Modal Analysis of Ellipticla Plates - A - Section PDF

MODAL ANALYSIS OF ELLIPTICAL PLATES
A Project Preliminary Report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of
degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
D. SHIVANI BAI (169X1A0328) A. NAGARAVINDRA KUMAR (179X5A03J1)

B.JOSHHNA SANJEWINE (169X1A0325) V.K. HARISAINATH RAO (169X1A0351)
B. KISHORE KUMAR (169X1A0383) P.VENKATARAMANA (169X1A0369)
Under the Guidance of

Sri. P. NAGA VISHNU
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous)

KURNOOL-518007 (A.P.)
(Affiliated to JNTUA, ANANTHAPURAMU)
2019-2020
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous)

KURNOOL-518007 (A.P.)
(Affiliated to JNTUA, ANANTHAPURAMU)
2019-2020
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project preliminary report titled “MODAL ANALYSIS OF ELLIPTICAL
PLATES” is a bonafide record of work carried out
BY
D. SHIVANI BAI(169X1A0328) A. NAGARAVINDRA KUMAR(179X5A03J1)

B. JOSHNA SANJEWINE(169X1A0325) V.K. HARISAINATH RAO(169X1A0351)
B. KISHORE KUMAR(169X1A0383) P. VENKATARAMANA(169X1A0369)
Under my guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We hereby take our heartfelt gratitude to our guide Sri P. NAGA VISHNU Garu. Assistant
Professor of Mechanical Engineering. G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, without whose
detailed guidance, this project work could not have been accomplished so well. His valuable and timely
guidance at all stages of the project has immensely helped us to bring it out within the time schedule
prescribed it.
We are thankful to Dr. K. MADHAVA REDDY Garu, Professor and Head of the Department
of Mechanical Engineering. G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, for his encouragement and
valuable suggestions from time to time
We thank Dr. Y. V. MOHAN REDDY Garu, our beloved professor of Mechanical Engineering,
G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous), Kurnool, who rendered his valuable suggestions
and helped a lot in terms of encouragement.
We express sincere gratitude to our honourable principal Dr. B. SREENIVASA REDDY Garu,
principal, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous) Kurnool. For all the provisions made
during course of our study.
We would also like to thank all teaching & non – teaching staff. Department of Mechanical
Engineering for their help and cooperation in bringing out this Project work successfully. Last but not
least, we thank our Parents and classmates for their encouragement not only during the course but also
during the project work
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the project work entitled “MODAL
ANALYSIS OF ELLIPTICAL PLATES”
is an authentic record of work carried out by us under Sri. P. NAGA VISHNU Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous), Kurnool.
The Work contained in the dissertation has not been submitted by us in part or full any other
university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
SIGNATURE
D. SHIVANI BAI (169X1A0328)
A. NAGA RAVINDRA KUMAR (179X5A03J1)
B. JOSHHNA SANJEWINE (169X1A0325)
V. K. HARI SAINATH RAO (169X1A0351)
B. KISHORE KUMAR (169X1A0383)
P. VENKATARAMANA (169X1A0369)
ABSTRACT
Elliptical plates are very commonly encountered structural elements and are found in a
diverse set of engineered systems. They are extensively used in cover plates for cut-outs,
pressure vessels, ship and aircraft structures and even for optical lens and printed circuit
boards. The stability of a mechanical system depends mainly on the effective design and
operation of the system. There exists a natural frequency for every component of the system.
The main concern for the operation of any system is that the operating frequency should not
coincide with the natural frequency. If this happens then ‘Resonance’ occur which is
undesirable .So the natural frequency of any structure is very important. The present project
work emphasis on the evaluation of the natural frequencies for the elliptical plate structure
using FFT analyser with different end conditions. Modal analysis of elliptical plate with
different boundary conditions and different aspect ratios is done using ANSYS. The plate is
considered to have uniform thickness. Mode shapes of elliptical plate are plotted for different
aspect ratios and for different boundary conditions and comparing the obtained natural
frequencies practically by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyser using
DEWESoftware
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Name of the Chapter Page No.
01 INTRODUCTION 1-9
02 LITERATURE SURVEY 10-14
03 ALUMINIUM ALLOY 15-21
04 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE 22-31
05 MODAL VALUES 32-41
06 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 42-48
07 CONCLUSION 49-51
REFERENCES 52-53
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Name of the Table Page No.

