Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wheelsandtyres
Wheelsandtyres
Introduction
Functions
• Only contact with ground
• Act as the primary suspension, cushioning the vehicle from
effects of rough surface.
• Provide frictional contact with the road surface which allows
the driving wheels to move the vehicle
• Front tyres allows the wheels to steer
• Tyres allow braking to slow or stop the vehicle
Properties of tyres
• Non-skidding
• Uniform wear
• Load-carrying capacity
• Speed Capacity
• Cushioning
• Power consumption
• Noise
• Balance
Terminology
• Steel Wheels – Most popular design. Very strong and cheap to produce.
• Alloy Wheels – Attractive and light weight, but expensive and difficult to clean.
• Spoked Wheels – Used on older vehicles. Cannot be fitted with tubeless tyres.
• Divided rims – Rims are made in two halves which are bolted together, (rims
must never be separated while the tyre is inflated)
• Split rims –Tyre is held in place by a large circlip
• Plies – Layers of strong fabric which are built up to give the tyre its strength
and shape
• Bead – loops of steel which are the anchor point for the plies
• Cross Ply Tyre – Main plies of the tyre run at an angle (45 degrees) from one
bead to the other
• Radial Ply Tyre – Main plies of the tyre run at 90 degrees from one bead to the
other
• Tread – Rubber pattern. Provides grip with the road surface and assists in
clearing water away
• Side Wall – Connects the beads to the tread of the tyre
Parts
• Beads: Two rings that are made of steel wire and encased in rubber. They hold
tire side walls snugly against the rim and prevent tyre from coming off
• Body Plies: Rubberized fabric and cords wrapped around beads. Form carcass or
body of the tyre.
• Tread: Outer surface of the tyre that comes in contact with the road
Parts
• Sidewall: Outer part of the tyre that extends from the bead to the tread.
• Marking on the sidewall provides the information about the tyre.
• Liner: Thin layer of rubber that is bonded to the inside of the plies. Provides a
leak proof membrane for tubeless tires.
• Belts: Used to strengthen the body plies and stiffen the tread.
• Lie between tread and plies
Carbon black adds strength and abrasion resistance,
while protecting rubber against UV light.
C During curing, sulphur links rubber molecules
O together, adding strength, and giving the rubber
resistance to both heat and cold.
M
Zinc stearate
P
Small amounts of zinc stearate and waxes help control
O curing rate, prevent oxidation and make rubber easier
U to process.
• Side walls can bend easily, its shock absorbing capacity is 25% more than
bias ply or cross ply.
• Lower rolling resistance and hysteresis loss leads to less fuel
consumption
• Longer tread life because of less heat build in tyre.
• Breaking efficiency on wet roads is better because of greater sidewall
flexibility and tread stiffness.
• Better steering characteristics.
• While taking turns it has less tendency to distort and lift off the road
from one side.
• Larger resistance to punctures ,cuts and impacts in the tread area.
Bias contact patch Radial contact patch
Non-Directional Tyres
Uniform grooves
Can run in any direction
Unidirectional Tyres
Grooves are in one direction
Direction of rotation is clearly marked
Cross-section of tubeless tyre
Advantages of tubeless tyres
• Lesser unsprung weight.
• Better cooling
• Lesser rolling resistance
• Comfortable ride
• Slower leakage of air
• Simpler assembly
• Improved safety
Tyre Sidewall Markings
Speed Rating
Load Rating
Load Load Load Load
Index (Kilograms) Index (Kilograms)
71 345 91 615
72 355 92 630
73 365 93 650
74 375 94 670
75 387 95 690
76 400 96 710
77 412 97 730
78 425 98 750
79 437 99 775
80 450 100 800
81 462 101 825
82 475 102 850
83 487 103 875
Tread Patterns
Snow tyres
Competition
Tyre problems
Feathering
• Improper alignment (TOE).
• Worn or damaged steering/ suspension
parts.
• Hard cornering
Cupping
•Worn or damaged steering or
suspension parts.
•Improper balancing.
One Edge
•Improper alignment (CAMBER).
•Worn or damaged steering or
suspension parts
Mechanical Irregularities
Mechanical Irregularities
Camber
• Tread depth must be not less than 1.6mm over the central three-
quarters of the tyre and must go all the way round the
circumference in an continuous unbroken band with no bald
patches anywhere on the tyre tread.
• If radial and cross ply tyres are fitted to the same vehicle, radial-
ply tyres must be fitted on the rear.
• Cross-ply and radial ply tyres must never be fitted on the same
axle.
• Tyre pressures must be set to the manufactures recommendations
• The tread and side wall must be free from large cuts, abrasions or
bubbles
Changing Tyre Size
Three-piece Flange or
Continuous rings
Valve caps
Wheel Fixings
Wheel studs and nuts attach the
wheel to the hub.
Torque
Nuts should always be tightened in a wrench
diagonal pattern.
Wheel Rim Size
Run Flat Tires
• Temporarily supports
weight of vehicle even
with no air pressure
• Internal support, thicker
and stiffer side walls,
stronger beads.
• Can maintain Mobility
for upto 100 km at slow
speed (60 kmph)
Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
• Direction or speed change relies on friction between the tyres and the
road surface.
• Grooves of a rubber tyre are designed to disperse water from under the
tyre, providing high friction even in wet conditions.
• Aquaplaning occurs when a tyre encounters more water than it can
dissipate
• Steering appears light as if we are driving with wheels in air
• Water pressure in front of the wheel makes a wedge of water under the
leading edge of the tyre, causing it to lift from the road.
• This loss of traction causes the wheels to slip and prevents the vehicle
from responding to steering, braking or accelerating. As a result, the
vehicle can go out of control, start to skid or spin.
• Risk of aquaplaning increases with the depth of standing water
• If multiple tyres aquaplane, the vehicle loses directional control and slide
until it either collides with an obstacle, or slows down so that friction is
regained.
Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
• Tyre tread wear: Worn tyres will aquaplane more easily due to lack of
tread depth.
• Tyre inflation pressure: Under inflation enhances aquaplaning
• Tyre tread aspect ratio: Longer and thinner the contact patch, less likely
a tyre is of aquaplaning. (Small diameter and wide tyres are more
prone to aquaplaning)
• Vehicle weight: More weight on a properly inflated tyre increases the
contact patch. Weight can have the opposite effect if the tyre is
underinflated.
• Vehicle type: Combination vehicles like semi-trailers are more likely to
experience uneven aquaplaning caused by uneven weight distribution
SOLUTION:
If aquaplaning is encountered (steering feels disconnected), DO NOT
brake, accelerate, or steer the vehicle. Allow the speed to reduce on its
own
Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)