7 ( 5 .2 8 )
kW  1000
 1000
 4 0 .3

SOLUTION (11.41)

From Solution of Prob. 11.39:

N g
 3 5, N p
 2 8, d p
 168 m m , b  50 m m , mG  N g
N p
 1 .2 5

V  5 .2 8 m ps

Apply Eq. (11.44):

ScCLC H
 c , a ll  KT K R

Here S c  1 0 2 0 M P a (mid-point, Table 11.12) CL  C f

 1, C H  1 (Eq.11.46)

5 . 56 
  1 . 19
5 . 28
K v 5 . 56
(Curve A, Fig.11.15)
K 0  K s  K T  1, K R
 1. 2 5 (Table 11.9)

(CONT.)

192
11.41 (CONT.)

Thus
 c , a ll 
1 0 2 0 (1 )(1 )
(1 )(1 .2 5 )
 816 M Pa (Eq.11.44)

We find that
C p
 191 M Pa (from Table 11.11)
C f
 1, K m  1 . 3 (from Table 11.6)
sin  cos  mG
I  2 m G 1
 0 . 161 35
28  35
 0 . 089

Hence, from Eq.(11.45):


Ft  (
c , a ll 2 1 bd I
C p
) KsKv Ks KmC f

6
 ( 8 1 6 1 03 )
( 0 .0 5 )( 0 .1 6 8 ) 0 .0 8 9
 8 .8 2 k N
2 1
1 9 1 1 0 1 (1 .1 9 ) 1 1 .3 (1 )

and
Ft V 8 8 2 0 ( 5 .2 8 )
kW  1000
 1000
 4 6 .6

End of Chapter 11

193
CHAPTER 12 HELICAL, BEVEL, AND WORM GEARS

SOLUTION (12.1)

mn
( a ) Use Eqs.(12.1) and (12.2'). m  c o s
 4
o
 4 .6 1 9 m m , p n   m n  1 2 .5 6 6 m m
cos 30

p   m   ( 4 .6 1 9 )  1 4 .5 1 1 m m , p a  p c o t   1 4 .5 1 1 c o t 3 0  2 5 .1 3 4 m m
o

 1 ta n  n  1 ta n 2 5 o
( b ) P  1 m  1 4 .6 1 9  0 .2 1 6 m m  5 .4 8 6 in ,   ta n  ta n  2 8 .3
-1 o
c o s cos 30
o

Nmn 20 ( 4 ) 40 ( 4 )
(c) dp  c o s
 o
 9 2 .4 m m , dg  o
 1 8 4 .7 5 m m
cos 30 cos 30

Gear

(d)
o Thrust
30

Pinion, R.H.

SOLUTION (12.2)

( a ) Apply Eqs.(12.1) through (12.2').

mn
m  c o s
 3 .1 7 5
o
 3 .6 6 6 m m , p n   m n  9 .9 7 5 m m ,
cos 30

p   m   (3 .6 6 6 )  1 1 .5 1 7 m m , p a  p c o t   1 1 .5 1 7 c o t 2 0  3 1 .6 4 m m
o

 1 ta n  n  1 ta n 1 4 .5 o
( b ) P  1 m  1 3 .6 6 6  0 .2 7 3 m m  6 .9 3 4 in . ,   ta n  ta n  1 5 .3 9
-1 o
c o s cos 20
o

Nmn 1 8 ( 3 .1 7 5 ) 5 5 ( 3 .1 7 5 )
(c) dp  c o s
 o
 6 0 .8 1 8 m m , dg  o
 1 8 5 .8 3 2 m m
cos 20 cos 20

Gear
(d)

Pinion, L.H.
SOLUTION (12.3)

( a ) d  N m  3 0 (3 .1 7 5 )  9 5 .2 5 m m , m n  m c o s 3 0  2 .7 5 m m ,
o

p   m  9 .9 7 5 m m

p n  p c o s   9 .9 7 5 c o s 4 0  7 .6 4 m m
o

p a  p c o t   9 .9 7 5 c o t 4 0  1 1 .8 9 m m
o

(CONT.)

194
12.3 (CONT.)

( b ) Pn  1 m n  1 2 .7 5  0 .3 6 4 m m  9 .2 5 in .
-1

1 ta n  n 1 o
  ta n )  ta n ( ta n 1 4 .5o )  1 8 .6 5
o
( c o s cos 40

SOLUTION (12.4)

N
rs    18
 72
1 p

4 N Ng
; N g
g

Pn N N
1 5 .6 2 5 1 8  7 2
c  250 
p g

2n c o s
; 2 c o s

Solving, c o s   0 .8 9 5,   2 6 .5
o

o o o
Comment: The helix angle of 2 6 .5 is in usual range of 1 5 to 3 0 .

SOLUTION (12.5)

Equation (12.2): cos   P Pn where m n  1 Pn and P  N d . Thus

Nmn 32( 6 )
cos     0 .7 3 8 5 ,   4 2 .4
o
d 260

F t  F n c o s  n c o s   1 0 (c o s 2 0 )(c o s 4 2 .4 )  6 .9 4 N
o o
(Eq.12.10)
(  dn ) F t  ( 0 . 26 )( 800 )( 6 . 94 )
Thus kW  60
 60
 75 . 58

SOLUTION (12.6)

1 1
( a )  n  ta n (ta n  c o s  )  ta n  n  1 7 .5
o o o
(ta n 2 0 c o s 3 0 );

N '  N c o s   3 5 c o s 3 0  5 3 .8 9
3 3 o

( b ) A super gear of equal strength would have 53.89 teeth and   1 7 .5

o

SOLUTION (12.7)

N
  40
 3(4 0 )  1 2 0
1 p

3 N Ng
, N g
g

Equation (12.5) with P  Pn c o s  :

Pn N N
40 120
c     3 6 9 .1 m m
p g 14
2 c o s 2 cos15
o

SOLUTION (12.8)

1 1
( a )  n  ta n (ta n  c o s  )  ta n  n  1 8 .6
o o o
(ta n 2 0 c o s 2 2 );

N '  N c o s   3 5 c o s 2 2  4 3 .9 1 teeth
3 3 o

( b ) A super gear of equal strength would have 43.91 teeth and   1 8 .6

o

195
SOLUTION (12.9)

( a ) Addendum: a p  a g  a  1 P  m  1 .5 m m

Circular Pitch: p   m  1 .5   4 .7 1 2 m m
N N
c   dg)    N g )m  ( 2 0  1 2 0 )(1 .5 )  1 0 5 m m
1 1 p g 1 1
2
(d p 2 P 2
(N p 2

rp  1
2
N Pm  1
2
( 2 0 )(1 .5 )  1 5 m m , rg  1
2
(1 2 0 )(1 .5 )  9 0 m m
The radii of base circles:
rb p  r p c o s   1 5 c o s 2 0  1 4 .0 9 5 m m
o

rb g  rg c o s   9 0 c o s 2 0  8 4 .5 7 2 m m
o

Outside radii:
ro p  r p  a  r p  m  1 5  1 .5  1 6 .5 m m

ro g  r g  a  9 0  1 .5  9 1 .5 m m
From Eq. (11.14) the contact ratio is therefore
c ta n 
Cr  ( rp  a )  ( rp c o s  )  ( rg  a )  ( rg c o s  ) ] 
1 2 2 2 2
p cos 
[ p

o
 (1 6 .5 )  (1 4 .0 9 5 )  (9 1 .5 )  (8 4 .5 7 2 ) ] 
1 2 2 2 2 1 0 5 ta n 2 0
o
[ 4 .7 1 2
( 4 .7 1 2 ) c o s 2 0

 1 .7 1 5
The total contact ratio is
o
C r t  C r  rr a  1 .7 1 5  4 0 ta n 3 0
4 .7 1 2
 6 .6 1 6

( b ) To obtain a total contact ratio of 4.0, the helix angle has to be

b ta n 
C ra  p
 4 .0  1 .7 1 5  2 .2 8 5

ta n     1 5 .0 7
2 .2 8 5 ( 4 .7 1 2 ) o
40
;

SOLUTION (12.10)

(a) 299

153.9 299

 1 tan  n  1 tan 20 o
  tan  tan  27 . 24
o
cos  cos 45
o (Eq. 12.3)
Ft  F n c o s  n c o s   4 5 0 c o s 2 0 c o s 4 5  299 N
o o

F a  F t ta n   2 9 9 ta n 4 5  299 N
o
(Eqs.12.10)
F r  F t ta n   2 9 9 ta n 2 7 .2 4  1 5 3 .9 N
o

( b ) m  m n c o s   2 .5 c o s 4 5  3 .5 3 6 m m
o
(Eq.12.2')
d g  N g m  6 0 (3 .5 3 6 )  2 1 2 .1 6 m m , d p
 3 2 (3 .5 3 6 )  1 1 3 .1 5 m m (Eq.12.3)
Thus T p  2 9 9 ( 0 .1 123 1 5 )  1 6 .9 2 N  m

T g  2 9 9 ( 0 .2 122 1 6 )  3 1 .7 2 N  m

196
SOLUTION (12.11)
T2 2
(a) 1178
T3

B 549 C
1 429
549
1178
2 3

T1
429
9 5 4 9 (1 5 )
T1  9549 kW
n1
 1500
 9 5 .4 9 N  m

m  m n c o s   6 .3 5 c o s 2 0  6 .7 5 8 m m ,
o

d 1  N 1 m  2 4 ( 6 .7 5 8 )  1 6 2 .1 9 m m (Eq.12.2)
We have
d1
( rs ) 1  2  24
36
 2
3
 d2
, d2  1 6 2 .1 9
2 3
 2 4 3 .3 m m
d1
( rs ) 1  3  0 .5  d3
, d3  1 6 2 .1 9
0 .5
 3 2 4 .4 m m
T1
Ft1  d1 2
 9 5 .4 9
0 .1 6 2 .1 9 2
 1 .1 7 8 k N  F t 2  F t 3

F r 1  F t 1 ta n   1 .1 7 8 ta n 2 5  5 4 9 N  Fr 2  Fr 3
o

F a 1  F t 1 ta n   1 .1 7 8 ta n 2 0  429 N
o
(Eqs.12.10)

( b ) T1  9 5 .4 9 N  m , T2  0 , T 3  9 5 .4 9 ( 12 )  1 9 1 N  m

SOLUTION (12.12)

Equations (12.7b) and (12.2'):

N
N '   2 9 .6 , m  m n c o s   3 .1 2 c o s 2 5  3 .4 4 m m
p 22 o
3 3 o
cos  cos 25

2 2 ( 3 .4 4 )
d p
 N pm  3 o
 1 0 1 .6 6 m m
cos 25

Table 11.3: Y  0 .3 5 7 , Table 11.4:  o  1 7 2 M P a

We have
 0b Ym n 1 7 2 ( 5 0 ) 0 .3 5 7 ( 3 .1 2 )
Fb  K 1
 1 .5 1
 6 .3 8 6 kN (Eq.11.33, modified)
f

 d pnp  ( 0 .1 0 1 6 6 )(1 8 0 0 )
V  60
 60
 9 .5 8 m p s
Also
5 .5 6 
Fd  F t  1 .5 5 7 F t
9 .5 8
5 .5 6
(1)
or Fb  F d : 6 .3 8 6  1 .5 5 7 F t , F t  4 .1 0 1 k N (2)
1000 ( 22 )
and Ft  1000 kW
V
 9 .5 8
 2 .2 9 6 k N (3)
Hence, by Eqs.(2) and (3):
n  4 .1 0 1
2 .2 9 6
 1 .7 9

197
SOLUTION (12.13)

( a ) Speed ratio: 37 05  50
25
 5
Center distance is
mn
c  m(N p
 Ng)  c o s
(N p
 Ng) (1)
Thus, for equal center distance:
(3 0  7 5 )  ( 2 5  5 0 );   3 1 .5
4 5 .5 o
c o s 2 9 .8
o c o s

(3 0  7 5 )  ( 2 0  3 2 );   5 3 .8
4 5 .5 o
(b) c o s 2 9 .8 c o s

SOLUTION (12.14)

 1 ta n  n  1 ta n 2 5 o
( a )   ta n  ta n  2 8 .3
o
c o s cos 30
o

m  m n co s  4 co s 3 0  4 .6 2 m m
o

d p
 N p m  2 2 ( 4 .6 2 )  1 0 1 .6 m m

( b ) V   d n   ( 0 .1 0 1 6 )( 2 4 0 0 6 0 )  1 2 .8 m p s
1 0 0 0 (1 .5 )
Ft  1000 kW
V
 1 2 .8
 117 N

( c ) F r  F t ta n   1 1 7 ta n 2 8 .3  6 3 N
o

F a  F t ta n   1 1 7 ta n 3 0  6 7 .5 N
o

Ft
Fn  c o s  n c o s
 117
o o
 1 4 9 .1 N
cos 25 cos 30

SOLUTION (12.15)

Refer to Solution of Prob.12.12. We now have

2( 40 )
Equation (11.40): Q  22 40 
40
31 , Table 11.10: K  0 .9 0 3 M P a
and
d pbQ K
Fw  2
 (1 0 1 .6 6 )(5 0 )( 43 01 )( 0 .9 0 3 )( 1
2 o
)  7 .2 1 k N (Eq.11.38, modified)
cos  cos 25

Equation (1) for F w  F d : 7 .2 1  1 .5 5 7 F t ; F t  4 .6 3 1 k N (4)

Thus, by Eqs.(3) and (4):
n  4 .6 3 1
2 .2 9 6
 2 .0 2

SOLUTION (12.16)

Equation (12.2'), (12.4) and (12.7b):

m  m n c o s   4 .2 c o s 3 5  5 .1 2 7 m m , d 1  N 1 m  3 0 (5 .1 2 7 )  1 5 3 .8 m m
o

N1
d 2  6 5 ( 5 .1 2 7 )  3 3 3 .3 m m , N1    5 4 .5 8
' 30
3 3 o
cos  cos 35

(CONT.)

198
12.16 (CONT.)

and
Table 11.3: Y  0 .4 8 3 , Table 11.4:  0  1 2 4 M P a
Thus
Ym n
Fb   0 b
0 .4 8 3 ( 4 .2 )
1
 1 2 4 (3 8 ) 1
 9 .5 6 k N (Eq.11.33, modified)
From Table 11.10: K  0 . 3 5 2 M P a

We have the quantities:

2N 2( 65 )
Q    1.3 6 8
g

N p N g 30 65 (Eq.11.40)

d 1b Q K 1 5 3 .8 ( 3 8 ) (1 .3 6 8 ) ( 0 .3 5 2 )
and Fw  2
 2 o
 4 .1 9 k N (Eq.11.38, modified)
cos  cos 35

 d 1 n1  ( 0 .1 5 3 8 )( 2 4 0 0 )
V  60
 60
 1 9 .3 3 m p s
5 . 56 
Fd  F t  1 . 791 F t
19 . 33
5 . 56
(Eq.11.24c, modified)
Hence 4 .1 9  1 .7 9 1 F t , F t  2 .3 4 k N

Therefore
Ft V 2 ,3 4 0 (1 9 .3 3 )
kW  1000
 1000
 4 5 .2

SOLUTION (12.17)

( a ) Equations (12.2'), (12.5), and (12.7b):

N1 d1
rs  1
3
 N
 d2
, c  m
2
(N1  N 2 ) 150  1 .7
2
(N1  3N1)
2

or N 1  44 and N 2
 132
and d 1  4 4 (1 .7 )  7 4 .8 m m , d 2  2 2 4 .4 m m

 74 . 8 mm , m n  m cos   (1 . 7 ) cos 30
N1
N1    1 . 47 mm
' 44 o
3 3 o
cos  cos 30

Using 69.28 teeth, Y  0 .4 2 8 (interpolated, Table 11.3). By Table 11.4:  0  1 7 2 M P a

 0b Ym n 1 7 2 ( 6 4 ) 0 .4 2 8 (1 .4 7 )
Fb  K 1
 1 .4 1
 4 .9 5 k N (Eq.11.33, modified)
f

Similarly, Table 11.10: K  0 .5 4 5 M P a

and
2N 2 ( 132 )
Q    1 .5
g

N N 44  132
(Eq.11.40)
p g

d 1b Q K ( 7 4 .8 ) ( 6 4 ) (1 .5 ) ( 0 .5 4 5 )
Fw  2
 2 o
 5 .2 2 k N (Eq.11.38, modified)
cos  cos 30

 d 1 n1  ( 0 .0 7 4 8 )( 9 0 0 )
V  60
 60
 3 .5 2 m p s
5 .5 6 
Fd  F t  1 .3 3 7 F t
3 .5 2
Also 5 .5 6
(Eq.11.24c, modified)
and 4 .9 5  1 .3 3 7 F t , F t  3 .7 k N
Thus
Ft V 3 7 0 0 ( 3 .5 2 )
kW  1000
 1000
 1 3 .0 2
(CONT.)

199
12.17 (CONT.)

( b ) Equation (11.36):
St K
 a ll 
L

KT KR

We have
S t  2 1 0 M P a (by interpolation of mid-point values, Table 11.7)
K L
 1 (indefinite life) KT  1
K R
 0 . 85 (Table 11.9)
and

2 1 0 (1 )
a ll
 (1 )( 0 .8 5 )
 247 M Pa

Equation (11.35):
 bJm
Ft  K0K sK mKv
(where    a ll )
where
K 0  1.2 5 Ks  1
3 .5 6 
Kv   1 .2 4 (Fig.11.15)
3 .5 2
3 .5 6

K m  1.4 (Table 11.6)

J  0 .4 8 (Fig.12.6a)
J  multiplier  1 . 01 (Fig.12.6b)
and
J  0 .4 8 ( 1.0 1 )  0 .4 8 5
2 4 7 ( 6 4 )( 0 .4 8 5 )(1 .7 )
Hence Ft  (1 .2 5 )(1 )(1 .4 )(1 .2 4 )
 6 kN
Then
Ft V 6 0 0 0 ( 3 .5 2 )
kW  1000
 1000
 2 1 .1

SOLUTION (12.18)

( a ) d p  N p m  2 0 (3 )  6 0 m m , d g  4 2 (3 )  1 2 6 m m (Eq.12.12a)

1 20 1 42
( b )  p  ta n  2 5 .4 6 ,  g  ta n  6 4 .5 4
o o
42 20 (Eq.12.12b)

(c)
1

L  [ 6 0  1 2 6 ] 2 2  1 3 9 .6 m m
2 2

L
Equation ( a ) of Sec.12.6:

60
p L
3
 46 . 5 mm ; 10 m  30
g Thus b  30 m m

126

( d ) Equation ( b ) of Sec.12.6:
c  0 .1 8 8 m  0 .0 0 5  0 .1 8 8 ( 3 )  0 .0 0 5  0 .5 6 9 m m

200
SOLUTION (12.19)

d
Equation (12.13): d p  2 0 0 m m , dg   200
 400 m m
p

rs 0 .5

N
ta n     2;  g  6 3 .4 3 ,   9 0  6 3 .4 3  2 6 .5 7
g 1 o o
g N p rs p

Therefore
rp ,avg  rp  s in   1 0 0  3 2 .5 s in 2 6 .5 7  8 5 .4 6 m m
b o
2 p

r g , a v g  rg  s in  g  2 0 0  3 2 .5 s in 6 3 .4 3  1 7 0 .9 m m
b o
2

d np  ( 0 .1 7 0 9 )( 5 0 0 )
Vp    4 .4 7 m p s
p ,a v g

60 60

Hence
1 0 0 0 (1 1 )
Ft  1000 kW
Vp
 4 .4 7
 2 .4 6 k N

Equations (12.17):
F a p  F t ta n  s in   2 .4 6 (ta n 2 0 )(s in 2 6 .5 7 )  4 0 0 N  F r g
o o
p

F r p  F t ta n  c o s   2 .4 6 (ta n 2 0 )(c o s 2 6 .5 7 )  8 0 0 .8 N  F a g
o o
p

2460 Gear
800.8

400
800.8
Pinion

SOLUTION (12.20)

From Solution of Prob.12.19: V p  2 .4 7 m p s , F t  2 .4 6 k N , b  65 m m

Thus
3 .0 5  4 .4 7
Fd  3 .0 5
( 2 .4 6 )  6 .0 7 k N (Eq.11.24a)
N
 d m  2 0 0 3 .5  5 7 , '  57
 6 3 .7
p
N p p
N p cos  o
p c o s 2 6 .5 7

Hence, from Table 11.3: Y  0 .4 2 4 (using N p '  6 3 .7 , interpolated)

Also, from Table 11.4:  0  124 M Pa

Hence,
 0b Ym 1 2 4 ( 6 5 ) 0 .4 2 4 ( 3 .5 )
Fb  K 1
 1 .4 1
 8 .5 4 k N (Eq.11.33)
f

Since Fb  Fd , the gears are safe.

201
SOLUTION (12.21)

From Solution 12.20: F d  6 .0 7 kN , N p

 57, N p
'  6 3 .7
Hence
N N
  57
 114, '   2 5 4 .9
p g 114
N g rs 0 .5
N g cos  o
g c o s 6 3 .4 3

2N ' 2 ( 2 5 4 .9 )
Q '   1 .6
g

N ' N ' 6 3 .7  2 5 4 .9
(Eq.11.40, modified)
p g

From Table 11.10: K  0 .6 9 M P a Thus

0 .7 5 d p b K Q ' 0 .7 5 ( 2 0 0 )( 6 5 )( 0 .6 9 )(1 .6 )
Fw  cos 
 o
 1 2 .0 4 k N (Eq.11.38, modified)
p c o s 2 6 .5 7

Since Fw  Fd , gears are safe.

SOLUTION (12.22)

Table 11.10: K  0 .5 4 5 M P a , ' N c o s  1  3 0 c o s 2 0  3 1 .9 3

o
N p p

Table 11.4:  0  1 7 2 M P a , Table 11.3: Y  0 . 364 (using N p '  31 . 93 , interpolated)

We have
N 1m 30 (8 ) 60 (8 )
r1  2
 2
 120 m m , r2  2
 240 m m
 1 120
 1  tan  26 . 6 ,   90  26 . 6  63 . 4
o o
240 2
(Eq.12.12b)
r1 , a v g  1 2 0  70
2
s in  1  1 0 4 .3 m m , r2 , a v g  2 4 0  70
2
s in  2  2 0 8 .7 m m
 d 1 , a v g n1  ( 0 .2 0 8 7 )( 7 2 0 )
V1  60
 60
 7 .8 7 m p s
N2
N2' cos  2
 60
o  134 , N 1'  30
o  33 . 6 (Eq.12.15)
cos 63 . 4 cos 26 . 6

Hence
 0b Ym 1 7 2 ( 7 0 ) 0 .3 6 4 ( 8 )
Fb  K 1
 1 .5 1
 2 3 .4 k N (Eq.11.33)
f

2N2'
Q' N 1 ' N 2 '
 1 .6 (Eq.11.40, modified)

It follows that
0 .7 5 d 1 b K Q ' 0 .7 5 ( 2 4 0 )( 7 0 )( 0 .5 4 5 )(1 .6 )
Fw  cos  1
 o
 1 2 .2 9 k N (Eq.11.38, modified)
c o s 2 6 .6

Since F w  F b , power capacity depends on F w . We find that

3 . 05  7 . 87
Fd  3 . 05
F t  3 . 58 F t (Eq.11.24a)

and 1 2 .2 9  3 .5 8 F t , F t  3 .4 3 k N

Therefore
Ft V 3 4 3 0 ( 7 .8 7 )
kW  1000
 1000
 27

202
SOLUTION (12.23)

( a ) d p  N p m  30(4)  120 m m , d g  (1 2 0 ) 1500

500
 360 m m
o
1 dg 1
  ta n ( d )  ta n ( 13 26 00 )  7 1 .6 ,   9 0  7 1 .6  1 8 .4
o o o
g p
p

 d  b s in   1 2 0  4 5 s in 1 8 .4  1 0 5 .8 m m
o
d p ,a v p p

V av   d p ,av
n   ( 0 .1 0 5 8 )(1 5 0 0 6 0 )  8 .3 1 m p s
7 4 5 .7 h p 7 4 5 .7 ( 4 0 )
Ft  Vav
 8 .3 1
 3 .5 9 k N

( b ) F a  F t ta n  s in   3 .5 9 ta n 2 0 s in 1 8 .4  0 .4 1 2 k N
o o
p

F r  F t ta n  c o s   3 .5 9 ta n 2 0 c o s 1 8 .4  1 .2 4 k N
o o
p

Equation (1.16):
9549 kW 9549 (30 )
Tp  np
 1500
 191 N  m
9549 (30 )
Tg  9549 kW
ng
 500
 573 N  m

SOLUTION (12.24)

r1  1
2
mN 1
 1
2
( 8 . 5 )( 30 )  127 . 5 mm (Eq.11.4)
r2  1
2
mN 2
 1
2
( 8 . 5 )( 60 )  255 mm
 1 1 2 7 .5
 1  ta n  2 6 .6 ,  2  6 3.4
o o
255 (Eq.12.12b)
r1 , av  127 . 5   111 . 8 mm
70 o
2
sin 26 . 6

r 2 , av  255   223 . 7 mm
70 o
2
sin 63 . 4

Table 11.4:  0
 172 MPa , Table 11.10: K  0 . 545 MPa

Note that number of teeth is as same as in Prob.12.14. Hence, from

Solution of Prob.12.22: Q '  1.6 , Y  0 . 364

Therefore, we have:
 0b 6
1 7 2 (1 0 )( 0 .0 7 )
Fb  K
Ym  1 .5
( 0 .3 6 4 )( 0 .0 0 8 5 )  2 4 .8 3 k N (Eq.11.33)
f

6
0 . 75 d 1 bKQ ' 0 . 75 ( 0 . 255 )( 0 . 07 )( 0 . 545  10 )( 1 . 6 )
Fw  cos  1
 o
 13 . 06 kN (Eq.11.38, modified)
cos 26 . 6

Also
V 1   d 1 n1 6 0   ( 0 .2 2 3 6 )( 7 2 0 6 0 )  8 .4 3 m s
3 .0 5  8 .4 3
Ft  3 .0 5
F t  3 .7 6 4 F t ; 1 3 .0 6  3 .7 6 4 F t , F t  3 .4 7 kN (Eq.11.24a)

Hence
F V1 3 , 4 7 0 ( 8 .4 3 )
kW  1000
 1000
 2 9 .2 5

203
SOLUTION (12.25)

Worm:
Vg ( d g 2 )wg dg
ta n   Vw  (d p 2 )w p
 dw rs (Eq.12.21)

 tan  w
dw dw
 tan 35  28 d w
o
d g rs 0 . 025

c  1
2
( d w  d g )  150 , dw  d g
 300

and 29 d w  300, d w  1 0 .3 4 5 m m
d g  2 8 (1 0 .3 4 5 )  2 8 9 .7 m m
Then
L   d w ta n  w   (1 0 .3 4 5 )(ta n 3 5 )  2 2 .7 6 m m
o

Gear:
p ng
pg  c o s
 9 .4
o
 1 1 .4 8 m m (Eq.12.1)
cos 35

But p g  p w .
Hence Nw  L
pw
 2 2 .7 6
1 1 .4 8
 1 .9 8 or 2 teeth (Eq.12.20)

SOLUTION (12.26)

9549 (30 )
(T w ) i  9549 kW
n
 1800
 1 5 9 .2 N  m

( T w ) o  1 5 9 .2  0 .9 0  1 4 3 .3 N  m

N
ng  nw N
w
 1800 ( 802 )  45 rpm (Eq.12.18)
g

nw
(T g ) o  (T w ) o ng
 1 4 3 .3 ( 1 84 05 0 )  5 .7 3 2 kN  m

Thus
(Tg )0
Ft  d 2
 5 .7 3 2
0 .2 5 2
 4 5 .8 6 k N

SOLUTION (12.27)

n 3   ( 22 00 )( 550 )( 2 5 0 )   2 5 rp m
Gear 3 rotates counterclockwise (negative) at 25 rpm.

SOLUTION (12.28)

( a ) N g N w  40 2  20, d g  4 0 (3 .2 )  1 2 8 m m , p   (3 .2 )  1 0 .0 5 m m

L  2 (1 0 .0 5 )  2 0 .1 m m , d w  3 .5 (1 0 .0 5 )  3 5 .1 8 m m

ta n      1 0 .3
L 2 0 .1 o
(b)  dw  ( 3 5 .1 8 )
,

c  1
2
(d w  d g )  1
2
(3 5 .1 8  1 2 8 )  8 1 .5 9 m m

204
SOLUTION (12.29)

( a ) dw  c 2  210 2  5 3 .8 m m , d g  2 c  d w  4 2 0  5 3 .8  3 6 6 .2 m m
0 .8 7 5 0 .8 7 5

m
ta n       6 .3 6
L 6 o
 dw  ( 5 3 .8 ) 5 3 .8
;

( b ) V w   d w n w   ( 0 .0 5 3 8 )(1 2 0 0 6 0 )  3 .3 8 m s
where
d g  3 6 6 .2 m m , b  25 m m

K w  1 5 0 p s i  1 5 0 ( 6 8 9 5 )  1 .0 3 4 M P a (Table 12.2)
Thus,
F w  (3 6 6 .2 )( 2 5 )(1 .0 3 4 )  9 .4 7 k N

SOLUTION (12.30)

p g   m   ( 4 )  1 2 .5 7 m m  p w

( a ) L  N w p w  4 (1 2 .5 7 )  5 0 .2 8 m m (Eq.12.20)

1  1 5 0 .2 8
( b )   ta n  ta n  1 4 .9 4
L o
 dw  (60 )
(Eq.12.21)

( c ) d g  N g m  90(4)  360 m m

c  1
2
(d w  d g )  1
2
(6 0  3 6 0 )  2 1 0 m m

SOLUTION (12.31)

(a)
N
rs    3( 2 0 )  6 0
1 w
20 N g
, N g

c  1
2
(d g  d w )  175  1
2
(d g  75)  d g  275 m m

d g  ( 275 )
pg  N
 60
 14 . 4 mm  p w
g

Then, Eqs.(12.20) and (12.21):

L  p w N w  1 4 .4 (3)  4 3 .2 m m
1 1
  tan  tan  10 . 39
L 43 . 2 o
d w  ( 75 )

(b)
 d w nw  ( 0 .0 7 5 )(1 0 0 0 )
Vw  60
 60
 3 .9 3 m p s
1 0 0 0 ( 7 .5 )
Fw t  F ga  1000 kW
Vw
 3 .9 3
 1 .9 1 k N
(CONT.)

205
12.31 (CONT.)

(c)
Vw
Vs  cos 
 3 .9 3
o
 4 m ps (Eq.12.28)
c o s 1 0 .3 9

Hence f  0 . 024 (from Table 12.3)

Thus, Eq.(12.27):
c o s  n  f ta n 
o o
c o s 2 0  0 . 0 2 4 ( ta n 1 0 . 3 9 )
e  cos  n  f cot   o o
c o s 2 0  0 . 0 2 4 ( c o t 1 0 .3 9 )
 0 .8 7 4 or 8 7 .4 %

Power delivered to machine

( k W ) m  0 .8 7 4 ( 7 .5 )  6 .5 6 k W

SOLUTION (12.32)

p w  1 4 .4 m m ,   1 0 .3 9 , d g  275 m m
o
From Solution of Prob.12.31:

 
We have pn  p w c o s
 o
 0 .2 2 2 mn  1
pn
 4 .5 1 m m
1 4 .4 c o s 1 0 .3 9

Table 11.4:  0  172 M Pa Table 12.1: Y  0 .3 9 2

 0b Ym n 1 7 2 ( 3 8 ) 0 .3 9 2 ( 4 .5 1 )
Fb  K 1
 1 .4 1
 8 .2 5 k N (Eq.11.33, modified)
f

Also
 d g ng  ( 0 .2 7 5 )( 5 0 )
Vg  60
 60
 0 .7 2 m p s
9 5 4 0 ( 7 .5 )
T  9540 kW
ng
 50
 1 .4 3 k N  m

Ft  T
dg 2
 1 .4 3
0 .2 7 5 2
 1 0 .4 k N

6 .1  V g
6 .1  0 .7 2
Hence Fd  6 .1
 6 .1
F t  1 .1 2 (1 0 .4 )  1 1 .6 5 k N (Eq.11.24b)

Since
Fb  Fd gears are not safe.