CHAPTER-5
Free-Free readings:
5.1.1 Analytical and Experimental Values of Natural 33
Frequencies
One end clamped readings:

Frequencies
Both ends clamped readings:

Frequencies
Simply supported at end readings:

5.4.1 Analytical and Experimental values of Natural 40
Frequencies
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of the Figures Page No.

CHAPTER-4
4.1 Impulse hammer 24
4.2 Accelerometer 25
4.3 Modal hammer Dewesoft IH-400N-1 27
4.4 USB-based 8-channel IEPE/Voltage unit 27
4.5 Photograph of top view of test specimens 28
4.6 Free-Free arrangement 29
4.7 One end clamped arrangement 30
4.8 Both end clamped arrangement 30
4.9 Simply supported arrangement 31
CHAPTER-5
5.1.1 FRF curve for Free-Free 34

5.1.2 FRF curve for one end fixed 35
5.2.1 FRF curve for both ends fixed 36
5.2.2 FRF curve for simply supported 37
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph No. Name of the Graph Page No.

CHAPTER-6
6.1 Graph of first natural frequency of a Free-Free plate 46
6.2 Graph of first natural frequency of a One End fixed 46
6.3 Graph of first natural frequency of a Both Ends fixed 47
6.4 Graph of first natural frequency of a Simply Supported 47

ABBREVIATIONS
SDM Structural Dynamic Modification

3D 3 Dimensional
DOF Degrees of Freedom
IMAC International Modal Analysis Conference
EM Eigenvalue Modification
LEMP Local Eigenvalue Modification Procedure
FRF Frequency Response Function
LMM Linear Modification Method
DMM Direct Modification Method
MUCO Modal Updating Constrained Optimization
FEA Finite Element Analysis
MAC Modal Assurance Criterion
EMA Experimental Modal Analysis
IESM Iterative Method or Inverse Eigen Sensitivity Method
ESA Eigen Sensitivity Approach
RFM Response Function Method
ROCP Reduced Order Characteristic Polynomial
PCG Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient
SEREP System Equivalent Reduction Expansion Process
Wrt With respect to
MU Model updating
GUI Graphical User Interface
GREEK ALPHABETS USED
Notation Name Usage of the Notation

Π Pi Angle of 180 degrees
Г Ghe Shape of the structure
Λ Lamda Eigen value
Φ Phi Eigen vector
∆ Delta Increment for a parameter
Ρ Rho Density of the material
Θ Theta Rotational displacement or moment
Ω Omega Circular natural frequency
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MODAL ANALYSIS OF ELLIPTICAL PLATES OF DIFFERENT ASPECT RATIOS
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. GPREC Page 1

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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
S.No. Name of the Title Page No.

1.1 Vibrations-Its Pros and Cons 3
1.1.1 Terminology of Vibrations 3
1.1.2 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors 4
1.1.3 Practical Applications of Eigen values and Eigen vectors 4

in Structural Engineering
1.2 Resonance 6
1.2.1 Effect of Resonance 6
1.2.2 Phase and Resonance 7
1.3 Model Updating 8

1.3.1 Model Updating Methods 8
1.4 Present Work 9

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1. INTRODUCTION
There are many structures existing around us which are affected by the
vibrations, may be free vibrations or forced vibrations. So for smooth operation of
these structures, prediction and protection from the vibrational effects should be
the key concern of all the innovations.
1.1 VIBRATIONS-ITS PROS AND CONS:

