Final Manuscript

ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES-SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS
School of Agriculture and Industrial Technology
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) belongs to the
mustard family (Brassicaceae), grown as an annual or
biennial, or perennial life spans. It is a popular root
vegetable in both tropical and temperate regions. They are
generally consumed raw, such as in salads or as an appetizer
(Petruzzello, 2015)
Radishes grow best in full sun light (Cornell, 2006)
and sandy loam types of soil, so most of the farmers in the
Philippines plant their crops on the river bank. However,
the most problem of raising radish on river bank is the
flood; floods can damage and destroy the crops. The
researchers decided to conduct this study in an upland area
not only to avoid the flooding but also to practice
container gardening that even the urban people can raise
their own crops in their own back yard.
Like other vegetables, radish also needs fertilizers
in order for it to grow. But today many people commonly
used chemical fertilizer to their plants.

However, continuous use of inorganic fertilizer
makes our environment become toxic. Being conscious and
aware of the effects of these chemicals to our body and
environment, we must also minimize or better stop the use
of chemical input in the food that we eat.
Vermicompost is an excellent soil additives,
conditioner, and fertilizer. Vermicompost functions as humus
and organic matter to the soil providing available nutrients
to the plants thereby increasing soil tilt (SAT, 2017)
Hence, the researchers come up to use of vermicompost
as fertilizer on container-grown radish to determine its
growth and yield performance and to produce healthful and
hazard free crop.
Objectives of the Study
This study was conducted to determine the growth and
yield performance of container-grown radish using different
levels of vermicompost.
Specifically it sought to:
1. Determine the growth performance of radish using
different levels (20%, 25%, 30%) of vermicompost in terms
of plant height and number of functional leaves.

2. Determine the yield performance of container-
grown radish using different levels of vermicompost in
terms of the length of harvested tubers, weight of
harvested tubers, and weight of marketable tubers.
3. Determine if there is a significant difference on
the growth and yield performance of container-grown radish
using different levels of vermicompost.
4. Compute the return of investment of the container-
grown radish using different levels of vermicompost.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study is limited to find out the growth and
yield performance of container-grown radish using different
levels of vermicompost. The growth was determined in terms
of plant height and number of functional leaves, while
yield was determined in terms of the length of harvested
tubers, weight of harvested tubers and weight of marketable
tubers. There were five (5) treatments replicated four (4)
times using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The
treatments were: Treatment A-Unfertilized (control), B-
Inorganic fertilizer, C-20% Vermicompost + 80% Sandy Loam
Soil, D–25% Vermicompost + 75% Sandy Loam Soil, E-30%
Vermicompost + 70% Sandy Loam Soil.

An experimental area of 20 square meters was utilized
in which eighty containers of sacks with 30 kilograms soil
capacity were distributed with a distance of 30 centimeters
between treatments and 50 centimeters between replications.
There were four sacks per treatment with two hills each,
having two seeds per hill with a distance of 12 centimeters.
The data was analysed using the Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and data
with significant results was further subjected to Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
This study was conducted at Iloilo State College of
Fisheries-San Enrique Campus, San Enrique, Iloilo, Crop
Science Research Area from June 14, 2016 to July 30, 2016.
Significance of the Study
The result of the study can help the radish farmers
choose the appropriate levels of vermicompost to be applied
on radish.
To the extension workers, this will provide
information about effects of applying different levels of
vermicompost. The result will also serve as their basis to
encourage farmers to utilize vermicompost as fertilizer.

To the researcher, this will give them information
about the appropriate levels of vermicompost applicable to
radish and will serve as basis for the conduct of similar
studies.
For the environment-conscious people, the result of
the study could be used for their advocacy, a stepping
stone towards the discovery of more organic fertilizers
which could help lessen the environmental pollution.
Definition of Terms
The following terms were defined to clarify their
meaning and to avoid confusion arising from varied view
points of the readers:
Container Growing. The process of planting plants
inside a container. In this study empty sacks were used.
Fertilizer. This is natural or synthetic materials
that, when added to the soil, supplies one or more
nutrients needed by plants to promote their growth. In this
study vermicompost was used.
Growth. The increase in height and number of
functional leaves of radish plant applied with vermicompost.
Height. The distance of measurement from the base of
the plant up to the tip of the highest leaf.

Marketable Tubers. The saleable radish root that are
damage free and clean.
Organic Fertilizer. It is a fertilizer derived from
decomposing plants and animal matter, human excreta and
animal manure. In this study, vermicompost was used.
Performance. It is the capacity to achieve a desired
result. In this study the performance of radish was
determined in terms of its growth and yield using
vermicompost.
Radish. The subspecie of the plant having the
scientific name (Raphanus sativus L.). In this study
sinandok variety was used.
Randomize Complete Block Design. It is a design used
in the study. It is used when the area is uncontrolled or in
agronomic field where blocking is introduced to equalize the
effect of variables.
Tubers. It is a short, thick, round, root or stem
that is a part of certain plant that grows underground.
Sandy Loam Soil. It is a soil mixture that is
generally well-balanced, but has sand as dominant component.
Weed. A plant that is uselessly undesirable or a
plant that grows in a place where it is not needed and

detrimental to the growth of the main plant. In this study,
weeds were controlled by hand weeding.
Yield. The production of radish applied with
vermicompost based on the length of harvested tubers and
weight of harvested and marketable tubers.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related
literature and studies relevant to the present study. The
topics included are vermicompost and radish.
Vermicompost Applied to Radish
Vermicompost is considered as block gold for any
gardeners or a farmer, an excellent soil amendment and bio-
control agent. It is also known as best organic fertilizer
and more eco-friendly as compared to chemical fertilizer. It
was found out that vermicompost is an ideal organic manure
for better growth and yield of many plants (Jaswinder,
2014).
According to Atiyeh et al., (2000) vermicomposting is
an economically and technologically feasible organic waste
management approach that yields the value-added production
of vermicompost or worm castings.
According to Girradi (2000), vermicompost could
provide the required nutrients to the plants. It provides
the vital macro elements such as nitrogen, phosphorous,
potassium, calcium, magnesium and micronutrients such as
iron, molybdenum, zinc, copper, etc. He stated that the
analysis of vermicompost contains 0.8 nitrogen, 1.1
phosphorous and 0.5 potassium respectively.