SOLUTION (12.33)

From Solution of Prob.12.32: F d  1 1 .6 5 k N

Table 12.2: K w
 1 . 295 MPa

Therefore
F w  d g b K w  2 7 5 (3 8 )(1 .2 9 5 )  1 3 .5 3 k N (Eq.12.22)
Since Fw  Fd gears are safe.

206
SOLUTION (12.34)

We have c  1 7 5 m m  7 in . and p o w e r  7 .5 k W  1 0 h p
Equation (12.24): A  0 .3( 7 )  8 .2 ft
1 .7 2

e  8 7 .4 % , (from Solution of Prob.12.31)

o
C  5 6 ft  lb m in  ft  F
2
By Fig.12.17:

Hence, Eqs. (12.25) and (12.26):

C At 5 6 ( 8 .2 )(1 0 0 )
(hp )d  3 3 ,0 0 0
 3 3 ,0 0 0
 1 .3 9 2 h p = 1 .0 4 4 k W
( hp ) d
( hp ) i  1 e
 1 . 392
1  0 . 874
 11 . 05  8 . 288 kW

Since ( hp ) i  10 hp or ( k W ) i  7 .5 k W , overheating will not be a problem.

End of Chapter 12

207
CHAPTER 13 BELTS, CHAINS, CLUTCHES, AND BRAKES

SOLUTION (13.1)

9 5 4 9 ( 7 .5 )
( a ) w  (5 )(1 0 0 )(1 0 , 8 0 0 )  5 .4 N m T1  1500
 4 7 .7 5 N  m
 dn  ( 0 .1 2 5 )(1 5 0 0 )
V  60
 60
 9 .8 2 m p s
1 0 0 0 ( 7 .5 )
F1  F 2  1000 kW
V
 9 .8 2
 7 6 3 .7 N (Eq.13.3)
 ( 0 .1 2 5 )(1 5 0 0 )
Fc   ]  5 3 .0 5 N
w 2 5 .4 2
g
V 9 .8 1
[ 60
(Eq.13.13)
1
    2   1 8 0  2 s in ( 1 8 71.55 2 56 2 .5 )  1 7 0 .6  2 .9 7 8 ra d
o o

f
  e  e  2 .4 4 3
0 .3 ( 2 .9 7 8 )
(Eq.13.21)
Thus
 T1
F1  F c  (   1 ) r1
 5 3 .0 5  ( 12 .4.4 44 33 ) 4 7 .7 5
0 .0 6 2 5
 1 .3 4 7 k N (Eq.13.20)

F 2  1, 3 4 7  7 6 3 .7  5 8 3 .3 N

2
( r2  r1 )
( b ) L  2 c   ( r1  r2 )  c
(Eq.13.9)
2

 2 (1, 5 2 4 )   ( 6 2 .5  1 8 7 .5 ) 
(1 2 5 )
1525
 3 8 4 5 .6 m m .

SOLUTION (13.2)

9549 kW 9549 ( 10 )
( a ) T1  n1
 2800
 34 . 1 N  m

T1
( b ) T1  ( F1  F 2 ) r1 , F1  F 2  r1 
3 4 .1
0 .1 5  F 2  2 2 7 .3  F 2 (Eq.13.19)
r1 n1 n
r2
 n2
, r2  r1 ( n 1 )  0 .1 5 ( 12 68 00 00 )  0 .2 6 2 5 m
2

r2  r1 0 . 2 6 2 5  0 .1 5
s in     0 .1 6 1 ,   9 .2 5
o
c 0 .7 (Eq.13.6)
    2   2 . 819 rad

( c ) V   d n 6 0   ( 0 .3)( 2 68 00 0 )  4 3 .9 8 m p s
w  25 , 000 ( 0 . 06  0 . 0005 )  0 . 75 N m

Fc    147 . 9 N ,   e  1 . 757
w 2 0 . 75 2 0 . 2 ( 2 . 819 )
g
V 9 . 81
( 43 . 98 )
 T1
F1  F c  (   1 ) r1
 1 4 7 .9  ( 10 .7.7 55 77 ) 3 4 .1
0 .1 5
 6 7 5 .5 N (Eq.13.20)

F 2  6 7 5 .5  2 2 7 .3  4 4 8 .2 N

We have K s  1.5 (Table 13.5). Therefore

F max  1 . 5 ( 675 . 5 )  1 . 013 kN (Eq.13.22)
   33 . 77 MPa
1 , 013
max 60  0 . 5

208
SOLUTION (13.3)

We have r2  2 0 0 m m and f  0 .2 5 . The remaining data are the same.

Equation (13.6) gives
1 r2  r1 1
  s in [ ]  s in [ 2 01 09 506 2 ]  4 .0 5 8
o
c

Then
    2   1 8 0  2 ( 4 .0 5 8 )  1 7 1 .9
o o o

f ( 0 .2 5 ) (1 7 1 .9 ) (  1 8 0 )
e  e  2 .1 1 7
and
F1  2 1 4
F2  2 1 4
 2 .1 1 7
or
F1  2 .1 1 7 F 2  2 3 9 (1)
Also
F1  F 2  6 2 5 N
Solving,
F1  1, 3 9 8 .5 N , F 2  7 7 3 .5 N
Length of the belt, by Eq. (13.9):
L  2 c   ( r2  r1 )  ( r2  r1 )
1 2
C

 2 (1 .9 5 )   ( 0 .2 0 0  0 .0 6 2 )  ( 0 .2 0 0  0 .0 6 2 )
1 2
1 .9 5

 4 .7 3 3 m

SOLUTION (13.4)

Pulley A
Using Eq. (13.16), with F1  2 .5 k N , f  0 .1 5 , Fc  0 ,   120 :
o

F1 f 0 .1 5 (1 2 0 )(  1 8 0 )
F2
 e , 2 .5
F2
 e  1 .3 6 9 ; F 2  1 .8 2 6 k N

Pulley B
Then, equilibrium condition T  0 applied to free-body diagram of
pulley B gives
T B
 0; T B  2 .5 ( 0 .1 5 )  1 .8 2 6 ( 0 .1 5 )  0
or
TB  1 0 1 N  m

B
F1  2 .5 k N
TB
0.15 m
F 2  1 .8 2 6 k N

Similarly, we have
T A
 0; T A  2 .5 ( 0 .0 2 )  1 .8 2 6 ( 0 .0 2 )  0 , TA  13 N  m

209
SOLUTION (13.5)

2  r1 n1 2  ( 0 .0 3 7 5 )( 2 5 0 0 )
( a ) V1  60
 60
 9 .8 2 m p s
From Eq. (1.15); with F  F1  F 2 :
( F1  F 2 ) 9 .8 2
kW  FV
1000
; 1 .5  1000

F1  F 2  1 5 2 .7 5 N (1)

( b ) Evaluate V 2 as,
2  r2 n 2 2  r2 (1 0 0 0 )
V1  60
; 9 .8 2  60

or r2  9 3 .8 in ., d 2  1 8 7 .6 m m
and
1 r2  r1
    2     2 s in [ c
]
1
   2 s in [ 9 3 .86 2 53 7 .5 ]  2 .9 6 ra d

( c ) Centrifugal force, using Eq. (13.13),

Fc   (9 .8 2 )  1 7 .2 N
w 2 1 .7 5 2
g
V 9 .8 1

Then, Eq. (13.16):

F1  1 7 .2
 e  2 .8 1 8
0 .3 5 ( 2 .9 6 )
F 2  1 7 .2
(2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we have
F1  2 5 4 N F 2  1 0 1 .2 N

SOLUTION (13.6)

We have
w g  8 .8 9 .8 1  0 .8 9 7
and
P  V ( F1  V )  V ( 2 5 0 0  0 .8 9 7 V )
w 2 2
g

Thus
P
 0  5 0 0  0 .8 9 7 (3 )V ; V  3 0 .4 8 m p s
2
V

So V  2 r n ; 3 0 .4 8  2  ( r )( 4 2 0 0 6 0 )
Solving
r  6 9 .3 m m

SOLUTION (13.7)

By Eq. (13.13):
Fc   [ 2  ( 0 .0 8 )(3 0 0 0 6 0 )]  9 0 .1 N
w 2 1 .4 2
g
V 9 .8 1

From Eq. (13.16),

o
1 1 0 0  9 0 .1 ( 0 .2 5 ) ( s in 1 8 ) (1 6 0  1 8 0 )
F 2  9 0 .1
 e  1 .2 4 1
Solving
F 2  9 0 3 .9 N
(CONT.)

210
13.7 (CONT.)

Then
T A  ( F1  F 2 ) r1  (1 1 0 0  9 0 3 .9 )( 0 .0 8 )  1 5 .7 N  m
and
3 0 0 0 (1 5 .7 )
P  VT
9549
 9549
 4 .9 3 k W

SOLUTION (13.8)

Fc   [  ( 0 .2 )( 1 66 00 0 )]  2 2 8 .9 N   1 7 0  2 .9 6 7 ra d
w 2 8 2 o
g
V 9 .8 1

F1  F c f  s in  3 , 0 0 0  2 2 8 .9 o

 e  e  3.9 2 4
0 .1 5 ( 2 . 9 6 7 ) s in 1 9
F2  Fc ; F2  2 2 8 .9

Solving F 2  935 . 1 N
Thus
T  ( F1  F 2 ) r  (3  0 .9 3 1)  1 0 ( 0 .1)  2 0 6 .9 N m
3

2 0 6 .9 (1 6 0 0 )
kW  Tn
9549
 9549
 3 4 .7

SOLUTION (13.9)

( a ) Fc   [  ( 0 . 3 )(  679 . 1 N ,   160  2 . 793

w 2 3 3000 2 o
g
V 9 . 81 60
)] rad
F1  F c f  s in 
o

 e  e  8 .5 4
0 . 2 5 ( 2 . 7 9 3 ) s in 1 9
8 0 0  Fc

or
F1  679 . 1
800  679 . 1
 8 . 54 , F 1  1, 711 . 6 N
Also
T  ( F 1  F 2 ) r1  (1711 . 6  800 )( 0 . 15 )  136 . 7 N  m
kW    42 . 95
Tn 136 . 7 ( 3000 )
9549 9549

(b)

F1
   11 . 8 MPa
1 , 711 . 6
max A 6
145 ( 10 )

SOLUTION (13.10)

r2 n1
r1
 n2
, r 2  0 . 1 ( 1800
2700
)  0 . 15 m

sin   0 . 15  0 . 1
  5 . 74 ;   180  2 ( 5 . 74 )  2 . 941
o o
0 .5
, rad

V   d n   ( 0 .2 )( 2 67 00 0 )  2 8 .2 7 m p s
9549 kW 9 5 4 9 (1 5 )
T1  2700
 2700
 5 3 .0 5 N  m
o

  e  7 .4 7 7
0 . 2 ( 2 . 9 4 1 ) s in 1 7

Fc    203 . 7 N
w 2 2 .5 2
g
V 9 . 81
( 28 . 27 )

(CONT.)

211
13.10 (CONT.)

 T1
Thus F 1  F c  (   1 ) r1
 203 . 7  ( 76 .. 477
477
) 53 . 05
0 .1
 816 . 1 N

Table 13.5: K s  1.4

and
F max  K s F 1  1 . 4 ( 816 . 1)  1 . 143 kN

SOLUTION (13.11)

N 1 n1 2 2 (1 4 0 0 )
(a) N2  n2
 700
 4 4 teeth

( b ) H d  H r K 1K 2
where
H r  2 6 .6 h p = 1 9 .8 k N (by Table 13.8)
K 1  1 .5 (from Table 13.9, K 2  1 .7 by Table 13.10)
Hence H d  2 6 .6 (1 .5 )(1 .7 )  6 7 .8 h p = 5 0 .6 k W

N 1 P n1 2 2 ( 0 .0 1 9 0 5 )(1 4 0 0 )
( c ) V1  60
 60
 9 .7 8 m p s
1000 H 1 0 0 0 ( 5 0 .6 )
F1  V1
d
 9 .7 8
 5 .1 7 k N
F a ll
So, n  F1
F a ll  3 1 .3 ( 2 )  6 2 .6 k N (by Table 13.7)
and
n  6 2 .6
5 .1 7
 1 2 .1

SOLUTION (13.12)

N 1 n1 1 8 (1 6 0 0 )
(a) N2  n2
 640
 4 5 teeth

( b ) H d  H r K 1K 2
where
H r  1 6 .1 h p = 1 2 k W (from Table 13.8)
K 1  1 .2 (by Table 13.9), K 2  3 .3 (from Table 13.10)
and
H d  1 6 .1(1 .2 )(3 .3)  6 3 .8 h p = 4 7 .6 k W

( c ) V1  N 1 P n1  1 8 ( 0 .0 1 9 0 5 )(1 6 0 0 6 0 )  9 .1 4 m p s
7 4 5 .7 H 7 4 5 .7 ( 6 3 .8 )
F1  V1
d
 9 .1 4
 5 .2 1 k N

F a ll
(d) n  F1
, where F a ll  2 (3 1 .3)  6 2 .6 k N (by Table 13.7)
Thus,
r2  6 2 .6
5 .2 1
 12

212
SOLUTION (13.13)

n1
  3  Use c  2 ( r2  r1 )
4
n2 1 (Sec.13.6)
We have
N1P 2 2 (1 6 ) n1
r1  2
 2
 5 6 .0 2 m m , r2  n2
r1  4
1
(5 6 .0 2 )  2 2 4 .0 8 m m
Thus
c  2 ( 2 2 4 .0 8  5 6 .0 2 )  3 3 6 .1 2 m m
Since r1  r2  2 8 0 .1 m m sprocket will clear.

SOLUTION (13.14)

n1
n2
 4600
2100
 2 . 19  3  Use c  2 ( r1  r2 ) (Sec. 13.6)
N1P 1 4 (1 4 ) n1
r1  2
 2
 3 1 .1 9 m m , r2  n2
r1  2 .1 9 (3 1 .1 9 )  6 3 .3 1 m m

c  ( r1  r2 )  3 1 .1 9  6 3 .3 1  9 4 .5 m m
c  2 ( 9 4 .5 )  1 8 9 m m Use c  1 9 0 m m

SOLUTION (13.15)

( a ) Speed ratio is ; 3:1. Thus

N 2  3( 2 3)  6 9 teeth

( b ) H d  H r K 1K 2
where
H r  1 9 .5 h p (from Table 13.8)
K 1  1 .3 (from Table 13.9), K 2  1 .7 (by Table 13.10)
and H d  1 9 .5 (1 .3)(1 .7 )  4 3 .1 h p

( c ) V 1  N 1 P n1  2 3( 0 .0 1 9 )(1 8 0 0 6 0 )  1 .3 1 m p s
7 4 5 .7 H 7 4 5 .7 ( 4 3 .1 )
F1  V1
d
 1 3 .1
 2 .4 5 k N

F a ll
(d) n  F1
, where F a ll  4 (3 1 .3)  1 2 5 .2 k N (Table 13.7)
So,
n  1 2 5 .2
2 .4 5
 5 1 .1

SOLUTION (13.16)

( a ) N 2  3(3 5 )  1 0 5 teeth

( b ) H d  H r K 1K 2
where H r  3 6 .6 h p = 2 7 .1 k W (by Table 13.8)
(CONT.)

213
13.16 (CONT.)

K 1  1 .3 , K 2  1 .7 (by Table 13.9 & 13.10)

and
H d  3 5 (1 .3)(1 .7 )  7 7 .3 5 h p = 5 7 .6 8 k W

( c ) V 1  N 1 P n1  3 0 ( 0 .0 1 9 0 5 )(9 0 0 6 0 )  8 .5 7 m p s
7 4 5 .7 H 7 4 5 .7 ( 7 7 .3 )
F1  V1
d
 8 .5 2
 6 .7 3 k N

F a ll
(d) n  F1
, where F a ll  2 (3 1 .3)  6 2 .6 k N
Hence
n  6 2 .6
6 .7 3
 9 .3

SOLUTION (13.17)

2 Fa 2(6)
(a) p m ax   d (D d )
  ( 0 .1 5 )( 0 .2 5  0 .1 5 )
 2 5 4 .6 k P a (Eq.13.28)

T  1
4
Fa f ( D  d )  1
4
( 6 , 000 )( 0 . 3 )( 0 . 25  0 . 15 )  180 N m (Eq.13.30)

(b)
4 Fa 4(6)
p max  2 2
 2 2
 191 kPa (Eq.13.32)
 (D d )  ( 0 . 25  0 . 15 )

3 3 3 3
D d 0 . 25  0 . 15
T  1
Fa f 2 2
 1
( 6 , 000 )( 0 . 3 ) 2 2
 183 . 8 N  m
3 D d 3 0 . 25  0 . 15

SOLUTION (13.18)

9549 (30 )
(a) T  9549 kW
n
 500
 5 7 2 .9 N  m N  2
and

T   fp  d )  ( 0 . 25 )( 140  10 )[ 64 d  d ]
1 3 3 3 3 3
12 max
(D 12
(Eq.13.33)
 577 , 267 . 7 d 
3 572 . 9
2

Solving d  7 9 .2 m m and D  4 d  3 1 6 .8 m m


( b ) Fa   p m ax ( D  d )  (1 4 0  1 0 )[1 6 d  d ]  1 .6 4 9 (1 0 ) d  1 0 .3 4
1 2 2 3 2 2 6 2
4 4
kN

SOLUTION (13.19)

( a ) T  5 7 2 .9 N  m N  2 (from solution of Prob. 13.18)

We now have

T   fp m a x d ( D  d )  ( 0 .2 5 )(1 4 0  1 0 ) d (1 6 d d )
1 2 2 3 2 2
8 8
(Eq.13.29)
 206 ,167 d 
3 572 . 9
2

Solving, d  1 1 1 .6 m m and D  4 d  4 4 6 .4 m m
(CONT.)

214
13.19 (CONT.)

( b ) Fa  1
2
 p max d ( D  d ) (Eq.13.28)

 2
( 0 .1 4 )(1 1 1 .6 )[ 4 4 6 .4  1 1 1 .6 ]  8 .2 2 k N

SOLUTION (13.20)

( a ) From Eq. (13.29), with a factor of safety n :

8 (1 .6 )(1 3 5 .6 )
d )   0 .0 0 2 5 ) 
2 2 8 nT 2
d (D  fPm a x
; 0 .0 5 ( D 6
 ( 0 .3 )(1 .6  1 0 )

Solving D  1 5 9 .8 m m

( b ) From Eq. (13.30), we have

4 (1 .6 )(1 3 5 .6 )
Fa  4 nT
f (Dd )
 ( 0 .3 )(1 5 9 .8  5 0 )
 1 3 .8 k N

SOLUTION (13.21)

9 5 4 9 ( 3 7 .5 )
(a) T  9549 kW
n
 400
 8 9 5 .2 N  m
and

T   fp  d )   0 . 15
1 2 2 2 2
8 max
d (D 8
( 0 . 2 ) p max 0 . 15 [ 0 . 3 ] (Eq.13.29)
3
 0 .8 (1 0 ) p m ax  8 9 5 .2
4
, p m a x  2 7 9 .8 k P a
 
Fa  2
p m ax d ( D  d )  2
( 0 .2 7 9 8 )(1 5 0 )(1 5 0 )  9 .8 9 k N (Eq.13.28)

Fa 9890 ( 4 )
( b ) p avg  
 2 2
 1 8 6 .6 k P a
2 2  ( 0 .3  0 .1 5 )
(D d )
4

SOLUTION (13.22)

( a ) Use Eq. (13.29) by multiplying  3 6 0 :


T  [ 81  fPm a x d ( D  d )]
2 2
360

from which
8 (360  )T 8 ( 3 6 0 8 0 ) (1 8 0 0 )
p m ax  2 2
 2 2
 8 9 5 2 .5 k P a
 fd ( D  d )  ( 0 .3 ) ( 0 .2 ) ( 0 .2 8  0 .2 )

( b ) From Eq. (13.28) by multiplying  3 6 0 :


Fa  360
[ 12  p m a x d ( D  d )]  80
360
[ 2 (8 9 5 2 .5 )( 0 .2 )( 0 .4 8 )]
 300 kN

( c ) Each cylinder supplies a force F a 2 . Thus

Fa 2 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 2
p hyd  2
 2
 4 .7 7 M P a
d 4  ( 0 .2 ) 4

215
SOLUTION (13.23)

( a ) Use Eq. (13.33) by multiplying  3 6 0 :


T  [ 12 fPm a x ( D  d )]
3 3
360

from which
12 (360  )T 1 2 ( 3 6 0 8 0 ) (1 8 0 0 )
p m ax  3 3
 3 3
 7 .3 9 M P a
 f (D d )  ( 0 .3 ) ( 0 .2 ) ( 0 .2 8  0 .2 )

( b ) From Eq. (13.32), by multiplying by  3 6 0 :


Fa  [ 4 p m a x ( D  d )]  [ 4 ( 7 , 3 9 0 )( 0 .2 8  0 .2 )]  4 9 .5 k N
2 2 80 2 2
360 360

Fa 2 2 ( 49500 )
(c) p hyd  2
 2
 1 9 .7 M P a
d 4  ( 0 .0 4 )

SOLUTION (13.24)

( D  d )  w s in 
9549 (35 )
T  800
 4 1 7 .8 N  m R is e  1
2

 fp m a x
3
 ( 0 .3 ) 4 2 0 (1 0 )
and T   d )  [ 0 .2 5  d ]  4 1 7 .8
3 3 3 3
1 2 s in 
(D
1 2 s in 8
o (Eq.13.41)
Solving d  2 4 0 .2 m m
Therefore
1 D d 2 5 0  2 4 0 .2
w  2 s in 
 o
 3 5 .2 1 m m
2 s in 8

SOLUTION (13.25)

T  4 1 7 .8 N  m (from Solution of Prob. 13.24)

Now we have
 fp m a x d
3
 ( 0 .3 ) 4 2 0 (1 0 )
T   d )  [ 0 .0 6 2 5 d  d ]  4 1 7 .8
2 2 3
8 s in 
(D
8 s in 8
o (Eq.13.38)

Solving 0 .0 6 2 5 d  d  0 .0 0 1 2 or d  2 4 0 m m (by trial and error)

3

Thus, we have
1 D d 250  240
w  2 s in 
 o
 3 5 .9 m m
2 s in 8

SOLUTION (13.26)

( a ) Rise  w sin   80 sin 10  13 . 89 mm

o

D  5 0 0  1 3 .8 9  5 1 3 .8 9 m m
d  5 0 0  1 3 .8 9  4 8 6 .1 1 m m
Equation (13.38):
 ( 0 . 2 )( 500 )( 0 . 48611 )
T   0 . 48611 ]  3 . 05 kN  m
2 2
o
[ 0 . 51389
8 sin 10

Equation (13.37):
F a  12  (5 0 0 )( 0 .4 8 6 1 1)[ 0 .5 1 3 8 9  0 .4 8 6 1 1]  1 0 .6 1 k N

3 ,0 5 0 ( 5 0 0 )
( b ) kW  Tn
9549
 9549
 1 5 9 .7

216
SOLUTION (13.27)

 4 Fa
Fa   d ),  d    0 . 016
2 2 2 2 4(5)
4
p max ( D D  p max  ( 400 )

We have
( D  d )  0 .2 5 D  d  0 .5
1
2 or (1)
Thus
 d  ( D  d )( D  d )  0 .5 ( D  d )  0 .0 1 6
2 2
D
or
D  d  0 .0 3 2 (2)
From Equation (1) & (2): D  266 mm , d  234 mm

Equation (13.41):
3 3
5000 ( 0 . 2 ) 0 . 266  0 . 234
T  o 2 2
 602 N m
3 sin 12 0 . 266  0 . 234

SOLUTION (13.28)

d Fn D 2
2  rdr
Fn  
d 2
p max sin 


r D/2  F h  0: F a  F n s in 
d/2 D 2
2  rdr
  p max ( sin 
) sin 
d 2
Fa
This, after integration, yields Eq.(13.40).

D 2
2  rdr
Similarly, T  fF n r   d 2
fp max
( sin 
)r

Integrating gives Eq.(13.41).

SOLUTION (13.29)

F 1  wrp max
 ( 0 . 1)( 0 . 2 )( 700 )  14 kN (Eq.13.45)
2
f   0 .3 ( 2 4 0  360 )  1.2 5 7

We have
F1
F2  f
 14
1 .2 5 7
 3 .9 8 3 k N
e e

Thus
T  ( F 1  F 2 ) r  (14  3 . 983 )( 0 . 2 )  2 . 003 kN  m
2 , 0 0 3(1 5 0 )
kW    3 1.4 6
Tn
and 9549 9549

217
SOLUTION (13.30)

  2 1 0  3 .6 6 5 ra d T  I   2 .3( 2 0 0 )  4 6 0 N  m
o

We have
F1  F 2  T
r
 460
0 .1 2 5
 3 .6 8 k N (Eq.13.42)
F1 f
 e  e  3 .0 0 3
0 .3 ( 3 . 6 6 5 )
F2

Solving
F 1  3 . 003 F 2  3 . 003 ( F 1  3 . 68 )
or
F1  5 .5 2 k N F 2  1 .8 4 k N
Thus
Fa  F2 r
a
 1, 8 4 0 ( 13 20 50 )  7 6 7 N (Eq.13.43)

SOLUTION (13.31)

9549 ( 40 )
T  9549 kW
n
 600
 636 . 6 N  m (1)
Also
f
F1  F 2 e  F2 e  5 .7 2 7 F 2
0 . 4 ( 4 .3 6 3 )

and
T  r ( F1  F 2 )  0 .2 5 ( 5 .7 2 7 F 2  F 2 )  1.1 8 2 F 2 (2)

Equation (1) and (2) give

F 2  538 . 6 N F 1  3 , 085 N

SOLUTION (13.32)

  240  4 . 189
o
rad

(a)
F 1  p max wr  600 ( 0 . 075 )( 0 . 15 )  6 . 75 kN

Also
F1 f
 e  e  5 .3 4 2
0 . 4 ( 4 .1 8 9 )
F2

Thus
F1  5 .3 4 2 F 2 and F 2  1 . 264 kN
Fa  F2  (1 . 264  10 )  474
r 3 150
a 400
N

( b ) T  r ( F 1  F 2 )  0 . 15 ( 6 . 75  1 . 264 )  10  823 N m
3

823( 200 )
kW    1 7 .2 4
Tn
9549 9549

218
SOLUTION (13.33)

(a)
F 1  p max wr  800 ( 0 . 06 )( 0 . 15 )  7 . 2 kN

9549 ( 10 )
T  9549 kW
n
 220
 434 N m

T  ( F1  F 2 ) r , F 2  F1  T
r
 7 .2  0 . 434
0 . 15
 4 . 307 kN

We have
f F1
   1.6 7 2 , f   ln 1.6 7 2  0 .5 1 4
7 .2
e F2 4 .3 0 7

Thus
   3 .6 7 1 ra d  2 1 0 .3
0 .5 1 4 o
0 .1 4

(b)
129.4
From triangle ABC:
s  2 0 6 .6 c o s 3 0 .4
o

o
3 0 .4  178 . 2 mm

75.9 O 150
200
124.1 o
3 0 .4
C A
s
B
206.6
72.8

SOLUTION (13.34)

f
 e  1 . 552   210  3 . 665
0 . 12 ( 3 . 665 ) o
e rad
f
F1  e F 2  1.5 5 2 F 2 F2
Fa
A c
 M A
 0: F1 s  F 2 c  F a a F1 S
a

or
1 . 552 F 2 ( 80 )  50 F 2  1 . 5 ( 300 )
from which
F 2  6 .0 7 k N , and F1  9 .4 2 k N

Thus
( F1  F 2 ) r n ( 9 .4 2  6 .0 7 )( 4 )(1 0 0 )
kW  9549
 9549
 1 0 .5 2

219
SOLUTION (13.35)

  2 1 0  3 .6 6 5
9 5 4 9 (1 5 )
T    1 5 9 .1 5 N  m
9549 kW o
n 900
ra d

F1  F 2  T
r
 1 5 9 .1 5
0 .2
 7 9 5 .7 5 N (1)

F1 f
 e  e  4 .3 3 2
0 .4 ( 3.6 6 5 )
Also F2

or
F1  4 .3 3 2 F 2 (2)

From Eqs.(1) and (2): F 2  2 3 8 .8 N F1  1 0 3 4 .6 N

We therefore obtain
Fa  1
a
( cF 2  sF 1 )  1
250
[100 ( 238 . 8 )  50 (1034 . 6 )]
  111 . 4 N Yes. Self-locking

SOLUTION (13.36)

From Solution of Prob.13.35:

T  159 . 15 , F 2  238 . 8 N , F 1  1034 . 5 N

Now we have

A
F1 Fa  M A
 0: Fa 
1
a [ c F1  s F 2 ]
c
 366 . 04 N
F2 S
a No. Not self-locking

SOLUTION (13.37)

( a ) From Eq. (13.45):

F1  p m a x w r  5 0 0 (1 0 )( 0 .0 2 )( 0 .1)  1 k N
3

Equation (13.44),
 f  0 .2 5 ( 2 6 5  1 8 0 )
F 2  F1 e  1(1 0 ) e  315 N
3

Equation (13.42):
T  r ( F1  F 2 )  ( 0 .1)(1 0 0 0  3 1 5 )  6 8 .5 N  m

c F 2  s F1 4 0 ( 3 1 5 )  1 0 (1 0 0 0 )
( b ) Fa  a
 200
 13 N

If F a  0 , the brake will self-lock:

c F2 40 (315 )
s  F1
 1000
 1 2 .6 m m

220
SOLUTION (13.38)

( a ) From Eq. (13.45):

F1  w r p m a x  7 5 ( 2 5 0 )( 0 .4 9 )  9 .1 9 k N
Equation (13.44),
 0 .2 5 ( 4 .5 3 8 )
F 2  F1 e  9 .1 9 ( 0 .3 2 2 )  2 .9 6 k N
Using Eq. (13.42):
T  ( 9 .1 9  2 .9 6 ) ( 2 5 0 )  1 .5 5 8 N  m

( b ) Using Eq. (13.46):

2 .9 6 (1 5 0 )  9 .1 9 ( 3 5 )
Fa  0 .6 2 5
 1 9 5 .8 N

From Eq.(13.46): F a  0 for s  2 .9 6 (1 5 0 ) 9 .1 9  4 8 .3 m m

The brake is self-locking (for f  0 .2 5 ), if:
s  4 8 .3 m m

SOLUTION (13.39)

9549 ( 25 )
(a) T  9549 kN
n
 800
 298 . 4 N  m

Fn  T
fr
 298 . 4
0 . 25 ( 0 . 3 )
 3979 N
Fn
Hence F a  a
( b  fc )  3979
1
( 0 . 4  0 . 25  0 . 05 )  1 . 542 kN
No. Not self-locking

( b ) R Ax  fF n  0 . 25 ( 3979 )  994 . 8 N 
R Ay  F n  F a  3979  1542  2437 N 
1

R A  [ 994 . 8  2437 ] 2  2 . 632

2 2
kN

SOLUTION (13.40)

( a ) From Solution of Prob.13.39: F n  3979 N

We now have
Fn
Fa  a
( b  fc )  3979
1
( 0 . 4  0 . 25  0 . 05 )  1, 641 N
No. Not self-locking

( b ) From Solution of Prob.13.39:

R A  2 . 632 kN

SOLUTION (13.41)


4 ( 0 .4 5 )
M A
 0: Fn  0 .2
 9 kN
We now use
Fn
p avg    0 .5 6 6 M P a
9 ,0 0 0
 o
2 ( 0 .1 5 )(s in 4 5 )( 0 .0 7 5 )
2 ( r s in )w
2

(CONT.)

221
13.41 (CONT.)

T  fF n r  ( 0 .3 5 )(9  1 0 )( 0 .1 5 )  4 7 2 .5 N  m
3
Thus
and
kW    12 . 37
Tn 472 . 5 ( 250 )
9549 9549

Comment: Short-Shoe analysis overestimates pressure, torque, and power capacity of the brake.

