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Task 2 Electromagnetic

Ingeniería De Telecomunicaciones (Universidad de Antioquia)

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Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Student name

Group xx

xxxxxxxxxx

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 16-01

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Introduction

In the following development, the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves can be

known, such as their propagation in open and limited media, that is, how they manage to
catch the obstacles that arise and how much information is lost or gained in terms of power.
To explain the above, it is important to address the issue of reflection and refraction of waves
and what is the importance and application of Snell's law.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

The mode of propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere and in
free space may be divided into the following three categories:

- The line of sight (LOS) propagation

- Ground wave propagation
- Skywave propagation
In ELF (Extremely low frequency) and VLF (Very low frequency) frequency
bands, the Earth, and the ionosphere act as a waveguide for electromagnetic
wave propagation. In these frequency ranges, communication signals practically
propagate around the world. The channel bandwidths are small. Therefore, the
information is transmitted through these channels has slow speed and confined
to digital transmission.
The line of Sight (LOS) Propagation
Among the modes of propagation, this line-of-sight propagation is the one,
which we would have commonly noticed. In the line-of-sight communication, as
the name implies, the wave travels a minimum distance of sight. Which means
it travels to the distance up to which a naked eye can see. Then we need to
employ an amplifier cum transmitter here to amplify the signal and transmit
again.
The line-of-sight propagation will not be smooth if there occurs any obstacle in
its transmission path. As the signal can travel only to lesser distances in this
mode, this transmission is used for infrared or microwave transmissions.

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Ground Wave Propagation

Ground wave propagation of the wave follows the contour of the earth. Such a
wave is called a direct wave. The wave sometimes bends due to the Earth’s
magnetic field and gets reflected the receiver. Such a wave can be termed as a
reflected wave. The following figure depicts ground wave propagation.
The wave then propagates through the Earth’s atmosphere is known as a
ground wave. The direct wave and reflected wave together contribute the signal
at the receiver station. When the wave finally reaches the receiver, the lags are
cancelled out. In addition, the signal is filtered to avoid distortion and amplified
for clear output.
Skywave Propagation
Skywave propagation is preferred when the wave must travel a longer distance.
Here the wave is projected onto the sky and it is again reflected to the earth.
The sky wave propagation is well depicted in the above picture. Here the waves
are shown to be transmitted from one place and where it is received by many
receivers. Hence, it is an example of broadcasting.
The waves, which are transmitted from the transmitter antenna, are reflected
from the ionosphere. It consists of several layers of charged particles ranging in
altitude from 30-250 miles above the surface of the earth. Such travel of the
wave from the transmitter to the ionosphere and from there to the receiver on
Earth is known as Sky Wave Propagation. The ionosphere is the ionized layer
around the Earth’s atmosphere, which is suitable for skywave propagation.
2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves

The electric component of an electromagnetic plane wave can oscillate in any

direction normal to the direction of wave propagation (which is parallel to the k
vector). Suppose that the wave is propagating in the z direction. It follows that
the electric field can oscillate in any direction that lies in the x− y plane. The
actual direction of oscillation determines the polarization of the wave. For
instance, a vacuum electromagnetic wave of angular frequency ω that is
polarized in the x direction has the associated electric field.

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E=E0 cos ⁡( ωt−kz ) e x

whereω=kc . Likewise, a wave polarized in the y direction has the electric field

E=E0 cos ⁡( ωt−kz )e y

These two waves are termed linearly polarized, since the electric field vector
oscillates in a straight-line. However, other types of polarization are possible.
For instance, if we combine two linearly polarized waves of equal amplitude, one
π
polarized in x the direction, and one in the y direction, that oscillate radians
2
out of phase, then we obtain a circularly polarized wave:

E=E0 cos ( ωt−kz ) e x + E 0 sin ⁡(ωt−kz) e y

This nomenclature arises from the fact that the tip of the electric field vector
traces out a circle in the plane normal to the direction of wave propagation. To
be more exact, the previous wave is a right-hand circularly polarized wave,
since if the thumb of the right-hand points in the direction of wave propagation
then the electric field vector rotates in the same sense as the fingers of this
hand. Conversely, a left-hand circularly polarized wave takes the form