Arouiee, et al., (2009) stated that application of
vermicompost influenced the seed germination and the growth
of tomato grown in a green house. It was found out that the
highest seed germination rate was obtained by the plants
applied with 25% vermicompost. It was observed that tomato
seedlings growing in 100% vermicompost had the lowest amount
of chlorophyll and obtained the lowest leaf diameter, lowest
dry weight and obtained the shortest seedlings. The
application of vermicompost increased the internode number,
root dry weight and nitrogen content of tomato seedlings and
showed significantly different compared to the controlled
plants. It was also noted that incorporation of 25%
vermicompost increased significantly the shoot dry weight
and leaf area of tomato seedlings.
Leif Marvin R. Gonzales, et al., (2015) stated that
application of 75% pure garden soil:25% pure compost
resulted to best growth and yield performance of pechay in
terms of leaf area and fresh weight on their experiment on
the response of pechay (Brassica napus L.) to different
levels of vermicompost fertilizer. It also showed that
application of organic fertilizers greatly enhanced the
growth and yield performance of pechay.

10
On the findings of Jadhav, P.B., et al., (2013) on
the effect of different levels of vermicompost on the growth
and yield of radish cv using local variety revealed that
application of 1.2 kg. vermicompost plus recommended doses
of fertilizer plus farm yard manure was significantly higher
compared to other treatments with respect to the growth and
yield of radish. It was noted that this treatment obtained
the highest leaf length, leaf weight, total number of leaves
per plant, root length, single root weight, yield per plot,
yield per hectare and marketable yield.
Rakesh Joshi, et al., (2015) conducted a study on the
vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and bio-
control agent which can affect on the growth, yield and
quality of plants. The study revealed that application of
vermicompost is an effective fertilizer and can increase the
seed germination, stem height, number of leaves, leaf area,
leaf dry weight, root length, root number, total yield,
number of fruits per plant and improve the quality of fruits
and seeds.
According to Norman Q. Arancon, et al., (2002) on the
effects of vermicompost on the growth and marketable fruits
of field-grown tomato, pepper and strawberries, the study

11
revealed that application of vermicompost on tomatoes were
consistently greater marketable fruits compared to plants
applied with inorganic fertilizer. It was noted that there
was significant increased on shoot weights, leaf areas and
total marketable fruit yields of pepper plants treated with
vermicompost compared to those plants treated with inorganic
fertilizer. It also noted that the application of
vermicompost on strawberries had increased significantly the
number of strawberry suckers, leaf areas, number of flowers
and shoot weight compared to those plants applied with
inorganic fertilizer.
Generally, vermicompost is an effective organic
fertilizer and is essential for healthy valuable plants like
tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, strawberries and radishes.
Radish
Radish scientifically known as (Raphanus sativus L.)
belongs to the family brasicacceae. It is one of the most
popular root crops in the Philippines. It can be cultivated
under cover for early production but large scale production
is common in the field (Kumar, 2014). Radish is grown for
its young tender tuberous root which is consumed either

12
cooked or raw. It is a good source of Vitamin C and minerals
like calcium, potassium and phosphorous.
Radish is one of the fastest growing vegetables.
Radish roots can be harvested 40 to 60 days after the seeds
are planted. Growing radish seeds in pots produce quickly
with minimum effort whereas container gardening allows the
farmer to control diseases, pest, moisture and other
conditions compared to ground planting (Grant, 2000).
According to Adams (2008), eating radish is a good
alternative treatment for various health problems like
cough, cancer, gastric discomfort, liver problems,
constipation, dyspepsia, gallbladder problems, arthritis,
gallstones, kidney stones and intestinal parasites.
Rakesh Joshi, et al., (2014) stated that the
application of vermicompost increased seed germination, stem
height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf dry weight, root
length, root number, total yield, number of fruits/plant.
According to Gutierrez-Micelli (2011), on “The
optimization of vermicompost and worm-bed leachate for the
organic cultivation of radish” revealed that the maximum
seed germination, number of leaves, and plant height was
obtained with 10% vermicompost and 10% worm-bed leachate. It

13
was found out that the maximum shoot, root and dry weight
was obtained with 10% vermicompost and 15% worm-bed
leachate. It was noted that the application of vermicompost
with worm-bed leachate have a positive effect at higher
concentration on seed germination and plant growth.
Kumar et al.,(2014) stated on their study “The
efficacy of vermicompost on the growth and yield of radish”
the application of 50% vermicompost + 50% poultry manure had
significantly increase the plant height, highest number of
leaves, root length and root diameter. The same treatment
had proven a better influence on fresh and dry weight of
plant. The study suggested that the application of poultry
manure with vermicompost have a beneficial effect and
significantly improve the growth and yield of radish.
Summary
The related literature of this study includes the
advantages and benefits of using vermicompost as organic
fertilizer to crops. It also discusses the nutrient
component of vermicompost based on the result of chemical
analysis. Vermicompost is not only a good source of
nutrients but it also improves the soil physical, chemical
and biological characteristics. The related studies included

14
in this study have shown the different levels of
vermicompost which affected the growth and yield performance
of vegetables.
It also includes the production of radish, its uses
and health benefits. Radishes are suggested as an
alternative treatment for various health problems like
cough, cancer, gastric discomfort, liver problems,
constipation, dyspepsia, gallbladder problems, arthritis,
gallstones, kidney stones, and intestinal parasites.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
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This chapter includes the materials and methods used
in the study.
Materials
The following were the materials used in the study:
vermicompost, sacks, sprinkler, meter stick, weighing
scale, spade, trowels, ruler, sandy loam soil, bamboo
sticks, card board, black V-net and one hundred sixty (160)
radish seeds.
Methods
This section discusses the experimental design and
treatments, cultural management practices and procedures,
instruments for data collection, methods of data gathering,
statistical tools and analysis.
Experimental Design and Treatments
The experimental area was laid-out in Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) using five (5) treatments
replicated four (4) times as shown in Figure 1, through
random sampling. Five (5) treatments were used: Treatment A-
Unfertilized (control), B- Inorganic Fertilizer, C- 20%
Vermicompost + 80% Sandy Loam Soil, D– 25% Vermicompost +