SOLUTION (13.42)

( a ) From Eq.(13.47):
 o
F n  Pm a x [ 2 ( r s in )] w  (8 0 0 )(1 0 )[ 2 ( 0 .1 5 s in )]( 0 .0 5 )  4 4 9 5 N
3 44
2 2

and fF n  0 .2 5 ( 4 4 9 5 )  1 1 2 4 N

So  M A
 0: 0 .5 F a  0 .0 2 5 (1 1 2 4 )  4 4 9 5 ( 0 .2 )  0 , F a  1 .7 4 2 k N
and
T  fF n r  1 1 2 4 ( 0 .1 5 )  1 6 8 .6 N

(b)
1
R A  [( 4 4 9 5  1 7 4 2 )  1 1 2 4 ]  2 .9 7 4 k N
2 2 2

200 300 Fa

A 25
fF n
Fn

SOLUTION (13.43)

( a ) From Eq. (13.48):

T  fF n r , Fn  T
fr
 250
( 0 .4 )( 0 .3 5 )
 1 .7 9 k N

  ( 0 .3 5 )[ 0 .4  1 .7 9 (1 0 )]  ( 0 .9 F a )  0 .3 2[1 .7 9 (1 0 )]  0
3 3
(b) M o

or Fa  9 1 5 N

SOLUTION (13.44)

Equation (13.47):
 o
F n  p m a x [ 2 ( r s in 2
)] w  7 0 0[ 2 ( 0 .1  s in 30
2
)]( 0 .0 4 )
 1 .4 5 k N
Then, Eg.(13.49):
3
Fn 1 .4 5 (1 0 )
Fa  a
( b  fc )  0 .2
[ 0 .1 2  0 .2 ( 0 .0 3 ) ]
 827 N

222
SOLUTION (13.45)

( a ) From Eq. (13.57),

T ( s in  ) m
p m ax  2 (1)
fw r ( c o s  1  c o s  2 )

Substituting Eq. (13.52) and the data:

o
p m ax  1 3 6 s in 9 0
2 o o
 2 .7 6 M P a
( 0 .3 5 ) ( 0 .0 2 5 ) ( 0 .0 7 5 ) ( c o s 0  c o s 9 0 )

( b ) Introducing Eq. (13.52) and the data into Eq. (1); we have
o
p m ax  1 3 6 s in 6 5
2 o o
 4 .8 4 M P a
( 0 .3 5 ) ( 0 .0 2 5 ) ( 0 .0 7 5 ) ( c o s 2 0  c o s 6 5 )

SOLUTION (13.46)

Equation (13.54): c (cos 2  2  cos 2  1 )  4 r (cos  2  cos  1 )

(1)
where 1  0 ,  2  9 0 AO  c
o o

Equation (1) thus

c (  1  1)  4 r (  1) or c  2r
and
b  c cos 45  2 r cos 45  1 . 414 r
o o

SOLUTION (13.47)

Refer to Figs. P13.47, 13.22, and 13.23.

c  [ 2 5 0  1 7 5 ] 2  3 0 5 .2 m m
2 2

 1 250
  tan  55 . 01 ;  1  10 . 01 ,  2  100 . 01
o o o
175

We have  2  9 0 hence ( s in  ) m  1.
o

( a ) Equation (13.53):
6
( 0 .0 5 )( 0 .2 )( 0 .3 0 5 2 )( 0 .9 1 0 )
 [ 2 ( 2 )  s in 2 0 0 .0 2  s in 2 0 .0 2 ]  2 6 2 7 .5 N  m
o o
M n 4 (1 )

Equation (13.54):
6
( 0 . 3 )( 0 . 05 )( 0 . 2 )( 0 . 9  10 )
  cos 20 . 02 )
o o
M f 4 (1 )
[ 0 . 3052 (cos 200 . 02

 4 ( 0 .2 )(c o s 1 0 0 .0 1  c o s 1 0 .0 1 )]  2 3 8 .5 N  m
o o

Equation (13.55):
Fa  1
a
(M n
 M f
)  1
0 .5 5
[ 2 3 8 9 ]  4 .3 4 4 k N

( b ) Equation (13.57):
2 6
( 0 .3 )( 0 .0 5 )( 0 .2 )( 0 .9  1 0 )
T  [ c o s 1 0 .0 1  c o s 1 0 0 .0 1 ]  6 2 5 .6 N  m
o o
1

Thus
kW    39 . 31
Tn 625 . 6 ( 600 )
9549 9549

223
SOLUTION (13.48)

Refer to Figs.P13.48 and 13.22.

1  1 5 , 2  120  90 and (s in  ) m  1,   105
o o o o

c   300 a  300 cos 30  250  510

150 o
o
m, mm
s in 3 0

( a ) Equations (13.53), (13.54), and (13.55):

6
( 0 .0 6 )( 0 .2 )( 0 .3 )( 0 .8  1 0 )
 [ 2 (1 .8 3 3 )  s in 2 4 0  s in 3 0 ]  3, 6 2 3 N  m
o o
M n 4 (1 )
6
( 0 .3 )( 0 .0 6 )( 0 .2 )( 0 .8  1 0 )
M f
 4 (1 )
[ 0 .3 (  0 .5  0 .8 6 6 )  4  0 .2 (  0 .5  0 .9 6 6 )]  5 4 9 N  m
Thus
Fa  1
a
(M n
 M f
)  1
0 .5 1
[3, 6 2 3  5 4 9 ]  6 .0 2 7 k N

2 6
( 0 .3 )( 0 .0 6 )( 0 .2 )( 0 .8  1 0 )
(b) T  1
[ 0 .9 6 6  0 .5 ]  8 4 4 N  m (Eq.13.57)
Hence
kW    44 . 19
Tn ( 844 )( 500 )
9549 9549

SOLUTION (13.49)

( a ) We have  2  4 5 , Apply Eq. (13.58) to obtain

o

4 r s in  4 (1 2 5 ) s in 4 5
o

a  2  2  s in  2
2
 o
 1 5 5 .2 m m
2 ( 4 5 )(  1 8 0 )  s in 4 5

( b ) Applying Eqs. (13.59) and (13.60):

2 2

Pm a x s in  2 
2 ( 0 .0 5 )( 0 .1 2 5 )
R Ax  (1 .5 5  1 0 ) s in 4 5  1 1 .0 3 k N
2wr 6 o
a 0 .1 5 5 2

R A y  fR A x  0 .3 (1 1 .0 3 )  3 .3 1 k N
( c ) From Eq. (13.61b):
T  R A y a  (3 .3 1)( 0 .1 5 5 2 )  0 .5 1 4 k N  m

End of Chapter 13

224
CHAPTER 14 MECHANICAL SPRINGS

SOLUTION (14.1)


(a) J   402 . 124
4 2
32
(8 ) mm

 
T ( 1 . 25 )
 1 . 396 rad 
TL o
; 80 9  12
GJ 79 ( 10 )( 402 . 124  10 )

or
T  35 . 48 N  m

(b)  
1 6 ( 3 5 .4 8 )
16T
3
 3 3
 353 M Pa
 d  ( 8 1 0 )

SOLUTION (14.2)

3
1 6 ( 2  1 0 )( 0 .1 5 )
  d  1 8 .7 1 m m
3 16 PR
(a) d   a ll 6
,
 ( 3 5 0 1 0 1 .5 )

( b ) Equation (14.2):
4
 d G
4
 (1 8 .7 1 ) ( 7 9 )( 4 0 )
L  2
 3 2
 0 .8 4 5 m  8 4 5 m m
32 PR 3 2 ( 2  1 0 )(1 5 0 )

SOLUTION (14.3)

Angle of twist,   T L J G ; T   J G L , where

  2 0 (  1 8 0 )  0 .3 4 9 ra d
o

9
J d 3 2   (1 2 ) 3 2  2 .0 3 6 (1 0 ) m m  2 .0 3 6 (1 0
4 4 3 4 4
) m
Thus,
9 9
0 .3 4 9 ( 2 .0 3 6  1 0 )( 7 9  1 0 )
T  1 .2
 4 6 .8 N  m

From Eq.(14.1):
  1 6T  d
1 6 ( 4 6 .8 )
  1 3 7 .9 M P a
3
3
 ( 0 .0 1 2 )

SOLUTION (14.4)

D  Cd  5 ( 7 )  35 mm

 a ll  K s
8 P2 ( 5 )
8 PC
2
; 450  2
(1  0 .6 1 5
), P2  1 .5 4 2 k N
 d  (7 ) 5

Thus
P2  P1 1 5 4 2 1 0 0 0
k   2 1
 20
 2 7 .1 N m m
and
3
7 ( 29  10 )
N a
 dG
3
 3
 7 . 49 coils
8C k 8 ( 5 ) ( 27 . 1 )

225
SOLUTION (14.5)

Apply Eq. (14.10):

4
d G
P  3
8D Na

where
 N a  p  d  1 2 .5  9 .5  3 m m
4 9
( 0 .0 0 9 5 ) ( 7 9  1 0 )( 0 .1 2 5 )
So, P  3
 1 .9 3 k N
8 ( 0 .0 5 )

By Eq. (14.6),
  8 PD K s 3
d

For C  D d  5 0 9 .5  5 .2 6 3
Ks 1 0 .6 1 5
5 .2 6 3
 1 .1 1 7 (Eq. 14.7)
It follows that
 
8 (1 .9 3 )( 0 .0 5 )
3
(1 .1 1 7 )  3 2 0 .1 M P a
 ( 0 .0 0 9 5 )

From Table (14.3), S y s  0 .4 S u

By Eq. (14.12),
 0 .1 9 3
Su  Ad  1 6 1 0 (9 .5 )  1 0 4 2 .6 M P a
b

Hence
S y s  0 .4 5 (1 0 4 2 .6 )  4 6 9 .2 M P a
Since
3 2 0 .1  4 6 9 .2  Yes.

SOLUTION (14.6)

From Eq. (14.11), k  P


 d G
3
8D Na

4 3
As d =constant and k proportional to d D , The largest active coil will have the smallest
value of k .
That is, the bottom coil will deflect to zero pitch first.
Using Eq. (14.10), with  N a  p  6 m m :
4 9
4
d G ( 0 .0 4 ) ( 7 9  1 0 )( 0 .0 0 6 )
P  3
 3
 7 0 .2 N
8D Na 8 ( 0 .0 6 ) (1 )

The total deflection is

  P N a  6 (5 )  3 0 m m

SOLUTION (14.7)

( a ) From Eq. (14.11), k  d G

8D Na
3

Outer spring:
4
(7 ) (79000 )
ko  3
 9 2 .6 2 N m m
8 ( 40 ) ( 4 )

Inner spring:
4
( 4 .5 ) ( 7 9 0 0 0 )
ki  3
 4 7 .5 4 N m m
8 ( 22 ) (8 )

(CONT.)

226
14.7 (CONT.)

By Eq. (14.11), k  W  or   W k . Hence

  2000
( 4 7 .5 4  9 2 .6 2 )
 1 4 .2 7 m m
( b ) Force on each spring:
W o  k o   (9 2 .6 2 )(1 4 .2 7 )  1 3 2 2 N
W i  k i   ( 4 7 .5 4 )(1 4 .2 7 )  6 7 8 N

For outer spring: C  4 0 7  5 .7 1, K s  1  0 .6 1 5

5 .7 1
 1 .1 1
For inner spring: C  2 2 4 .5  4 .8 9 , K s  1  0 .6 1 5
4 .8 9
 1 .1 3

  (8 w D  d ) K s
3
Apply Eq. (14.6):
i 
8 (1 3 2 2 )( 4 0 )
3
(1 .1 1)  4 3 5 M P a
 (7 )

i 
8 ( 6 7 8 )( 2 2 )
3
(1 .1 3 )  4 7 1 M P a
 ( 4 .5 )

SOLUTION (14.8)

C  15 3  5 Table 14.2: b   0 .2 0 1 , A  1510

 0 . 201
S u  Ad  1510 ( 3 )  1 , 211
b
MPa

Table 14.3: S ys
 0 . 42 S u  509 MPa

3
3 ( 79  10 )
( a) k  dG
3
 3
 23 . 7 N mm
8C N a 8 ( 5 ) ( 10 )

Nt  N a
 2  12 , h s  ( N t  1) d  13 ( 3 )  39 mm

2
8 Pmax C S ys  d
( b ) S ys  K s 2 , Pmax 
 d 8 CK s

2
 ( 5 0 9 )( 3 )
Thus Pm a x  0 .6 1 5
 3 2 0 .4 N
8 ( 5 )(1  )
5

SOLUTION (14.9)

3
8 ( 2  10 )( 5 )( 1 . 3 )
 (1  )  (1 
2 8 PCn 0 . 615 0 . 615
(a) d  S ys C  ( 500  10 )
6 5
)

or
d  8 . 62 mm

 c  1 .1 0
2 (1 0 )
( b ) D  8 .6 2 ( 5 )  4 3 .1 m m , 90
 2 4 .4 4 m m
3
( 8 .6 2 )( 7 9 1 0 )
   7 .5 7
dG
N a 8C K
3
8(5 ) (90 )
3

hs  (N a
 2 ) d  82 . 49 mm, h f  24 . 44  82 . 49  106 . 9 mm

c hf
(c) hf
 2 4 .4 4
106
 0 .2 3 D
 1 0 6 .9
4 3 .1
 2 .4 8  Spring is safe (Curve A, Fig.14.10)

227
SOLUTION (14.10)

hs
(a) Nt  d 
2 1.6
1.8  12 C 
15
1 .8  8 .3 3

N a  12  2  10 Ks  1  1.0 7 4
0 .6 1 5
8 .3 3

2
( S ys n )  d  ( 9 0 0 2 )(1 .8 )
2

P  8 K sC
 8 (1 .0 7 4 )( 8 .3 3 )
 64 N
3
( 1 . 8 )( 79  10 )
k  dG
3
 3
 3 . 075 N mm
8C N a 8 ( 8 . 33 ) ( 10 )

Thus  s  1 .1 5 P
k
 1 .1 5 64
3 .0 7 5
 2 3 .9 3 m m
h f  h s   s  2 1 .6  2 3 .9 3  4 5 .5 3 mm

s h
 0 . 53  3 . 04  Spring is safe (Curve B, Fig.14.10)
f
(b) h f D

SOLUTION (14.11)

8 ( 8 )( 2 0 0 )
 (1  )  (1  d  5 .1 1 m m
2 8CP 0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5
d  S ys n 6
),
C  ( 4 2 0  1 0 ) 2 .5 8

D  5 .1 1(8 )  4 0 .8 8 m m

6
5 . 11 ( 79  10 )
N a
 dG
3
 3 3
 10 . 95
8C k 8 ( 8 ) ( 9  10 )

N t  1 0 .9 5  2  1 2 .9 5, h s  (1 2 .9 5 )(5 .1 1)  6 6 .2 m m
 s  1 .2 0 200
9000
 2 6 .7 m m h f  6 6 .2  2 6 .7  9 2 .9 m m

Therefore
s h
 0 . 287 ,  2 . 23  Spring is safe (Curve A, Fig.14.10)
f

h f D

SOLUTION (14.12)

( a )  a ll 
8 ( 2 )75
  d  8 .9 9 m m
8 PD 3 8 PD
3
, d   a ll 6
,
 d  ( 5 2 5 1 0 )

( b ) C  D d  7 5 8 .9 9  8 .3 4

3
8 .9 9 ( 7 9  1 0 )
Na  dG
3
 3
 7 .2 9 , h s  ( N a  2  1)8 .9 9  9 2 .5 1 m m
8C k 8 ( 8 .3 4 ) ( 2 1 )

 s  1 .1 0 P
k
 1 .1 0 2
21
 1 0 4 .8 m m , h f  h s   s  1 9 7 .3 m m

s hf
(c) hf
 0 .5 3, D
 2 .6 3  Spring is safe (Curve B, Fig.14.10)

228
SOLUTION (14.13)

We have C  D d  2 0 2 .5  8 .0
( a ) From Table 14.3: S y s  0 .4 0 S u
where
 0 .1 6 3
Su  Ad  2 0 6 0 ( 2 .5 )  1774 M Pa
b

and
 m a x  0 .4 0 (1 7 7 4 )  7 0 9 .6 M P a
By Eq. (14.8):
2
 d  m ax
Pm a x  8CK
where K w  1  0 .6 1 5
8
 1 .0 7 7 (Eq. 14.7)
w

2
 ( 2 .5 ) ( 7 0 9 .6 )
 8 ( 8 )(1 .0 7 7 )
 2 0 2 .1

Use Eq. (14.11),

4 4
( 2 .5 ) ( 7 9 0 0 0 )
k  d G
3
 3
 4 .3 8 N m
8D Na 8 ( 2 0 ) (1 1 )

( b )   Pm a x k  2 0 2 .1 4 .3 8  4 6 .1 4 m m
By Fig. 14.8c: h s  N t d
h s  ( N a  2 ) d  (1 1  2 )  3 2 .5 m m
Thus,
h f  3 2 .5  4 6 .1 4  7 8 .6 4 m m

( c ) h f D  7 8 .6 4 2 0  3 .9 3 2
 h f  4 6 .1 4 7 8 .6 4  0 .5 8 7

From Fig. 14.10, for Case B: Yes, Buckling occurs.

SOLUTION (14.14)

( a ) Use Eq. (14.12) and Table 14.2.

 0 .1 9 3
Su  Ad  1 6 1 0 ( 0 .9 )  1643 M Pa
b

Table (14.3):
S y s  0 .4 5 S u  0 .4 5 (1 6 4 3 )  7 3 9 .4 M P a

( b ) Spring index, with C  D d  1 0 0 .9  1 1 .1 :

Ks 1 0 .6 1 5
C
 1 0 .6 1 5
1 1 .1
 1 .0 5 5 (Eq. 14.7)
Rearrange Eq. (14.6), let   S y s , and solve for P .
3
 d S ys 3
 ( 0 .9 ) ( 7 3 9 .9 )
P  8KsD
 8 (1 .0 5 5 )(1 0 )
 2 0 .1 N

From Fig. 14.7, N a  1 4 .5  2  1 2 .5 . Equation (14.11) is then

4 4
( 7 9 , 0 0 0 )( 0 .9 )
k  Gd
3
 3
 0 .5 1 8 N m m
8D Na 8 (1 0 ) (1 2 .5 )

(CONT.)

229
14.14 (CONT.)

(c) s  P
k
 2 0 .1
0 .5 1 8
 3 8 .8 m m

From Fig. 14.7c:

h s  ( N a  3) d  (1 2 .5  3)( 0 .9 )  1 3 .9 5 m m
h f   s  h s  3 8 .8  1 3 .9 5  5 2 .7 5 m m
Figure 14.7:
hf 2d 5 2 .7 5  2 ( 0 .9 )
p  Na
 1 2 .5
 4 .0 7 6 m m

s hf
(d) hf
 3 8 .8
1 3 .9 5
 2 .7 8 , D
 5 2 .7 5
10
 5 .2 7 5

Figure 14.10, Curve A: No buckling failure.

SOLUTION (14.15)

( a ) Equation (14.4), C  D d  1 4 1 .5  9 .3 3 3

Equation (14.7):
Ks 1 0 .6 1 5
9 .3 3 3
 1 .0 6 6
From Fig. 14.7:
N t  N a  2  1 6  2  1 8, h s  d N t  1 .5 (1 8 )  2 7 m m
The pitch equals
P  ( h f  2 d ) N a  [3 5  2 (1 .5 )] 1 6  2 m m
Solid deflection
 s  h f  hs  3 5  2 7  8 m m

( b ) Equation (14.12) and Table 14.2:

 0 .1 9 3
S u  1 6 1 0 (1 .5 )  1498 M Pa

From Table (14.3):

S y s  0 .4 5 S u  0 .4 5 (1 4 8 9 )  6 7 0 M P a
From Eq. (14.11):
Gds ( 2 9 , 0 0 0 ) (1 .5 ) ( 8 )
P  3
 3
 3 .3 4 4 N
8C N a 8 ( 9 .3 3 3 ) (1 6 )

and
8DKsP
 m ax 
8 (1 4 ) (1 .0 6 6 ) ( 3 .3 4 4 )
3
 3
 3 7 .6 5 M P a
d  (1 .5 )

Then
 a ll
n   m ax
 670
3 7 .6 5
 1 7 .8

s hf
(c) hf
 8
3 .5
 0 .2 2 9 , D
 35
14
 2 .5

From Fig. 14.10  No buckling.

230
SOLUTION (14.16)

42 42
( a ) Pm  2
 3 kN Pa  2
 1 kN C  15
3
 5
4 C 1
Kw    1.3 1 1 Ks  1  1.1 2 3
0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5
4C4 C C

a Kw Pa
m
 Ks Pm
 1 . 311
1 . 123
1
3
 0 . 389

Equation (14.24), with replacing S u s by S y s :

m 
5 0 0 1 .3
( 0 .3 8 9 )( 2  5 0 0  2 8 0 )
 1 9 2 .3 M P a
1
280

and
3
8 Pm C 8 ( 3  1 0 )( 5 )
 Ks  1 .1 2 3 d  1 4 .9 4
2
d  m 6
, mm
 (1 9 2 .3  1 0 )

( b ) D  14 . 94 ( 5 )  74 . 7 mm  s  1 . 10 4000
90
 48 . 89 mm
3
1 4 .9 4 ( 7 9  1 0 )
   1 3.1 1
dG
N a 8C k
3 3
8( 5 ) ( 90 )

hs  (N a
 2 ) d  225 . 7 mm h f  274 . 6 mm

s h
 0 .1 8 ,  3 .6 8  Spring is safe (Curve A, Fig.14.10)
f
(c) h f D

Also
356 , 620 ( 14 . 94 )
fn  356000 d
2
 2
 72 . 8 cps  4 , 370 cpm
D N a ( 74 . 7 ) ( 13 . 11 )

SOLUTION (14.17)

From Eq. (14.20): S e s '  4 6 5 M P a ,  P  (400  0) 2  200 N

k  P   200 10  20 N m m

8 Pm a x D
By Eq. (14.8),  m a x 
8 ( 4 0 0 )( 4 0 )
3
Kw; 465  3
(1 .3 ) .
d d

Solving
d  4 .8 5 m m

Equation (14.11): k  d G 8 D N a or
4 3

4 4
( 4 .8 5 ) ( 7 9 , 0 0 0 )
Na  d G
3
 3
 4 .2 7
8D k 8 ( 40 ) ( 20 )

Crash allowance =15 %

 s  1 .1 5 42000  2 3 m m
h s  ( N a  3) d  ( 4 .2 7  3)( 4 .8 5 )  3 5 .2 6 m m
h f  3 5 .2 6  2 3  5 8 .2 6 m m

231
SOLUTION (14.18)

From Eq. (14.20): S e s '  3 1 0 M P a

k  P   200 10  20 N m m
From Eq. (14.8):
8 Pm a x D
 m ax 
8 ( 4 0 0 )( 4 0 )
3
Kw; 310  3
(1 .3 )
d d

Solving
d  5 .5 5 m m

Equation (14.11): k  d G 8 D N a or
4 3

4 4
( 5 .5 5 ) ( 7 9 , 0 0 0 )
Na  d G
3
 3
 7 .3 2
8D k 8 ( 40 ) ( 20 )

Crash allowance =8 %
 s  1 .0 8 42000  2 1 .6 m m
h s  ( N a  3) d  ( 7 .3 2  3)(5 .5 5 )  5 7 .2 8 m m
h f  5 7 .2 8  2 1 .6  7 8 .8 8 m m

SOLUTION (14.19)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 14.15.

( a ) We now have
4 C 1 4 ( 9 .3 3 3 )  1
Kw  4C 4
 0 .6 1 5
C
 4 ( 9 .3 3 3 )  4
 0 .6 1 5
9 .3 3 3
 1 .1 5 6
Pm a x  Pm in 14  4 14  4
Pa  2
 2
 5 N, Pm  2
 9 N
From Eq. (14.8):
8CK Pa
a 
8 ( 9 .3 3 3 ) (1 .1 5 6 ) ( 5 )
w
2
 2
 6 1 .0 5 M P a
d  (1 .5 )

Pm
m a( Pa
)  6 1 .0 5 ( 95 )  1 0 9 .9 M P a
S ys
(b) n   a  m
 670
6 1 .0 5  1 0 9 .9
 3 .9 2

( c ) From Table 14.3 the modified endurance limit is

S e s '  0 .2 2 S u  0 .2 2 (1 4 8 9 )  3 2 7 .6 M P a
Thus
S es '
n  a
 3 2 7 .6
6 1 .0 5
 5 .3 7

SOLUTION (14.20)

180  30 180  30
( a ) C  15 3  5 Pm  2
 105 N Pa  2
 75 N
4 C 1
Kw  4C 4
 0 . 615
C
 1 . 311 Ks  1 0 . 615
C
 1 . 123
a Kw Pa
m
 Ks Pm
 1 . 311 75
1 . 123 105
 0 . 834
Thus

8 Pm C 8 ( 105 )( 5 )
m
 K s 2
 1 . 123 3 2
 166 . 8 MPa
d  ( 3  10 )

 a  0 . 834 (166 . 8 )  139 . 1 MPa

(CONT.)

232
14.20 (CONT.)

Table 14.2 and Eq.(14.12):

 0 . 163
S u  Ad  2060 ( 3 )  1 , 722
b
MPa

Table 14.3: S es  0 . 23 S u  396 Equation (7.5a): S us  0 . 67 S u  1,154

'
MPa MPa

Equation (14.25) results in

1 ,1 5 4 ( 3 9 6 )
n  1 3 9 .1 ( 2  1 ,1 5 4  3 9 6 )  1 6 6 . 8  3 9 6  1.3 8

3
3 ( 7 9 1 0 )
( b ) hs  ( N a  2 ) d  7 2 m m , k  dG
3
 3
 1 0 .7 7 N m m
8C N a 8 (5 ) ( 22 )

 s  1 .1 0 180
1 0 .7 7
 1 8 .3 8 m m , h f  7 2  1 8 .3 8  9 0 .4 mm

356 , 620 ( 3 )
(c) fn  1 356 , 620 d
2 2
 2
 108 cps  6 , 480 cpm (for fixed-free ends)
D Na 2 ( 15 ) ( 22 )

s h
 0 .2 ,  6 . 03  Buckling will occur (Curve B, Fig.14.10)
f
(d) h f D

SOLUTION (14.21)

D  C d  8 (5 )  4 0 m m Ks 1 0 .6 1 5
8
 1 .0 7 7

4 C 1
Kw    1.1 8 4
0 .6 1 5
4C4 C
8 Pm C
m  Ks
8 ( 5 0 0 )( 8 )
2
 1 .0 7 7 2
 4 3 8 .8 M P a
 d  (5)

Table 14.3 and Eq.(14.12):

 0 .1 6 3
Su  Ad  2 0 6 0 (5 )  1585 M Pa
b

Equation (7.5a): S u s  0 .6 7 (1 5 8 5 )  1 0 6 2 M P a

Table 14.3: S e s  0 .2 3 (1 5 8 5 )  3 6 4 .6 M P a
'

Equation (14.23) gives

1
( 3 6 4 .6 )(1 0 6 2 1 .2  4 3 8 .8 )
a  2

1062  ( 1
)( 3 6 4 .6 )
 9 2 .4 7 M P a
2

Thus
Ks a
Pa  Kw m
Pm  1 .0 7 7 9 2 .4 7
1 .1 8 4 4 3 8 .8
(5 0 0 )  9 5 .8 N
and
Pm in  5 0 0  9 5 .8  4 0 4 .2 N
Pm a x  5 0 0  9 5 .8  5 9 5 .8 N

233
SOLUTION (14.22)

( a ) C  24 5  4 . 8 Pm  640
2
 320 N Pa  160
2
 80 N
4 C 1
Kw    1.3 2 5 Ks  1  1.1 2 8
0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5
4C4 C C

Table 14.2 and Eq.(14.12):

 0 . 163
S u  Ad  2060 ( 5 )  1 , 585
b
MPa

S es  0 . 23 S u  365
'
Table 14.3: MPa

Equation (7.5a): S us  0 . 67 S u  1, 062 MPa

Therefore we obtain

8 Pm C 8 ( 320 )( 4 . 8 )
m
 K s 2
 1 . 128 2
 176 . 5 MPa
d  ( 0 . 005 )

 
K Pa
a
 K
w

Pm m
 1 . 325
1 . 128
80
320
(176 . 5 )  51 . 83 MPa
s

Equation (14.25):
n   2 . 49
1 , 062 ( 365 )
51 . 83 ( 2  1 , 062  365 )  176 . 5 ( 365 )

( b ) Load of 160 N causes deflection of 72-65=7 mm.

G d 7 ( 7 9 , 0 0 0 )( 5 )
N a
 8 PC
3  8 (1 6 0 )( 5 )
3  1 7 .3

SOLUTION (14.23)

90  20 90  20
( a ) Pa  2
 35 N Pm  2
 55 N
4 C 1
Kw    1.2 5 3 Ks  1  1.1 0 3
0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5
4C4 C C
a K Pa
m
 K
w

Pm
 1 . 253
1 . 103
35
55
 0 . 723
s

Use Eq.(14.24) with replacing S u s by S y s .

m 
5 6 0 1 .6
Thus 0 .7 2 3 ( 2  5 6 0  3 1 5 )
 1 2 2 .9 M P a
1
315
8 Pm C 8 ( 5 5 )( 6 )
 K  1 .1 0 3 d  2 .7 5 m m
2
d s  m 6
,
 (1 2 2 .9  1 0 )

( b ) D  d C  2 .7 5 ( 6 )  1 6 .5 m m
P 90  20
k  
 0 .0 7 5  0 .0 6 5
 7 kN m
3
2 .7 5 ( 2 9  1 0 )
Na  dG
3
 3
 6 .6 , N t  6 .6  2  8 .6
8C k 8(6) (7 )

h s  8 .6 ( 2 .7 5 )  2 3 .7 m m , h f  0 .0 7 5  1 .1 0 ( 7 02 00 0 )  7 8 .1 4 m m

 s  h f  h s  7 8 .1 4  2 3 .7  5 4 .4 m m

3 5 6 , 6 2 0 ( 2 .7 5 )
fn    5 4 5 .8 cps  32, 748
3 5 6 ,6 2 0 d
(c) 2 2
cpm
D Na (1 6 .5 ) ( 6 .6 )

s hf
(d) hf
 0 .7 , D
 4 .7  Spring is safe (Curve A, Fig.14.10)

234
SOLUTION (14.24)

4 C 1
(a) Kw  4C4 
0 .6 1 5
C  1.2 5 3 Ks  1
0 .6 1 5
C  1.1 0 3
5 0 1 0 5 0 1 0
Pa  2
 20 N Pm  2
 30 N
a K w Pa

m
 K s Pm
 1 . 253
1 . 103
20
30
 0 . 757

m 
5 6 0 1 .6
Thus 0 .7 5 7 ( 2  5 6 0  3 1 5 )
 1 1 9 .3 M P a
1
315

Hence
8 Pm C 8 ( 3 0 )( 6 )
 K  1 .1 0 3
2
d s  m 6
 (1 1 9 .3  1 0 )

or d  2 .0 6 m m

( b ) D  2 .0 6 ( 6 )  1 2 .3 6 m m
P 5 0 1 0
k  
 0 .1 2 5  0 .1 0 5
 2 kN m
3
2 . 06 ( 29  10 )
N a
 dG
3
 3
 17 . 29
8C k 8(6) (2)

N t  17 . 29  2  19 . 29
h s  1 9 .2 9 ( 2 .0 6 )  3 9 .7 4 m m
h f  1 2 5  1 .1 0 ( 2 10 00 0 )  1 2 5 .0 0 6 m m

 s  h f  h s  1 2 5 .0 0 6  3 9 .7 4  8 5 .2 7 m m

3 5 6 , 6 2 0 ( 2 .0 6 )
(c) fn  2
 2 7 8 .1 c p s  1 6 , 6 8 6 c p m
(1 2 .3 6 ) (1 7 .2 9 )

s hf
(d) hf
 0 .6 8 , D
 1 0 .1  Spring will buckle (Curve A, Fig.14.10)

SOLUTION (14.25)

( a ) Pm  400 N Pa  100 N K s
1 0 . 615
C
 1 . 103

4 C 1
Kw    1.2 5 3
0 .6 1 5
4C4 C
8 Pm C
m  K s
8 ( 4 0 0 )( 6 ) 6,741
d
2  1.1 0 3  (d )
2  d
2

K Pa
a  m 
6,741 1,9 1 4
) 
w 1.2 5 3 1
K s Pm 1 .1 0 3 ( 4 )( d
2
d
2

Equation (14.23) leads

1,9 1 4 6,741
(720  )  
330 330 720
d
2 2 2 ( 1. 6 d
2 )
or
 450  d  5 . 41 mm
6 , 438 6 , 741
2 2
,
d d

( b ) D  5 . 41 ( 6 )  32 . 46 mm
dG  5 .4 1( 7 9 , 0 0 0 )( 8 )
N a
 8 PC
3  8 ( 5 0 0  3 0 0 )( 6 )
3  9 .8 9

235
SOLUTION (14.26)

( a ) Pm  470 N, Pa  130 N, C  30 6  5

Table 14.2 and Eq.(14.12):

 0 . 201
S u  Ad  1510 ( 6 )  1053
b
MPa
Table 14.3:
 0 . 42 (1053 )  442 S es  0 . 21 (1053 )  221
'
S ys
MPa , MPa
4 C 1
Ks  1  1.1 2 3 , Kw    1.3 1 1
0 .6 1 5 0 .6 1 5
C 4C4 C
P2  P1
We have k   2 1
 600  340
13
 20 N mm , 1  340
20
 17 mm
 1G d 1 7 ( 2 9 0 0 0 )( 6 )
N a
 8 P1 C
3  8 ( 3 4 0 )( 5 )
3  8 .7


8 Pm C 8 ( 470 )( 5 )
m
 K s 2
 1 . 123 2
 186 . 7 MPa
d  (6)

Kw Pa
a  Ks Pm
m  1 .3 1 1
1 .1 2 3
( 14 37 )(1 8 6 .7 )  6 0 .2 9 M Pa
It follows that
442( 221)
n  6 0 .2 9 ( 2  4 4 2  2 2 1 ) 1 8 6 .7 ( 2 2 1 )  1.2 (Eq.14.25)

(b) hs  ( N a
 2 ) d  (10 . 7 ) 6  64 . 2 mm
6 ( 79000 )
k  dG
3
 3
 54 . 48 N mm
8C N a 8 ( 5 ) ( 8 .7 )

 s
 1 . 20 600
54 . 48
 13 . 22 mm , h f  64 . 2  13 . 22  77 . 42 mm

356 , 620 ( 6 )
(c) fn  1 356 , 620 d
2 2
 2
 136 . 6 cps  8 ,196 cpm (fixed-free ends)
D Na 2 ( 30 ) ( 8 . 7 )

s h
 0 .1 7 ,  2 .6  Spring is safe (Curve B, Fig.14.10)
f
(d) hf D

SOLUTION (14.27)

Refer to Example 14.6.