The effect of vibration is everywhere, especially in engineering design.
Vibration is both harmful and helpful. Undesirable and harmful types of vibration
include motions due to earthquakes, vibrations transmitted from machinery to its
supporting structures or base, vehicle vibrations, etc. Basically the unwanted
vibrations should be eliminated else may lead to fatigue and fatal failure of the
structure. On the other hand, the helpful aspects include agitations in washing
machine, mechanical shakers for the material movement, sorting phenomenon in
sieves, tunes in the musical instruments and many more. Structural vibration
testing and analysis helps for power industry, wood and paper industry,
telecommunications, transportation etc.
The term vibration means repetitive motion that can be measured and observed in
a structure.
1.1.1 TERMINOLOGY OF VIBRATIONS:
 Frequency- The frequency (f) of an oscillation is the measure in hertz
(Hz) it is the number of oscillations per second.
 Time-The time for one oscillation is called the period (T) and is measured
in seconds.
1
𝑓=
𝑡
 Displacement –. The displacement of the object at any point in its

oscillation is calculated using the equation below, where 2πf is equal to ω in
radians
= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
A = the amplitude (maximum displacement) in m, t = the time in s, since the

oscillation began.

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 Velocity–The velocity of the object at any point in its oscillation is

calculated using the equation below. 
𝑣 = ±2𝜋𝑓(𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ) 1/2
The terms in this equation are the same as the equations above. The extra
term in this equation is: v = the velocity in ms-1.

 Acceleration –The acceleration of the object at any point in its
oscillation is calculated using the equation below.
a=−(2𝜋𝑓)2x
In this equation; a = acceleration in ms-2, f = frequency in Hz, x = displacement

from the central position in m.
 Natural Frequency- Natural frequency is the frequency at which a system
tends to vibrate in the absence of any driving force. Free vibrations of any elastic
body are called natural vibrations and occur at a frequency called the natural
frequency.
Objects which are free to vibrate will have one or more natural frequency
at which they vibrate. Hence it is very important to calculate the natural
frequencies of any component or structure or machine element. It is a design
parameter to be considered in the designing stage itself.
1.1.2 EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS [Λ AND Φ]:

The Eigen values of the system represent the square of the natural
frequencies with which the system will vibrate. The Eigen values are also used to
determine the stability of the system. The Eigen vectors denote how the masses
vibrate with respect to each other. The Eigen values are used to find the natural
frequencies which are also called as Eigen frequencies of vibration. The Eigen
vectors are also called as the mode shapes.

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1.1.3 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN

VECTORS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING:
 Most structures from buildings to bridges have a natural frequency of

vibration. It means all these structures have their own system of Eigen vibrations
and Eigen vectors. The external forces like wind, earthquake, storm, tides may
cause these structures to undergo vibrations. If frequency of such vibrations
becomes equal to the natural frequencies of these structures, large amplitudes of
vibrations are set up with-in the structure. This phenomenon is called as
Resonance. This can lead to the collapse of the structure which is called as
catastrophic failure. One very famous example of the collapse of a structure due to
this phenomenon is the Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940). The wind provided an
external periodic frequency that matched the bridge's natural structural frequency
which lead to the collapse of the entire structure. So vibration analysis of such
structures is very essential and is done at the time of their design itself using Eigen
values and Eigen vectors.
 Eigen values can also be used to test for cracks or deformities in structural
components used for construction. When a beam is struck, its natural frequencies
( Eigen values) can be heard or measured. If the beam "rings," then it is not
flawed. A dull sound will result from a flawed beam because the flaw causes the
Eigen values to change. Sensitive machines can be used to "see" and "hear" Eigen
values more precisely.
 The Eigen values can also be used to determine if a structure has deformed
under the application of a particular force. Eigen values for the structure are
measured before and after the application of force. If a change in the Eigen values
is observed, it means the structure has undergone deformation.
 Car designers analyze Eigen values in order to damp out the noise so that
the occupants have a quiet ride. Eigen value analysis is also used in the design of
car stereo systems so that the sounds are directed correctly for the listening
pleasure of the passengers and driver. When a car is seen vibrating because of the
loud booming music, one should think of Eigen values. Eigen value analysis can
indicate what needs to be changed to reduce the vibration of the car due to the
music.
 Eigen values can also be used to test for cracks or deformities in a solid.