16
75% Sandy Loam Soil, E- 30% Vermicompost + 70% Sandy Loam
Soil.
R E P L I C A T I O N
I II III IV
C D E B
B A D E
D B C A
E C A D
A E B C
Figure 1. Experimental lay-out of the study

Legend:
A-unfertilized (control)
B–Inorganic Fertilizer
C–20% Vermicompost + 80% Sandy Loam Soil
D–25% Vermicompost + 75% Sandy Loam Soil
E-30% Vermicompost + 70% Sandy Loam Soil
Cultural Management Practices and Procedures
The cultural management practices and procedures
include the following: site and location, gathering of sandy
loam soil, preparation of soil media, land preparation and
field lay-outing, application of inorganic fertilizer,

17
sowing of seeds, water management, weeding, control of pest
and diseases, harvesting and post-harvest operation.
Site and Location. The study was conducted at the
Iloilo State College of Fisheries-San Enrique Campus, San
Enrique, Iloilo, Crop Science Research Area. The area was
enclosed with a black v-net to avoid the entrance of stray
animals.
Gathering of Sandy Loam Soil. Sandy loam soil was
gathered from the river bank, hauled and brought to the
experimental area. This was done a month before the start of
the study. Soil was placed on the sack.
Preparation of Soil Media. The soil media used in the
study was prepared by mixing the vermicompost with the sandy
loam soil. The amount of vermicompost mixed on the sandy
loam soil was based on the treatments used such as 20%
vermicompost mixed with 80% sandy loam soil, 25%
vermicompost mixed with 75% sandy loam soil and 30%
vermicompost mixed with 70% sandy loam soil. The application
of vermicompost was done two days before sowing of seeds.
Land Preparation and Field Lay-Outing. An
experimental area of 20 square meters was cleaned thoroughly
of weeds with the use of the spade and trowels. This was
18
enclosed with black V-net to prevent the entrance of stray
animals. After this, experimental sacks representing the
experimental treatment were distributed following the
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with the distance of
30 cm between treatments and 50 cm between replication.
There were 80 sacks in the experimental area, each treatment
was composed of 4 sacks with a distance of 12 cm between
sacks.
Application of Inorganic Fertilizer. Application of
inorganic fertilizer was done by mixing 14-14-14 fertilizer
to the soil at a rate of about 20 grams (g) base on the
treatments used. This was done two days before sowing of
seeds.
Sowing of Seeds. Seeds of radish were sown directly
on the sacks with two seeds per hill and was thinned out
when the true leaves had developed leaving only one seedling
per hill.
Water Management. Watering was done immediately after
sowing of seeds to provide enough moisture for the uniform
germination of seeds. Watering was done preferably early in
the morning.
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Weeding. Weeding was done manually using bare hands
to control and prevent competition of weeds and radish
plants. Extra care was also observed to avoid root damage.
Weeding was done one week after sowing or as needed.
Control of Pest and Diseases. Clean culture was
practiced to prevent pest, and diseases infestation of the
experimental plant. Regular monitoring for the presence of
pests and diseases was observed. Control was done by hand
picking, and crushing insect pests. Spraying of botanical
pesticides was done two (2) weeks after planting and
synthetic chemicals was also sprayed one week after spraying
of botanical pesticides to control the pests.
Harvesting and Post-Harvest Operation. The radish was
harvested 46 days after sowing. Data on the yield per
treatment was taken from all the plants per treatment per
replication. Harvested plants were bundled, weighed, cleaned
and marketable tubers of radish were brought to the market
and sold.
Instruments for Data Collection
Instruments such as ruler and weighing scale were
used in the study. The ruler was used to measure the height
of the plant and the length of the radish tubers, while

20
weighing scale was used to measure the amount of
vermicompost and garden soil and the total yield per
treatment.
Methods of Data Gathering
The data on the growth and yield performance of
container-grown radish using different levels of
vermicompost were determined as follows:
Growth Parameters
Plant Height. The height of the radish plant was
measured from the base of the plant up to the tip of the
highest leaf using a ruler. The average height was
determined by summing up the height of the sample plants
divided by the number of the samples. This was measured 14
days after sowing and this was repeated at 7 days interval
until harvest.
Number of Functional Leaves. The number of functional
leaves was determined by counting all the fully opened
leaves from 14 days after planting and this was repeated
with one week interval until harvest.

21
Yield Parameters
Length of Harvested Tubers. The length of harvested
tubers was determined by measuring the length of all
harvested radish tubers in cm using a ruler.
Weight of Harvested Tubers. The weight of harvested
tubers was determined by weighing the entire harvested
tubers in kilograms from each treatment per replication
after harvesting.
Weight of Marketable Tubers. The weight of the
marketable tubers was determined by weighing all the
harvested tubers that are damage free using a 20 kg capacity
weighing scale.
Return of Investment. The return of investment (ROI)
were determined by dividing the net profit from the total
expenses multiplied by 100. The net profit was determined
by subtracting the total expenses incurred during the
conduct of the study from the total sales of harvested
tubers. The expenses were computed based on the prevailing
price of materials used in the study and the facilities
were based on the depreciation cost using straight-line
analysis.
22
Statistical Tools and Analysis
The data on the growth and yield performance of
vermicompost were analysed statistically using the Analysis
of Variance (ANOVA) for Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD). Data with significant results were subjected to
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents and discusses the result and
findings of the study on the growth and yield performance of
vermicompost in terms of plant height, number of functional
leaves, length of harvested tubers, weight of harvested
tubers, weight of marketable tubers, and return of
investment.
Growth Performance
Plant Height. The weekly height of container-grown
radish using different levels of vermicompost is shown in
Table 1. The result revealed that the tallest among plants
applied with vermicompost were those plants applied with 30%
vermicompost from 14 days up to 46 days after sowing with
the mean of 11.88, 13.73, 19.98, 22.20, 23.77 and 25.53 cm,
respectively. Generally, the shortest height was noted from
unfertilized plants with the mean of 8.44, 9.25, 10.52,
12.10, 13.14 and 14.01 cm, respectively.
The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a highly
significant difference on the growth performance of