E=E0 cos ( ωt−kz ) e x− E0 sin ⁡(ωt −kz)e y

Finally, if the x− y components of the electric field in the previous two

expressions have different (non-zero) amplitudes then we obtain right-hand and
left-hand elliptically polarized waves, respectively. This nomenclature arises
from the fact that the tip of the electric field vector traces out an ellipse in the
plane normal to the direction of wave propagation.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

Total internal reflection is the phenomenon, which occurs when a propagated

wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a critical angle with
respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other

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side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle,
the wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. The critical angle is the
angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs. This is
particularly common as an optical phenomenon, where light waves are involved,
but it occurs with many types of waves, such as electromagnetic waves in
general or sound waves.

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

In physics, refraction is the change in direction of a wave passing from one

medium to another or from a gradual change in the medium. Refraction of light
is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound
waves and water waves also experience refraction. How much a wave is
refracted is determined by the change in wave speed and the initial direction of
wave propagation relative to the direction of change in speed.

For light, refraction follows Snell's law, which states that, for a given pair of
media, the ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence θ 1 and angle of refraction
θ 2 is equal to the ratio of phase velocities ( v 1/ v 2) in the two media, or
equivalently, to the indices of refraction (n 2/n 1) of the two media.

sin θ1 v 1 n 2
= =
sin θ 2 v 2 n 1

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

Snell's law (also known as Snell-Descartes law and the law of refraction) is a
formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and
refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary
between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.

In optics, the law is used in ray tracing to compute the angles of incidence or
refraction, and in experimental optics to find the refractive index of a material.
The law is also satisfied in metamaterials, which allow light to be bent
"backward" at a negative angle of refraction with a negative refractive index.

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Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and
refraction is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or
equivalent to the reciprocal of the ratio of the indices of refraction:

sin θ1 v 1 n 2
= =
sin θ 2 v 2 n 1

with each θ as the angle measured from the normal of the boundary, v as the
velocity of light in the respective medium (SI units are meters per second, or
m/s), and n as the refractive index (which is unitless) of the respective medium.

The law follows from Fermat's principle of least time, which in turn follows from
the propagation of light as waves.

Application exercises:
2
+¿=120 mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =18 MHz and P1 , incident from the air
(η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=164 Ω
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
. Calculate the reflected power P1 and the transmitted power P2 to the wall.

The reflected and transmitted electric field is given by the next formula.

E−¿
1
¿
+¿ η 2−η1
E1 = ¿
η2 + η 1

And,
E+¿
2
¿
+¿ 2η2
E1 = ¿
η 2 + η1

As we know,

E2
P=
2η

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Then, the first two equation can be written as,

P−¿
1
¿
+¿
P1 =
η2 +η1(
η2−η1 2
¿
)
And,

P+¿
2
¿
+¿ 4 η2 η1
P =
1 ¿
(η ¿ ¿ 2+η1)2 ¿

Clearing the variable, we got,

( )
2
η2−η 1 +¿ ¿
−¿= P1 ¿
η 2+η1
P1

( 164−120
164+120 π )
2
π
−¿= (120)¿
P1

mW
−¿=18,6005 ¿
m2
P1

4 η2 η1
+¿= 2 + ¿¿
¿
(η ¿ ¿2 +η1) P1 ¿
P2

4 ( 164 ) ( 120 π )
+¿= 2
(120)¿
( 164+120 π )
P2

mW
+¿=101,3995 ¿
m2
P2

mW
+¿=120 ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =18 MHz and P m 2 , coming from a
1

wave generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
( η1 =120 π Ω ) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=164 Ω and

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20 cm thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On

the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20 cm away.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.