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Can one imagine testing every inch of every beam used in construction? It is
impossible
 Oil companies frequently use Eigen value analysis to explore land for oil.
Oil, dirt, and other substances all give rise to linear systems which have different
Eigen values, so Eigen value analysis can give a good indication of where oil
reserves are located. Oil companies place probes around a site to pick up the
waves that result from a huge truck used to vibrate the ground. The waves are
changed as they pass through the different substances in the ground. The analysis
of these waves directs the oil companies to possible drilling sites.
 Eigen values are not only used to explain natural occurrences, but also to
discover new and better designs for the future. Some of the results are quite
surprising. If one is asked to build the strongest column which could support the
weight of a roof using only a specified amount of material, what shape would that
column take? It is a cylinder.
1.2 RESONANCE:
Natural vibrations or are also called as free vibrations and are different from
forced vibration which happen at frequency of applied force (forced frequency). If
forced frequency is equal to the natural frequency, the amplitude of vibration
increases to many folds. This phenomenon is known as resonance.
1.2.1 EFFECT OF RESONANCE:

If an object is being forced to vibrate at its natural frequency, resonance will occur
and large amplitude vibrations are observed. The corresponding frequency is called
resonant frequency is fo. The amplitude of the resonance peak decreases and the peak
occurs at a lesser frequency. Resonance may cause violent swaying motions and
even catastrophic failure in improperly constructed structures like buildings, bridges,
trains, aircraft etc. When designing objects, engineers must ensure that the
mechanical resonance frequencies of the component parts do not match driving
vibrational frequencies of motors or other oscillating parts to avoid a phenomenon
known as resonance disaster.

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Resonance disasters are a major concern in the construction of every

building, tower, bridge project etc. As a counter measure, shocks mounts can be
installed to absorb resonant frequencies and thus dissipate the absorbed energy.
Furthermore, the structure is designed to resonate at a frequency that does not
typically occur. Buildings in seismic zones are often constructed to take into
account the oscillating frequencies of expected ground motion. In addition, the
design engineers must ensure that the mechanical resonant frequencies of the
component parts do not match driving vibrational frequencies to avoid resonance.
1.2.2 PHASE AND RESONANCE:

The phase relationship between the driving oscillation and the
oscillation of the object being driven is different at different frequencies.
 Below resonance they are in phase with each other.
 At resonance the phase relationship is 90o or (π/2) rad.
 Above resonance the phase relationship is 180o or π rad.
Objects can oscillate in all sorts of ways but a really important form of oscillation
is SHM or Simple Harmonic Motion.
An object is undergoing simple harmonic motion (SHM) if;
1. The acceleration of the object is directly proportional to its displacement
from its equilibrium position.
2. The acceleration is always directed towards the equilibrium position.
With the increase of size and speed of modern machines, the vibration
problem assumes greater importance to mechanical engineers. Primarily a design
engineer has to expect a vibration problem at the design stage itself and try to
minimize the undesirable effects. Still if the effect persists, then it is a question as
to how the characteristics or the features of the structure should be modified to
reduce the vibrational effect. The input for modification to be done is obtained
either from an analytical model or from an experimental analysis.