24
container-grown radish and Duncans’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) result showed that plants treated with 30%
vermicompost were significantly higher from those plants
applied with 25% vermicompost, 20% vermicompost, inorganic
fertilizer, and unfertilized plants. However, after 42 to 46
days, plants applied with 30% vermicompost was comparable
from those plants applied with 25 % vermicompost. It was
found out that the height of plants applied with
vermicompost of different levels were significantly
different from those plants in the control group. The result
supported the statement of Rakesh Joshi et al., (2015) that
the application of vermicompost is an effective fertilizer
and can increase the seed germination, stem height, number
of leaves, leaf area, leaf dry weight, root length, root
number, total yield, number of fruits per plant and improve
the quality of fruits and seeds of plants.
Number of Functional Leaves. The weekly number of
functional leaves of container-grown radish using
vermicompost is shown in Table 1. The result revealed that
the most number of functional leaves among plants applied
with vermicompost was obtained by those treated with 30%
vermicompost from 14 days after planting up to the

25
termination of the study with a mean of 5.97, 6.93, 11.35,
13.38, 14.28, 15.31 pcs, respectively. Generally, the least
number of functional leaves was noted from unfertilized
plants from the start until the termination of the study.
significant difference on the growth performance of
container-grown radish in terms of functional leaves of
radish from 14 to 42 days and Duncans’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) results showed that plants treated with 30%
vermicompost obtained the most number of functional leaves
which was significantly higher than those treated with 20%
and 25% vermicompost and unfertilized plants. However on 35
days, plants applied with 25% vermicompost was comparable to
those plants applied with 30% vermicompost and during 46
days after transplanting, the effect of vermicompost was
almost the same among treatments since no significant
results was noted. The result conformed to the study of
Jadhav, P.B. et al.,(2013) that the application of
vermicompost plus recommended doses of fertilizer and farm
yard manure obtained the highest leaf length, leaf weight,
total number of leaves per plant and root length.
Table 1. The growth of container-grown radish using

26
different levels of vermicompost

Radish Level
TREATMENTS CV
Productio of
n A B C D E Sig. (%)
A. Height(cm)
Days
14 8.44e 10.43d 10.95c 11.02b 11.88a ** 7.36
e d c b a
21 9.25 12.57 12.61 12.85 13.73 ** 7.38
e d c b a
28 10.52 16.72 17.66 18.66 19.98 ** 8.4
e d c b a
35 12.10 19.00 20.03 21.02 22.20 ** 9.13
d c b a a
42 13.14 20.18 21.84 23.16 23.77 ** 7.75
46 14.01d 21.47c 23.29b 24.80a 25.53a ** 7.61
B. No. of functional
Leaves(pcs)
Days
14 3.38d 5.03c 5.57b 5.60b 5.97a ** 8.24
d c b b a
21 4.50 5.90 6.39 6.62 6.93 ** 7.49
e d c b a
28 6.26 8.04 9.57 10.75 11.35 ** 9.05
d c b a a
35 7.27 10.01 11.56 13.18 13.38 ** 9.15
d c b b a
42 8.17 11.08 12.67 13.91 14.28 ** 8.52
26.0
46 9.13 12.53 13.29 14.96 15.31 ns
1
ns
not significant; **highly significant at 1% level
abcde
treatments having the same letter superscript are not significantly
different from each other
Legend:
B-inorganic fertilizer
C-20%vermicompost
D-25%vermicompost
E-30%vermicompost
Yield Performance
Length of Harvested Tubers. The length of harvested
tubers of container-grown radish applied with different
levels of vermicompost is shown in Table 2. The result

27
revealed that the longest tubers were obtained by plants
applied with 30% vermicompost after the termination of the
study with the mean of 27 cm, and the shortest were the
unfertilized plants with 10.86 cm.
significant difference on the yield performance of
container-grown radish in terms of the length of harvested
tubers. The Duncans’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) result
showed that the plants applied with 30% vermicompost
obtained the longest tubers which was significantly
different from those plants in other treatments. The results
conformed to the study of Jadhav, P.B. et al., (2013) that
the application of vermicompost plus recommended doses of
fertilizer and farm yard manure obtained the highest leaf
length, leaf weight, total number of leaves per plant and
root length.
Weight of Harvested Tubers. The weight of harvested
tubers of container-grown radish using different levels of
the heaviest weight of harvested tubers was obtained by
those plants treated with 30% of vermicompost after the
termination of the study with the mean of 1.66 kg, followed

28
by plants applied with 25% (1.36 kg), 20% (1.04 kg)
vermicompost and the least were the unfertilized plants
(0.06 kg).
container-grown radish in terms of the weight of harvested
showed that plants applied with 30% vermicompost obtained
the heaviest tubers which was significantly different from
those plants applied with 25% and 20% vermicompost, and
plants applied with inorganic fertilizer and plants with no
fertilizer application. The result conformed to the study of
Rakesh Joshi, et al., (2014) that the application of
vermicompost increased seed germination, stem height, number
of leaves, leaf area, leaf dry weight, root length, root
number and total yield.
Weight of Marketable Tubers. The data on the weight
of marketable tubers of container-grown radish using
different levels of vermicompost is shown in Table 2. The
result revealed that the heaviest weight of marketable
tubers was obtained by those plants applied with 30%
vermicompost after the termination of the study with the

29
mean of 1.09 kg, followed by plants applied with 25% (0.96
kg), 20% (0.75 kg) vermicompost and the least were the
unfertilized plants (0.00 kg).
container-grown radish in terms of the weight of marketable
showed that plants applied with 30% vermicompost obtained
the heaviest tubers which was significantly different from
those plants in other treatments. The result conformed to
the study of Norman Q. Arancon, et al., (2002) that the
application of vermicompost on tomatoes consistently
produced greater marketable fruits compared to plants
applied with inorganic fertilizer.