The generator watches the wall obstacle, and the wall – air interface, so, the
input impedance can find as,

η¿ =η 2
( η1 + j η2 tan ( βl )
η2 + j η1 tan ( βl ) )
Where,

β=
2 πf

c 0 η2
√ μ0
ε0

β=
2 π ( 18∗106 )
√ 4 π∗10−7
8,85∗10−12
3 · 108 164

β=0,8662
So,

η¿ =164
( 120 π + j 164 tan ( 0,8662(0.2))
164 + j 120 π tan ( 0,8662(0.2)) )
η¿ =334.421−105.826 i Ω

r =350 ,766 (radius)

θ=−17,5598° (angle)

The reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained as follow

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P−¿
1
¿ R1∨¿∨ ¿
+¿
P ∨¿
1
η2 +η1(
η2−η1 2
¿
)
( )
2
334.421−105.826i−120 π
¿ R1∨¿
334.421−105.826 i+120 π

|R1|=¿−0.0224297+0.0113814 i∨¿

|R1|=0.0251521
θ=153.096° (angle)

And,

|T 1|=1−|R1|

|T 1|=1−0.0251521

|T 1|=0.9748479

b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2] the power that is transmitted to the

receiver.

Now we find the transmission and reflection coefficient for the interface wall-
air.

(
η −η 2
¿ R2∨¿ 2 1
η2 +η1 )
( )
2
120 π−164
¿ R2∨¿
120 π +164

¿ R2∨¿ 0,155004

And,

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4 ( η2 ) η1
T 2= 2
=1−¿ R2∨¿
( η2 +η1 )

T 2=1−0,15 5004=0,84499

+¿¿
So, the power transmitted to the receiver P3 will be

+¿ ¿

P+¿=T 1 ⋅T 2 ⋅ P1 ¿
3

P+¿=0.9748479∗0,84499∗120 ¿
3

mW
+¿=98,848 2
¿
m
P3

So,

T 3=T 1 ⋅T 2

T 3=0.9748479∗0,84499

T 3=0.82 37∗100

T 3=82 ,3 7 %

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the graph.

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Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming an
angle of θ a=44.9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave
to determine the value of d . Note that each layer is 164 mm thick and that at point C
there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is in layer
3 by calculating its refractive index.

Like in C there’s a total refractive effect, then, we got the next values:

η1=1.31
η2=η3=1
η 4=1.5
Now,

θ1=45.1°

According to Snell’s law

θ2=sin−1
(( ) )
n1
n2
sin θ 1

θ2=68.11°

So,
θ3=90 °−θ2

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θ3=21.88°

θ 4=sin −1
(( ) )
n3
n4
sinθ 3

θ 4=14.39 °

So, d will be

d=x 1 + x 2

h
d=2h tanθ 3+
tan θ 4

( 164∗10−3 )
d=2 ( 164∗10−3 ) tan 21.88+
tan14.39

d=770 , 923 mm

d=0,77 1 m

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Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Penetration of electromagnetic radiation

Depending on the frequency, electromagnetic waves may not pass through conductive
media. Therefore, radio transmissions do not work under the sea and mobile phones
are left without coverage in a metal case. However, since energy is neither created
nor destroyed, two things can happen when an electromagnetic wave collides with a
conductor. The first is that it is transformed into heat: this effect has application in
microwave ovens. The second is that it is reflected on the conductor's surface (like in
a mirror).

Conclusion 2: In conclusion, it can be argued that the topics explored with the support
of educational resources provided by the learning environment and video conferences
were very essential to perform the exercises proposed in the activity corresponding to
the work unit and study the methods of propagation of waves in open media and each
of its characteristics seen in the basic concepts and application of our daily life.

Conclusion 3: The basic concept and its different characteristics were studied on the
behavior of an electromagnetic wave when hitting the different surfaces and each of
the different situations in which they can act and where their values vary according to
the different characteristics of the materials.
Conclusion 3:

It is concluded that electromagnetic waves can be perceived according to their

frequency, like this is what happens with colors, when light is refracted in a prism not
all colors are equally intense, everything depends on the length of Wave this time.
By way of synthesis, it was possible to understand the application and how
electromagnetic waves such as these are reflected in the external environment in
domestic appliances and in general in society such as television, cell phones, radio
waves and many more that can become part of our daily life.

Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

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Gaviria Ortiz, Á., 2016. Curso De Campos Electromagneticos Notas Breves. 2nd ed.
Medellín: Reimpresos.

Bibliography 2:

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp.
519-524). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehostlive&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
Bibliography 3:

Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless.
(pp. 31-51). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

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