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1.3 MODEL UPDATING:

Model Updating involves change in the design parameters of the
considered structure for analysis so as to get the required modal values obtained
by experimental analysis. The objective of model updating techniques is to bring
analytical F.E. Models closer to the real system i.e. The error between the
identified dynamic properties and those of numerical model is minimized. Here
an initial analytical FE model constructed for analyzing the dynamics of a
structure is refined or updated using test data measured on actual structure such
that the updated model describes the dynamic properties of the structure more
correctly. Finite element analysis is an effective tool to calculate the structural
responses under both static and dynamic loads. But due to many uncertainties in
the structural properties the modal analysis results of analytical (theoretical) and
experimental modal analysis does not match each other.
1.3.1 MODEL UPDATING METHODS:
The methods available for updating process are direct methods and
sensitivity methods.
The direct methods also called as non-iterative, methods were first to
emerge which updated the stiffness and mass matrices. These are one step
procedures and give almost exact results matching the experimental values;
however these models do not maintain the structural connectivity and the
corrections suggested are not physically meaningful. Hence this method is not
practiced generally [40].
The second type of model updating method is sensitivity or penalty method

which uses the iterative procedure. Here the criteria is to define the error function
between the analytical and experimental modal values, which involves the
differences in natural frequencies alone or both natural frequencies and mode
shapes or in the frequency domain involving FRFs. A frequency response
function (FRF) is a frequency-dependent quantity which is got from the
knowledge of both magnitude and phase of a harmonic response and the
excitation causing that response. There are a number of different quantities that
are termed as FRFs. Basically these can be divided into two distinct groups
(a) those denoting (response/force) characteristics; and,

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(b) those denoting (force/response) characteristics.

Each group can be subdivided further and categorized according to the actual
response parameter measured; displacement, velocity or .acceleration. All the
different quantities have specific names which are summarized below
Response type (a) Response/force (b) Force/response
Displacement x/f = Receptance f/x = Dynamic Stiffness
Velocity x'/f= Mobility f/x' = Mechanical Impedance
Acceleration x"/f = Inheritance or Accelerance f/x" = Apparent mass
.
The error is minimized by optimization of the error function. This function is
highly a nonlinear function with respect to the updating parameters. The selection
of the updating parameters is also important. The parameters should be chosen so
as to correct the recognized uncertainty in the model. More over the computed
Eigen values, Eigen vectors and response of the FE model should be sensitive to
the updating parameters.
Over the recent years, of all the model updating methods the second type
i.e., The Eigen data based and FRF based iterative methods have gained more
attention due to the flexibility of choosing the parameters for updating
[17][33][45].
1.4 PRESENT WORK:

The present project concentrates on the evaluation and comparison of the natural
frequencies of the Alluminium Elliptical plates. It is known that there are various
end conditions for the plates like cantilever, free-free, simply supported.
In the present project, the natural frequencies for the above end conditions of the
plates are evaluated both analytically and experimentally. The aspect ratio of
plates is varied and the natural frequencies are calculated. The analytical and
experimental values are tabulated for comparison.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Vibrations of plates are often encountered in various engineering practices like from
baffles in noisy machinery to vibration of aircraft components including the
instrument panels. Studies have been both on static and dynamic characteristics of
plates extensively in literature. A vast literature exists on the free vibration of flat
plates with free edges.
A. WLeissa [1] is conducted on free vibration of flat plates. Twenty-one cases exist
which involve the possible combinations of clamped and free edge conditions Exact
characteristic equations are given for the six cases having two opposite sides simply
supported. The Ritz method is employed with 36 terms containing the products of
beam functions to analyze the remaining 15 cases. Accurate frequency parameters
are presented fora range of aspect ratios (a/b 0-4, 2/3. 1-0, 1 5, and 2-5) for each case.
For the last 15 cases the effects of changing Poisson's ratio are studied.
Mr. Vishwas Kumar Nakum [2] is conducted on vibration analysis on flat plate,
knowing the natural frequency of a plate is always an important aspect to avoid
resonance. Kirchhoff plate theory is used for mathematical modeling of thin flat
plates. Assumptions of this theory restrict its applicability to thin plates only.
Another higher order theory is Mindlin-Reissner plate theory, applicable to wide
range of thickness as it considers the effects of transverse shear and rotary inertia.
Mathematical modeling of Kirchhoff plate theory is carried out which is closely
parallels the development of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and a similar treatment is
followed. Based on that, governing equation of vibration of rectangular plates is
derived.
Nikola Vladimir [3] is conducted on determining properties of thick plate finite

elements, based on the modified Mindlin theory for moderately thick plate Bending
deflection is used as a potential function for the definition of total deflection and
angles of cross-section rotations. Mindlin plate theory. Finite element formulation,
Thick-thin plate relation, Vibration analysis,