30
Table 2. The yield of container-grown radish using different

levels of vermicompost
Level
Radish TREATMENTS CV
of
Production
A B C D E Sig. (%)
A. Length of
harvested 10.86e 19.36d 22.33c 24.74b 27.00a ** 6.05
tubers(cm)
B. Weight of
harvested 0.06e 0.68d 1.04c 1.36b 1.66a ** 15.34
tubers(kg)
C. Weight of
marketable 0.00e 0.43d 0.75c 0.96b 1.09a ** 16.79
tubers(kg)
ns
not significant; **highly significant at 1% level
abcde
treatments having same letters superscript are not significantly
different from each other
Legend:
B-inorganic fertilizer
C-20%vermicompost
D-25%vermicompost
E-30%vermicompost
Return of Investment. The return of investment (ROI)
of container-grown radish applied with different levels of
among the plants applied with vermicompost, plants applied
with 25% of vermicompost obtained the highest return of
investment (ROI) (172.60%) followed by plants applied with
30%(169.80%), 20%(147.46%), and unfertilized plants obtained
the lowest (%) return of investment. However, the (ROI) of
plants applied with vermicompost was lower from those plants

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applied with inorganic fertilizer due to high cost of
vermicompost used in the study.
Table 3. The return of investment (ROI) of container-grown

radish using different levels of vermicompost
Treatments
ITEMS
A B C D E
A. Income
Weight of Radish(kg)1 0.00 1.70 3.00 3.85 4.35
Sales of Radish(Php)2 0.00 102.00 180.00 231.00 261.00

B. Expenses:
Seeds3 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
Inorganic Fertilizer 4
0.00 7.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
Organic Fertilizer5 0.00 0.00 48.00 60.00 72.00
Sack6 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60
Sprayer7 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Springkler8 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Digital Weighing
0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
Scale9
Labor10
Hauling and Soil
14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00
media preparation
App. of Pesticide 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Watering 6.65 6.65 6.65 6.65 6.65
Harvesting 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12
Total Expenses 24.74 32.24 72.74 84.74 96.74
C. Net Income -24.74 69.76 107.26 146.26 164.26

D. ROI (%) -100.00 216.38 147.46 172.60 169.80
1
weight of radish tubers (kg); 2sales of radish @ Php 60.00/kg; 3cost of
seeds @ Php 45.00/pck (1000 seeds); 4cost of inorganic fertilizer @ Php
20.00/kg; 5cost of vermicompost @ Php 2.00/kg; 6empty sacks @ Php
2.00/pc w/ 5 months life span; 7cost of handy sprayer with 2 yrs. life
span; 8cost of sprinkler w/ 2 yrs. life span; cost of digital weighing
scale w/ 5 yrs. life span; 10labor cost @ 280/ man-day.
32
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study on the growth and yield performance of
container-grown radish using different vermicompost was
conducted at the research area of the Iloilo State College
of Fisheries–San Enrique Campus, San Enrique, Iloilo from
June 14 to July 30, 2016. It aimed to determine the growth
and yield performance of radish using different levels of
vermicompost.
The research design employed was Randomized Complete
Block Design using five treatments replicated four times.
Treatments used were: A-control, B-inorganic fertilizer, C-
80% sandy loam soil+20% of vermicompost, D-75% sandy loam
soil+25% of vermicompost, E-75% sandy loam soil+30% of
vermicompost. Data gathered were: plant height, number of
functional leaves, length of harvested tubers, weight of
harvested tubers, weight of marketable tubers and return of
investment.
Data were analysed using the Analysis of Variance for
the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and data with
significant results were further subjected to Duncan’s

33
Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result of the study revealed
that plants applied with 30% of vermicompost were
significantly higher than plants in control group both with
no application and with inorganic fertilizer. It was
observed that the height of plants in this treatment was
also highly significant from 14 days up to 46 days after
sowing but it was comparable to those plants applied with
25% of vermicompost at 42 days and 46 days. In terms of
number of functional leaves, plants applied with 30%
vermicompost was highly significant from 14 days up to 42
days after sowing. However at 35 days plants applied with
25% vermicompost was comparable to plants applied with 30%
vermicompost. At 46 days, the effect of vermicompost was
almost the same in all treatments since no significant
result was noted among functional leaves. In terms of yield,
plants applied with 30% vermicompost obtained the longest
length of tubers (27.00 cm), heaviest weight of harvested
tubers (1.66 kg) and marketable tubers (1.09 kg). A highly
significant result was observed during the termination of
the study in which plants applied with 30% vermicompost was
significantly different from all other treatments. For the
return of investment (ROI), the highest ROI was obtained by

34
plants applied with 25% vermicompost, however it was lower
than those plants applied with inorganic fertilizer.
Conclusions
Based on the result and findings of the study, the
researchers concluded that vermicompost when used as
fertilizer can enhance the growth and yield of radish and
can be used as alternative to commercial fertilizer.
Recommendations
Based on the results, findings and conclusion of the
study, the following recommendations are forwarded:
1. Use 30% of vermicompost in the production of
container-grown radish.
2. Conduct similar studies on the different levels of
vermicompost in growing container-grown radish to validate
the result.
3. Conduct similar studies on the growth and yield of
vermicompost in different locations and varieties of radish.
4. Use vermicompost as substitute to inorganic
fertilizer because of its healthful benefits to humans and
to the environment.
35
References
Adams, M. N.D. 2008. Radish. Healing Food Reference.

Retrieved on July 21, 2008.from
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Radish
36
Alon et al., 2004. “Vermicompost as liquid fertilizer in

pechay” Unpublished Thesis Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture (Crop Science Major) Iloilo State College
of Fisheries-San Enrique Campus, San Enrique, Iloilo.
Arancon, Norman Q. and Edwards, Clive A. 2002. “ Effects of

vermicomposts on growth and marketable fruits of
field-grown tomatoes, peppers and strawberries”.
Retrieved on January, 2002 from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S0031405604702607
Arouiee, H., et al., 2009. “Influence of vermicompost on

the growth of tomato transplants”. Retrieved on March
2, 2017 from http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?
Atiyeh, et al., 2000. “Replacing Conventional Nursery Crop

Nutrient Inputs with Vermicompost for Container
Production of Hibiscus moscheutos L. ‘Luna Blush’.
Retrieved on March 2, 2017 from http://hortsci.
ashspublications.org/content/44/6/1698.full
Cornell University. 2006. Growing guide: Radishes.

