Unit: 02

BOND ENERGY AND GEOMETRY OF SIMPLE

MOLECULE

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BS 2nd Year

Dr. Farkhanda Hassan

Assistant Professor
Dept. Chemistry
Fuuast Gulshan Campus
Atoms bond together to form
compounds because in doing so they
attain lower energies than they possess
as individual atoms. A quantity of
energy, equal to the difference
between the energies of the bonded
atoms and the energies other than the
individual atoms do. When atoms
combine to make a compound, energy
is always given off, and the compound
has a lower overall energy.
When a chemical reaction occurs,
molecular bonds are broken and other
bonds are formed to make different
molecules. For example, the bonds of
two water molecules are broken to form
hydrogen and oxygen.

2H2O→2H2+O2(l)
 Molecular geometry

Molecular geometry is the three dimensional

arrangement of the atoms that constitute
a molecules is includes the general shape of the
molecule
* as well as bond length, bond
angles, torsional angles and any other geometrical
parameters that determine the position of each
atom.
Molecular geometry influences several properties of a
substance including its reactivity, polarity, phase of
matter, color, magnetism and biological activity. The
angles between bonds that an atom forms depend
only weakly on the rest of molecule, i.e. they can be
understood as approximately local and
hence transferable properties.
Linear model

In a linear model, atoms are connected in a

straight line. The bond angles are set at 180°.
For example, carbon dioxide and nitric
oxide have a linear molecular shape.
Trigonal Planar shape

Molecules with the trigonal planar shape are somewhat

triangular and in one plane (flat). Consequently, the bond
angles are set at 120°. For example, boron trifluoride.
Angular Structure:
Angular molecules (also called bent or V-shaped) A
bond angle is the geometric angle between two
adjacent bonds. Some common shapes of simple
molecules include for example
• Germenium floride
• Hydrogen sulphide
• Water molecule
Germenium floride
Hydrogen sulphide
• Structure of Tetrahedral:
• Tetra- signifies four, and -hedral relates to a face of a solid, so
"tetrahedral" literally means "having four faces".
• This shape is found when there are four bonds all on one
central atom, with no extra unshared electron pairs.
• In accordance with the VSEPR (valence-shell electron pair
repulsion theory), the bond angles between the electron
bonds are arccos(−1/3) = 109.47°.
• For example, methane (CH4) is a tetrahedral molecule.
Methane (CH4)
•Structure of Octahedral:
Octa- signifies eight, and -hedral relates to a face of a solid,
so "octahedral" means "having eight faces". The bond
angle is 90 degrees. For example, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
is an octahedral molecule.

sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

Structure of Trigonal pyramidal:
A trigonal pyramidal molecule has a pyramid-like
shape with a triangular base. Unlike the linear and
trigonal planar shapes but similar to the
tetrahedral orientation, pyramidal shapes require
three dimensions in order to fully separate the
electrons. Here, there are only three pairs of
bonded electrons, leaving one unshared lone pair.
Lone pair – bond pair repulsions change the bond
angle from the tetrahedral angle to a slightly
lower value. For example, ammonia (NH3).
 VSEPR theory
* The bond angles in the table below are ideal angles from
the simple VSEPR theory, followed by the actual angle for the
example given in the following column where this differs.
• For many cases, such as trigonal pyramidal and bent, the
actual angle for the example differs from the ideal angle, and
examples differ by different amounts.
• For example, the angle in H2S (92°) differs from the
tetrahedral angle by much more than the angle
for H2O (104.48°) does.
 Electron
Atoms bonded Ideal bond angle
domains
to Lone pairs Shape (example's bond Example sTRUCTURE
(Steric
central atom angle)
number)

2 0 2 linear 180° CO2

3 0 3 trigonal planar 120° BF3

2 1 3 angular 120° (119°) SO2

4 0 4 tetrahedral 109.5° CH4

Atoms bonded Electron Ideal bond angle
to Lone pairs domains Shape (example's bond Example structure
central atom (Steric number) angle)

trigonal
3 1 4 109.5 (107.8°) NH3
pyramidal

109.5°
2 2 4 angular H2O
(104.48°)[10][11]

trigonal
5 0 5 90°, 120° PCl5
bipyramidal
 Atoms
Electron Ideal bond angle
bonded to
Lone pairs domains Shape (example's bond Example structure
central
(Steric number) angle)
atom

ax–ax 180°
(173.1°),
4 1 5 See saw eq–eq 120° SF4
(101.6°),
ax–eq 90°

90° (87.5°),
3 2 5 T-shaped ClF3
180° (175°)

2 3 5 linear 180° XeF2

 Ideal bond angle
Atoms bonded to Electron domains
Lone pairs Shape (example's bond Example structure
central atom (Steric number)
angle)

6 0 6 octahedral 90°, 180° SF6

square 90°
5 1 6 BrF5
pyramidal (84.8°)

square
4 2 6 90°, 180° XeF4
planar
 Electron Ideal bond
Atoms bonded to domains angle
Lone pairs Shape Example structure
central atom (Steric (example's
number) bond angle)

pentagonal 90°, 72°,

7 0 7 IF7
bipyramidal 180°

pentagonal 72°, 90°, XeOF−

6 1 7
pyramidal 144° 5

pentagonal XeF−
5 2 7 72°, 144°
planar 5
Atoms bonded Electron Ideal bond angle
to Lone pairs domains Shape (example's bond Example structure
central atom (Steric number) angle)

square XeF2−
8 0 8
antiprismatic 8

tricapped
9 0 9 trigonal ReH2−
9
prismatic
Thank You