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Shear locking. The dynamic behavior of thick plate is quite a complex problem. due
to shear influence and rotary inertia.
Byung-Hee Kim [4] is conducted on free vibration analysis of an elliptical edge

constraints. Free vibration analysis, Rectangular plate, assumed mode method
characteristic orthogonal polynomials. Lagrange's equation of motion, arbitrary edge
constraints. Mindlin plate theory (Mindlin, Schacknow and Deresiewicz, 1956) is
introduced which includes the effect of shear deformation and rotational inertia, as
well. so that it may be applied to not only thin plates but also thick ones of which the
thickness to length ratio is larger than one twentieth of half a wavelength.
Satopepau [5] studied and concluded that Modal Analysis is significant in evaluating
the mode shapes generated by a component under vibrational excitation as the mode
shapes can be used to determine the displacement (or) responses of the component
under the influence vibration in real life applications. In order to understand vibration
problem identification and qualification of the resonance of a structure needs to
understand. There are two types of vibration and resonance vibration. The result of
the various analysis showed that any of the methods of analysis Modal frequencies of
a body can be used.
In 1993, K.H.Low [6] has done useful work on the free vibration of elliptical plate
with mounted weights. He used equivalent center weight method. He studied the
effects of changing the locations of the weights in both the directions on the
resonance frequencies. It is observed that the natural frequency of the plate was
decreasing as the weight of the component mass was increased and vice versa.
In 1995. Liew et. al, [7] have presented the work on vibration analysis of shear
deformable plates using boundary characteristic orthogonal polynomials. The effects
of factor like various boundary conditions, aspect ratios and thickness ratios are
studied on the natural frequencies of moderately thick plates. Kaushal and Bhat have
presented a comparative study of vibration of plates using the finite element method
and Rayleigh-Ritz method.

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In 2001, Singh et. al. [8] have studied the natural frequencies of composite plates
with random material properties using higher order deformation theory. The
composite materials have been known to show scattered material properties due to
large number of parameters associated with the manufacturing and fabrication
processes. An approach has been outlined for obtaining closed form expressions for
the variances of eigen solutions. The effects of side to thickness ratio and variation in
standard deviation of the material properties have been investigated for cross-ply
symmetric and anti-symmetric laminates.
Attempts were made to predict the modal behavior of holed plates, to know about
their characteristics, which is of great interest The dynamic characteristics of plates
with have been studied only by a few with plates and cutouts of similar nature The
dynamic behavior of plates with multiple cutouts has been the subject of intensive
study in the recent past variety of numerical methods have been used to analyze the
vibration of elliptical plates. The use of Rayleigh-Ritz method with B-spline
functions was presented by Misuzuwa(1986), in which accurate values of the Natural
frequencies of elliptical plates were obtained for different aspect ratios and boundary
conditions in comparison with the results obtained by other numerical methods I was
also observed that the Poisson's ratio significantly influences the natural frequencies
of square plates with free edges However these studies were continued to plates with
rectangular and circular cutouts only.
In 1976, G. Asku and R. Ali, [9] have studied the dynamic characteristics of
mildsteel rectangular plates based on the variational principles in the two-
dimensional finite difference schemes for one or two cutouts and verified
experimentally, The cutouts have considerable influence on the natural frequencies
and the mode shapes. The theoretical natural frequencies obtained were found to be
lower than the experimental values and the differences were found to increase for the
higher modes due to the increased complexity in the mode shapes.
In1990,Leeet.al, [10] have presented a simple numerical method based on the

