New SARP Series Anatomy

Cont ent s
CHAPTER 6 THORAX

Theoretical Concepts.................................................................................................................................................................................... 192

Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 221

Answers and Explanations.......................................................................................................................................................................... 228

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL ANATOM Y

CHAPTER 7 ABDOM EN AND PELVIS
Theoretical Concepts......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Multiple Choice Questions............................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Theoretical Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 240

Answers and Explanations............................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 302

Answers and Explanations.......................................................................................................................................................................... 316

CHAPTER 2 GENERAL HISTOLOGY

CHAPTER 8 HEADAND NECK
Theoretical Concepts.......................................................................................................................................................................................12

PREVIEW
Multiple Choice Questions.............................................................................................................................................................................40 Theoretical Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 334

Answers and Explanations.............................................................................................................................................................................44 Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 395

Answers and Explanations.......................................................................................................................................................................... 406

CHAPTER 3 GENERAL EM BRYOLOGY

CHAPTER 9 NEUROANATOM Y AND BACK
Theoretical Concepts.......................................................................................................................................................................................52 Theoretical Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 422
Multiple Choice Questions.............................................................................................................................................................................68 Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 457
Answers and Explanations.............................................................................................................................................................................71 Answers and Explanations.......................................................................................................................................................................... 463

CHAPTER 4 UPPER LIM B IM AGE-BASED QUESTIONS

Theoretical Concepts.......................................................................................................................................................................................76 Image-Based Questions............................................................................................................................................................................... 471
Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 121 Answers and Explanations to Image-Based Questions .................................................................................................................... 492

Answers and Explanations.......................................................................................................................................................................... 130

AIIMS May 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 499

CHAPTER 5 LOWER LIM B

Theoretical Concepts.................................................................................................................................................................................... 142

Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 177 xii

Answers and Explanations.......................................................................................................................................................................... 183
Chapter One New SARP Series Anatomy

Bones

Skeleton is divided into axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

q Axial Skeleton: Forms central axis of body. Includes skull, hyoid bone, vertebral bones and thoracic cage (Ribs
and sternum)
q Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of upper limb and lower limb

Classification of Bones Based on types of Development

q Cartilaginous bones : Bones are formed by cartilage which later ossify into bones, e.g. Long bones, skull base,
vertebra

General Anatomy
q Membranous bones: Bones are formed by membranes. These membranes are then transformed into bone.
Clavicle, Maxilla, Skull vault

According to shape
q Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones.

Long Bones
q Consists of two ends and intervening shaft
q Presence of medullary cavity
q Vertically placed

PREVIEW
q Ossify by means of cartilage

Types of epiphysis
q Pressure: Take part in joint formation. They transmit weight
• Head of humerus
• Lower end of radius etc
q Traction epiphysis: Non-articular and does not take part in
weight transmission e.g.
•Greater and lesser trochanter of femur
•Greater and lesser tubercle of humerus and mastoid process
q Atavastic: Phylogenetically independent but fused to nearest
bone for nutrition e.g.
• Coracoid process of scapula
• Ostrigonum Structure of bone
q Aberrant Epiphysis (Aberrant, Not usual): Not always present, e.g.
• Head of 1st metacarpal bones
• Base of other metacarpal bones

Short Bones
q Short in post and it can be in any shape. According to their shape, these bones are named. For example,
Trapezium, cuboid.

Flat
q Flat in appearance and so there are 2 surface in front and behind for these bones. For example, Bones of
2 thoracic cage, bones forming cranial vault.
 Chapter 1 • General Anatomy New SARP Series Anatomy

Irregular Bones Age Occurs in

q Irregular and not fit int o any cat egory of shape. For example, Hip bone. 18 t o 23 years Bones of low er limb and hip bones ossified complet ely
21 t o 25 years St ernum, clavicle and vert ebrae ossified complet ely
Macroscopic Classification of Bones
By 23 years (Females) Nearly all bones
Classified into compact and cancellous bone By 25 years (M ales) Complet ely ossified
q Compact Bone: M ore bone t issue and less empt y space. Dense in nat ure.
q Spongy (cancellous) bone: M ore space and less bone t issue.

Microscopic Classification of Bones Remember

q Lamellar bone: Collagens are arranged in orderly manner in form of concent ric sheet s. Hiltons Law
q Woven bone: Woven bones are arranged in random manner. The nerve supplying a muscle also gives a branch t o joint and anot her branch t o skin over t he joint
e.g. Nerve t o Quadrat us femoris: Hip joint ; axillary nerve; shoulder joint .