The critical torsional shear stress in the hook is from Eq. (14.34b):
rm
B  ( ) 8 PD
3
 S ys
ri d

where
S y s  0 .4 0 S u  0 .4 0 (1 2 5 6 )  5 0 2 .4 M P a

rm  3 .7 5 m m ri  3 .7 5  ( 2 .5 2 )  2 .5 m m
D  7 .5 m m d  2 .5 m m
Thus,
8 P (1 2 .5 )
5 0 2 .4  ( 32.7.55 ) 3
, P  1 6 4 .4 N
 ( 2 .5 )

The larger load is PA  2 3 2 .1 N , as found in Part (b) of Example 14.6.

This shows that failure will occur first by shear stress in the hook.

236
SOLUTION (14.28)

k 
Gd
8D Na
3 Since k 1  k 2 :
4 4 3
d1 d D2
 d 2  d1  3 ( 81 ) , d 2  14 . 27 mm
2 4 4 4 3
3 3
, 3
D1 D2 D1

SOLUTION (14.29)

C  5
0 .5
 10 K s
1 0 . 615
C
 1 . 0615
4 C 1
Kw  4C 4
 0 .6 1 5
C
 1 .1 4 5, Pm  3 N , Pa  2 N
a K Pa 8 Pm C
m  Ks
8 ( 3 ) (1 0 )
m
 w
 0 .7 1 9 2
 1 .0 6 1 5 2
 3 0 5 .6 M P a
K s Pm d  ( 0 .5 )

 a  0 .7 1 9 (3 0 5 .6 )  2 1 9 .7 M P a
Table 14.2 and Eq.(14.12):
 0 .1 6 3
Su  Ad  2 0 6 0 ( 0 .5 )  2306
b
M Pa

Equation (7.5a): S u s  0 .6 7 S u  1 5 4 5 M P a Table 14.3: S e s  0 .2 3 S u  5 3 0 .4 M P a

'

Equation (14.25) is therefore

1545 ( 530 . 4 )
n  219 . 7 ( 2  1545  530 . 4 )  305 . 6 ( 530 . 4 )
 1 . 13

SOLUTION (14.30)

( a ) We have C  D d  2 .4 0 .6  4 . So,
4 C 1 4 ( 4 ) 1
Kw  4C 4
 0 .6 1 5
C
 4(4)4
 0 .6 1 5
4
 1 .2 5  0 .1 5 3 7 5  1 .4 0 3 7 5
From Eq. (14.8):
3

 m ax  K w
8 ( 6 )( 2 .4 )(1 0 )
8 PD
3
 1 .4 0 3 7 5 9
 2 3 8 .3 M P a
d  ( 0 .6 )(1 0 )

( b ) Use Eq.(14.34). Here ( ri ) A  ( rm ) A  d 2  1 .2  0 .3  0 .9 m m . Hence

3
1 .2 1 6 ( 6 )( 2 .4  1 0 )
(
4 (5)
)c  9
 2 6
 4 5 2 .7  1 7 .6 8  4 7 0 .3 8 M P a
A 0 .9  ( 0 .6 )(1 0 )  ( 0 .6 ) (1 0 )

From Eq. (14.12) and Table 14.2 for music wire:

 0 .1 6 3
Su  Ad  2 0 6 0 ( 0 .6 )  2239 M Pa
b

We also have
S y  S y s 0 .5 7 7  ( 0 .4 0 S u 0 .5 7 7  0 .6 9 3 S u  0 .6 9 3 ( 2 2 3 9 )  1, 5 5 2 M P a
Thus
Sy
n  ( )c
 1552
4 7 0 .3 8
 3 .3
A

SOLUTION (14.31)

( a ) I  bh 12  (1 . 2 ) 12  0 . 1728 C  D d  18 1 . 2  15
3 4 4
mm ,
3
 EI ( 16  2  )( 207  10
 
)( 0 . 1728 )
ML
EI
, L  M
 240
 14 , 983 mm
14 ,983
   265
L
Hence N a D  (1 8 )

(CONT.)

237
14.31 (CONT.)

( b ) P a  1 5 (1 6 )  2 4 0 N  m m
2
3 C  C  0 .8
i  Ki
6 ( 240 )
Ki  3 C ( C 1)
 1 .0 4 6 , 6 Pa
2
 1 .0 4 6 3
 8 7 1 .7 M P a
bh (1 .2 )

SOLUTION (14.32)

The spring index is C  D d  1 5 1 .5  1 0 .

From Eq. (14.36):
2
2
4 C  C 1 4 (1 0 )  1 0  1
Ki  4 C ( C 1 )
 4 (1 0 )(1 0  1 )
 1 .0 8 1
Equation (14.12) and Table 14.2 for hard-drawn wire:
 0 .2 0 1
Su  Ad  1 5 1 0 (1 .5 )  1392 M Pa
b

S y  S y  S y s 0 .5 7 7  ( 0 .4 2 0 .5 7 7 ) S u  1 0 1 3 M P a  1 0 1 3 N m m
2

From Eq. (14.39):

3
 d Sy 3
 (1 .5 ) (1 0 1 3 )
M  32 K i
 3 2 (1 .0 8 1 )
 3 1 0 .5 N  m m
We have
I d 6 4   (1 .5 ) 6 4  0 .2 4 9 m m
4 4 4

Equation (14.41), with  r a d  1 .2 , is thus

M lw 3 1 0 .5 [  (1 5 ) N a ]
1 .2   3
, N a  4 .2 8 8
EI ( 2 1 0  1 0 ) ( 0 .2 4 9 )

SOLUTION (14.33)

From Eq.(14.12) and Table 14.2 for oil-tempered wire:

 0 .1 9 3
Su  Ad  1610(2)  1 4 0 8 .4 M P a
b

( a ) Equation (7.5b) and Table 14.3:

S y  S y s 0 .5 7 7  0 .4 5 S u 0 .5 7 7  0 .7 8 S u

 0 .7 8 (1 4 0 8 .4 )  1 0 9 8 .6 M P a
Spring index: C  D d  1 2 .5 2  6 .2 5 .
Equation (14.36) :
4 ( 6 .2 5 )  6 .2 5  1
Ki  4 ( 6 .2 5 )( 6 .2 6  1 )
 0 .1 3 5

Equation (14.39) with  a ll

 S y n  1 0 9 8 .6 1 .8  6 1 0 .3 M P a :

i 
3 2 P ( 0 .0 2 8 )
6 1 0 .3 (1 0 ) 
32 Pa 6
3
K i; 3
( 0 .1 3 5 )
d  ( 0 .0 0 2 )

Solving, P  1 2 6 .8 N

( b ) L w   D N a   (1 2 .5 )(3 .5 )  1 3 7 .4 m m
I d 64   (2) 6 4  0 .7 8 5 4 m m
4 4 4

Equation (14.41), with M  P a  1 2 6 .8 ( 0 .0 2 8 )  3 .5 5 N  m

Hence
M lw
 rad 
( 3 .5 5 ) ( 0 .1 3 7 4 )
 9 12  3 .1 1 r a d
EI 2 0 0  1 0 ( 0 .7 8 5 4  1 0 )

238
SOLUTION (14.34)

( a ) We have  a ll   m a x n  8 0 0 2 .5  3 2 0 M P a
From Eq. (14.42):
3
6 ( 4 0  1 0 )( 0 .7 )
  3 2 0 (1 0 )  b  136 m m
6 PL 6
a ll 2
; 2
,
nbh 8 ( 6 )( 0 .0 2 2 )

( b ) Eq. (14.43):
3
6 ( 4 0 1 0 )
  (1   ) ( hl )  (1  0 .3 )
2 6P 3 2 3
Enb 9
( 0 0.0.72 2 )
2 0 0 (1 0 )( 8 )( 0 .1 3 6 )

 0 .0 3 2 3 m  3 2 .3 m m

SOLUTION (14.35)

( a ) C  0 .6 0 .0 8  7 .5
Table 14.2 and Eq.(14.12):
 0 .1 9 3
Su  Ad  1610(2 )  1 4 0 8 .4 M P a
b

S ys 0 .4 5 S u
Table 14.3: S y  0 .5 7 7
 0 .5 7 7
 1 0 9 8 .4 M P a
2
4 C  C 1
Equation (14.36): K i  4 C ( C 1 )
 1 . 11
Equation (14.39) is therefore
3
 ( 2 ) (1 .0 9 8 4 ) 1 .4
M  Pa  3 2 (1 .1 1 )
 0 .5 5 5 N  m

4
d
( b ) L   (1 5 ) 6  2 8 2 .7 m m , I   0 .7 8 5 4 m m
4
64

 
0 .5 5 5 ( 0 .2 8 2 7 )
  0 .9 9 9 ra d  5 7 .3
ML o
9 12
EI ( 2 0 0  1 0 )( 0 .7 8 5 4  1 0 )

SOLUTION (14.36)

 Pa
( a ) P m  700 N P a  400 N 
a
 Pm
 4
7
m

6 Pm L 6 ( 7 0 0 )( 0 . 4 )
m   
42
2 2 3
bh 40 h ( h ) h

Su n

1 4 0 0 1 .2
Also m
  Su
 4 1400
 3 6 0 .1 M P a
a
1 ( )( ) 1
 m ( Se K
'
f ) 7 5 0 0 1 .4

Thus we obtain
)  h  4 . 89 mm
6 42
360 . 1 (10 3
,
h

Hence b  195 . 6 mm

3 3
3 ( 207  10 )( 195 . 6 )( 4 . 89 )
(b) k  Ebh
3
3 L ( 1 
2
)

3 ( 400 ) ( 0 . 91 )
3
 27 . 1 N mm

End of Chapter 14

239
CHAPTER 15 POWER SCREWS, FASTENERS, AND
CONNECTIONS

SOLUTION (15.1)

( a ) By Fig.15.4b: thread depth=7.5 mm, thread width=7.5 mm

Thus
d m  75  7 . 5  67 . 5 mm , d r  75  15  60 mm , L  p  15 mm

( b ) By Fig.15.4a: thread depth=7.5 mm, thread width at pitch line=7.5 mm

Hence
d m  67 . 5 mm , d r  60 mm , L  p  15 mm

SOLUTION (15.2)

Table 15.3: 25 . 4
p
 4 , p  6 . 35

( a ) L  n p  2 ( 6 .3 5 )  1 2 .7 m m
Fig.15.4a:   1 4 .5
p
dm  d   3 8 .1  3 .1 7 5  3 4 .9 2 5 m m
o
2

ta n      6 .6
L 1 2 .7 o
 dm  ( 3 4 .9 2 5 )
;

ta n  n  c o s  ta n   c o s 6 .6 (ta n 1 4 .5 );  n  1 4 .4 1
o o

( b ) For starting, we have f  4

3 ( 0 .1 )  0 .1 3 , fc 
4
3 ( 0 .0 8 )  0 .1 1
Wd f  cos  n tan  Wf cd c
Tu  2
m
cos  n  f tan 
 2
o o
7 .5 ( 3 4 .9 2 5 ) 0 .1 3  (c o s 1 4 .4 1 ) ta n 6 .6 7 .5 ( 0 .1 1 )( 5 0 .8 )
 o o
  5 4 .2 N  m
2 (c o s 1 4 .4 1 )  ( 0 .1 3 ) ta n 6 .6 2

o o
7 .5 ( 3 4 .9 2 5 ) 0 .1 3  (c o s 1 4 .4 1 ) ta n 6 .6 7 .5 ( 0 .1 1 ) ( 5 0 .8 )
Td  o o
  2 3 .3 N  m
2 (c o s 1 4 .4 1 )  ( 0 .1 3 ) ta n 6 .6 2

c o s  n  f ta n 
o o
c o s 1 4 .4 1  ( 0 .1 3 ) ta n 6 .6
(c) e  cos  n  f cot 
 o o
 0 .4 6  4 6 %
c o s 1 4 .4 1  ( 0 .1 3 ) c o t 6 .6

Tu
(d) F  a
 5 4 .2
0 .1 9
 2 8 5 .3 N

SOLUTION (15.3)

f  cos  n tan 
T o  0  d m [ cos   f tan 
]  d c fc (Eq.15.11)
n

f  fc cos  n ( d c d m )
o
0 .1  0 .0 8 (c o s 1 4 .4 1 )(1 .4 5 4 5 )
Solving, ta n   cos  n  f fc ( d c d m )
 o
c o s 1 4 .4 1  ( 0 .1 )( 0 .0 8 )(1 .4 5 4 5 )

  1 2 .5
o
or
Then, Eq.(15.12):
d m ta n 
o
3 4 .9 2 5 (ta n 1 2 .5 )
e  f  c o s  n ta n 
 o o
 0 .4 9 4  4 9 .4 %
0 .1  (c o s 1 4 .4 1 )(ta n 1 2 .5 )
dm [ ] d c fc 3 4 .9 2 5 [ ]  5 0 .8 ( 0 .0 8 )
c o s  n  f ta n  o
c o s 1 4 .4 1  0 .1 (ta n 1 2 .5 )
o

240
SOLUTION (15.4)

d m  32  2  30 mm , L  2 ( 4 )  8 mm ,  n  0

1 1
  ta n  ta n  4 .8 5
L 8 o
d m  ( 30 )

Wd f  tan  Wf cdc 6 ( 30 ) 0 . 1  tan 4 . 85

o 6 ( 0 . 15 ) 50
Tu  m

1  f tan 
  [ o
]  39 . 28 N  m
2 2 2 1  0 . 1 tan 4 . 85 2

We have
n  V
L
 40
8
 5 rps  300 rpm

Thus
kW    1 . 23
Tn 39 . 28 ( 300 )
9549 9549

SOLUTION (15.5)

   n  0, L  25 m m , c o s  n  1, ta n   L
 dm
 25
 ( 45 )
 0 .1 7 6 8

V  0 .1 5  6 0  9 m m in n  V
L
 9
0 .0 2 5
 360 rp m

9549 ( 4 )
T  9549 kW
n
 360
 1 0 6 .1 N  m

Hence, by Eq.(15.9):
Wd f  tan  10 ( 45 ) f  0 . 1768
Tu  2
m

1  f tan 
; 106 . 1  2 1  f ( 0 . 1768 )

Solving
f  0 . 272

SOLUTION (15.6)

( a ) Table 15.3: N  2, p  2 5 .4
2
 1 2 .7 m m th re a d , n  0
V  0 .0 1 m p s  0 .6 m m in , n  0 .6
0 .0 1 2 7
 4 7 .2 rp m

p
( b ) We have fc  0, dm  d  2
 70  1 2 .7
2
 6 3 .6 m m
1 1
  ta n
p
 ta n [  1( 623.7.6 ) ]  3 .6 4
o
 dm

Then, we obtain
f  c o s  n ta n 
o
d mW 6 3 .6 ( 2 5 0 ) 0 .1 5  (1 ) ta n 3 .6 4
Tu  [ cos   f ta n 
] [ o
]  1 .7 1 5 k N  m
2 n 2 1  ( 0 .1 5 ) ta n 3 .6 4

Tu n 1 7 1 5 ( 4 7 .2 )
kW  9549
 9549
 8 .4 8

Hence
( k W ) req  8 .4 8
0 .8 5
 9 .9 8

241
SOLUTION (15.7)

( a ) From Fig. 15.4b,

d  dm  P
4
 24  6
4
 2 5 .5 m m
Equation (15.6), with    n  0 , c o s  n  1, ta n   L  d m , l  p , becomes:
Wdm f  dm  L W fc d c
T  2
(  d m  fL
) 2

100 ( 24 ) ( 0 .0 1 )  ( 2 4 )  6 1 0 0 ( 0 .1 1 )( 3 6 )
 2
[  ( 2 4 )  ( 0 .1 1 )( 6 ) ]  2

 2 2 9 .5  1 9 8  4 2 7 .5 N  m

( b ) The screw is self locking, if:

f  L
 dm
 6
 ( 24 )
 0 .0 8

SOLUTION (15.8)

( a ) Because of the triple-threaded screw,

L  3 p  3 (8 )  2 4 m m
From Fig. 15.4a: thread depth  0 .5 p  0 .5 (8 )  4 m m
d m  d  0 .5 p  5 0  4  4 6 m m
From Eq. (15.2),
1 1
  ta n  ta n ( 4264 )  9 .4 3
L o
 dm

( b ) For starting, we have

fc  4
3
( 0 .1 2 )  0 .1 6 f  4
3
( 0 .1 3)  0 .1 7
From Eq. (15.8):
1 1
 n  ta n (ta n  c o s  )  ta n (ta n 1 4 .5 c o s 9 .4 3 )  1 4 .3 1
o o o

By Eq. (15.7):
Wdm f  c o s  n ta n  W fc d c
Td  2 c o s  n  f ta n 
 2

o o
15 ( 46 ) 0 .1 7  c o s 1 4 .3 1 t a n 9 .4 3 1 5 ( 0 .1 6 ) ( 6 8 )
 o o

2 c o s 1 4 .3 1  ( 0 .1 7 ) ta n 9 .4 3 2

 3 4 5 ( 0 .0 0 9 1)  8 1 .6
 8 4 .7 N  m

SOLUTION (15.9)

( a ) We have
0 .0 2 ( 6 0 )( m m in )
n  0 .0 2 4 ( m r e v )
 5 0 rp m

From Eq. (15.6), with f c  0 .1 2 and f  0 .1 3 :

Wdm f  c o s  n ta n  W fc d c
Tu  2 c o s  n  f ta n 
 2

o o
1 5 ( 4 6 ) ( 0 .1 2 )  c o s 1 4 .3 1 ta n 9 .4 3 1 5 ( 0 .1 2 )( 6 8 )
 o o

2 c o s 1 4 .3 1  ( 0 .1 3 ) ta n 9 .4 3 2

 3 4 5 ( 0 .2 9 6 5 )  6 1 .2
 1 6 3 .5 N  m
(CONT.)

242
15.9 (CONT.)

Power:
1 5 0 0 0 ( 0 .0 2 )
( h p ) out  FV
7 4 5 .7
 7 4 5 .7
 0 .4 0 2 h p
1 6 9 .4 ( 5 0 )
( h p ) in  Tn
7121
 7121
 1 .1 8 9 h p
Efficiency is thus
e  0 .4 0 2
1 .1 8 9
 0 .3 4  3 4 %

( b ) From Eq. (15.10):

f  c o s  n ta n   c o s 1 4 .3 1 ta n 9 .4 3  0 .1 6 1
o o

Since f  0 .1 3  0 .1 6 1  the screw is not self-locking and overhauling

SOLUTION (15.10)

   n  0, c o s  n  1.
1  f ta n  1  0 .1 2 ta n  1  0 .1 2 ta n 
e  1 f c o t  ; 0 .7 0  1  0 .1 2 c o t   [ ta n   0 .1 2 ] ta n 

  2 .5 ta n   0 .7 0  0
2
or ta n

Solving
tan   0 . 3213 or 2 . 1783 ;   17 . 81
o o
or 65 . 34

Thus
Wd  f  tan  o
[  0 . 12  tan 17 . 81o ]  145 . 3 N  m
50 ( 30 )
T0  m
[ 1 f tan 
]
2 2 1  0 . 12 tan 17 . 8

SOLUTION (15.11)

   n  0, cos  n  1

ta n   p   d m ta n    ( 4 6 .8 ) ta n 
p
 dm
, (1)

V  0 .2 ( 6 0 )  1 2 m m in  n p (n in rp m ) (2)
From Eqs.(1) and (2):
n  V
p
 12
 ( 0 . 0468 ) tan 

We have the torque expressed as

9549 ( 3 . 75 )  ( 0 . 0468 ) tan 
Tu  9549 kW
n
 12
 438 . 7 tan 
f  tan 
 438 . 7 tan 
Wd
and Tu  2
m

1  f tan 

Thus

438 . 7 tan   12 ( 23 . 4 )[ 10. 015. 15 tan
tan 
]

438 . 7 tan   65 . 8 tan   42 . 12  280 . 8 tan 

2
or
157 . 9 tan   65 . 8 tan   42 . 12
2
or
  2 . 4 tan   0 . 64  0
2
or tan
(CONT.)

243
15.11 (CONT.)

Solving
2
b b  4 ac
ta n  1 , 2  2a
 2 .4  1 .7 9
2

Use ta n   0 .3 0 5 . Then, Eq.(1) gives

p  4 6 .8  ( 0 .3 0 5 )  4 4 .8 4 m m

SOLUTION (15.12)

Table 15.1 and Fig.15.3: A t  3 5 3 m m , p  3 mm, d r  d - 1 .2 2 7 p = 2 0 .3 2 m m

2

d dr 2 4  2 0 .3 2
h  d  d r  3 .6 8 m m , dm  2
 2
 2 2 .1 6 m m

b   2 h ta n 3 0  0 .3 7 5  2 (3 .6 8 ) ta n 3 0  4 .6 2 m m
3 o o
8

(a)  
6 0 (1 0 )
P
A
 6
 170 M Pa
3 5 3 (1 0 )

(b) b 
6 0 (1 0 )
P
 d m hne
; ne   d m h
P
  ( 2 2 .1 6 ) ( 3 .6 8 ) 7 0
 3 .3 4 6 th r e a d engaged
b

Minimum nut length is thus

L n  p n e  (3 )(3 .3 4 6 )  1 0 .0 4 m m
e

3
3 ( 6 0 1 0 )
( c ) Screw:   3P
2  d r neb
 6
 8 3 .6 M P a
2  ( 2 2 .1 6 )( 4 .6 2 )(1 0 )( 3 .3 4 6 )
3
3 ( 6 0 1 0 )
Nut:   3P
2  d neb
 6
 7 7 .2 M P a
2  ( 2 4 )( 4 .6 2 )(1 0 )( 3 .3 4 6 )

SOLUTION (15.13)

p p
d m  46 m m , h  2
 8
2
 4 mm, d r  d  p  50  8  42 m m , b  2
 8
2
 4 mm

3
4 (1 5  1 0 )
(a)   W
 W
2
 2
 1 0 .8 M P a
A  dr 4  ( 0 .0 4 2 )

(b) b 
1 5 (1 0 )
W
 d m h ne
; ne  W
 b d m h
 6
 2 .6 th re a d engaged
1 0 (1 0 )  ( 0 .0 4 6 )( 0 .0 0 4 )

Thus, minimum length of nut: L n  p n e  8 ( 2 .6 )  2 0 .8 mm

e

3
3 (1 5  1 0 )
( c ) Screw:   3W
2  d r neb
 2  ( 0 .0 4 2 ) ( 2 .6 ) ( 0 .0 0 4 )
 1 6 .4 M P a
3
3 (1 5  1 0 )
Nut:   3W
2  d neb
 2  ( 0 .0 5 ) ( 2 .6 ) ( 0 .0 0 4 )
 1 3 .8 M P a

244
SOLUTION (15.14)

2 2
d E s  ( 0 .0 1 5 ) E s 3
kb  4L  4 ( 0 .0 5 )  3.5 3 4 (1 0 )E s (Eq.15.31a)
0 . 58  ( E s 3 )( 0 . 015 ) 3
kp  0 . 58  50  0 . 5  15
 4 . 512 (10 )E s (Eq.15.34)
2 ln[ 5 ]
0 . 58  50  2 . 5  15

kb
C  kb  k
 3 . 534
3 . 534  4 . 512
 0 . 439
p

We have the preload:

Fi  T
0 .2 d
 72
0 . 2 ( 0 . 015 )
 24 kN

Thus
F b  C P  F i  0; 0 .4 3 9 P  2 4 , P  5 4 .6 7 kN

SOLUTION (15.15)

At  3 5 3 m m , C r  0 .8 7
2
Table 15.1: Table 7.3:
Table 15.4: S u  5 2 0 M P a Table 15.6: K f
 3

We have Pm  6 0 k N , Pa  2 0 k N , n  1 .4
Equation (15.39) gives
S e  ( 0 .8 7 )( 13 )( 0 .4 5  5 2 0 )  6 7 .8 6 M Pa

2 2
 d Es  ( 0 .0 2 4 ) E s
( a ) kb  4L
 4 ( 0 .0 5 )
 0 .0 0 9 E s
0 .5 8  ( E s 3 )( 0 .0 2 4 )
kp  0 .5 8 ( 0 .0 5 )  0 .5 ( 0 .0 2 4 )
 0 .0 0 8 7 E s
2 ln [ 5 ]
0 .5 8 ( 0 .0 5 )  2 .5 ( 0 .0 2 4 )

kb
C  kb  k p
 0 .0 0 9
0 .0 0 9  0 .0 0 8 7
 0 .5 0 8

F b a  C Pa  0 .5 0 8 ( 2 0 )  1 0 .1 6  ba   2 8 .8 M P a
1 0 ,1 7 0
kN , 353

Therefore we obtain
  
Su Su
n bm
 Se ba

or 520
1 .4
 bm
 520
67 . 86
( 28 . 8 ),  bm
 150 . 74 MPa

F b m   b m A t  1 5 0 .7 4 (3 5 3)  5 3 .2 1 k N

Also F bm  CP m  F i ; 53 . 21  0 . 509 ( 60 )  F i
or
F i  2 2 .7 k N

( b ) T  K d F i  0 .2 ( 2 0 )( 2 2 .7 )  9 0 .8 N  m

245
SOLUTION (15.16)

Table 15.1: A t  245 mm  3 . 8 (Table 15.6),

2
, K f
C r  0 .8 9 (Table 7.3),

Ct  1
Using Eq.(15.39):
S e  ( 0 . 89 )( 1)( 1
3 .8
)( 0 . 45  750 )  79 . 05 MPa

( a ) F bm  160 ( 245 )  39 . 2 kN
2 2
 d Es  ( 0 . 02 ) E s 3
kb  4L
 4 ( 0 . 05 )
 6 . 283 (10 )E s
0 . 58  ( E s 3 )( 0 . 02 ) 3
k p
 0 . 58 ( 50 )  0 . 5 ( 20 )
 6 . 722 ( 10 )E s
2 ln[ 5 ]
0 . 58 ( 50 )  2 . 5 ( 20 )

kb
C  kb  k p  6 .2 8 3
6 .2 8 3 6 .7 2 2  0 .4 8 3
Hence, we obtain
F b m  C Pm  F i  0 . 4 8 3 P m  2 5
or 39 . 2  0 . 483 Pm  25 , Pm  29 . 4 kN
and
S S
  bm   ba ;  160   ba
y y 620 620
n Se 2 .2 7 9 .0 5

or  ba
 15 . 53 MPa and F ba  15 . 53 ( 245 )  3 . 8 kN
Also F ba  CP a ; 3 . 8  0 . 483 Pa , Pa  7 . 867 kN
Then
Pmax  Pm  Pa  29 . 4  7 . 867  37 . 27 kN
Pmin  Pm  Pa  29 . 4  7 . 867  21 . 53 kN

( b ) T  0 . 15 ( 20 )( 25 )  75 N  m

SOLUTION (15.17)

( a ) From Eq. (15.23):

kb
Fb  C P  Fi  ( k  4 kb
)5  4 .2  5 .2 k N
b

By Eq. (15.24):
4k
F P  (1  C ) P  F i  ( 5 k b )5  4 .2   0 .2 k N
b

( b ) There is a compression (of- 0 .2 k N ) in parts. Thus they do not separate

under 5 k N load.

SOLUTION (15.18)

( a ) Each bolt supports P  1 1 .6 2  5 .8 k N .

From Eqs. (15.23) and (15.24)
kb
Fb  C P  Fi  ( 3 k kp
) ( 5 .8 )  F i  1 4 .5  F i (1)
b

2 kb
F p  (1  C ) P  F i  ( 3 k kp
) ( 5 .8 )  F i  2 .9  F i (2)
b

(CONT.)

246
15.18 (CONT.)

Joint separates when F p  0 . Equation (2) is then

F p  2 .9  F i  0 , F i  2 .9 k N

( b ) Using Eq. (1):

F b  1 .4 5  2 .9  4 .3 5 k N
Fb
From Table 15.4: S p  3 1 0 (1 0 )  A t  1 4 .0 3 m m
6 4 ,3 5 0 2
At
; At
,

So, by Table 15.1, select: I S O 5  0 .8 steel bolt

(with tensile stress area closest to A t  1 4 .0 3 m m .)
2

SOLUTION (15.19)

2
 d Es 2
 (1 8 ) ( 2 0 0  1 0 )
3

( a ) kb    1 .5 9  1 0
9
4L 4 ( 0 .0 3 2 )
N m
0 .5 8  E c d
6
0 .5 8  (1 6 5  1 0 )(1 8 )
kp    3 .4 9  1 0
9
0 .5 8 L  0 .5 d 0 .5 8 ( 0 .0 3 2 )  0 .5 ( 0 .0 1 8 )
N m
2 ln [ 5 ] 2 ln [ 5 ]
0 .5 8 L  2 .5 d 0 .5 8 ( 0 .0 3 2 )  2 .5 ( 0 .0 1 8 )

kb
C  kb  k
 1 . 59
1 . 59  3 . 49
 0 . 313
p

At  2 1 6 m m , S p  600 M Pa
2
Tables 15.1 and 15.4:

Equation (15.20): F i  0 .9 S p A t  0 .9 ( 6 0 0 )( 2 1 6 )  1 1 6 .6 4 k N
Then
F b  C P  F i  0 .3 1 3( 860 )  1 1 6 .6 4  1 2 0 .8 k N
Fb
b  At
 120800
216
 5 5 9 .3 M P a

(b) T  0 .2 F i d  0 .2 (1 1 6 .6 4 )(1 8 )  4 1 9 .9 N  m

SOLUTION (15.20)

Pm  Pa  1 0 k N , Su  830 M Pa , Table 15.6: K f

 3, C r  0 .8 4 (Table 7.3)

Equation (7.11): C t  1  0 .0 0 3 2 ( 9 0 0  8 4 0 )  0 .8 1
C  0 .3 1 3 At  2 1 6 m m
2
Refer to Solution of Prob.15.19:
Equation (15.39): S e  ( 0 .8 4 )( 0 .8 1)( 13 )( 0 .4 5  8 3 0 )  8 4 .7 M P a

Thus, Eq.(15.40) results in

( 8 3 0 )( 2 1 6 )  1 1 6 , 6 4 0
n  830
 1 .8 5
( 0 .3 1 3 )(1 0 , 0 0 0 )[( ) 1]
8 4 .7

247
SOLUTION (15.21)

( a ) Compression of the parts is lost when F p  0 . Thus,

from Eq. (15.24):
kp
F i  (1  C ) P  F P  ( k kp
) P  FP
b

4 kb
 (k  4 kb
)(3 5 )  0  2 8 k N
b

( b ) Minimum force in parts occurs when fluctuating load is maximum.