Cornell University. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
from http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/
homegardening/scene341b.html
Giraddi, R. S., 2000. Influence of vermicomposting methods

and season on the biodegradation of organic waters.
Indian J. Agric. Sci., Retrieved on September, 2014
from http://14.139.155.167/test5/index.php/kjas/
article/view/7258/7484
Gonzales, Leif Marvin R., et al., 2015. “Response of Pechay

(Brassica napus L.) to Different Levels of Compost
Fertilizer”. Retrieved on Febuary, 2015 from
http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper0215/ijsrpp3818.pdf
Gutiérrez-Miceli , Federico et al., 2011. “Optimization of

vermicompost and worm-bed leachate for the organic
cultivation of radish”. Retrieved on March 13, 2017
from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi
/abs/10.1080/01904167.2011.592561
37
Herbst, S. T. 2001. The New Food Lover's Companion:

Comprehensive Definitions of Nearly 6,000 Food,
Drink, and Culinary Terms. Barron's Cooking Guide.
Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series. ISBN
0764112589. Retrieved on March 2, 2017 from
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Radish
Jadhav, P. B. Patel, D. J., Kireeti, A., Patil, N. B.,

Dekhane, S. S., Harad, N. B. and Jadhav, K. P. 2013.
“Effect of different levels of vermicompost on growth
and yield of radish cv. local variety”. Retrieved on
March 2, 2017 from http://www.ijirr.com/sites/
default/files/issues-files/0042.pdf
Joshi, Rakesh Singh and Adarsh Pal. 2010. “Effect of

Vermicompost on Growth, Yield and Quality of
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L)”
African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 2 (3
4): 117-123, 2010. Retrieved on March 2, 2017 from
https://www.idosi.org/ajbas/ajbas2(3-4)10/10.pdf
Joshi, Rakesh Singh, Jaswinder Vig, Adarsh Pal. 2015.

“Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer
and biocontrol agent: effect on growth, yield and
quality of plants”. Retrieved on January 16, 2017
from http://agris.fao.org/agrissearch/
search.do?recordID=US201600077004
Kumar, Sandeep, Maji, Sutanu, Kumar, Sanjay and Singh,

Harsh Deep. 2014. “Efficacy of organic manures on
growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv.
JAPANESE WHITE” Retrieved on March 13, 2017 from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/
download?doi=10.1.1.941.9303&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Radish-production. Retrieved on March 2, 2017 from

http://pinoynegosyo.blogspot.com/2006/12/radish-
production.html
38
Radish. Retrieved on March 02, 2017 from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radish
https://www.organicfacts.net/healthbenefits/vegetable/
health-benefits-of-radish.html).
http://www.ijern.com/journal/May-2014/17.pdf. Retrieved on
March,2008
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Radish. Retrieved
on March,2008
www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/radish/radish-
container-care.htm.Retrieved on March 7, 2017
www.wormwigwam.com/. Retrieved on March 2, 2017
39
A P P E N D I C E S
APPENDIX A
Appendix Tables
40
Appendix Table 1. The plant height (cm) of radish 2 weeks after

planting
Treatments Replication Treatment
I II III IV Total Mean
A 7.50 7.88 9.93 8.44 33.75 8.44e
B 10.89 10.96 10.50 9.38 41.73 10.43d
C 9.88 11.63 11.68 10.60 43.79 10.95c
D 10.50 12.50 10.28 10.80 44.08 11.02b
E 10.96 12.38 12.18 12.00 47.52 11.88a
Rep Total 49.73 55.35 54.57 51.22
Grand Total 210.87
Grand Mean 10.54
Appendix Table 1a. ANOVA on the plant height of radish 2 weeks

after planting
Sources of Tabulated F
Variation df SS MS Cal. F 5% 1%
Treatment 4 26.4962 6.6241 11.00** 3.26 5.41
Replication 3 4.3059 1.4353
Error 12 7.2315 0.6026
Total 19 38.0337
cv=7.36%
**significant at 1% level

planting
A 8.50 8.63 10.29 9.56 36.98 9.25e
B 12.37 13.50 14.29 10.10 50.26 12.57d
C 11.31 13.38 13.61 12.13 50.43 12.61c
D 12.00 14.00 12.76 12.64 51.40 12.85b
E 12.62 14.13 14.16 14.00 54.91 13.73a
Rep Total 56.80 63.64 65.11 58.43
Grand Total 243.98
Grand Mean 12.20

after planting
Variation df SS MS Cal F 5% 1%
41
Treatment 4 47.1482 11.7871 14.54** 3.26 5.41

Error 12 9.7276 0.8106
Total 19 66.4972
cv=7.38%

planting
A 9.68 9.88 11.25 11.25 42.06 10.52e
B 16.23 17.85 18.30 14.50 66.88 16.72d
C 16.50 18.63 18.25 17.25 70.63 17.66c
D 18.88 21.63 16.25 17.88 74.64 18.66b
E 19.13 19.78 21.00 20.00 79.91 19.98a
Rep Total 80.42 87.77 85.05 80.88
Grand Total 334.12
Grand Mean 16.71

after planting
Treatment 4 215.0194 53.7549 27.31** 3.26 5.41
Error 12 23.6179 1.9682
Total 19 246.0339
cv=8.40%
Appendix Table 4. The plant height (cm) of radish 5 weeks

after planting
A 11.12 11.25 13.67 12.34 48.38 12.10e
42
B 18.45 20.12 20.45 16.98 76.00 19.00d

C 19.34 20.45 20.98 19.34 80.11 20.03c
D 22.44 23.40 18.12 20.12 84.08 21.02b
E 23.88 20.15 23.68 21.10 88.81 22.20a
Rep Total 95.23 95.37 96.90 89.88
Grand Total 377.38
Grand Mean 18.87

after planting
Treatment 4 251.9415 62.9854 21.21** 3.26 5.41
Error 12 35.6426 2.9702
Total 19 293.2438
cv=9.13%

after planting
A 12.18 12.78 13.89 13.70 52.55 13.14d
B 19.70 21.45 21.76 17.80 80.71 20.18c
C 20.25 22.38 23.64 21.09 87.36 21.84b
D 24.50 25.00 21.00 22.12 92.62 23.16a
E 25.25 22.12 24.98 22.73 95.08 23.77a
Rep Total 101.88 103.73 105.27 97.44
Grand Total 408.32
Grand Mean 20.42