REM EM BER Law of Ossification

q Haversian system: Ost eon fundamental funct ional
High Yield unit of compact bone; consist s of haversian canal and
Woven bones are formed during pathological surrounded by concent ric lamellae
conditions, which are then replaced by lamellar q Volkmann’s canal: Volkmann’s canal connect s haversian
bones. canal t o each ot her and t o surface of bone.
q The secondary cent er w hich appears first fuses last and t hat ext remit y of bone is grow ing end (grow ing end is
in opposit e direct ion t o nut rient foramen)
q In upper limb, nut rient foramina are direct ed t owards elbow. In low er limb, t hey are direct ed away from knee
joint

PREVIEW
q Fibula violat es law of ossificat ion
other type of Bones
q Pneumatic bones: Bones w it h air cavit ies. e.g. maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, et hmoid and mast oid. Applied Anatomy
q Sesamoid bones: Bones formed in t endons. q TB and syphilis begin in t he middle of shaft (Diaphysis).
q M etaphysis is t he m/ c sit e of hematogenous ost eomyelit is in children. M etaphysis is prone t o t rumat ic necrosis
Blood supply of Long Bones and avascular necrosis.
q Nutrient artery: Ent ers nut rient foramen, w hich is formed in middle of shaft q Epiphysis is involved in Pert he’s disease
q Direct ion t owards grow ing end of bone (metaphysics) q Hematogenous infect ion of bone m/ c involves àmetaphysis of long bones
q Long bones are also supplied by periost eal art eries, metaphyseal art eries, epiphyseal art eries.

Ossification Centers Joints in the Body

q Sit e of bone format ion Primary cartilaginous joint Secondary Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphosis
q One primary ossificat ion cent er appears before birt h (Except ion: Primary cent er of tarsal and carpal bones) cartilaginous joint
and one or more secondary ossificat ion cent er appear aft er birt h
q 1 st chondrost ernal joint q Symphysis ment i q Serrat e: Sagittal q Inferior t ibio- q Toot h fit in
(rest of chondrost ernal q Symphysis pubis q Dent iculat e: lambdoid fibular joint t he socket
Table 1: Ossificat ion of various bones of body and t he respect ive age joint are synovial) q M anubrio st erna q Squamous: Temporo-
q joint bet w een epiphysis q joint bet w een parietal
Age Occurs in and diaphysis vert ebral bodies q Plane: bet w een
Third mont h (fet us) Ossificat ion begins in long bones q Bet w een basiocciput and palat ine process of
basisphenoid maxillae
Fourt h mont h (fet us) M ost 1° ossificat ion cent ers appear in diaphysis of long bones
q Schindylesis: bet w een
From birt h t ill 5 years of age 2° ossificat ion cent ers appear in epiphyses rost rum of sphenoid
5 t o 14 years Rapid spreading of ossificat ion from ossificat ion cent ers and upper margin of
vomer
15 t o 20 years Bones of upper limb and scapulae ossified complet ely
3 4
Contd....
 Chapter 1 • General Anatomy
New SARP Series Anatomy

Primary Cartilagenous
Joints
q Space between bones are occupied by hyaline cartilage
Joints are junction between two or more bones. q It is then replaced by bone, hence it is temporary
q It is immovable, hence strong.

secondary Cartilagenous (symphysis)

q Articular surface covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage and bones are united by fibrocartilage
q These are permanent and present throughout the life
q These joints are found in midlines

Fibrous Joint
q Space between bones are joined together by fibrous tissue.
q Hence, these joints are immovable.
q Classified into: Sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses
• Suture: Found in skull. Immovable according to shape of margins of bones, sutures are named in various
types
• Syndesmoses: Bones are connected by interosseous ligaments
• Gomphoses: Otherwise known as peg and socket

PREVIEW
synovial Joint
q Articular surface covered by Hyaline cartilage
q Synovial membrane lines entire joint except the articular surface
q Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
q Joint is covered by fibrous capsule

A. Syndesmosis (t ibiofibular); B. Sut ure (skull), Cart ilaginous; C. Symphysis (vert ebral bodies); D. Synchondrosis (first rib Types
and st ernum). Synovial; E. Condyloid (w rist ); F. Gliding (radioulnar); G. Hinge or ginglymus (elbow ); H. ball and socket
(hip); I. Saddle (carpometacarpal) of t humb); J. Pivot (at lant oaxial). q Plane: Articular surface are more or less plane. Permit gliding movement
q Hinge: Pulley shaped. Permit movement in one plane – transverse axis
types of synovial Joints q Pivot: Formed by bony pivot surrounded by an osteoligamentous ring. Permit movement in one plane-vertical
axis
Hinge Pivot Condylar Ellipsoid q Condylar: Consists of 2 distinct condyles, in which one is reciprocally concave. Permit movement in transverse
q Int erphalangeal q At lant o-axial q Knee q Wrist joint , knuckle joint axis
q Joint of fingers and t oes q Radioulnar q Temporomandibular and at lant o-occipital joint q Ellipsoid: Include convex male fitting into ellipsoid female. Permit movement in transverse axis, anteroposterior
q Elbow axis (not in vertical axis).
q Ankle q Saddle: Are reciprocally concavo convex
q Ball and Socket: Consists of globular head fitting into cup-shaped socket
Saddle Plane Ball and socket
q Carpometacarpal joint of t humb q Int ercarpal joint q Shoulder joint Classification based on Function
q St ernoclavicular q Int ertarsal joint q Hip joint q Immovable: No mobility
q Calcaneocuboid q Facet joint (bet w een t he q Talocalcaneo navicular joint q Slightly movable
q Joint bet w een malleus and incus art icular facet of adjacent q Art iculat ion bet w een incus and stapes 6 q Freely movable
vert ebra)
5
 New SARP Series Anatomy Chapter 1 • General Anatomy

M ULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

1. Which of the following is multipennate muscle: 7. Bone which is pneumatic: (PGI May 2015) 1. Ans. c. Deltoid q Pneumatic bones: Bones with air cavities.
(Recent Question Dec. 2016) a. Maxillary b. Parietal e.g. maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and
a. FPL b. EPL c. Temporal d. Frontal [Ref: vishram singh general anatom y, 138] mastoid.
c. Deltoid d. FHL e. Ethmoidal q Deltoid middle fibers – multipennate.
8. Ans. a. Long bones
2. In which of the following muscles, the muscle 8. Enchondral ossification is/ are seen in:
fibers are not parallel: (AIIMS Nov. 2016) (PGI Nov. 2015) 2. Ans. d. Tibialis anterior
[Ref: langm ens em bryology 127]
a. Sartorius b. Sternohyoid a. Long bones b. Flat bones of skull The muscles with parallel fasciculi are sartorius, q Long bones show enchondral ossification.
c. Rectus abdominis d. Tibialis anterior c. Clavicle d. Mandible sternohyoid, rectus abdominis, digastric, thyrohyoid Skull base, vertebra
3. The Haversian system is found in: (AI 2000) e. Nasal bones
a. Diaphysis of long bones 9. Vomer-Sphenoidal rostrum junction is : 3. Ans. a. Diaphysis of long bones 9. Ans. c. Schindylesis
b. Cancellous bone (Recent Question Dec. 2013)
[Ref: vishram singh general anatom y, 75] [Ref: vishram singh general anatom y 95]
c. Epiphysis a. Syndesmosis b. Synostosis
c. Schindylesis d. Gomphosis q Diaphysis of long bones contains compact
d. Spongy bones of children
bones, which contains osteon. 10. Ans. d. Synchondrosis
4. All of the following statements are true for 10. Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a long
bone is a type of: (AIIMS 2004) Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis: Primary
metaphysis of bone except: (AI 2003) 4. Ans. c. Growth activity is negligible here
a. Plane Synovial joint b. Fibrous joint cartilaginous.
a. It is the epiphyseal end of diaphysis
b. It is highly vascular c. Symphysis d. Synchondrosis [Ref: vishram singh general anatom y 80]
11. Ans. a. Symphysis
c. Growth activity is negligible here 11. The type of joint between the sacrum and the q Active growth occurs in metaphysis.

PREVIEW
q Sacrococcygeal joint: mid line joint – symphysis
d. Common site of osteomyelitis in children coccyx is a: (AI 2005)
5. Ans. d. Base of 2nd metacarpal – secondary cartilaginous joint.
5. Which of the following is aberrant epiphysis? a. Symphysis b. Synostosis
(Recent Question Dec. 2016) c. Synchondrosis d. Syndesmosis 12. Ans. d. Synovial joint
[Ref: BDC General anatom y 34]
a. Coracoid process 12. Median atlantoaxial joint is:
q Aberrant – head of 1st metacarpal and base of [Ref: vishram singh general anatom y 47]
b. Greater tubercle of humerus (Recent Question Dec. 2016)
other metacarpal bones. Median atlantoaxial joint: Pivot type of synovial
c. Base of 1st metacarpal a. Condylar b. Cartilaginous
d. Base of 2nd metacarpal c. Fibrous d. Synovial Joint joint.
6. Ans. d. Coracoid process of scapula.
6. Which of the following is an example of atavistic 13. Intracapsular articular disc is present in which 13. Ans. a. Sternoclavicular joint
q Coracoid process – atavistic
epiphysis? (Recent Question Dec. 2016) joint: (Recent Question Dec. 2016)
a. Greater trochanter a. Sternoclavicular joint [Ref: vishram singh general anatom y]
7. Ans. a. Maxillary, d. Frontal, e. Ethmoidal
b. Head of femur b. Elbow Articular disc is seen in temparomandibular joint,
c. Upper end of radius c. Hip joint [Ref: vishram singh general anatom y 74] sternoclavicular joint.
d. Coracoid process of scapula d. Knee joint

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