Using Eq. (15.24):
kp
Fp  ( k kp
) P  Fi  4
5
(3 5 )  3 8   1 0 k N
b

SOLUTION (15.22)

( a ) Compression of the parts is lost when F p  0 . Therefore,

by Eq. (15.24):
kp
Fi  ( k kp
)P  Fp
b

2 kb
 (k  3 kb
)(3 5 )  0  1 7 .5 k N
b

( b ) Minimum force in parts takes place when fluctuating load is maximum.

From Eq. (15.24):
kp
Fp  ( k kp
)P  Fp  1
2
(3 5 )  3 8   2 0 .5 k N
b

SOLUTION (15.23)

( a ) From Eq. (15.24):

kp
F p  (1  C ) P  F i  ( k kp
) P  Fi
b

2 .5  ( 3 3 1 ) P  1 3, P  2 0 .6 7 k N

( b ) Load off: Fb  Fi  1 3 k N
Load on: F b  1
4
( 2 0 .6 7 )  1 3  1 8 .1 7 k N
Hence,
1 3  1 8 .1 7
Pm  2
 1 5 .5 9 k N
1 8 .1 7  1 3
Pa  2
 2 .5 8 5 k N

SOLUTION (15.24)

( a ) From Eq. (15.24):

kp
F p  (1  C ) P  F i  ( k  kb
) P  Fi
p

kp
600  ( 2k kp
) P  8000, P  2 5, 8 0 0 N
p

(CONT.)

248
15.24 (CONT.)

( b ) Load off: Fb  Fi  8 0 0 0 N
Load on: F b  1
3
( 2 5, 8 0 0 )  8 0 0 0  1 6 , 6 0 0 N
So,
8 0 0 0 1 6 ,6 0 0
Pm  2
 1 2 .3 k N
1 6 ,6 0 0  8 0 0 0
Pa  2
 4 .3 k N

SOLUTION (15.25)

( a ) By Eq. (15.24):
kp
F p  (1  C ) P  F i  ( k  kb
) P  Fi
p

1800  4
5
P  6000, P  9700 N

( b ) Load off: Fb  Fi  6 0 0 0 N
Load on: F b  6 0 0 0  1
5
(9 7 5 0 )  7 9 5 0 N
Thus
6000  7950
Fm  2
 6975 N
7950  6000
Fa  2
 975 N

SOLUTION (15.26)

d  20 mm , A t  245
2
Table 15.4: mm

( a ) We have F b  0 . 9 S y A t  0 . 9 ( 630 )( 245 )  138 . 915 kN F i  0 . 75 F b  104 . 2 kN

2 2
AE  d Es  ( 20 ) E s
and kb  L
s
 4L
 4 ( 60 )
 5 . 236 E s
0 . 58  ( E s 2 )( 20 )
kp  0 . 58 ( 60 )  0 . 5 ( 20 )
 9 . 379 E s C  5 . 236
5 . 236  9 . 379
 0 . 358
2 ln[ 5 ]
0 . 58 ( 60 )  2 . 5 ( 20 )

Thus
Pb  C P  F i  0 .3 5 8 ( 4 0 )  1 0 4 .2  1 1 8 .5 kN

(b) T  KdF i
 0 . 15 ( 20 )( 104 . 2 )  312 . 6 N  m

SOLUTION (15.27)

A t  8 4 .3 m m ,  2 .2
2
Tables 15.1, 15.4, and 15.6: K f

S p  380 M Pa, S y  420 M Pa , Su  520 M Pa

Table 7.3: C r  0 .8 9
Equation (15.39): S e  ( 0 .8 9 )(1)( 21.2 )( 0 .4 5  5 2 0 )  9 4 .7 M P a
(CONT.)

249
15.27 (CONT.)

20  4 20 4
( a ) We have Pa  2
 8 kN , Pm  2
 12 kN
Thus
a  8
8 4 .3
 9 4 .9 M P a , m  12
8 4 .3
 1 4 2 .3 M P a  Not safe. (Fig. S15.27)

( MPa ) a

140  (a) No preload

Se
a Soderberg Line
105
Modified Goodman Line
70
 ba Figure S15.27
35
 (b) With preload 45o Su
m
 m
( MPa )
0 70 140 210 280 350 420 490 520
0  bm
S y

( b ) F i  0 .7 5 (3 8 0  8 4 .3)  2 4 k N
2 2
 d Es  ( 0 .0 1 2 ) E s
kb  4L
 4 ( 0 .0 5 )
 0 .0 0 2 3 E s
0 .5 8  ( E s 2 )( 0 .0 1 2 )
kp  0 .5 8 ( 0 .0 5 )  0 .5 ( 0 .0 1 2 )
 0 .0 0 5 E s , C  0 .0 0 2 3
0 .0 0 2 3  0 .0 0 5
 0 .3 1 5
2 ln [ 5 ]
0 .5 8 ( 0 .0 5 )  2 .5 ( 0 .0 1 2 )

We have F b m  C Pm  F i  0 .3 1 5 (1 2 )  2 4  2 7 .8 k N ,  bm   3 2 9 .8 M P a
2 7 ,8 0 0
8 4 .3

F b a  0 .3 1 5 (8 )  2 .5 2 k N ,  ba  2520
8 4 .3
 2 9 .9 M P a
It is seen from Fig. S15.27 that the joint fails according to the Soderberg theory, while it is
safe on the basis of Goodman criteria.

( c ) Use Eq.(15.37):
5 2 0 ( 8 4 .3 )  2 4 , 0 0 0
n  520
 1 .1 3
( 0 .3 1 5 )[ 8 0 0 0 ( ) 1 2 ,0 0 0 ]
9 4 .7

( d ) Applying Eq.(15.28), we have

ns  24
20 ( 1  0 . 315 )
 1 . 75

SOLUTION (15.28)

We have
S p
 600 MPa (Table 15.5)
A t  115
2
mm (Table 15.2)
 i
 0 . 75 S p
 0 . 75 ( 600 )  450 MPa

Pa  Pm  10
2
 5 kN
3

  
5 ( 10 )
a m
 6
 43 . 48 MPa
115 ( 10 )

Equation (15.39):
Se  CrCt (
1
K f ) ( 0 .4 5 S u )
(CONT.)

250
15.28 (CONT.)

where C r  0 .8 7 (Table 7.3)

C t  1  0 .0 0 5 8 ( 4 9 0  4 5 0 )  0 .7 7 (Eq.7.11)
K f
 3 .8 (Table 15.6)
S u  830 MPa (Table 15.5)
Hence S e  ( 0 . 87 )( 0 . 77 )( 1
3 .8
)( 0 . 45  830 )  65 . 84 MPa
We have  a
 m
. With preload, Eq.(15.38) gives
S u 
n  Su
i

C a [( ) 1]
Sy

830  450
 830
 2 . 07
( 43 . 48 )( 0 . 31 )( 1)
65 . 84

Without preload, C=1 and  i  0 :

n  830
830
 1 . 40
( 43 . 48 )( 1)
65 . 84

Comment: The presence of preload is beneficial.

SOLUTION (15.29)

Refer to Solution of Prob.15.28. We have A t  1 1 5 m m , C  0 .3 1, S p  600 M Pa.

2

Hence, F i  0 . 75 ( A t S p )  0 . 75 (115  600 )  51 . 75 kN

Apply Eq.(15.27),
S p At  Fi
P  Cn
3
600 ( 115 )  51 . 75  10
 ( 0 . 31 )( 2 )
 27 . 82 kN
Using Eq.(15.28b):
Fi
P  n s (1 C )

 51 . 75
2 ( 1  0 . 31 )
 37 . 5 kN
Comment: Failure owing to separation will not take place before bolt failure.

SOLUTION (15.30)

( a ) We have
S p
 380 MPa S u  520 MPa (Table 15.4)
At  1 5 7 Se  100 M Pa
2
mm (Table 15.1),
Pa  Pm  12
2
 6 k N b o lt
F i  0 .9 S p A t  0 .9 (3 8 0 )(1 5 7 )  5 3 .6 9 k N

3
 a
 m
 6 1 0
6
 3 8 .2 2 M Pa
1 5 7 (1 0 )

 i
 0 .9 S p
 0 . 9 ( 380 )  342 MPa
(CONT.)

251
15.30 (CONT.)

kb kb
C  kb  kb
 kb 5kb
 0 . 167

We have  a
 m
. Eq.(15.38), with preload:
S u 
n  Su
i

C a [( ) 1]
Sy

520  342
 520
 4 .5
( 0 . 167 )( 38 . 22 )( 1)
100

Without preload, C=1 and  i  0 :

n  520
520
 2 . 19
( 38 . 22 )( 1)
100

( b ) Equation (15.28b):
Fi
ns  P (1 C )
 53 . 69
12 ( 1  0 . 167 )
 5 . 37

Comments: The presence of preload is very beneficial. Joint will separate before bolts fail.

SOLUTION (15.31)

Repeating section

L
P P

We have L=w=50 mm and total number of rivets in the joint n=2. Therefore
3
4 ( 32  10 )
  P
2
 2
 56 . 43 MPa
n (d 4) 2 (  )( 0 . 019 )
3


32 ( 10 )
b
 P
ndt
 2 ( 0 . 019 )( 0 . 01 )
 84 . 21 MPa
3


32 ( 10 )
t
 P
( w  d e )t
 6
 114 . 3 MPa
[ 50  ( 19  3 )] 10 ( 10 )

SOLUTION (15.32)

Sketch is the same as that given in Solution of Prob.15.31 and n=2. The allowable loads are:

F s   a ll n  d 4  1 0 5 ( 2 )(  )(1 8 ) 4  5 3 .4 4 k N
2 2

Fb   b , a ll
n d t  3 3 0 ( 2 )(1 8 )(1 0 )  1 1 8 .8 kN

Ft   t , a ll
( w  d e ) t  1 5 0[ 6 0  (1 8  1 .5 )]1 0  6 0 .7 5 kN
Thus
e  6 0 .7 5
(1 5 0 )( 6 0 )(1 0 )
 6 7 .5 %

252
SOLUTION (15.33)

For members, by Table B.3: S y  4 6 0 M P a , S y s  0 .5 7 7 ( 4 6 0 )  2 6 5 .4 M Pa

For bolts, from Table 15.4: S y  9 4 0 M P a , S y s  0 .5 7 7 (9 4 0 )  5 4 2 .4 M Pa

from Table 15.1: d r  1 8  1 .2 2 7 ( 2 .5 )  1 4 .9 3 m m

2
 (1 4 .9 3 )
As  2  3 5 0 .1 4 m m
2
Shear on bolts: 4

As S ys 3 5 0 .1 4 ( 5 4 2 .4 )
Fs  n
 2
 95 kN

A b  2 (1 8 )(1 0 )  3 6 0 m m
2
Bearing on bolts:
Ab S y 360 (940 )
Fb  n
 3
 1 1 2 .8 k N
Bearing on members:
360 ( 460 )
Fb  2 .5
 6 6 .2 kN

A t  ( 6 0  1 8 )1 0  4 2 0 m m
2
Tension in members:
420 ( 460 )
Ft  3 .5
 5 5 .2 k N  Pa ll

SOLUTION (15.34)

For members, using Table B.3: S y

 210 MPa

For bolts, from Table 15.1: d r  1 4  1 .2 2 7 ( 2 )  1 1 .5 5 m m

2
2  (1 1 .5 5 )
As   2 0 9 .5 m m
2
Shear of bolt: 4

    9 5 .4 7 M P a , n   3 .8 8
P 2 0 ,0 0 0 370
As 2 0 9 .5 9 5 .4 7

A b  2 ( 6 )( 14 )  168
2
Bearing on bolt: mm

b   119 M Pa, n   5 .3 8
2 0 ,0 0 0 640
168 119

Bearing on members:
n  210
119
 1 . 76

A t  ( 60  2  14 ) 6  192
2
Tension on members: mm

   104 . 2 MPa , n   2 . 02
20 , 000 210
t 192 104 . 2

SOLUTION (15.35)

Table 15.1: A t  8 4 .3 m m , d r  1 2  1 .2 2 7 (1 .7 5 )  9 .8 5 3 m m
2


 
P 4
Hence, A s  (9 .8 5 3 )  7 6 .2 5 m m
2 2
4 As
 P
4 ( 7 6 .2 5 )
 P 305
Pivots about point A. Row 1 is the highest loaded. Apply Eq.(15.43) with j=2 and e=250 mm:
t 
M r1 250 P ( 225 )
F1  2 2
 2 2
 0 .5 P , 0 .5 P
 P 1 6 8 .6
r1  r2 2 ( 225 ) 2 (75 ) 8 4 .3

 
   )    ( 3 3P7 .2 )  ( 3 P0 5 )
t t 2 2 P 2 2
Thus t ,m ax 2
( 2 3 3 7 .2

 ( 0 .0 0 3  0 .0 0 4 4 ) P  0 .0 0 7 4 P
Hence, 0 .0 0 7 4 P  1 4 0; Pa ll  1 8 .9 2 k N
or  m a x  0 .0 0 4 4 P  8 4 : P  1 9 .0 9 kN

253
SOLUTION (15.36)

The maximum design load is Pm a x  n P  ( 2 .3)( 2 5 )  5 7 .5 k N .

From geometry: F 2  ( 4 1 5 ) F1 . Here F1 and F 2 are tensile forces in bolts 1 and 2, respectively.
We have
 M A
 0: 1 0 0 0 (5 7 .5 )  1 0 0 ( 145 F1 )  3 7 5 F1 ; F1  1 4 3 .2 k N
The required tensile stress area is then
At   239 m m
143,200 2
600

From Table 15.1: The required thread size is about M 2 0  2 .5  C .

SOLUTION (15.37)

( a ) Using Table 15.4, S p  3 1 0 M P a , S y  340 M Pa

S y s  0 .5 7 7 S y  1 9 6 .2 M P a
The tensile stress area:
( F o r c e )( n ) 2 ,5 0 0 ( 3 )
At    2 4 .2 m m
2
S p 310

From Table 15.1, select M 7  1  C thread with A t  2 8 .9 m m

2

( b ) Table 15.1 and Fig. 15.3:

p  1 mm, d  7 mm, d r  d  1 .2 2 7 p  5 .7 7 m m ,
h  1
2
( d  d r )  0 .6 1 5 m m
p
d m  d  0 .6 5 p  6 .3 5 m m , b   2 h ta n 3 0  0 .8 3 5 m m
o
8

Apply Eq. (15.19a):

3K tPp S ys 3 ( 4 )( 2 5 0 0 )(1 )
2  dbLn
 n 2  ( 7 )( 0 .8 3 5 ) L n
 1 9 6 .2
3

Solving,
L n  1 2 .5 m m

SOLUTION (15.38)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 15.37.

(a) Using Table 15.4:
S p  310 M Pa, S y  340 M Pa , S y s  0 .5 7 7 S y  1 9 6 .2 M P a
F o rce ( n ) 4000 (5 )
At    6 4 .5 2 m m
2
Sp 310

From Table 15.1:

Select M 1 2  1 .7 5  C thread with A t  8 4 .3 m m
2

(b) Table 15.1 and Fig. 15.3:

d  12 m m , p  1 .7 5 m m
d m  d  0 .6 5 p  1 0 .8 6 m m
d r  d  1 .2 2 7 p  9 .8 5 m m

h  ( d  d r )  1 .0 7 5 m m , b  1 .7 5 8  2 h ta n 3 0  1 .4 6 m m
1 o
2

(CONT.)

254
15.38 (CONT.)

Using Eq. (15.19a):

3 ( 4 ) ( 4 0 0 0 ) (1 .7 5 )
2  (1 2 ) (1 .4 6 ) L n
 1 9 6 .2
5

from which
L n  1 9 .4 m m

SOLUTION (15.39)

At  2 4 5 m m , d r  2 0  1 .2 2 7 ( 2 .5 )  1 6 .9 3 m m
2
Table 15.1:

As  (1 6 .9 3 )  2 2 5
2 2
Shear area: 4
mm

 
P 3
 P
6  1 , 481 P
As 3 ( 225 )  10

Pivots about point A. Bolt 1 is the highest loaded.

M r1 1 2 5 P (1 4 0 )
F1  2
r1  r2  r3
2 2  2
140  90  40
2 2  0 .5 9 7 P

t   2 ,4 3 7 P
0 .5 9 7 P
6
2 4 5 (1 0 )

 
From Mohr’s circle:    )    )  ( 1 , 481 P )
t t 2 2 2 , 437 P 2 , 437 P 2 2
t , max 2
( 2 2
( 2

 ( 1 , 219  1 , 918 ) P  3 ,137 P

Hence 3,1 3 7 P  1 4 5  1 0 , P  4 6 .2 2
6
kN
1, 9 1 8 P  8 0  1 0 , Pa ll  4 1 .7 1 k N
6
or

SOLUTION (15.40)

Vertical and horizontal components of the force P=10 kN are 8 kN and 6 kN at B, respectively.
Rivet B is most heavily loaded. The centroid of the group of rivets is at C. We have
M rB 8  3 0 (1 5 0 )
FB    0 .5 7 1 k N 6/6=1 kN

2 2 2 2
rj 2[ 3 0  9 0 1 5 0 ]
B
1

V B  [1  1 . 904 ] 2  2 . 15 kN
2 2
(Fig.a)
Therefore 8/6+0.571
=1.904 kN
B 
VB
  6 .8 4 4
2 ,1 5 0
2 2
M Pa
 d 4  ( 20 ) 4
VB
Figure S15.40

VB
   7 .1 6 7
2 ,1 5 0
B dt 2 0 1 5
M Pa

SOLUTION (15.41)

Rivet A is the most heavily loaded.


As   176 . 715
2 2
4
(15 ) mm

Vd  P
5
 50
5
 10 kN V a ll  1 0 0 (1 7 6 .7 1 5 )  1 7 .6 7 2 kN
Centroid C of the line AB, with respect to A, is determined from:
5 0 x  7 0 (1 0 )  2 5 0 (1 0 )  3 2 0 (1 0 )  3 9 0 (1 0 ) , x  206 mm

x C
A d e B

P (CONT.)

255
15.41 (CONT.)

Thus
Mr
FA    93 . 875 e
A 50 , 000 e ( 206 )


2 2 2 2 2 2
rj 206  136  44  114  184

V A  1 0 , 0 0 0  9 3 .8 7 5 e  1 7 , 6 7 2 , e  8 1 .7 m m
and
d  54 . 3 mm

SOLUTION (15.42)

The A is the highest loaded point.

A s   (15 ) 4  176 . 715 F   0 .2 P
2 2 P
mm , 5

Refer to Solution of Prob. 15.41: x  206 mm, e  206  70  90  46 mm

Per
FA    0 . 086 P
46 P ( 206 )
Thus A


2 2 2 2 2 2
rj 206  136  44  114  184

Hence V A  ( 0 .2  0 .0 8 6 ) P  0 .2 8 6 P
and
   100  10 ; P  6 1 .7 9 k N
0 .2 8 6 P 6
A 6
1 7 6 .7 1 5 (1 0 )

SOLUTION (15.43)

A  0 . 707 hL  0 . 707 ( 7 )( 60 )  297

2
mm
S A 200 ( 297 )
P    23 . 76 kN
ys

n 2 .5

Cross-sectional area of one plate A p  40 (10 )  400

2
mm . Then

P  ( S y n ) A p  ( 2 5 0 2 .5 ) 4 0 0  4 0 k N
Hence the capacity of the plate significantly exceeds that of the weld.

SOLUTION (15.44)

Table B.4: for plates, S y  427 M Pa .

Table 15.8: for weld, S y  345 M Pa .

Since 3 4 5  4 2 7 , the weld should yield first.

The maximum load that can be applied equals
SyA 3 4 5 (1 5  8 7 .5 )
P  n
 4
 1 1 3 .2 k N

SOLUTION (15.45)

Refer to Solution of Prob. 15.44.

From Eq. (15.44): S y  0 .5 S y  0 .5 ( 4 2 7 )  2 1 3 .5 M P a (for plate)
S y s  0 .5 S y  0 .5 ( 3 4 5 )  1 7 2 .5 M P a (for weld)
(CONT.)

256
15.45 (CONT.)

Since
1 7 2 .5  2 1 3 .5  The weld should yield first.
Hence,
S ys A 1 7 2 .5 (1 5  8 7 .5 )
P  n
 3
 7 5 .4 7 k N

SOLUTION (15.46)

For plates: S y  4 6 0 M P a (Table B.3), S y s  0 .5 S y  2 3 0 M P a (Eq. 15.44)

For weld: S y  3 7 9 M P a (Table 15.8), S y s  0 .5 S y  1 8 9 .5 M P a (Eq. 15.44)
Since
1 8 9 .5  2 3 0  weld would yield first.
Thus, Fig. 15.27a:
S ys 1 8 9 .5 ( 0 .7 0 7 )( 8 )( 2  7 0 )
P  n
 3 .5
 4 2 .8 7 k N

SOLUTION (15.47)

For plates: S y  5 3 0 M P a (Table B.3), S y s  0 .5 S y  2 7 5 M P a (Eq. 15.44)

For weld: S y  4 1 4 M P a (Table 15.8), S y s  0 .5 S y  2 1 2 M P a (Eq. 15.44)
Since
212  275  weld would yield first.
Thus, Fig. 15.26a:
S ys 2 1 2 ( 0 .7 0 7 )( 5 )( 2  6 0 )
P  n
 4
 2 2 .5 k N

SOLUTION (15.48)

A p  75  10  750 P  A  750 (140 )  105

2
mm , all
kN

 M D
 0: R 1 ( 75 )  105 (15 )  0 ; R 1  21 kN  (along AB)

 M A
 0: R 2 ( 75 )  105 ( 75  15 )  0 ; R 2  84 kN  (along DE)
Check: R 1  R 2  105 kN
Hence
R1 R2
L1  Sw
 21
1 .2
 17 . 5 mm , L2  Sw
 84
1 .2
 70 mm

SOLUTION (15.49)

 a ll  5 5 M P a
2 (1 2 5 ) t
I x  2 (1 0 0 t )( 6 2 .5 )   1 .1 0 7 (1 0 ) t
2 6 4
12
mm ,

A  2 (1 0 0 t  1 2 5 t )  4 5 0 t m m M  1 5 ( 2 5 0 )  3 .7 5 M N  m m
2

  [( 1455000t0 )  ( 3 .71 .15 0672t .5 ) ] 

2 2 2 1 4 .3
We have 2
t

Thus    a ll ; 2 1 4 .3
t
 5 5, t  3 .9 m m
and h  0 .1 3 4
0 .7 0 7
 5 .5 2 m m

257
SOLUTION (15.50)

I x  1 .1 0 7 (1 0 ) t m m , A  450t m m
6 4 2
From Solution of Prob.15.49:
We have Pm  1 5 k N , Pa  5 k N , K f
 1.5 (Table 15.9)
 0 .9 9 5
 A Su  272(420)  0 .6 6 7 .
b
Refer to Example 15.12. We obtain C f

Equation (7.5a): S u s  0 .6 7 ( S u )  0 .6 7 ( 4 2 0 )  2 8 1 .4 M P a
S e  C s C f (1 K f ) S e  ( 0 .7 )( 0 .6 6 7 )( 11.5 )( 0 .5  4 2 0 )  6 5 .3 7 M P a
'

Then, from Eq.(7.21):

S us n
m 
2 8 1 .4 2 .5
a Su
 1 420
 3 5 .8 3 M P a
( ) 1 ( ) 1
m Se 3 6 5 .3 7

Also, from Solution of Prob.15.49:  m  1 . 072

t

Thus 2 1 4 .3
t
 3 5 .8 3 or t  5 .9 8 m m

and h  5 .9 8
0 .7 0 7
 8 .4 6 m m

SOLUTION (15.51)

Table 15.8: S y  4 1 4 M P a S y s  0 .5 S y  2 0 7 M P a

We have t  0 . 707 (12 )  8 . 484 mm A one  weld  8 . 484 L

T  100 ( 60 )  6 MN  mm
3 3

J  2  2  1.4 1 4 L
tL 8 .4 8 4 L 3
Total 12 12

At point A:
6
6 (1 0 )( L 2 )
A 
100 ,000 5 ,893 2 ,1 2 2 , 0 0 0
    
P Tr
A J 1 6 .9 6 8 L 1. 4 1 4 L
3 L L
2 (1)
S ys
and n
 207
2 .5
 82 . 8   A
(2)
From Eqs.(1) and (2):
82 . 8 L  5 ,893 L  2 ,122 , 000  0 ; L  71 . 17 L  25 , 628  0
2 2

Solving
L  [ 7 1 .1 7  7 1 .1 7  4 ( 2 5 , 6 2 8 ) ]  1 9 9 .6
1 2
2
mm

SOLUTION (15.52)

Pm  100 kN , Pa  20 kN Table 15.9: K f

 1.5
Refer to Solution of Prob.15.51:
m 
5 ,893 2 ,1 2 2 , 0 0 0
L  L
2 (1)
Also S u  496 MPa , S y
 414 MPa (Table 15.8),
 0 . 995
 AS  272 ( 496 )  0 . 566
b
C f u

S ys
 0 . 5 ( 414 )  207 MPa Refer to Example 15.12:
S e  (0 .7 )(0 .5 6 6 )( 11.5 )(0 .5  4 9 6 )  6 5 .5 1 M P a

(CONT.)

258
15.52 (CONT.)

We have, from Eq.(7.21) with S y s and S y replacing S u s and S u :

S ys n
m 
2 0 7 2 .5
  3 6 .5 7 M P a (2)
a Sy 1 414
( ) 1 ( ) 1
m Se 5 6 5 .5 1

Equations (1) and (2) are therefore

L  161 . 1 L  58 , 025 . 7  0
2

L  [1 6 1 .1  1 6 1 .1  4 (5 8 , 0 2 5 .7 ) ]  3 3 4 .5
1 2
or 2
mm

SOLUTION (15.53)

Table 15.8: S u  4 2 7 M P a; S u s  0 .6 7 S u  2 8 6 .1 M P a ; K f
 1 .5 (Table 15.9)
 0 .9 9 5
 A Su  272(427)  0 .6 5 7
b
We have C f

Refer to Example 15.12:

S e  ( 0 .7 )( 0 .6 5 7 )( 11.5 )( 0 .5  4 2 7 )  6 5 .5 M P a
We have
Pm  Pa  A b o th  2[ 0 .7 0 7 ( 6 .5 ) 2 5 0 ]  2 2 9 7 .8
1 2
2
Pm a x , mm
3 2 2
2 , 2 9 7 .8 ( 2 5 0 )
J  2    1 2 (1 0 )
tL AL 6 4
12 12 12
mm

At point A: We have Pm  0 .5 Pm a x , T m  7 5 Pm  3 7 .5 Pm a x
Pm Tm r Pm a x 3 7 .5 Pm a x (1 2 5 )
and m  A
 J
 2 ( 2 2 9 7 .8 )
 6
 0 .0 0 0 6 Pm a x
1 2 (1 0 )

Also, from Eq.(7.21):

S us n
m 
2 8 6 .1 2
a Su
 427
 1 9 .0 2 M P a
( ) 1 (1 ) 1
m Se 6 5 .5

Thus
0 .0 0 0 6 Pm a x  1 9 .0 2 , Pm a x  3 1 .7 k N

SOLUTION (15.54)
150 mm
y
A B
8
6
C x
200 mm 3 Figure S15.54
T 30 ( 10 )

T ( 200 )
A J

D E 40 ( 10
3
) T ( 75 )
A
 J

Inspection of Fig. S15.54 shows that point E has the highest stress. We write
T  4 0 (1 7 5 )  3 0 (1 0 0 )  4 k N  m

A b o th  2 (1 5 0 t )  3 0 0 t m m
2

(CONT.)

259
15.54 (CONT.)
3
t (1 5 0 )
I x  2[  1 5 0 t (1 0 0 ) ]  2 ( 0 .2 8 1 t  1 .5 t )(1 0 )  3 .5 6 2 (1 0 ) t m m
2 6 6 4
12

I y  2[ 0  1 5 0 t ( 7 5 ) ]  1 .6 8 7 (1 0 ) t m m , J  5 .2 4 9 (1 0 ) t m m
2 6 4 6 4

We have
3 3

v  h 
4 0 (1 0 ) 4 (75 ) 3 0 (1 0 ) 4 (1 0 0 )
300 t
 6
 1 3 3 .3
t
, 300 t
 6
 100
t
5 .2 4 9 (1 0 ) t 5 .2 4 9 (1 0 ) t
1

 E  [ v   h ] 
2 2 1 6 6 .6
and 2
t
M Pa
Therefore, by Eq.(15.44),
n E  0 .5 S y ; )  0 .5 (3 5 0 ), t  2 .8 6 m m
1 6 6 ,6
3( t

and
h  2 .8 6
0 .7 0 7
 4 .0 5 m m

SOLUTION (15.55)

J  5 .2 4 9 (1 0 ) t m m , A b o th  3 0 0 t m m
6 4 2
From Solution of Prob.15.54:
From Table 15.9: K f
 2 .7 ; S u s  0 .6 7 S u  0 .6 7 ( 4 2 7 )  2 8 6 M P a
 0 .9 9 5
 A Su  272(427)  0 .6 5 7
b
C f

Refer Example 15.12: S e  ( 0 .7 )( 0 .6 5 7 )( 21.7 )( 0 .5  4 2 7 )  3 6 .4 M P a

We have Pm  3 0 k N , Pa  2 0 kN , a m  2 3
Thus, by Eq.(7.21):
S us n
m 
2 8 6 1 .5
a Su
 2 427
 2 1 .6 M P a (1)
( ) 1 ( ) 1
m Se 3 3 6 .4

At point E: Use the method of Solution of Prob.15.54, with P  Pm  3 0 k N Then

Pm v  2 4 k N Pm h  1 8 k N
T m  2 4 (1 7 5 )  1 8 (1 0 0 )  2 .4 kN  m
Therefore
3

 vm 
2 4 (1 0 ) 2 .4 ( 7 5 )
300 t
 6
 80
t
5 .2 4 9 (1 0 ) t
3

 hm 
1 8 (1 0 ) 2 .4 (1 0 0 )
300 t
 6
 60
t
5 .2 4 9 (1 0 ) t
1

 m  ( v m   h m ) 
2 2 100
and 2
t
(2)

Equations (1) and (2) give

100
t
 2 1 .6 , t  4 .6 m m
and
h  4 .6
0 .7 0 7
 6 .5 1 m m

End of Chapter 15

260
CHAPTER 16 MISSELLANEOUS MACHINE COMPONENTS

SOLUTION (16.1)

Equation (16.17) and Eq.(16.16a) at r=a:

2 2
 1    , max  p i a b
2 2  5
pi  2
  r , max
  pi
b a 4

(a) 1  2
 Sy; 5
4
p i  (  p i )  260 , p i  115 . 6 MPa

( b )  1   1 2   2  S y
2 2 2

 ( 54 )(  1 )  (  1 ) ] 2  260 , p i  133 . 2 MPa

2 2
p i [( 54 )

SOLUTION (16.2)

3
 b
3
 ( 100 ) b
T    157 . 08 b
3
2 2

T  2  b fp l  2  b fp ( 3b )  6  fb p
2 2 3
Also (Eq.16.27b)
6  fb p  157 . 08 b , p   55 . 56 MPa
3 3 157 . 08
and 6  ( 0 . 15 )

We have E h  E s  E , h  s
  , and a=0. Equation (16.25) becomes
2 2
2 bpc 2 bp ( 4 b ) 8 pb
  2
E (c b )
2  E (4b b )
2 2  3E

3
   0 . 706 (10
8 ( 55 . 56 ) b
Hence 3 ( 210  10 )
3 )b

SOLUTION (16.3)

( a ) From Table B.1: S y  2 5 0 M P a , E  200 G Pa,   0 .3 .