after planting
Treatment 4 295.2506 73.8127 29.48** 3.26 5.41
43
Error 12 30.0468 2.5039
Total 19 332.1911
cv=7.75%

after planting
A 13.12 13.27 14.67 14.98 56.04 14.01d
B 21.20 22.00 23.63 19.06 85.89 21.47c
C 22.60 23.50 24.56 22.50 93.16 23.29b
D 25.69 26.50 22.24 24.75 99.18 24.80a
E 28.12 24.31 25.68 24.00 102.11 25.53a
Rep Total 110.73 109.58 110.78 105.29
Grand Total 436.38
Grand Mean 21.82

after planting
Treatment 4 343.4957 85.8739 31.18** 3.26 5.41
Error 12 33.0537 2.7545
Total 19 380.5946
cv=7.61%
Appendix Table 7. The number of functional leaves (pc) of

the radish 2 weeks after planting
A 3.25 3.75 3.25 3.25 13.50 3.38d
44
B 4.50 4.75 5.13 5.75 20.13 5.03c

C 5.63 5.13 5.88 5.63 22.27 5.57b
D 5.63 6.13 5.38 5.25 22.39 5.60b
E 6.00 6.50 5.75 5.63 23.88 5.97a
Rep Total 25.01 26.26 25.39 25.51
Grand Total 102.17
Grand Mean 5.11
Appendix Table7a. ANOVA on the number of functional leaves of

3.2
Treatment 4 16.8111 4.2028 23.95** 6 5.41
Error 12 2.1060 0.1755
Total 19 19.0817
cv=8.24%
Appendix Table 8. The number of functional leaves (pc) of the

radish 3 weeks after planting
A 4.00 4.63 4.63 4.75 18.01 4.50d
B 5.00 6.12 6.23 6.23 23.58 5.90c
C 6.63 6.13 6.56 6.23 25.55 6.39b
D 6.63 7.13 6.45 6.25 26.46 6.62b
E 6.50 7.88 6.34 7.00 27.72 6.93a
Rep Total 28.76 31.89 30.21 30.46
Grand Total 121.32
Grand Mean 6.07
Appendix Table 8a. ANOVA on the number of functional leaves of

Treatment 4 14.5001 3.6250 17.52** 3.26 5.41
45

Error 12 2.4824 0.2069
Total 19 17.9685
cv=7.49%
Appendix Table 9.The number of functional leaves (pc) of the

A 5.88 6.38 6.38 6.38 25.02 6.26e
B 7.38 9.25 8.13 7.38 32.14 8.04d
C 8.75 8.88 11.50 9.13 38.26 9.57c
D 11.13 10.50 10.00 11.38 43.01 10.75b
E 11.38 11.38 11.00 11.63 45.39 11.35a
Rep Total 44.52 46.39 47.01 45.90
Grand Total 183.82
Grand Mean 9.19

Treatment 4 68.7403 17.1851 24.87** 3.26 5.41
Error 12 8.2937 0.6911
Total 19 77.7070
cv=9.05%
Appendix Table 10. The number of functional leaves (pc) of the

A 7.31 7.00 7.25 7.50 29.06 7.27d
B 9.13 10.13 10.88 9.88 40.02 10.01c
46
C 10.00 10.75 14.00 11.50 46.25 11.56b

D 13.88 13.75 13.00 12.10 52.73 13.18a
E 13.38 14.13 12.50 13.50 53.51 13.38a
Rep Total 53.70 55.76 57.63 54.48
Grand Total 221.57
Grand Mean 11.08

Treatment 4 102.5666 25.6417 24.95** 3.26 5.41
Error 12 12.3343 1.0279
Total 19 116.6687
cv=9.15%

A 7.90 7.89 8.63 8.25 32.67 8.17d
B 10.21 12.45 10.67 11.00 44.33 11.08c
C 11.89 12.00 14.88 11.89 50.66 12.67b
D 14.13 14.50 14.00 13.00 55.63 13.91b
E 15.12 13.12 13.88 15.00 57.12 14.28a
Rep Total 59.25 59.96 62.06 59.14
Grand Total 240.41
Grand Mean 12.02
Appendix Table 11a. ANOVA on the number of functional

leaves of radish 6 weeks after planting
Treatment 4 99.2278 24.8069 23.65** 3.26 5.41
47
Error 12 12.5885 1.0490

Total 19 112.913
cv=8.52%

A 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 36.50 9.13
B 12.00 13.00 12.63 12.50 50.13 12.53
C 12.88 12.89 15.12 12.25 53.14 13.29
D 14.88 15.50 14.50 16 .63 44.88 14.96
E 16.00 15.12 14.88 15.23 61.23 15.31
Rep Total 64.51 65.51 66.38 49.48
Grand Total 245.88
Grand Mean 12.94
Appendix Table 12a. ANOVA on the number of functional leaves

of radish 7 weeks after planting
Treatment 4 85.2647 21.3162 1.88ns 3.26 5.41
Replication 3 38.6863 12.8954
Error 12 135.9617 11.3301
Total 19 259.9127
cv=26.01%
ns
significant at 1% level
Appendix Table 13. The length of harvested tubers (cm) 46 days

after planting
A 10.94 10.94 10.94 10.63 43.45 10.86e
B 20.45 21.56 15.38 20.06 77.45 19.36d
48
C 22.35 22.25 22.21 22.50 89.31 22.33c

D 25.88 25.25 22.81 25.00 98.94 24.74b
E 26.88 29.19 24.31 27.63 108.01 27.00a
Rep Total 106.50 109.19 95.65 105.82
Grand Total 417.16
Grand Mean 20.86
Appendix Table 13a. ANOVA on the length of harvested tubers

(cm)46 days after planting
Treatment 4 628.3562 157.0890 98.77** 3.26 5.41
Replication 3 21.1907 7.0636
Error 12 19.0864 1.5905

Total 19 668.6333
cv=6.05%
Appendix Table 14. The weight of harvested tubers (kg) 46

days after planting
A 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.01 0.24 0.06e
B 0.90 0.80 0.50 0.50 2.70 0.68d
C 0.95 1.15 0.90 1.15 4.15 1.04c
D 1.40 1.70 1.20 1.15 5.45 1.36b
E 1.50 1.90 1.55 1.70 6.65 1.66a
Rep Total 4.80 5.60 4.28 4.51
Grand Total 19.19
Grand Mean 0.96
Appendix Table 14a. ANOVA on the weight of harvested tubers

(kg) 46 days after planting
49
Treatment 4 6.2074 1.5518 68.69**
Replication 3 0.1992 0.0664 3.26 5.41
Error 12 0.2711 0.0226
Total 19 6.6777
cv=15.34%
Appendix Table 15. The weight of marketable tubers (kg) 46 days

after planting
A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00e
B 0.65 0.50 0.25 0.30 1.70 0.43d
C 0.70 0.90 0.60 0.80 3.00 0.75c
D 1.00 1.15 0.80 0.90 3.85 0.96b
E 1.00 1.25 0.90 1.20 4.35 1.09a
Rep Total 3.35 3.80 2.55 3.20
Grand Total 12.90
Grand Mean 0.65
Appendix Table 15a. ANOVA on the weight of marketable tubers

46 days after planting
Treatment 4 3.0883 0.7721 65.82**
Replication 3 0.1605 0.0535 3.26 5.41
Error 12 0.1408 0.0117

Total 19 3.3895
cv=16.79%
50
APPENDIX B
Documentations
Title of the study

51
Experimental area
Land preparation Preparation of soil media

52
Gathering of soil media Bagging of soil media

53
Enclosing the area Arranging of experimental

with net sack
Thinning
Labelling Sowing
54
Weeding Spraying of botanical

pesticide
Watering Gathering of Data

55
Ready to harvest tubers Harvesting
Cleaning of tubers Weighing of harvested

tubers
56
APPENDIX C
Personal Data
Name : Rodin B. Baculina
Home Address : Cadilang, Passi City, Iloilo
Date of birth : March 16, 1997
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Parents
Father : Rodrigo Baculina
Mother : Helen Baculina
Educational Background
Elementary : Man-it Elementary School

Man-it, Passi City
2003-2009
Secondary : Passi National High School

Passi City, Iloilo
2009-2013
Tertiary : ISCOF-San Enrique Campus

San Enrique, Iloilo
2013-2017
Degree : Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

Major in Crop Science
57
Personal Data
Name : Rea C. Daborbor
Home Address : Dumiles, San Enrique,
Iloilo
Date of birth : April 2, 1996
Parents
Father : Emmanuel Daborbor
Mother : Regina Daborbor
Elementary : Abaca Elementary School

Abaca, San Enrique, Iloilo
2003-2009
Secondary : Vicente Aguilar National High School

Abaca, San Enrique, Iloilo
2009-2013

San Enrique, Iloilo
2013-2017

58
Personal Data
Name : Nikki Charm A. Deronio
Home Address : Villalobos St., San Enrique, Iloilo
Date of Birth : August 11, 1996
Parents
Father : Teodolfo Deronio
Mother : Heide Deronio
Elementary : San Enrique Central School

San Enrique, Iloilo
2003-2009
Secondary : San Enrique National Comprehensive

High School
San Enrique, Iloilo
2009-2013

San Enrique, Iloilo
2013-2017

59
Personal Data
Name : Jo-ann D. Ladera
Home Address : Imbesad-an, San Enrique, Iloilo
Date of Birth : January 22, 1996
Parents
Father : Eduardo Ladera
Mother : Delilah Ladera
Elementary : Cubay Elementary School

Cubay, San Enrique, Iloilo
2002-2008
Secondary : San Enrique National Comprehensive

High School
San Enrique, Iloilo
2008-2012

San Enrique, Iloilo
2013-2017


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ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES-SAN ENRIQUE CAMPUS

School of Agriculture and Industrial Technology

Background of the Study

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) belongs to the

mustard family (Brassicaceae), grown as an annual or

biennial, or perennial life spans. It is a popular root

vegetable in both tropical and temperate regions. They are

generally consumed raw, such as in salads or as an appetizer

Radishes grow best in full sun light (Cornell, 2006)

and sandy loam types of soil, so most of the farmers in the

Philippines plant their crops on the river bank. However,

the most problem of raising radish on river bank is the

flood; floods can damage and destroy the crops. The

researchers decided to conduct this study in an upland area

not only to avoid the flooding but also to practice

container gardening that even the urban people can raise

their own crops in their own back yard.

Like other vegetables, radish also needs fertilizers

in order for it to grow. But today many people commonly

used chemical fertilizer to their plants.

However, continuous use of inorganic fertilizer

makes our environment become toxic. Being conscious and

aware of the effects of these chemicals to our body and

environment, we must also minimize or better stop the use

of chemical input in the food that we eat.

Vermicompost is an excellent soil additives,

conditioner, and fertilizer. Vermicompost functions as humus

and organic matter to the soil providing available nutrients

to the plants thereby increasing soil tilt (SAT, 2017)

Hence, the researchers come up to use of vermicompost

as fertilizer on container-grown radish to determine its

growth and yield performance and to produce healthful and

hazard free crop.

Objectives of the Study

This study was conducted to determine the growth and

yield performance of container-grown radish using different

Specifically it sought to:

1. Determine the growth performance of radish using

different levels (20%, 25%, 30%) of vermicompost in terms

of plant height and number of functional leaves.

2. Determine the yield performance of container-

grown radish using different levels of vermicompost in

terms of the length of harvested tubers, weight of

harvested tubers, and weight of marketable tubers.

3. Determine if there is a significant difference on

the growth and yield performance of container-grown radish

using different levels of vermicompost.

4. Compute the return of investment of the container-

grown radish using different levels of vermicompost.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study is limited to find out the growth and

yield performance of container-grown radish using different

levels of vermicompost. The growth was determined in terms

of plant height and number of functional leaves, while

yield was determined in terms of the length of harvested

tubers, weight of harvested tubers and weight of marketable

tubers. There were five (5) treatments replicated four (4)

times using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The

treatments were: Treatment A-Unfertilized (control), B-

Inorganic fertilizer, C-20% Vermicompost + 80% Sandy Loam

Soil, D–25% Vermicompost + 75% Sandy Loam Soil, E-30%

Vermicompost + 70% Sandy Loam Soil.