Applying Eq. (16.17),
2 2 2 2
p i    ,m ax b a
2 2
 250 0 .1 8  0 .1 2
2 2
 9 6 .1 5 M P a
b a 0 .1 8  0 .1 2

Equation (16.16c) at r  a :
2 2 6 2 2
Pi a
( b2 a2   )  ( 0 .1 2 )( 0 .1 8 2  0 .1 2 2  0 .3 )
9 6 .1 5 (1 0 )
u m ax  9
E b a 2 0 0 (1 0 ) 0 .1 8  0 .1 2

 0 .1 6 7 m m

( b ) Equation (16.19):
2 2 2 2
Po     , m a x b a
2
 250 0 .1 8  0 .1 2
2
  6 9 .4 4 M P a
2b 2 ( 0 .1 8 )

SOLUTION (16.4)

2 2
b a
  ,m ax  p i  pi  1,  r ,m ax   p i   2
5
2 2
b a 3

(a) Su  5
3
pi , pi  3
5
( 350 )  210 MPa (governs)

and Su  pi , p i  350 MPa

(CONT.)

261
16.4 (CONT.)

1  5 pi  pi
  1;   1
2
(b) Su S uc 3( 350 ) 650

or p i  158 . 7 MPa

SOLUTION (16.5)

( a ) Use Eq.(16.17) with p i  p , a  b, b  c: (Fig. 16.6b)

2 2 2 2 6

  ,m ax  p c b c b 6 0 (1 0 )
2 2
 60 M Pa, 2 2
 (1)
c b c b p

By Eq.(16.25), with a  0 , b  62 . 5 ,   0 . 05 mm :
6
6 2 .5 p 6 0 1 0 6 2 .5 p
0 .0 5  1 0 0 1 0
9 [ p  0 .3 ]  2 0 0 1 0
9 [1  0 .3 ]
or
50  10  37 . 5  10  0 . 188 p  0 . 219 p , p  30 . 71 MPa
6 6

( b ) Equation (1) becomes

2 2
c  0 .0 6 2 5
60
 2 2
, c  110 m m 2c  220 m m
3 0 .7 1 c  0 .0 6 2 5

SOLUTION (16.6)

( a ) a=0, b=12.5 mm, c=50 mm

F  T
b
 150
0 . 0125
 12 kN

1 2 ( 1 0 )  2  b fp l  2  ( 0 .0 1 2 5 )( 0 .1 5 )( 0 .0 5 ) p
3
Thus (Eq.16.27a)
or p  20 . 37 MPa

Equation (16.25) gives then

2 2
3
  [ 5 0 2  1 2 .5 2  0 .3 ] 
1 2 .5 ( 2 0 .3 7 ) 1 2 .5 ( 2 0 .3 7 )
3 3
(1  0 .3 )  ( 3 .6 5  0 .8 9 1)1 0  0 .0 0 5 mm
1 0 0 (1 0 ) 5 0  1 2 .5 2 0 0 1 0

2 2 2 2
( b )   ,m ax  p c b
2 2
 2 0 .3 7[ 5 0 2  1 2 .5 2 ]  2 3 .0 9 M Pa
c b 5 0  1 2 .5

SOLUTION (16.7)

We have a=15 mm, b=25 mm, c=50 mm.

Equation (16.25):
2 2 2 2
0 . 025  [ 50 2  25 2  0 . 3 ]  [ 25 2  15 2  0 . 3 ], p  37 . 39 MPa
25 p 25 p
9 9
210  10 50  25 105  10 25  15

Steel, Eq.(16.17):
2 2 2 2
  ,m ax  p c b
2 2
 3 7 .3 9 50  25
2 2
 6 2 .3 2 M Pa
c b 50  25

Bronze, Eq.(16.19):
2 2
  ,m ax   2 p 2
b
2
  2 (3 7 .3 9 ) 25
2 2
  1 1 6 .8 M Pa
b a 2 5 1 5

262
SOLUTION (16.8)

Equation (16.25) with a=0, b=50 mm, c=150 mm.

2 2
bp b c bp
  Ec
[ c2 b2   c ]  Es
[1   s ]

2 2
50 p 150  50 50 p
0 .0 3  12010
9 [ 1 5 0 2  5 0 2  0 .2 5 ]  21010
9 ( 0 .7 )
Solving p  3 7 .8 9 M P a

Shaft:     r   p   3 7 .8 9 M P a

Cylinder:
2 2 2 2
  ,m ax  p c b
2 2
 3 7 .8 9[ 1 5 0 2  5 0 2 ]  4 7 .3 6 M Pa
c b 150  50

 r ,m ax
  p   3 7 .8 9 M Pa

SOLUTION (16.9)

Equation (16.23):

2 2
bp b c bp bp
 (u d ) rb  [ c2 b2   ]  ( 3  0 .3 )  1.9 6 7
5
2 E E E

or
E
p  3 .9 3 4 b

Then, Eq.(16.24) with a=0,

bp 0 .7 
us  E (1   )  3 .9 3 4  0 .1 7 8 
Therefore,
 d s  0 .3 5 6 

SOLUTION (16.10)

Equation (16.31a) with (  r ) p  0 and b  c :

2 2
3 
  (a  b   r )  p
2 2 a b 2 2
r 8 2
r
2 2
3  0 .3 4
]8 5 0 0 
( 0 .0 2 ) ( 0 .0 4 )
 [( 0 .0 2 )  ( 0 .0 4 )   9 0 (1 0 )
2 2 2 6
8 2
( 0 .0 3 )

Solving,
  8 , 0 7 5 .5 tp s  4 8 , 4 5 3 r p m

SOLUTION (16.11)

 m ax  3600
60
 2   1 2 0  ra d s ,  m in  1 1 4  ra d s , p  0

( a ) Equation (16.32), with p  0 ;

2

  ,m ax  [ (1   ) a  ( 3   )b ]
2 2
4

(CONT.)

263
16.11 (CONT.)

Let a=b and b=c=4b:

2
7 , 800 ( 120  )
75  10   3 .3( 4 b ) ]
6 2 2
4
[ 0 .7 b
Solving,
b  7 1 .1 2 m m , c  2 8 4 .4 m m

( b ) Equation (16.37) of Sec.16.5:

 l 7 .8  ( 5 0 )
I  (c  b )  ( 0 .2 8 4 4  0 .0 7 1 1 2 )  3 .9 9 2 1 N  m  s
4 4 4 4 2
2 2

Thus
Ek  I (  m a x   m in )  (3 .9 9 2 1)(1 2 0  1 1 4 )   2 7 .6 5 9 kN  m
1 2 2 1 2 2 2
2 2

SOLUTION (16.12)

  2 4 0 0 ( 2  6 0 )  2 5 1 .3 ra d s

( a ) Equation (16.35) with a=b and b=c:

2
2 2 b
  [ b2  c 2  1]   3 .3 c ]
bp 2 2
[ 0 .7 b
E c b 4E
3 2
2 2 20 ( 7 . 8 ) 
 [ 100 2  20 2  1 ]   3 .3( 0 .1) ]
20 ( 10 )p 2 2
[ 0 . 7 ( 0 . 02 )
E 100  20 4E

3
 [ 2 . 083 p  64 . 896  ]( 10
20 2
E
) (1)
For p  3 . 2 MPa and   2 5 1 .3 ra d s , Eq.(1) gives.
3
  1 .0 2 5  1 0 mm
We have at   0:
3
1 .0 2 5  1 0  20
9
( 2 .0 8 3 p ) , p  5 .1 6 7 M P a
2 1 0 1 0

( b ) Thus
2 2
  p b c
2 2
 5 .1 6 7 (1 .0 8 3 )  5 .5 9 6 M P a
c b

SOLUTION (16.13)

( a ) Equation (16.26) with a=0:

2 2 9 2 2
E c b 200 ( 10 )( 0 . 02 ) 300  50
p  b 2
 50 2
 38 . 89 MPa
2c 2 ( 300 )

Then
2 2 2 2
  , max
 p c b
2 2
 38 . 89 300
2
 50
2
 41 . 11 MPa
c b 300  50

( b ) Equation (16.35) with b=0.05 m, c=0.3 m, p=0,   7 .8 k N  m , and E  2 0 0 G P a :

2
3 b   12
)     3 . 3 c ]  145 . 64  10
2 2 2
0 . 02 ( 10 4E
[ 0 .7 b

Solving,
  3 7 0 .6 ra d s . Thus
n  3 7 0 .6 ( 6 0 2  )  3 5 3 9 rp m

264
SOLUTION (16.14)

( a ) From Eq. (16.17), we have

2 2
2 2 ( 0 .1 2 )  ( 0 .0 6 )
p    ,m ax c b
2 2
 30 2 2
 18 M Pa
b c ( 0 .0 6 )  ( 0 .1 2 )

( b ) Using Eq. (16.27a):

F  2  b p fl  2  ( 0 .0 6 )(1 8  1 0 )( 0 .1 8 )( 0 .2 )
6

 2 4 4 .3 k N
( c ) By Eq. (16.27b):
T  F b  2 4 4 .3 ( 0 .0 6 )  1 4 .6 6 k N  m

SOLUTION (16.15)

   4  m a x  2 4 0 0 ( 2  6 0 )  2 5 1 .3 ra d s  m in  1 2 5 .7 ra d s
 
I  (b  a )l   [ 0 .2  0 .0 5 ]( 6 0 )( 7 .8 )  1 .1 7 2 N  m  s
4 4 4 4 2
2 2

Therefore
T    I (  m a x   m in )
1 2 2
2

or
2 2
1 .1 7 2 ( 2 5 1 .3  1 2 5 .7 )
T  2 (4 )
 2 .2 0 8 k N  m

SOLUTION (16.16)

 
(a) I  (b  a )l   [ 0 .2 5  0 .0 2 5 ]( 7 .8 )( 6 0 )  2 .8 7 1 N  m  s
4 4 4 4 2
2 2

 m ax  3000
60
( 2 )  1 0 0 ,  m in  0 .9 (1 0 0  )  9 0  ra d s

Equation (16.32) with p=0:

2

  , max  [( 1   ) a  (3   )b ]
2 2
4
2
7 ,8 0 0 (1 0 0  )
 [ 0 .7 ( 0 .0 2 5 )  3 .3 ( 0 .2 5 ) ]  3 9 .7 8 M P a
2 2
4

( b ) E k  I (  max   min )   90 )  26 . 919 kN  m

1 2 2 1 2 2 2
2 2
( 2 . 871 )( 100

SOLUTION (16.17)

A2 Dimensions are in millimeters.

25 r A  ri  2 1 5 m m , rB  4 1 5 m m
A1
A  12 , 500
2
50 B A mm
A1 r1  2 A 2 r2 ( 5 0  1 0 0 )( 2 1 5  2 5 )  2 ( 2 5 1 5 0 )( 4 1 5  7 5 )
25 r  
A1  2 A 2 5 0  1 0 0  2 ( 2 5 1 5 0 )
150 50
 300 m m
r

(CONT.)

265
16.17 (CONT.)

Equation (16.50):
A 12, 500
R    2 8 8 .4 3 9 6 m m

dA 265 415

  
dr dr
r 100 r
25 r
215 265

e  r  R  3 0 0  2 8 8 .4 3 9 6  1 1 .6 0 4 m m

Equations (16.55a):
r ( R  rA )
(  ) A   P
A
[1  e rA
]
3 0 0 ( 2 8 8 .4 3 9 6  2 1 5 )
100   P
1 2 ,5 0 0
[1  (1 1 .5 6 0 4 )( 2 1 5 )
]
or
P  1 2 6 .7 k N

r ( R  rB )
(  ) B   P
A
[1  e rB
]
3 0 0 ( 2 8 8 .4 3 9 6  4 1 5 )
100   P
1 2 ,5 0 0
[1  (1 1 .5 6 0 4 )( 4 1 5 )
]
or
P  1 8 0 .8 k N

SOLUTION (16.18)

ro  ri  h  5 0  4 0  9 0 m m

A  b h  ( 2 0 )( 4 0 )  8 0 0 m m
2

We have
h 40
R    6 8 .0 5 1 9
ro 90
ln ln
ri 50

1
r  ( ri  r )  7 0 m m
2
e  r  R  1 .9 4 8 1 m m

( a ) Using Eq.(16.52):
7 0 0 ( 6 8 .5 1 9  5 0 )
i   6
  1 6 2 .2 M P a
8 0 0 (1 0 ) (1 .9 4 8 1) ( 0 .0 5 )

7 0 0 ( 6 8 .0 5 1 9  9 0 )
 o
  6
 1 0 9 .5 M P a
8 0 0 (1 0 ) (1 .9 4 8 1) ( 0 .0 9 )

Mc 7 0 0 ( 0 .0 2 )
(b)  o
  i    1 3 1 .3 M P a
I 1 3
( 0 .0 2 ) ( 0 .0 4 )
12

266
SOLUTION (16.19)

h
ri  r   2 0 0  3 2 .5  1 6 7 .5 m m
2
h
ro  r   2 0 0  3 2 .5  2 3 2 .5 m m
2
A  b h  ( 4 5 )( 6 5 )  2 9 2 5 m m
2

Therefore
h 65
R    1 9 8 .2 2 7 m m
ro 2 3 2 .5
ln ln
ri 1 6 7 .5
e  r  R  2 0 0  1 9 8 .2 2 7  1 .7 7 3 m m

( a ) Applying Eq.(16.52):
M ( R  ri ) 1 .5  1 0 (1 9 8 .2 2 7  1 6 7 .5 )
3

i       5 3 .0 6 M P a
A e ri ( 2 9 2 5 ) (1 .7 7 3 ) (1 6 7 .5 )

( b ) Use Eq. (16.52):

M ( R  ro ) 1 .5  1 0 (1 9 8 .2 2 7  2 3 2 .5 )
3

 o
     4 2 .6 4 M P a
A e ro ( 2 9 2 5 ) (1 .7 7 3 ) ( 2 3 2 .5 )

SOLUTION (16.20)

45 mm rA  1 2 5 m m , rB  1 7 0 m m

5 mm
5 mm
A  325
2
mm
B A 25 mm
A2 A1

r
Equation (16.50):
A 325
R    1 3 9 .9 7 5 3 m m

dA 130 170

  
dr dr
r 25 r
5 r
125 130

A1 r1  A 2 r2 2 5 ( 5 )(1 2 7 .5 )  ( 4 0  5 )(1 5 0 )
r  A1  A 2
 125 200
 1 4 1 .3 4 6 2 m m

e  r  R  1 .3 7 9 8 m m

Equations (16.53), with M   P ( r  2 5 )   1 6 6 .3 4 6 2 P and P   P :

( r  2 5 )( R  rB )
(  ) B  P
A
[1  e rB
]
1 6 6 .3 4 6 2 (1 3 9 .9 7 5 3  1 7 0 )
120  P
325
[1  (1 .3 7 9 8 )(1 7 0 )
]
or
P  1 .9 2 2 k N

267
SOLUTION (16.21)

h 60
R    2 4 8 .7 9 5 4 m m
ro 280
ln ln
ri 220

1 1
r  ( ri  ro )  (220  280)  250 m m
2 2
A  ( 6 0 )( 6 0 )  3 6 0 0 m m
2

e  r  R  2 5 0  2 4 8 .7 9 5 4  1 .2 0 4 6 m m

Using Eq.(16.52):
M ( R  ri ) M ( 2 4 8 .7 9 5 4  2 2 0 )
i    1 5 0 (1 0 )   , M  4 .9 7 k N  m
6
; 6
A e ri 3 6 0 0 (1 0 )(1 .2 0 4 6 )( 0 .2 2 )

Similarly,
M ( R  ro ) M ( 2 4 8 .7 9 5 4  2 8 0 )
   ; 1 5 0 (1 0 )   M  5 .8 4 k N  m
6
o 6
,
A e ro 3 6 0 0 (1 0 )(1 .2 0 4 6 )( 0 .2 8 )
Therefore
M a ll
 4 .9 7 k N  m

SOLUTION (16.22)

A  5 0 b  2 (1 5 0  2 5 )  5 0 b  7 5 0 0

We have rA  1 5 0 m m and rB  3 5 0 m m . Applying Eq. (16.52):

(  M )( R  r A ) (  M )( R  rB )
 A
  B
  
A e rA A e rB
from which
 rB ( R  r A )  r A ( R  rB ) , 350(R  150)  150(R  350)
or R  210 m m
A
Then R 
dA
 r
 200 b d r 350 2(25)dr   4 7
 1 5 0 
or A  210   210 b ln  4 0 ln
  
 r 200
r   3 4
 6 0 .4 1 3 2 b  5 8 7 5 .9 6 5 8

Hence 5 0 b  7 5 0 0  6 0 .4 1 3 2 b  5 8 7 5 .9 6 5 8
or
b  156 m m

268
SOLUTION (16.23)

r  150 m m A  5000 m m
2

M  ( R  d )P

Table 16.1, Case A:

R  h
ro
 100
ln 2
 1 4 4 .2 6 9 5 m m
ln r2 1

e  r  R  1 5 0  1 4 4 .2 6 9 5
 5 .7 3 0 5 m m
Equation (16.53):
( r  d ) P ( R  rA ) ( r  d )( R  r A )
(  ) A  P
A
 A e rA
] P
A
[1  e rA
]
or
3
2 5 (1 0 ) (1 5 0  d )(1 4 4 .2 6 9 5  1 0 0 )
80  5000
[1  ( 5 .7 3 0 5 )(1 0 0 )
]
1 5 ( 5 7 3 .0 5 )  (1 5 0  d ) ( 4 4 .2 6 9 5 )  6 , 6 4 0 .4 2 5  4 4 .2 6 9 5 d
Solving,
d  4 4 .1 7 m m

SOLUTION (16.24)

Locate centroid :
120 mm A1 r1  A 2 r2
r 
A1  A 2
50 mm C A1 75 mm O
A2 4 5 0 0 (1 2 0 )  ( 3 0 0 0 ) (1 6 0 )

4500  3000
80 mm
 136 m m
r

1
h ( b1  b 2 )
2

R  2
ro
( b1 ro  b 2 ri ) ln  h ( b1  b 2 )
ri

( 0 .5 ) (1 2 0 ) ( 7 5  5 0 )
2

  1 2 7 .1 3 3 0 m m
200 P
[ ( 7 5 ) ( 2 0 0 )  ( 5 0 ) (8 0 ) ] ln  (1 2 0 ) ( 7 5  5 0 )
80
e  r  R  8 .8 6 7 m m

( a ) Use Eq.(16.55a),
B A
P r ( R  rA ) O
 A
  [1  ] M=P r
A e rA
P r
75000  (1 3 6 ) (1 2 7 .1 3 3 0  8 0 ) 
  6 1     1 0 0 .4 M P a
7 5 0 0 (1 0 )  (8 .8 6 7 ) (8 0 ) 

(CONT.)

269
16.24 (CONT.)

( b ) From Eq.(16.55b):

P r ( R  rB )
 B
  [1  ]
A e rB

75000  (1 3 6 ) (1 2 7 .1 3 3 0  2 0 0 ) 
  6 1     4 5 .9 M P a
7 5 0 0 (1 0 ) (8 .8 6 7 ) ( 2 0 0 ) 

SOLUTION (16.25)

r  100 m m A d 4  7854 m m

2 2

From Table 16.1, Case B:

R  A
2 2
 7854
2 2
 9 3 .3 0 1 5
2 (r  r c ) 2  (1 0 0  100 50 )

e  r  R  6 .6 9 8 5 m m

(a) Equations (16.55a):

r ( R  rA )
(  ) A   P
A
[1  e rA
]
or
1 0 0 ( 9 3 .3 0 1 5  5 0 )
150  P
7854
[1  ( 6 .6 9 8 5 )( 5 0 )
], P  8 4 .5 8 k N

3
r ( R  rB ) 1 0 0 ( 9 3 .3 0 1 5  1 5 0 )
(  ) B 
8 4 .5 8 (1 0 )
(b) P
A
[1  e rB
] 6
[1  ( 6 .6 9 8 5 )(1 5 0 )
]
7 8 5 4 (1 0 )

 50 M Pa

SOLUTION (16.26)

rA  1 2 5 m m , rB  2 2 9 m m , a  100 m m , b  50 m m
1 1
r  ( ro  ri )  (229  125)  177 m m
2 2

From Table 16.1

A   a b   (1 0 0 )(5 0 )  5 0 0 0  m m
2
P
dA 2 b
  [r   a ]
2 2
r
r a
2 (5 0 )
 [1 7 7  1 7 7  1 0 0 ]  9 7 .2 4 9 5 m m
2 2
r
100 A
Hence
A 5 0 0 0 P
R    1 6 1 .5 2 1 5 m m
dA 9 7 .2 5 M=-P r
 A
r
B

(CONT.)

270
16.26 (CONT.)

e  r  R  1 5 .4 7 8 5 m m

Equation (16.55a) with M   P r :

r ( R  rA )  1 7 7 (1 6 1 .5 2 1 5  1 2 5 ) 
3
P 1 2 5 (1 0 )
 A
 [1  ] 6 1  
A e rA 5 0 0 0 (1 0 )  (1 5 .4 7 8 5 ) (1 2 5 ) 
 3 4 .5 4 M P a

r ( R  rB )  1 7 7 (1 6 1 .5 2 1 5  2 2 9 ) 
3
P 1 2 5 (1 0 )
 B
 [1  ] 6 1  
A e rB 5 0 0 0 (1 0 )  (1 5 .4 7 8 5 ) ( 2 2 9 ) 
  1 8 .8 6 M P a

SOLUTION (16.27)

rA  1 3 0 m m rB  2 0 0 m m
1
r  ( ro  ri )  1 6 5 m m
2

A   a b   ( 7 0 )(3 5 )  2 4 5 0  m m
2

dA 2 b
  [r   a ]
2 2
r
r a P
2 (3 5 )
 [1 6 5  1 6 5  7 0 ]  4 8 .9 6 0 1 m m
2 2

70

r
A 2 4 5 0
R    1 5 7 .2 0 7 6 m m A
dA 4 8 .9 6 0 1
 A
r P
e  r  R  7 .7 9 2 4 m m M=-P r
B

Using Eq.(16.55) with M   P r :

P r ( R  rB )
 B
 [1  ]
A e rB

Pa ll  (1 6 5 ) (1 5 7 .2 0 7 6  2 0 0 ) 
 9 0 (1 0 )  1 
6
6 
2 4 5 0  (1 0 )  ( 7 .7 9 2 4 ) ( 2 0 0 ) 

Solving
Pa ll  1 9 6 .2 k N

271
SOLUTION (16.28)

1
A  bh
2
The section width w varies linearly with r. Thus
w  c 0  c1 r (1)
Since
w  b ( a t r  ri ) dr
(2) r
w  0 ( a t r  ro )
Substituting Eq.(1) into Eq.(2); w O
b
b b ro
c1   c0 
h h ri
h
r
Then
dA ro w c 0  c1 r
 A
r
  ri
r
dr 
r
dr

Inserting c1 and c 0 into this, after integrating and rearranging,

we have
dA ro ro
 r
 b(
h
ln
ri
 1)

Therefore
1
A h
R  
2

dA ro ro
 r h
ln
ri
1

SOLUTION (16.29)
r
A  c
2
r
Through use of the polar coordinates we write:
w  2 c s in  r  r  c cos 
d r  c s in  d  C w
d A  w d r  2 c s in  d 
2 2  O
c
2 c s in 
2 2
dA 

  d dr
r 0
r  c cos  ccos
c (1  c o s  )  c cos   (r  c )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  r
 2  2
0
r  c cos  0
r  c cos 
  d
 2  (r  c cos  )d   2(r  c )
2 2

0 0
r  c cos 

(CONT.)

272
16.29 (CONT.)



r c
2 2
ta n
  2 1 2
 2r  2 c s in   2(r c )
2 2
ta n
r c
0 0
r c
2 2

This gives
dA
  2 ( r  r c )
2 2

SOLUTION (16.30)

1
A  ( b1  b 2 ) h h ri
2 w
The section width w varies O
linearly with r as b2 b1

w  c 0  c1 r (1) r
dr
We have r
w  b1 ( a t r  ri )
(2)
w  b2 ( a t r  ro )
Introduce Eq.(1) into Eq.(2), then solve for c 0 and c1
ro b1  ri b 2 b1  b 2
c0  c1   (3)
h h
Then, we write
dA ro w ro c 0  c1 r ro
 r
  ri
r
dr   ri
r
d r  c 0 ln
ri
 c 1 ( ro  ri )

This gives, substituting Eqs.(3):

dA ro b1  ri b 2 ro
 r

h
ln
ri
 ( b1  b 2 )

Hence
1
h ( b1  b 2 )
2

A 2
R  
dA ro
 r
( ro b1  ri b 2 ) ln
ri
 ( b1  b 2 )

SOLUTION (16.31)

As in Example 16.7, we take c 1  c 2  0 in Eq.(16.60). Then, substituting Eq.(16.60) into

(16.56a) we obtain an expression for the radial moment M r .
(CONT.)

273
16.31 (CONT.)

Boundary conditions:
w  0 M r
 0 (r  a )
now give
4 2
p0a p0a 3 
 c4   0 c3  
2
c3a 64 D 32 D 1 

from which
c 4  p 0 a ( 5   ) 6 4 (1   ) D
4

The plate deflection is thus

4 4 2
p0a 3  5
w  ( a4  2 
r r
64 D 1  a
2 1  ) (1)
4
p0a 5
At r=0: w m ax  64 D 1 

Substituting Eq.(1) into Eq.(16.56b):

p0
M  [( 3   ) a  ( 1  3 ) r ]
2 2
16

At r=a:
6 M 3 (1  ) p 0
  ,m ax  
2
t
2 4 ( at )

SOLUTION (16.32)

Refer to Example 16.7. At r=a:

2 2

   2,    
6M p0a 6M p0a
r
 2
r
  3
4 2 2

  2 1
t t t 4t

S S
( a ) 1   2  p0 ( t ) (  ) 
y a 2 1 3 y

n ; 4 4 n

or
S S
 n  2
1 a 2 y y t 2
2 p0 ( t ) n , P0 (a)

S
( b )  1   1 2   2  (
2 2 y 2
n )
or
Sy Sy
p 0 ( t ) [ 16   ] ( 
2 a 4 1 3 9 2 7 a 2
16 16 n ) ; 4 p0 ( t ) n

Solving,
S
n  1.5 1 2
y t 2
p0 (a)

SOLUTION (16.33)

Table 16.2:
2
p0a
w m ax  (1   ) ( 5   )
3
16 3
Et
6 2
3 .5 (1 0 )( 4 0 )
1 .2 5  3
16
( 0 .7 )(5 .3 ) 9 3
, t  0 .2 5 m m
2 0 0 (1 0 ) t

 (3   ) p 0
3 .5 ( 4 0 )
Also m ax
 Sy  3
8
a
2
; 5 6 0  1 .2 3 8 2
t t

or t  0 .5 6 m m

274
SOLUTION (16.34)

From Example 16.7

p0
1   2  
a 2 3 a 2
4 (t) 4 p0 ( t )
S
We have  1   1 2   2  (
2 2 y 2
n )
6
p 0 ( at ) [ 161   ]  ( 150 2 10 ) ; p 0 ( at ) ( 167 )  5 , 625 ( 10
2 4 3 9 2 2 4 12
or 16 16
)

10 4
4 ( 10 )a
 12 , 857 . 14 (10 ), a  238 . 1 mm
12
or 4  12
( 10 ) ( 10 )

SOLUTION (16.35)

r  1 7 5  1  1 7 4 mm, t  2 mm

F r  7 5  1  7 4 mm, ri  7 3 m m

p   pz, F   ri p z ,   90 , p  100 kPa

2 o

N

Equation (16.64b):
2
 ( 0 .0 7 3 ) (  1 0 0 )
N   F
2  r s in 
  2  ( 0 .0 7 4 ) (1 )
 3 .6 kN

   1 . 8 MPa
3 , 600
and  0 . 002

Then, Eq.(16.64a):
  pz 1 .8 ( 1 0 )
6
 1 0 0 (1 0 )
3

r  r   t ; 0 .1 7 4  0 .0 7 4  0 .0 0 2

or    2 . 93 MPa

SOLUTION (16.36)

N  is maximum at A (    9 0 ):
o

pa ( b a 2 ) S 2 . 2 ( 5 0 )( 2 5 0  2 5 )
  ,m ax   
y 240
( b a )t n ; 1. 2 ( 25050 )t

or
t  0 . 619 mm
 pr 2 . 2 ( 50 )
Similarly n
 2t
; 240
1 .2
 2t
, t  0 . 275 mm

SOLUTION (16.37)

pa
1    2  x 
Pa
t 2t

( a ) Since  1 and  2 are of the same sign (  3  0 ) :

S pa S pan
1  0   t 
y y

n ; t n , S y

(CONT.)

275
16.37 (CONT.)

S
( b )  1   1 2   2  (
2 2 y 2
n )
pa S pan
) [1   ] ( ) , t 
2 1 1 y 2 3
( t 2 4 n 2 S y

1  pa pa 3 pan
    t 
2 1 1
(c) Su S uc n ; tS u 4 tS u n , 4 Su

SOLUTION (16.38)

(a) p  200   x  200  15 (16 )  440 kPa

3


pa pr 440 ( 10 )( 5 )
all
 t
; t  
 6
 14 . 67 mm
all 150 ( 10 )

( b ) p  200  15 [ 3 (16 4 )]  380 kPa

3
pr 380 ( 10 )( 5 )
t  
 6
 12 . 67 mm
all 150 ( 10 )

( c ) Top-end plate, with p  200 kPa (Fig.16.18):

 m ax  1 5 0 (1 0 )  ( 2 0 0  1 0 )( t )
3 a 2 6 3 3 5 2
4 p( t ) ; 4

or t  158 mm
Bottom-end plate, with p  440 kPa :

 m ax  1 5 0 (1 0 )  ( 4 4 0  1 0 )( t )
3 a 2 6 3 3 5 2
4 p( ) ; t 4

or
t  235 mm

SOLUTION(16.39)

We have r  a . The loading is p   p z   a ( 1  c o s  ) .

The resultant force F for the part intercepted by  :


F  2 a   a ( 1  c o s  ) s in  c o s  d 
2

 2a  [ 6  c o s  (1  c o s  )]
3 1 1 2 2
2 3

Substitution of this into Eqs.(16.65) and rearranging yield the equations quoted
in this problem.

SOLUTION (16.40)

( a ) L w  1 .7 2 a t  1 .7 2 7 5 0  1 2  1 6 3 .2 m m

9
210  10
(b) 
( 12 )
cr
 0 . 605 Et
a
 0 . 605 750
 2 , 033 MPa

No failure in buckling, since  c r  S y and material would yield.

276
SOLUTION (16.41)

9
2 0 0  1 0 (1 0 )
 cr
 0 .6 0 5 Et
a
 0 .6 0 5 600
 2, 017 M P a

Thus
Pc r  2  a t  c r
 2  ( 6 0 0 ) (1 0 ) ( 2 0 1 7 )  7 6 , 0 3 9 k N

End of Chapter 16

277
CHAPTER 17 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN DESIGN

SOLUTION (17.1)

AE A(2 E ) 6 AE AE 2 A(E ) 6 AE
We have ( )1,2   ( )3  
L L 3 L L L 3 L
There are four displacement components ( u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 ) and so the order of the
system matrix is 4x4. Using Eq. (17.1):
6 AE  1  1
[ k ]1  [ k ] 2  [ k ] 3   
L 1 1 

( a ) System matrix, [ K ]  [ k ]1  [ k ] 2  [ k ] 3 , by superposition is thus

u1 u2 u3 u4 u1 u2 u3 u4

 1 1 0 0   1 1 0 0 
   
6 AE 1 (1  1) 1 0 6 AE 1 2 1 0
[K ]      
L  0 1 (1  1)  1 L  0 1 2  1
   
 0 0 1 1   0 0 1 1 

( b ) Refer to Eq. (17.7b):

 F1 x   1 1 0 0   u1 
     
 F2 x  AE 1 2 1 0 u2 
 
     (1)
F L  0 1 2  1 u
 3x   3
 
F  1 u 
 4x   0 0 1   4
Boundary conditions are u 1  u 4  0 and F x 3  P . Equation (1) is then

0 AE  2  1  u 2 
     
P L 1 2  u3 

PL PL
Solving u 2  u3 
9 AE 18 AE

( c ) Equations (1) result in

 F1 x   1 1 0 0   0  2 P 3
       
 F2 x  6 AE 1 2 1 0  PL 9 AE  L  P 
 
       
F  0 1 2  1
 3x  L PL 18 AE  AE  0 
 
F  1    
 4x   0 0 1   0   P 3 

The reactions are

2 1
R1  P  R4  P 
3 3

278
SOLUTION (17.2)

We have
AE AE AE AE AE 4 AE AE
( )1  ( )2  ( )3   0 .8
L L L L L 5L L

Equation (17.1):
AE  1  1 A E  0 .8  0 .8 
[ k ]1  [ k ] 2    [ k ]3   
L 1 1  L   0 .8 0 .8 

( a ) System matrix, [ K ]  [ k ]1  [ k ] 2  [ k ] 3 , by superposition is then

 1 1 0 0 
 
AE 1 (1  1) 1 0
[K ]   
L  0 1 (1  0 .8 )  0 .8 
 
 0 0  0 .8 0 .8 

( b ) Refer to Eq. (17.7b):

u1 u2 u3 u4

 F1 x   1 1 0 0   u1 
     
 F2 x  AE 1 2 1 0 u2 
 
     (1)
F L  0 1 1 .8  0 .8  u
 3x   3
 
F   0 .8 u 
 4x   0 0 0 .8   4

Boundary conditions are u 1  u 4  0 , We have F x 3  P . Thus

0 AE  2 1  u2 
     
P L 1 1 .8   u 3 
Solving
PL PL
u2   u3 
2 .6 A E 1 .3 A E

( c ) Equations (1) yield

 F1 x   1 1 0 0   0    P 2 .6 
       
 F2 x  AE 1 2 1 0 P 2 .6  L  0 
 
       
F  0 1 1 .8  0 .8 
 3x  L P 1 .3  A E  P 
 
F   0 .8    
 4x   0 0 0 .8   0    1 .6 P 2 .6 

The reactions are

1 0 .8
R1  P  R4  P 
2 .6 1 .3

279
* SOLUTION (17.3)

We have A E L the same for all elements. Thus, Eq. (17.1):

AE  1  1
[ k ]1  [ k ] 2  [ k ] 3  [ k ] 4   
L 1 1 

( a ) By superposition, we have

 1 1 0 0 0
 
1 2 1 0 0
AE  
[K ]   0 1 2 1 0
L  
 0 0 1 2  1
 0 1 1 
 0 0
(b)
 F1 x   1 1 0 0 0  u1 
     
F 1 2 1 0 0 u
 2x     2
  AE  
 F3 x    0 1 2 1 0 u3  (1)
F  L   u 
 0 0 1 2  1
 4x   4
 F 5 x   0 1 1   u 5 
 0 0

Boundary conditions: u 1  0 and u 5   . We have F 2 x  F 3 x  F 4 x  0 .

Hence,
 0
 
 0 1 2 1 0 0 u
 2
  AE    
20  
0 1 2 1 0
  u3 
 0 L  
   0 0 1 2  1  u
 4
  
This equation may be rewritten, after transposing the product of the appropriate
stiffness coefficients by the known displacement (  ) to the left side. In so doing,

 
 0   2 1 0 u2 
  AE    
 0   
1 2 1
 u3 
 AE   L  
 0 1 2  u4 
 
 L 

Solving
  3
u2  u3  u4 
4 2 4

(CONT.)

280
17.3 (CONT.)

(c) Equations (1) give then

 F1 x   1 1 0 0 0  0   4
       
F 1 2 1 0 0  4 0
 2x        AE
  AE    
 F3 x    0 1 2 1 0   2    0 
F  L       L
 0 0 1 2  1 3 4 0
 4x     
 0 1 1 
 F 5 x   0 0      4 

The reaction is
1
R1  AE 
4L

SOLUTION (17.4)

We have
AE 1 6
 (1 2 0 0  1 0 )(7 2  1 0 )  5 4  1 0
9 6
N m
L 1 .6
c  cos 30  s  s in 3 0 1 2
o o
3 2

( a ) Through the use of Eq. (17.14), we have

 3 3
 3
 3
4 4 4 4
 
  14 
3 3
 4
1
4 4
[ k ]1  5 4 (1 0 ) 
6

  4 
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 

 1 
 4 
3 1 3
4 4 4 

or
 0 .7 5 0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5  0 .4 3 3 
 
0 .4 3 3 0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3  0 .2 5
[ k ]1  5 4 (1 0 )   N m
6

  0 .7 5  0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5 0 .4 3 3 
 
  0 .4 3 3  0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3 0 .2 5 

( b ) Equation (17.11b), { } e  [ T ]{ } e :

 u1   0 .8 6 6 0 .5 0 0   1 .5   1 .8 9 9 
       
 v1   0 .5 0 .8 6 6 0 0  1 .2   0 .2 8 9 
 
        mm
 0 0 .5    2 .2    1 .9 0 5 
u 0 0 .8 6 6
 3
 
v   0 .5  0   1 .1 0 0 
 3  0 0 0 .8 6 6     
(CONT.)

281
17.4 (CONT.)

( c ) Inserting the given data into (17.15) with i=1 and j=3, we obtain the axial force

  2 .2  1 .5  3
F1  F1 3  5 4 (1 0 )    (1 0 )   2 0 5 .4 k N
6 3 1
 2 2 
 0  1 .2 
So, axial stress in the element equals  1  F1 A   1 7 1 .2 M P a

Comment: The negative sign denotes compression.

SOLUTION (17.5)

We have E  2 0 0 G P a (by Table B.1). Refer to Solution of Prob. 17.4.

AE 1 6
 (1 2 0 0  1 0 )( 2 0 0  1 0 )  1 5 0  1 0
9 6
N m
L 1 .6
c  cos 60 1 2 s  s in 6 0 
o o
3 2

( a ) From Eq. (17.14):

 1 3
 1
 
3
4 4 4 4
 
  43 
3 3
 4
3
4 4
[ k ]1  1 5 0 (1 0 ) 
6

 4
1 3 1 3
4 4 4 

 3 3 
 4
3 3
4 4 4 

 0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3  0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3 
 
0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5  0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5
 1 5 0 (1 0 )  
6

  0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3 0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3 
 
  0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5 0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5 

( b ) Equation (17.11b), { } e  [ T ]{ } e :

 u1   0 .5 0 .8 6 6 0 0   1 .5   1 .7 8 9 
       
 v1   0 .8 6 6 0 .5 0 0  1 .2    0 .6 9 9 
 
        mm
 0 .8 6 6    2 .2    1 .1 
u 0 0 0 .5
 3
 
v   0 .8 6 6    
 3  0 0 0 .5   0   1 .9 0 5 

  2 .2  1 .5  3
( c ) F1  F1 3  1 5 (1 0 )  12   (1 0 )   4 3 3 .4 k N
6 3
 2 
 0  1 .2 
 1  F1 A   3 6 1 .2 M P a

282
SOLUTION (17.6)

Table 17.6 Data for truss of Fig. P17.6.


2 2
E le m e n t c s c s cs
o
1 45 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

 1 2
o
2 315 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
o
3 0 1 0 1 0 0
o
4 90 0 1 0 1 0
o
5 90 0 1 0 1 0

Equation (17.14)
u1 v1 u2 v2

 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
 
2 AE 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
[ k ]1   
2L 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
 
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Similarly, for elements 2, 3, 4, and 5, we obtain

u1 v1 u3 v3

 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
 
2 AE 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
[ k ]2   
2L 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 
 
 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

u1 v1 u4 v4

 1 0 1 0
 
AE 0 0 0 0
[ k ]3   
L 1 0 1 0
 
 0 0 0 0

u4 v4 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
   
AE 0 1 0 1 AE 0 1 0 1
[ k ]4    [ k ]5   
L 0 0 0 0 L 0 0 0 0
   
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

283
SOLUTION (17.7)

Table P17.7 Data for the truss of Fig P17.7


2 2
E le m e n t L e n g th ( m ) c s c cs s
o
1 7 .5 3 6 .9 0 .8 0 .6 0 .6 3 9 0 .4 8 0 .3 6
o
2 6 0 1 0 1 0 0
o
3 4 .5 90 0 1 0 0 1
o
4 4 .5 0 1 0 1 0 0

 0 .7 0 7  0 .5
o
5 4 .5 2 135 0 .7 0 7 0 .5 0 .5

Apply Eq.(17.14):
u1 v1 u2 v2

 0 . 639 0 . 48  0 . 639  0 . 48  u 1
 
AE 0 . 48 0 . 361  0 . 48  0 . 361 v 1
[ k ]1   
7 .5   0 . 639  0 . 48 0 . 639 0 . 48  u 2
 
 0 . 48  0 . 361 0 . 48 0 . 361  v 2

u1 v1 u3 v3 u2 v2 u3 v3

 1 0 1 0  u1 0 0 0 0  u2
   
AE 0 0 0 0 v1 AE 0 1 0 1 v2
[ k ]2    [ k ]3   
6 .0   1 0 1 0  u3 4 .5  0 0 0 0  u3
   
 0 0 0 0  v3 0 1 0 1  v3

u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2 u4 v4

 1 0 1 0  u3  0 .5  0 .5  0 .5 0 .5  u 2
   
AE 0 0 0 0 v3 AE  0 .5 0 .5 0 .5  0 .5 v 2
[ k ]4    [ k ]5   
4 .5   1 0 1 0  u4 4 .5 2   0 .5 0 .5 0 .5  0 .5  u 4
   
 0 0 0 0  v4  0 .5  0 .5  0 .5 0 .5  v 4

SOLUTION (17.8)

Table P17.8 Data for the truss of Fig.P17.8


2 2
E le m e n t c s c cs s
o
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
o
2 60 0 .5 0 .8 6 6 0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5

 0 .5  0 .4 3 3
o
3 120 0 .8 6 6 0 .2 5 0 .7 5
o
4 0 1 0 1 0 0
o
5 60 0 .5 0 .8 6 6 0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5

(CONT.)

284
17.8 (CONT.)

( a ) Use Eq.(17.14):

u1 v1 u4 v4

 1 0 1 0  u1
 
AE 0 0 0 0 v1
[ k ]1   
L  1 0 1 0  u4
 
 0 0 0 0  v4

u1 v1 u2 v2

 0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3  0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3  u1
 
AE 0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5  0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5 v1
[ k ]2   
L  0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3 0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3  u2
 
 0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5 0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5  v2

u2 v2 u4 v4

 0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3  0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3  u2
 
AE  0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5 0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5 v2
[ k ]3   
L  0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3 0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3  u4
 
 0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5  0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5  v4

u2 v2 u3 v3 u3 v3 u4 v4

 1 0 1 0  u2  0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3  0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3  u3
   
AE 0 0 0 0 v2 AE 0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5  0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5 v3
[ k ]4    [ k ]5   
L  1 0 1 0  u3 L  0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3 0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3  u4
   
 0 0 0 0  v3  0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5 0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5  v4

( b ) Global Stiffness Matrix [ K ] 

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4

 1. 2 5 0 .4 3 3  0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3 0 0 1 0  u1
 
0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5  0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5 0 0 0 0 v1
 
 0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3 1.5 0 1 0  0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3  u2
 
AE  0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5 0 1.5 0 0 0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5

v2

L  0 0 1 0 1. 2 5 0 .4 3 3  0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3  u3
 
 0 0 0 0 0 .4 3 3 0 .7 5  0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5  v3
 1 0  0 .2 5 0 .4 3 3  0 .2 5  0 .4 3 3 1.5 0  u4
 
 0 0 0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5  0 .4 3 3  0 .7 5 0 1.5  v4
(CONT.)

285
17.8 (CONT.)
 R1 x   0 
   
R 0
 1y   
 0  u2 
   
 P  v2 
{ F }  [ K ]{  };    K  
Q u
   3
 0  v 
3
   
R
 4x   0 
R   0 
 4y   

SOLUTION (17.9)

Table P17.9 Data for the truss of Fig.P17.9


2 2
E le m e n t L e n g th ( in . ) c s c cs s
o
1 7 .2 1 1 5 6 .3 1 0 .5 5 5 0 .8 3 2 0 .3 0 8 0 .4 6 2 0 .6 9 2
o
2 5 3 6 .8 7 0 .8 0 .6 0 .6 4 0 .4 8 0 .3 6
o
3 3 90 0 1 0 0 1
 3 6 .8 7  0 .6  0 .4 8
o
4 5 0 .8 0 .6 4 0 .3 6

 5 6 .3 1  0 .8 3 2  0 .4 6 2
o
5 7 .2 1 1 0 .5 5 5 0 .3 0 8 0 .6 9 2

( a ) Use Eq. (17.14):

u1 v1 u2 v2

 0 .3 0 8 0 .4 6 2  0 .3 0 8  0 .4 6 2  u1
 
AE 0 .4 6 2 0 .6 9 2  0 .4 6 2  0 .6 9 2 v1
[ k ]1   
7 .2 1 1   0 .3 0 8  0 .4 6 2 0 .3 0 8 0 .4 6 2  u2
 
 0 .4 6 2  0 .6 9 2 0 .4 6 2 0 .6 9 2  v2

u1 v1 u3 v3

 0 .6 4 0 .4 8  0 .6 4  0 .4 8  u1
 
AE 0 .4 8 0 .3 6  0 .4 8  0 .3 6 v1
[ k ]2   
5  0 .6 4  0 .4 8 0 .6 4 0 .4 8  u3
 
 0 .4 8  0 .3 6 0 .4 8 0 .3 6  v3

u2 v2 u3 v3

0 0 0 0  u2
 
AE 0 1 0 1 v2
[ k ]3   
3 0 0 0 0  u3
 
0 1 0 1  v3
(CONT.)

286
17.9 (CONT.)

u3 v3 u4 v4

 0 . 64  0 . 48  0 . 64 0 . 48  u 3
 
AE  0 . 48 0 . 36 0 . 48  0 . 36 v 3
[k ]4   
5  0 . 64 0 . 48 0 . 64  0 . 48  u 4
 
 0 . 48  0 . 36  0 . 48 0 . 36  v 4

u2 v2 u4 v4

 0 .3 0 8  0 .4 6 2  0 .3 0 8 0 .4 6 2  u2
 
AE  0 .4 6 2 0 .6 9 2 0 .4 6 2  0 .6 9 2 v2
[ k ]5   
7 .2 1 1   0 .3 0 8 0 .4 6 2 0 .3 0 8  0 .4 6 2  u4
 
 0 .4 6 2  0 .6 9 2  0 .4 6 2 0 .6 9 2  v4

( b ) Global Stiffness Matrix [ K ] 

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4

 0 .1 7 1 0 .1 6  0 .0 4 3  0 .0 6 4  0 .1 2 8  0 .0 9 6 0 0  u1
 
0 .1 6 0 .1 6 8  0 .0 6 4  0 .0 9 6  0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2 0 0 v1
 
 0 .0 4 3  0 .0 6 4 0 .0 8 5 0 0 0  0 .0 4 3 0 .0 6 4  u2
 
 0 .0 6 4  0 .0 9 6 0 0 .5 2 5 0  0 .3 3 3 0 .0 6 4  0 .0 9 6 v2
 
AE
 0 .1 2 8  0 .0 9 6 0 0 0 .2 5 6 0  0 .1 2 8 0 .0 9 6  u3
 
 0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2 0  0 .3 3 3 0 0 .4 7 7 0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2  v3
 0 0  0 .0 4 3 0 .0 6 4  0 .1 2 8 0 .0 9 6 0 .1 7 1  0 .1 6  u4
 
 0 0 0 .0 6 4  0 .0 9 6 0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2  0 .1 6 0 .1 6 8  v4

 R1 x   0 
   
R 0
 1y   
 P  u2 
   
 0  v2 
{ F }  [ K ]{  };    K  
0 u
   3
 Q  v 
3
   
R
 4x   0 
R   0 
 4y   

287
SOLUTION (17.10)

Table P17.10 Data for the truss of Fig.P17.10


2 2
E le m e n t L e n g th c s c cs s
o
1 1. 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
o
2 1.3 2 2 .6 2 0 .9 2 3 0 .3 8 5 0 .8 5 2 0 .3 5 5 0 .1 4 8

 90
o
3 0 .5 0 1 0 0 1
o
4 1. 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
o
5 1.3 2 2 .6 2 0 .9 2 3 0 .3 8 5 0 .8 5 2 0 .3 5 5 0 .1 4 8

( a ) Use Eq.(17.14);
uA vA uC vC

 1 0 1 0  uA
 
AE 0 0 0 0 vA
[ k ]1   
1.2   1 0 1 0  uC
 
 0 0 0 0  vC

uA vA uB vB

 0 .8 5 2 0 .3 5 5  0 .8 5 2  0 .3 5 5  uA
 
AE 0 .3 5 5 0 .1 4 8  0 .3 5 5  0 .1 4 8 vA
[ k ]2   
1.3   0 .8 5 2  0 .3 5 5 0 .8 5 2 0 .3 5 5  uB
 
 0 .3 5 5  0 .1 4 8 0 .3 5 5 0 .1 4 8  vB

uB vB uC vC

0 0 0 0  uB
 
AE 0 1 0 1 vB
[ k ]3   
0 .5  0 0 0 0  uC
 
0 1 0 1  vC

uB vB uD vD

 1 0 1 0  uB
 
AE 0 0 0 0 vB
[ k ]4   
1.2   1 0 1 0  uD
 
 0 0 0 0  vD

(CONT.)

288
17.10 (CONT.)

uC vC uD vD

 0 .8 5 2 0 .3 5 5  0 .8 5 2  0 .3 5 5  uC
 
AE 0 .3 5 5 0 .1 4 8  0 .3 5 5  0 .1 4 8 vC
[ k ]5   
1.3   0 .8 5 2  0 .3 5 5 0 .8 5 2 0 .3 5 5  uD
 
 0 .3 5 5  0 .1 4 8 0 .3 5 5 0 .1 4 8  vD

( b ) Global Stiffness Matrix [ K ] 

uA vA uB vB uC vC uD vD

 1. 4 8 9 0 .2 7 3  0 .6 5 5  0 .2 7 3  0 .8 3 3 0 0 0  uA
 
0 .2 7 3 0 .1 1 4  0 .2 7 3  0 .1 1 4 0 0 0 0 vA
 
 0 .6 5 5  0 .2 7 3 1. 4 8 9 0 .2 7 3 0 0  0 .8 3 3 0  uB
 
 0 .2 7 3  0 .1 1 4 0 .2 7 3 2 .1 1 4 0  2 0 0 vB
 
AE
 0 .8 3 3 0 0 0 1. 4 8 9 0 .2 7 3  0 .6 5 5  0 .2 7 3  uC
 
 0 0 0  2 0 .2 7 3 2 .1 1 4  0 .2 7 3  0 .1 1 4  vC
 0 0  0 .8 3 3 0  0 .6 5 5  0 .2 7 3 1. 4 8 9 0 .2 7 3  uD
 
 0 0 0 0  0 .2 7 3  0 .1 1 4 0 .2 7 3 0 .1 1 4  vD

 R Ax   0 
   
R 0
 Ay   
 0  uB 
   
 0  vB 
{ F }  [ K ]{  };    K  
0 u
   C 
 0  v 
C
   
P
  uD 
R   0 
 Dy   

SOLUTION (17.11)

We have AE=30 MN.

Table P17.11 Data for the truss of Fig.P17.11


2 2
E le m e n t L e n g th c s c cs s
o
1 5 5 3 .1 3 0 .6 0 .8 0 .3 6 0 .4 8 0 .6 4
o
2 4 0 1 0 1 0 0

( a ) Use Eq.(17.14):

(CONT.)

289
17.11 (CONT.) u1 v1 u2 v2

 0 .3 6 0 .4 8  0 .3 6  0 .4 8  u1
 
AE 0 .4 8 0 .6 4  0 .4 8  0 .6 4 v1
[ k ]1   
5  0 .3 6  0 .4 8 0 .3 6 0 .4 8  u2
 
 0 .4 8  0 .6 4 0 .4 8 0 .6 4  v2

u2 v2 u3 v3

 1 0 1 0  u2
 
AE 0 0 0 0 v2
[ k ]2   
4  1 0 1 0  u3
 
 0 0 0 0  v3

( b ) Global Stiffness Matrix

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3

 0 .0 7 2 0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2  0 .0 9 6 0 0  u1
 
0 .0 9 6 0 .1 2 8  0 .0 9 6  0 .1 2 8 0 0 v1
 
 0 .0 7 2  0 .0 9 6 0 .3 2 2 0 .0 9 6  0 .2 5 0  u2
[K ]  AE  
 0 .0 9 6  0 .1 2 8 0 .0 9 6 0 .1 2 8 0 0 v2
 
 0 0  0 .2 5 0 0 0 .2 5 0  u3
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0  v3

( c ) Boundary Conditions: u 1  v 1  u 3  v 3  0 .
 F2 x   0 .3 2 2 0 .0 9 6   u 2 
   AE   
F  0 .0 9 6 0 .1 2 8   v 2 
 2y 

u2  1  4 3  0   0 .0 0 1 0 
         m
 v2  AE 3 1 0 .0 6 3    1 0 , 0 0 0    0 .0 0 3 4 

 F1 x    0 .0 7 2  0 .0 9 6   7 .6 3 2 
     
 F1 y   0 .0 9 6  0 .1 2 8  0 .0 0 1 0   1 0 .1 7 6 
 
(d)    AE  
   kN
F   0 .2 5 0 0    0 .0 0 3 4   7 .5 0 0
 3x   
 
 F3 y   
   0 0   0 

( e ) Use Eq.(17.16)
AE  0 .0 0 1 
F1 2   0 .6 0 .8      1 2 .7 2 k N (C )
5   0 .0 0 3 4 
AE   0 .0 0 1 
F23  1 0    7 .5 k N (C )
4  0 .0 0 3 4 

290
SOLUTION (17.12)

We have E  2 0 0 G P a A  2 (1 0 ) m m
3 2

Table P17.12 Data for the truss of Fig.P17.12


2 2
E le m e n t L e n g th ( m m ) c s c cs s
o
1 3000 90 0 1 0 0 1
o
2 3000 2 45 0 .7 0 7 0 .7 0 7 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5
o
3 3000 0 1 0 1 0 0

( a ) Use Eq.(17.14)
u1 v1 u2 v2

0 0 0 0  u1
 
AE 0 1 0  1 v1
[ k ]1   
3000 0 0 0 0 u2
 
0 1 0 1  v2
u1 v1 u3 v3

 0 .5 0 .5  0 .5  0 .5  u 1
 
AE 0 .5 0 .5  0 .5  0 .5 v 1
[k ]2   
3000 2  0 .5  0 .5 0 .5 0 .5  u 3
 
 0 .5  0 .5 0 .5 0 .5  v 3
u1 v1 u4 v4

 1 0 1 0  u1
 
AE 0 0 0 0 v1
[k ]3   
3000  1 0 1 0 u4
 
 0 0 0 0  v4

11
( b ) The common factor 4
3
(10 ) . Adding zero’s in proper locations and adding :
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4

 1 . 354 0 . 354 0 0  0 . 354  0 . 354 1 0  u1

 
0 . 354 1 . 354 0 1  0 . 354  0 . 354 0 0 v1
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u2
 
4 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0  v2
[K ]  )
11
(10
3   0 . 354  0 . 354 0 0 0 . 354 0 . 354 0 0 u3
 
  0 . 354  0 . 354 0 0 0 . 354 0 . 354 0 0  v3
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 u4
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  v 4

(CONT.)

291
17.12 (CONT.)
 0  u1 
   
 25000 v
   1
 F2x  0 
   
 F2 y  0 
(c)     K  
F3x
  0 
 F3 y  0 
   
 F4x  0 
 F4 y  0 
   
Eliminate rows and columns in [K] corresponding to zero displacements:

 0  4  1 . 354 0 . 354   u 1 
 
11
 (10 )  
  25000  3  0 . 354 1 . 354   v 1 

 u1  1  0 .7 9 3  0 .2 0 7   0   0 .0 3 8 9  6
         (1 0 ) m m
  0 .2 0 7 0 .7 9 3    2 5 0 0 0    0 .1 4 8 6 
11
 v1  ( 4 3 ) (1 0 )
(d)
 R2 y   0 1   1 9 .8 1 3 
     
 R3x  4  0 .3 5 4  0 .3 5 4  u 1   5 .1 7 8 
 
     
11
 (1 0 )  kN
R 3   0 .3 5 4  0 .3 5 4   v 1   5 .1 7 8 
 3y 
 
R   
 4x  1 0    5 .1 8 7 

( e ) Use Eq.(17.16):
  u1  2 (1 0 )  2 0 0 (1 0 )   0 .0 3 8 9 
3 9
AE
0 1  0 1 
6
F1 2     (1 0 )  1 9 .8 1 3 k N ( T )
L1   v1  3000  0 .1 4 8 6 

AE   u1 
F1 3   0 .7 0 7 0 .7 0 7   
L2   v1 
2 (1 0 )  2 0 0 (1 0 )   0 .0 3 8 9 
3 9

 0 .7 0 7 0 .7 0 7  
6
  (1 0 )  7 .3 1 2 2 k N (T )
3000 2  0 .1 4 8 6 
  u1  2 (1 0 )  2 0 0 (1 0 )   0 .0 3 8 9 
3 9
AE
1 0 1 0
6
F1 4     (1 0 )   5 .1 8 6 7 k N ( C )
L3   v1  3000  0 .1 4 8 6 

SOLUTION (17.13)

Table P17.13 Data for the truss of Fig.P17.13


2 2
E le m e n t L e n g th c s c cs s
o
1 5 5 3 .1 3 0 .6 0 .8 0 .3 6 0 .4 8 0 .6 4
1
o
2 4 180 0 1 0 0

(CONT.)

292
17.13 (CONT.)

( a ) Use Eq.(17.14):
u1 v1 u2 v2

 0 .3 6 0 .4 8  0 .3 6  0 .4 8  u1
 
AE 0 .4 8 0 .6 4  0 .4 8  0 .6 4 v1
[ k ]1   
5  0 .3 6  0 .4 8 0 .3 6 0 .4 8  u2
 
 0 .4 8  0 .6 4 0 .4 8 0 .6 4  v2

u2 v2 u3 v3

 1 0 1 0  u2
 
AE 0 0 0 0 v2
[ k ]2   
4  1 0 1 0  u3
 
 0 0 0 0  v3

( b ) Global Stiffness Matrix

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3

 0 .0 7 2 0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2  0 .0 9 6 0 0  u1
 
0 .0 9 6 0 .1 2 8  0 .0 9 6  0 .1 2 8 0 0 v1
 
 0 .0 7 2  0 .0 9 6 0 .3 2 2 0 .0 9 6  0 .2 5 0  u2
[K ]  AE  
 0 .0 9 6  0 .1 2 8 0 .0 9 6 0 .1 2 8 0 0 v2
 
 0 0  0 .2 5 0 0 .2 5 0  u3
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0  v3

(c)
 0   0 . 322 0 . 096   u 2 
   AE   
  60000   0 . 096 0 . 128   v 2 

u2  1  4 3  0   18  3
         (1 0 ) m
3 1 0 .0 6 3    6 0 0 0 0    6 0 .4 
6
 v 2  1 0 (1 0 )

(d)
 R1 x    0 .0 7 2  0 .0 9 6   4 5 .0 2 4 
    u2   
 R1 y   AE 
 0 .0 9 6  0 .1 2 8     6 0 .0 3 2 
 v
kN
R   2  
 3x    0 .2 5 0  45. 

( e ) Use Eq.(17.16)
u2   0 .0 1 8 
F1 2  A E  0 .6 0 .8     1 0 (1 0 )  0 .6 0 .8      3 7 5 .2
6
kN (C )
v
 2   0 .0 6 0 4 
(CONT.)

293
17.13 (CONT.)
u2    0 .0 1 8 
F23  A E   1 0   1 0 (1 0   1 0   180
6)
kN (T )
  v 2   0 .0 6 0 4 

SOLUTION (17.14)

We have AE  125 MN .

Table P17.14 Data for the truss of Fig.P17.14


2 2
E le m e n t L e n g th c s c cs s
 0 .8  0 .4 8
o
1 5 1 4 3 .1 3 0 .6 0 .6 4 0 .3 6
o
2 5 3 6 .8 7 0 .8 0 .6 0 .6 4 0 .4 8 0 .3 6

 0 .8  0 .4 8
o
3 5 1 4 3 .1 3 0 .6 0 .6 4 0 .3 6

( a ) Apply Eq.(17.14):
u1 v1 u2 v2

 16  12  16 12  u1
 
AE  12 9 12  9 v1
[ k ]1   
25L  16 12 16  12  u2
 
 12  9  12 9  v2

u2 v2 u3 v3 u2 v2 u4 v4

 16 12  16  12  u2  16  12  16 12  u2
   
AE 12 9  12  9 v2 AE  12 9 12  9 v2
[ k ]2    [ k ]3   
25L  16  12 16 12  u3 25 L  16 12 16  12  u4
   
 12  9 12 9  v3  12  9  12 9  v4

( b ) Global Stiffness Matrix

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4

 16  12  16 12 0 0 0 0  u1
 
 12 9 12  9 0 0 0 0 v1
 
 16 12 48  12  16  12  16 12  u2
 
AE  12  9  12 27  12  9 12  9 v2

[K ] 
25L  0 0  16  12 16 12 0 0  u3
 
 0 0  12  9 12 9 0 0  v3
 0 0  16 12 0 0 16  12  u4
 
 0 0 12  9 0 0  12 9  v4

 25000 AE  48  12  u2 
(c)      
 40000 25L  12 27  v2 
(CONT.)

294
17.14 (CONT.)

u 2  25 L  27 12    25000    1 . 0026  3
         (10 ) m
v2  AE (1152 )  12 48    40000    1 . 927 

(d)
 F1 x    16 12    7 . 083 
     
F 12  9 5 . 313
 1y     
 F 3 x  1   16  12   27 12    25000   39 . 167 
          kN
  12  9   12 48    40000 
F
 3y  1152  29 . 375 
 F4x    16 12    7 . 083 
     
 F 4 y   12  9   5 . 313 

( e ) Use Eq.(17.16):
We have u 1  v 1  0 ; u3  v 3  0; u 4  v 4  0.

AE u 2   27 12    25000 
F 12   0 .8 0 . 6    1
1152
 0 .8 0 . 6      8 . 854 kN (C )
L v2   12 48    40000 

AE u 2   27 12    25000 
F 32  0 . 8 0 . 6    1
1152
0 . 8 0 . 6      48 . 958 kN (C )
L v2   12 48    40000 

AE u 2   27 12    25000 
F 42   0 .8 0 . 6    1
1152
 0 .8 0 . 6      8 . 854 kN (C )
L v2   12 48    40000 

SOLUTION (17.15)

4
We have E  210 GPa A  5  10
2
m

Table P17.15 Data for the truss of Fig.P17.15


2 2
E le m e n t L e n g th c s c cs s
o
1 5 5 3 .1 3 0 .6 0 .8 0 .3 6 0 .4 8 0 .6 4
o
2 4 90 0 1 0 0 1

( a ) Apply Eq.(17.14):
u1 v1 u2 v2

 0 .3 6 0 .4 8  0 .3 6  0 .4 8  u1
 
AE 0 .4 8 0 .6 4  0 .4 8  0 .6 4 v1
[ k ]1   
5  0 .3 6  0 .4 8 0 .3 6 0 .4 8  u2
 
 0 .4 8  0 .6 4 0 .4 8 0 .6 4  v2
(CONT.)

295
17.15 (CONT.)

u1 v1 u3 v3

0 0 0 0  u1
 
AE 0 1 0 1 v1
[ k ]2   
4 0 0 0 0  u3
 
0 1 0 1  v3

( b ) Global Stiffness Matrix

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3

 0 .7 5 6 1.0 0 8  0 .7 5 6  1.0 0 8 0 0  u1
 
1.0 0 8 3 .9 6 9  1. 0 0 8  1.3 4 4 0  2 .6 2 5 v1
 
  0 .7 5 6  1.0 0 8 0 .7 5 6 1.0 0 8 0 0  u2
[K ]  10 
7

 1.0 0 8  1.3 4 4 1. 0 0 8 1.3 4 4 0 0 v2
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0  u3
 
 0  2 .6 2 5 0 0 0 2 .6 2 5  v3

(c)
 F1 x   0 . 756 1 . 008    0 . 025 
  10
7
   
100000   1 . 008 3 . 969   v1 

100  10  (1 . 008  10 )(  0 . 025 )  3 . 696  10 v 1 v 1  0 . 00887

3 7 7
or m
F 1 x  ( 0 . 756  10 )(  0 . 025 )  1 . 008  10 F 1 x   99 . 6 kN
7 7
v1 or

( d ) Support reactions:
 F2x   0 . 756  1 . 008   99 . 59 
     
 F2 y   1 . 008  1 . 344   0 . 025   132 . 79 
 
  10   
7
   kN
F  0 0   0 . 00887  0
 3x   
 
 F3 y   2 . 625    232 . 84 
   0  

( e ) Use Eq.(17.16):

We have u 2  v 2  0 , u3  v 3  0.

 u1  105  10  0 . 025 
6
AE
F 12  0 . 6 0 . 8    0 . 6 0 . 8    166 kN (T )
L1   v1  5   0 . 00887 

 u1  105  10  0 . 025 
6
AE
F 13  0 1    0 1     232 . 8 kN (C )
L2   v1  4   0 . 00887 

296
SOLUTION (17.16)

We have AE  20 MN .
Table P17.16 Data for the truss of Fig.P17.16

2 2
E le m e n t L e n g th c s c cs s
o
1 5 3 6 .8 7 0 .8 0 .6 0 .6 4 0 .4 8 0 .3 6
o
2 8 0 1 0 1 0 0

 0 .8  0 .4 8
o
3 5 1 4 3 .1 3 0 .6 0 .6 4 0 .3 6

( a ) Apply Eq.(17.14):
u1 v1 u2 v2

 0 .6 4 0 .4 8  0 .6 4  0 .4 8  u1
 
AE 0 .4 8 0 .3 6  0 .4 8  0 .3 6 v1
[ k ]1   
5  0 .6 4  0 .4 8 0 .6 4 0 .4 8  u2
 
 0 .4 8  0 .3 6 0 .4 8 0 .3 6  v2

u1 v1 u3 v3

 1 0 1 0  u1
 
AE 0 0 0 0 v1
[ k ]2   
8  1 0 1 0  u3
 
 0 0 0 0  v3

u2 v2 u3 v3

 0 .6 4  0 .4 8  0 .6 4 0 .4 8  u2
 
AE  0 .4 8 0 .3 6 0 .4 8  0 .3 6 v2
[ k ]3   
5  0 .6 4 0 .4 8 0 .6 4  0 .4 8  u3
 
 0 .4 8  0 .3 6  0 .4 8 0 .3 6  v3

( b ) Global Stiffness Matrix

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3

 0 .2 5 3 0 .0 9 6  0 .1 2 8  0 .0 9 6  0 .1 2 5 0  u1
 
0 .0 9 6 0 .0 7 2  0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2 0 0 v1
 
 0 .1 2 8  0 .0 9 6 0 .2 5 6 0  0 .1 2 8 0 .0 9 6  u2
[K ]  AE  
 0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2 0 0 .1 1 4 0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2 v2
 
 0 .1 2 5 0  0 .1 2 8 0 .0 9 6 0 .2 5 3  0 .0 9 6  u3
 
 0 0 0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2  0 .0 9 6 0 .0 7 2  v3

(CONT.)

297
17.16 (CONT.)

 F2 x   0 .2 5 6 0  0 .1 2 8   u 2 
    
(c)  F2 y   AE  0 0 .1 1 4 0 .0 9 6   v 2 
    0 .1 2 8  
 F3 x   0 .0 9 6 0 .2 5 3   u 3 

1
   1
AE K  F

u2   6 .2 1 7 7  3 .8 9 2 9 4 .6 2 2 9   40000   0 .0 2 8 0 
       
 v2    3 .8 9 2 7  7 .7 8 5 9 80000     0 .0 6 9 1  m
1
1 5 .3 2 8 5
2 0 1 0
6
 
u     
 3  4 .6 2 2 9  7 .7 8 5 9 9 .2 4 5 2   0   0 .0 4 0 4 

 F1 x    0 .1 2 8  0 .0 9 6  0 .1 2 5   0 .0 2 8 0   4 0 .0 0 8 
       
( d )  F1 y   A E  0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2 0.   0 .0 6 9 1    4 5 .7 4 4  kN
 
F     
 3x   0 .0 9 6  0 .0 7 2  0 .0 9 6   0 .0 4 0 4   7 5 .6 9 6 

( e ) Use Eq.(17.16):
We have u 1  v 1  v 3  0 .

AE  0 .0 2 8 0 
F1 2   0 .8 0 .6      7 6 .2 4 kN (C )
5   0 .0 6 9 1 
AE  0 .0 4 0 4 
F1 3  1 0   1 0 1 .0 kN (T )
8  0 
AE  0 .0 2 8 0  0 .0 4 0 4 
F3 2    0 .8 0 .6      1 2 6 .1 6 0 kN (C )
5   0 .0 6 9 1 

SOLUTION (17.17)

Due to symmetry, only one-half of the beam need be considered.

 12 6L 12 6L
 2 
6L
2
EI 6L 4L 2L
[ k ]1  3  
P/2 L 12 6 L 12 6 L 
L  2 
2 6L
2
 6L 2L 4L 
1
1 k/2  0 0 0 0
2  3 
E I kL E I 0 0 0
[ k ]2  3  
L  0 0 0 0
 
 0 0 0 0
(CONT.)

298
17.17 (CONT.)

Therefore
 12 6L 12 6L
 2 
6 L
2
6L 4L 2L
EI  
[K ]  3  kL
3

L 12 6L 12  6L 
 EI 
6 L
2 2
 6 L 2L 4 L 

( a ) Boundary conditions are v1  0 and  2  0 . Equation (17.19a)

with F 2 y   P 2 and M 1  0 :

 4L 6L 
2

 0  EI    1 
   3 kL   
3

 P 2 L 6L 12   v2 
 E I 
Introduce the data and solve:
3 3
 1   5 .1(1 0 ) ra d v 2   1 3 .5 (1 0 ) m
(b)
 12 6L 12 6L
 F1 y   2 
 0 
6 L
2
  6L 4L 2L  
 0  EI     5 .1  3
   3     (1 0 )
3
kL
 F 2 y  L 12 6L 12  6L    1 3 .5 
 EI 
M   0 
 2  
6 L
2 2
 6 L 2L 4 L 
or
 F1 y   7 .4 2 5 k N 
   
 F 2 y     9 .8 5 5 k N 
 M   3 0 .1 5 0 k N  m 
 2  
F s p r in g  1 8 0 (1 3 .5 )  2 .4 3 k N (C )

From symmetry: F1 y  F 3 y  7 .4 2 5 k N 

SOLUTION (17.18)

L  6 .7 m , E I = 6 5 (1 0 ) N  m , k  210 kN m
5 2
P = 9 kN ,
v1 1 u2 4 v2 2 u3  3

 12 6L 12 6L  0 0 0 0
 2   3 
6L
2
EI 6L 4L 2L E I kL E I 0 0 0
[ k ]1  3   [ k ]2  3  
L 12 6 L 12 6 L  L  0 0 0 0
 2   
6L
2
 6L 2L 4L   0 0 0 0

(CONT.)

299
17.18 (CONT.)
Thus
 12 6L 12 6L
 2 
6 L
2
6L 4L 2L
EI  
[K ]  3  kL
3
 (1)
L 12 6L 12  6L 
 EI 
6 L
2 2
 6 L 2L 4 L 

( a ) Boundary conditions are v1  0 and  1  0 . Equation (17.19a), with F 2 y   P

and M 2
 0:

 
3
kL
 P  E I 1 2   6 L   v2 
   3 EI  
 0  L   
 2
6 L
2
 4 L 
Substituting the given numerical values and solving, we have
v 2   0 .0 3 2 7 m
 2   0 .0 0 7 3 3 ra d
(b)
 12 6L 12 6L
 F1 y   2 
 0 
6L
2
  6L 4L 2L  
M1 EI    0 
   3    
3
kL
 F 2 y  L 12 6L 12  6 L    0 .0 3 2 7 
 EI 
M    0 .0 0 7 3 3 
 2  
6L
2 2
 6 L 2L 4 L 

Introducing the data and multiplying:

 F1 y   2 .1 3 8 k N 
   
 M 1   1 4 .2 4 5 k N  m 
    
   9 .0 0 5 k N
F2 y
 
 M    0 .0 8 1 k N  m 
 2  
The spring force is Ps p r in g  2 1 0 ( 0 .0 3 2 7 )  6 .8 6 7 k N (C )

SOLUTION (17.19)

We have E I  7 0  1 0 N  m , L  3 m, P  50 kN
4 2

( a ) Use Eqs.(17.19):
v1 1 v2 2
 12 18 12 18  v1
 
EI 18 36 18 18 1
[ k ]1  3  
L 12 18 12 18  v2
 
 18 18 18 36  2
(CONT.)

300
17.19 (CONT.)

v2 2 v3 3
 12 18 12 18  v2
 
EI 18 36 18 18 2
[ k ]2  3  
L 12 18 12 18  v3
 
 18 18 18 36  3

( b ) Global Stiffness Matrix

v1 1 v2 2 v3 3
 12 18 12 18 0 0  v1
 
18 36 18 18 0 0 1
 
EI 12 18 24 0 12 18  v2
[K ]  3  
L  18 18 0 72 18 18  2
 0 0 12 18 12 18  v3
 
 0 0 18 18 18 36  3

Use Eq.(17.20a):

 F2 y   24 0 18   v 2 
  EI   
M 2   3  0 72 18   2 
L 
M   18 18 36    3 
 3 

1
   K  F 
3
L
EI

 0 .0 4 1 6 6 7  50 10    0 .1 4 0 6 m 
3
 v2  3
 0 .0 7 2 9 1 7 0 .0 1 0 4 1 7
  L      

 2  0 .0 1 0 4 1 7 0 .0 1 7 3 6 1  0 .0 1 3 8 8 9  0     0 .0 2 0 1 r a d 
EI  
     0 .0 8 0 4 r a d 
 3   0 .0 4 1 6 6 7  0 .0 1 3 8 8 9 0 .0 5 5 5 5 6 

0
  

(c)
 F1 y  12 18 0   v 2   3 4 .3 6 2 k N 
  EI      
M1  3 
18 18 0
   2    5 6 .2 3 3 k N  m 
F  L    
  1 2 18  1 8    3   1 5 .6 0 2 k N 
 3 y 

From a free-body diagram of element 2: ( M 2 ) 2  4 6 .8 0 6 k N  m and

( F 2 ) 2   1 5 .6 0 2 k N

(CONT.)

301
17.19 (CONT.)

(d)
50 kN
1 2
1 1.5 m 2 1.5 m 3

V 34.362
(kN ) +
x
15.602

M
46.806
(kN  m )
+
x

56.28

SOLUTION (17.20)

( a ) The element stiffness matrices are, from Eq. (17.19a):

v1 1 v2 2 v3 3
 12 6L 12 6L 0 0
 
6 L
2 2
6L 4L 2L 0 0
 
EI 12 6 L 12 6 L 0 0
[ k ]1  3  
6 L
2 2
L  6L 2L 4L 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 
0
 
0 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 12 6L 12 6L 
EI  2 
[ k ]2  3 0 0 6L 4L
2
6 L 2L 
L 
 kL
3 
0 0 12 6 L 12  6 L 
 EI 
 0 0 6L 2L
2
6 L 4 L 
2

(CONT.)

302
17.20 (CONT.)

(b)
 12 6L 12 6L 0 0 
 
6L
2 2
6L 4L 2L 0 0
 
12 6L 24 0 12 6L 
 2 
[K ]  6L 2L
2
0 8L
2
6L 2L 

 kL
3 
 0 0 12 6 L 12  6 L 
 EI 
 0 0 6L 2L
2
6 L 4 L 
2

( c ) Boundary conditions are: v1  0 ,  1  0 , v 2  0

System governing equations, by Eqs. (17.19a), after rearrangement:

 
 0   8 L2 2L
2
6L   2 
  EI    
 0   3  2L 6L   3 
2 2
4L
 P  L  v 
3 
  6L
kL
  3
6L 12 
 EI 
Solving,
3
7PL 1
v3   ( )
EI 1 2  7 k1
2
3PL 1
2   ( ),  3  3 2
EI 1 2  7 k1

where k 1  k L
3
EI

SOLUTION (17.21)

Boundary conditions are

v1   1  v 3   3 v 2    (given)
Equation (17.19):

 24 12 L 24 12 L   12 6L 12 6L

 2   2 
12 L 6L
2 2
EI 12 L 8L 4L EI 6L 4L 2L
[ k ]1  3   [ k ]2  3  
L 24 12 L 24 12 L  L 12 6L 12 6L 
 2   2 
12 L 6L
2 2
1 2 L 4L 8L   6L 2L 4L 

After assembling [ K ] and considering the boundary conditions, the pertinent

equations are found as
(CONT.)

303
17.21 (CONT.)

 P  EI  24  12 12 L  6 L    
   3  2   
1 2 L  6 L 8L  4L   2 
2
 0  L

Multiplying,
EI
P  3
(  3 6   6 L 2 ) (1)
L
EI
0  (6 L   12 L  2 )
2
3
(2)
L
( a ) Equation (1) is then
EI
P  33 3

L
( b ) Equation (2) gives

2 
2L

SOLUTION (17.22) through (17.26)

It is important to take into account any conditions of symmetry which may exist. Use a 2-D finite
element program such as ANSYS.

End of Chapter 17

304
CHAPTER 18 CASE STUDIES IN MACHINE DESIGN

SOLUTION (18.1)
a2=0.16 m
a1=2.6 m
L=2.5 m P=15 kN
B C H D

a3=1.0 m 40o
80o
FBG

A FC F
o
60
o
50
Figure S18.1 Free Body diagram of loader arm
FAE

( a ) Member forces Dismember the arm ABD. It is assumed that the links and
hydraulic cylinder are all in tension. The conditions of moment equilibrium are
applied to Fig. S18.1:

  0:  F C F c o s 1 0 ( 0 .1 6 )  F A E s in 5 0 (1 .0 )  1 5 ( 2 .7 6 )  0
o o
M B

F A E  0 .2 0 6 F C F  5 4 .0 (1)

 Fx  0 : F A E c o s 6 0  F B G c o s 4 0  F C F s in 1 0  0
o o o

F B G   3 5 .2 4 6  0 .3 6 1 F C F (2)

 Fy  0 :  F A E s in 6 0  F B G c o s 4 0  F C F c o s 1 0  1 5  0
o o o

FC F   4 2 k N ( C )
Substitution of this into Eqs. (1) and (2) result in
F A E  4 5 .3 5 k N ( T ) F B G   2 0 .0 8 k N ( C )

Comments: Since the result obtained for F A E is positive. A negative sign means
that the sense of the force is opposite to that taken originally.

( b ) Diameters of pins at A, B, and C in double shear. We have

S ys F 2 1
 2
, d  [ 2 SF n ] 2
n d 4 ys

Thus,
2 ( 4 5 .3 5 ) ( 2 .4 ) 1
dA  [ 3
] 2
 2 1 .5 m m
 (1 5 0  1 0 )

2 ( 2 0 .0 8 ) ( 2 .4 ) 1
dB  [ 3
] 2
 1 4 .3 m m
 (1 5 0  1 0 )

2 ( 4 2 ) ( 2 .4 ) 1
dC  [ 3
] 2
 2 0 .7 m m
 (1 5 0  1 0 )

305
SOLUTION (18.2)

The location of the critical point is at K, where the maximum moment and the shear force are
M  P L  1 5 ( 2 .5 )  3 7 .5 N  m
V  P  15 kN
The cross-sectional area properties:
A   ( c 2  c 1 )   ( 7 5  5 0 )  9 .8 1 7 5  1 0
2 2 2 2 3 2
mm
 
I  ( c 2  c1 )  ( 7 5  5 0 )  1 9 .9 4 1 8  1 0
4 4 4 4 6 4
4 4
mm
The maximum tensile stress due to the bending occurs at point K. Therefore,
3


M c2 3 7 .5 (1 0 )( 0 .0 7 5 )
m ax
 I
 6
 141 M Pa
1 9 .9 4 1 8 (1 0 )

The shearing stress is zero,   0 , at point K. The maximum shearing stress is at the neutral axis
z and parallel to y axis. From third case, Table 3.2:
3

 m ax  2
1 5 (1 0 )
V
A
 2 3
9 .8 1 7 5 (1 0 )

 3 .0 6 M P a

This is a very low stress for the specified material. The bending stress vanishes at the neutral axis,
 H  0 . The factor of safety is thus
n  480
141
 3 .4

SOLUTION (18.3)

A sketch of Mohr's circle is shown in Fig. S18.3 constructed by obtaining the position of point C
at (  x   y ) 2  4 0 0 μ on the horizontal axis and of point at
( x ,   xy
2 )  (1 0 0 0 μ ,  3 5 0 μ ) from the origin O.

The principal strains are represented by points A1 and B1 . Thus, referring to the figure:

  400  ( 1 0 0 02 2 0 0 )  3 5 0
2 2
1 ,2


'=400
y D

B(-200, 350)
”s
A1

B1 O C
’p A(1000, -350)

E x
Figure S18.3
or
 1  1 0 9 4 .6 μ ,  2   2 9 4 .6 μ
(CONT.)

306
18.3 (CONT.)

As a check, note that  x   y   1   2  8 0 0  . The planes of principal strains are

1 350
2 '  ta n  3 0 .3 2  p "  3 0 .3  1 8 0  2 1 0 .3
o o
p 600
and
and
 p '  1 5 .1 5  p "  1 0 5 .1 5
o o
and (1)
From Mohr's circle,  p ' locates the  1 direction. The maximum shearing strains are given by
points D and E:
 m ax   2 ( 1 0 0 02 2 0 0 )  3 5 0  1389 
2 2

Alternatively,    1   2  1 0 9 4 .6  2 9 4 .6  1 3 8 9 μ .

SOLUTION (18.4)

From Prob. 18.3, we have

 1  1 0 9 4 .6 μ ,  2   2 9 4 .6 μ ,  m a x  1 3 8 9 μ (1)
The first two of Eqs. (2.7) together with (1) give
3
1  2 1 0 1 0
2
[1 0 9 4 .6  0 .2 8 (  2 9 4 .6 ) ]  2 3 1 M P a
1  ( 0 .2 8 )

3
 2
 2 1 0 1 0
2
[  2 9 4 .6  0 .2 8 (1 0 9 4 .6 ) ]  2 .7 1 M P a
1  ( 0 .2 8 )

From the last of Eqs. (2.7):

3
 m ax  E
2 (1   )
 m ax  2 1 0 1 0
2 (1  0 .2 8 )
(1 3 8 9 )  1 1 4 M P a

 p '  1 5 .1 5  s  6 0 .1 5
o o
From Prob. 18.3: and
Using Eq. (3.35),
 '  12 ( 2 3 1  2 .7 1)  1 1 6 .9 M P a

SOLUTION (18.5)

Use Eq. (3.40):

 a   x c o s  a   y s in  a   s in  a c o s  a
2 2
xy

6
)   x c o s 0   y s in 0    x  1104 μ
2 o 2 o o o
1 1 0 4 (1 0 xy
s in 0 c o s 0 ,
Similarly,
 b   x c o s  b   y s in  b   s in  b c o s  b
2 2
xy

6
)   x c o s (  6 0 )   y s in (  6 0 )   s in (  6 0 ) c o s (  6 0 )
2 o 2 o o o
4 3 2 (1 0 xy

6
4 3 2 (1 0 )  0 .2 5  x  0 .7 5  y
 0 .4 3 3  xy
(1)
and
 c   x c o s  c   y s in  c   s in  c c o s  c
2 2
xy

6
 9 6 (1 0 )  0 .2 5  x  0 .7 5  y
 0 .4 3 3  xy
(2)
Subtract Eq. (2) from Eq. (1):
5 2 8    0 .8 6 6  xy

Thus  xy
 610 μ ,  y
 144 μ

307
SOLUTION (18.6)

Equation (5.78a):
2 3
2 E 2 ( 2 1 0 1 0 )
Cc  Sy
 250
 1 2 8 .8

For the 1.6 m link column,

L B G r  1 6 0 0 1 0 .6 9  1 4 9 .7  C c

and Eq. (5.77b) is used. Hence,

2 9
 E
2  ( 2 1 0 1 0 )
 a ll
 1 .9 2 ( L B G r )
 2
 4 8 .2 M P a
1 .9 2 (1 4 9 .7 )

Comment: This stress is very low compared to 250 MPa; The link will not yield.

SOLUTION (18.7)

From Prob. 18.6: A  3 1 8 m m , E  200 G Pa , r  1 0 .6 9 m m .

2

The required value of  a ll :

3
FB G

1 1 .3 4 (1 0 )
a ll
 A
 6
 3 5 .7 M P a (1)
3 1 8 (1 0 )

Assume L m r  C c . Equation (5.77b):

2 9
 E
2  ( 2 0 0 1 0 )
 a ll
 2
 2
(2)
1 .9 2 ( L m r ) 1 .9 2 ( L m r )

Lm
Equating Eqs. (1) and (2), we obtain r
 1 6 9 .7

Since L m r  C c , our assumption is OK. Thus

Lm Lm
r
 1 0 .6 9
 1 6 9 .7
or
L m  1 .8 1 4 m

Comment: If this link is more than 1.814 m in length, it will buckle.

SOLUTION (18.8)

( a ) Central cross brace. Stain energy due to bending. Equation (5.18) with M  W x 2 :
c 2 c 2 2 2 3
U  2[  dx]   x dx 
M 1 W 2 W c
2 EI EI 4 96 EI
0 0

Due to shear, Eq. (5.23) with V  W 2 :

c 2 2
U   dx 
3V 3W c
5GA 20 G A
0

Side supports. Strain energy owing to bending, with M  W x 2 :

b 2 2 b 2 2 2 3
U  4[  dx]   x dx 
M 2 W 2 W b
2 EI EI 16 384 EI
0 0

(CONT.)

308
18.8 (CONT.)

Due to shear with V  W 4 :

b 2 2
U  2 3V
5GA
dx  3W b
40 G A
0

Total strain energy is then

2 3 2 3 2 2
Ut  W c
96 EI
 W b
384 EI
 3W c
20 G A
 2W b
40 G A

or
3 3
U t  W [ E1I ( 9c 6  ) (c 
2 b 3 b
384 20 G A 2
)] Q.E.D. (P18.8a)

( b ) Introducing Eq. (P18.8a) into Eq. (5.31), we obtain

U t 3
 st   W [ 4 81E I ( c  ) (c 
3 b 3 b
W 4 10 G A 2
)] (P18.8b)

SOLUTION (18.9)

( a ) Substituting the given data into Eq. (P18.8b) result in

3
 s t  W [ 4 81E I ( c  ) (c 
3 b 3 b
4 10 G A 2
)]
3
(1 .2 )
W{ [( 0 .8 )  ] [( 0 .8 ) 
1 3 3 1 .2
3 3
]}
4 8 ( 2 0 0  1 0  0 .2 7 8 ) 4 1 0 ( 7 9 1 0  8 1 9 ) 2

6
 W (1 0 ){0 .3 7 4 7[ 0 .5 1 2 0  0 .4 3 2 ]  [ 0 .0 0 4 6 4[1 .4 ]}
6 6
 10 W {0 .3 5 3 7  0 .0 0 6 5}  1 0 W ( 0 .3 6 0 2 )
or
6 6
 s t  0 .3 6 0 2 (1 0 ) W  ( 0 .3 6 0 2  1 0 )(1 5  1 0 )
3

3
 5 .4 0 3(1 0 ) m
( b ) The impact factor, by Eq. (4.32):
2 ( 250 )
K  1 1 2h
 st
 1 1 5 .4 0 3
 1 0 .6 7
Equation (4.35) is therefore
 m a x  K  s t  1 0 .6 7 (5 .4 0 3)  5 7 .7 m m

SOLUTION (18.10)

( a ) Thin-walled cylinder is in biaxial stress (  3  0 ) with     1 and  a  2 .

From Eqs. (3.6) at r  a :
1
1  
pa 20 (350 )
t
 t
 7000
t
, 2
 2
 3500
t
(1)
Equation (6.14):
Sy
 1   1   (
2 2 2
2 2 n
) (2)
Substituting Eqs. (1) into (2), we have
6
[( 7 )  ( 7 )(3 .5 )  (3 .5 ) ] 1 02  ( 5 55 2 ) , t  55 m m
2 2 2
t

Hence,
b  a  t  405 m m

( b ) We have a t  6 .3 6 : the thin-walled analysis does not apply. So, the solution is not valid.

309
SOLUTION (18.11)

Refer to Prob. 18.10.

For a closed-ended thick-walled cylinder under internal pressure, the critical
section where the maximum stresses occur is at r  a (see Fig. 16.3). The
stresses, from Eqs. (16.16a), 16.16b), and (16.15) with p  p i and p o  0 :
r  p
2 2
  p b a
2 2
(1)
b a
2
 a
 p 2
a
2
b a

We observe that     1 ,  a   2 , and  r   3 , where algebraically  1   2   3 .

With a safety factor included, Eq. (6.13) appears as
Sy
[ ( 1   2 )  (   3 )  (   1) ]  2(
2 2 2
2 3 n
) (2)

Substituting Eq. (1) into (2), we have

p Sy
[(b  a  a )  ( a  b  a )  (  b  a  b  a ) ]( )  2(
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
)
b a n

Sy
 (b  a ) (
4 2 2 2 2 2
or 3b p n
) (3)
By introducing the given data ( a  0 .3 5 m , S y  5 5 2 M P a , p  2 0 M P a , n  5 ) and
simplifying Eq. (3) becomes:
9 .1 5 7 b  2 .4 8 8 b  0 .1 5 2  0
4 2

Let x  b and solve the resulting quadratic equation to find x  0 .1 7 7 8 .

2

The outer radius is then

b  0 .4 2 1 7 m = 4 2 1 .7 m m
Hence, t  b  a  4 2 1 .7  3 5 0  7 1 .7 m m

Comment: The outer diameter equals 2 b  8 4 4 m m . A standard cylinder with about

8 4 5  m m outer diameter and 7 0 0  m m inner diameter should be selected.

SOLUTION (18.12)

( a ) Element Stiffness Matrix. Referring to Fig. P18.12 we sketch Fig. S18.12.

F1 y , v 1

1
L 2
F1 x , u 1 F2 x , u 2
 45o
F2 y , v 2
 

F3 x , u 3 3
F3 y , v 3 Figure S18.12 Finite element model

(CONT.)

310
18.12 (CONT.)

Using Eq. (17.4), Fig. S18.12, Table P18.1, and the given data:
u1 v1 u2 v2 u1 v1 u2 v2

 c c  cs  1
2 2
cs u1  1 0 0 u1
 2   
 cs
2
cs s s  v1 0 0 0 0 v1
[ k ]1  4 (1 0 )   4 (1 0 )  
7 7

c2  cs c
2
cs  u2 1 0 1 0 u2
   
s
2 2
 c s cs s  v2  0 0 0 0 v2

u1 v1 u3 v3 u2 v2 u3 v3

0 0 0 0  u1  0 .5  0 .5  0 .5 0 .5  u2
   
0 1 0 1 v1  0 .5 0 .5 0 .5  0 .5 v2
[ k ] 2  4 (1 0 )   [ k ]3  2 2 (1 0 )  
7 7

0 0 0 0  u3   0 .5 0 .5 0 .5  0 .5  u3
   
0 1 0 1  v3  0 .5  0 .5  0 .5 0 .5  v3

In the foregoing, the column and row of each stiffness matrix are labeled according to the nodal
displacements associated with them. Observe that displacements u 3 and v 3 are not involved in
element 1; u 2 and v 2 are not involved in element 2; u 1 and v1 are not involved in element 3.
Thus, before adding [ k ]1 , [ k ] 2 , and [ k ] 3 to form the system matrix, two row and columns of zero
must be added to each of the element matrices to account for the absence of these displacements.
7
In so doing, and using a common factor 1 0 , the element stiffness matrices become:

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3

 4 0 4 0 0 0 u1
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 v1
 
4 0 4 0 0 0 u2
[ k ]1  (1 0 ) 
7

v2
 0 0 0 0 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0 0 u3
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 v3

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3

0 0 0 0 0 0  u1
 
0 4 0 0 0 4 v1
 
0 0 0 0 0 0  u2
[ k ] 2  (1 0 ) 
7

v2
0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0  u3
 
0 4 0 0 0 4  v3
(CONT.)

311
18.12 (CONT.)
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3

0 0 0 0 0 0  u1
 
0 0 0 0 0 0
  v1
0 0 2  2  2 2 
u2
[ k ] 3  (1 0 )  
7

0 0  2 2 2  2  v2
 
0 0  2 2 2  2  u3
  v3
0 0 2  2  2 2 

System Stiffness Matrix. There are a total of six components of displacement for the truss before
boundary constraints are imposed. Hence, the order of the truss stiffness matrix must be 6  6 .
Before addition of the terms from each element stiffness matrix into their corresponding locations
in [ K ] , we obtain the global matrix for the truss:

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3

 4 0 4 0 0 0 u1
 
0 4 0 0 0 4
  v1
4 0 4 2  2  2 2  u2 (1)
[ K ]  (1 0 )  
7

 0 0  2 2 2  2  v2
 
 0 0  2 2 2  2  u3
  v3
 0 4 2  2  2 4 2

System Force-Displacement Relationship. From Fig. P18.12, the

boundary conditions are u 1  0 , v1  0 , and u 3  0 . In addition F 3 y  0 .
Equation (17.17 is therefore

 R1 x   0 
   
R 0
 1y   
 P   u 2 
   [K ]  (2)
v
W   2
R   0 
3x
   
 0   v 3 

where [ K ] is given by Eq. (1).

( b ) Displacements. To find u 2 , v 2 , and v 3 only part of Eq. (2) relating to these

displacements is considered:
(CONT.)

312
18.12 (CONT.)
(4  2 ) 2 2 
P   24, 000  u2 
       
    3 6 , 0 0 0   (1 0 )   2  2 
7
W 2  v2  (3)
 0      v 
   0  2  2 (4  2 )  3
 
Inverting,
u2   1 1 0  24   1 .5 
  8      
 v 2   2 .5 (1 0 ) 1   3 6  (1 0 )    4 .9 4  m m
3
4 .8 2 8 1
 
v     
 3  0 1 1   0    0 .9 

Reactions. Inserting of the preceding values of u 2 , v 2 , and v 3 into Eq. (2) gives
the reactional forces:
 R1 x   4 0 0   1 .5  60
     3  
  10  4    4 .9 4  (1 0 )   3 6  k N
7
 R1 y  0 0
R      36 
 3x   2 2 2    0 .9   

The results may be verified by applying the equations of equilibrium to the free-body diagram of
the entire truss, Fig. SP18.12.

Axial Forces in Bars. Using Eqs. (17.16), (3) and Table P18.12,
we obtain
u2   1 .5  3
F1  F1 2  0 ]    4 (1 0 ) [1  (1 0 )  6 0 k N
AE 7
L
[1 0] 
 v2    4 .9 4 
0   0  3
F 2  F1 3   1]    4 (1 0 ) [ 0  1]   (1 0 )  3 6 k N
AE 7
L
[0
v
 3   0 .9 
 u2    1 .5  3
F3  F 2 3  [1  1]    2 2 (1 0 ) [  1  1] 
AE 7
 (1 0 )
 v3  v2    0 .9  4 .0 4 
2L

  7 1 .8 k N

Stresses in Bars. Driving the element forces by the cross-sectional area results in
3

1    3  1 2 5 (  7610.8 )   1 4 9 .6 M P a
6 0 (1 0 )
6
 125 M Pa 2
 1 2 5 ( 36 60 )  7 5 M P a
4 8 0 (1 0 )

The negative sign means a compressive stress.

Factor of safety against yielding. Dividing the yield strength of S y  2 5 0 M P a
(from Table B.1) by each stress, we obtain
n1  250
125
 2 n2  250
75
 3 .3 3 n3  250
1 4 9 .6
 1 .6 7

Comments: The bar axial stresses found are relatively low for the well known material
considered (see Sec. 1.6).
End of Chapter 18

313