Rayleigh quotient for predicting the natural frequencies of the fundamental and some
higher modes of a rectangular plate with an arbitrarily located rectangular cutout. The
edges of the cutout were parallel to the edges of the complete plate. The nodal
patterns of these higher modes were pre-selected based on the symmetry of the mode

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shapes about the geometrical axes.The predicted results were compared favorably
with the corresponding results produced by a variety of numerical methods such as
Rayleigh-Ritz method presented by Takahashi (1985) and Basdecas and Chi
(1970).However, these were confined to plate with rectangular and elliptical cutouts.
In 2003, Sakiyama et. al, [11] have discussed the free vibration of orthotropic
square plates with a square hole using an approximate method. The square plate with
a square hole was transformed into an equivalent square plate with non uniform
thickness by considering the hole as an extremely thin part of the equivalent plate.
The dynamic characteristics of a plate with a hole were obtained by analyzing the
equivalent plate. The Green function, which is the discrete solution for the deflection
of the equivalent plate, was used to obtain the characteristic equation of the free
vibration. The effects of the side to thickness ratio, hole side to plate side ratio and
the variation of the thickness on the frequencies were considered. Numerical analyses
are carried out for the simply supported orthotropic square plate with a square hole.
The efficiency and accuracy of the numerical solutions by the method have been
investigated.
In 1989, K. M. Liew et. al, [12] have studied the effect of fiber orientation, plate
aspect ratio and boundary conditions using plate functions in the Rayleigh-Ritz
procedure. The vibration analysis of shear deformable plates formulated on the basis
of first order Mindlin theory was presented. The displacement and rotational
functions of the plates were approximated by sets of boundary characteristic
orthogonal polynomials.
The ease of generation and manipulation of these polynomial functions greatly
enhances the computational efficiency of the numerical method. The energy
functional of the shear deformable plates derived from the Mindlin plate theory is
minimized in the Ritz procedure to arrive at the governing eigenvalue equation.
Corresponding natural frequencies and mode shapes can be obtained by solving the
eigenvalue equation. Computed frequency results for various boundary conditions,
aspect ratios and thickness ratios were presented to demonstrate the effects of each
factor on the vibration frequencies of moderately thick plates.

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CHAPTER-3
ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

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Aluminium alloys are a type of alloys in which aluminium is the predominant metal. The
typical Alloying Elements that include are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and
zinc. In these Alloys there are two main classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought
alloys. These can be further sub divided into the categories of heat-treatable and non-heat-
treatable. About 85% of the aluminium is used for wrought products like rolled plate, foils
and extrusions. Cast aluminium alloys give cost- effective products due to the low melting
point, although they generally have lower tensile strengths than wrought aluminium alloys.
The most important cast aluminium alloy system is Al-Si ,where the high levels of silicon of
4 to 13 percentage contribute to give good casting characteristics. Aluminium alloys are
widely used in engineering structures and components light weight or corrosion is required.
Aluminium alloys mostly have been very important in aerospace manufacturing since the
introduction of metal-skinned aircraft. Aluminium-magnesium alloys are both lighter than
other aluminium alloys and much less flammable than alloys that contain a very high
percentage of magnesium.
3.1 Properties
Aluminium alloys have a unique combination of properties makes them one of the most
versatile engineering and construction materials available today.
3.1.1 Light weight

Aluminium is one of the lightest available commercial metals with a density approximately
equal to one third that of steel or copper. Due it its high strength to weight ratio makes it
particularly important to transport facilities of transportation industries allowing increased
payloads and fuel savings. Catamaran ferries, petroleum tankers and aircraft are good
examples for aluminium’s use in transport industry.
3.1.2 Excellent Corrosion Resistance

Aluminium has excellent resistance to corrosion due to present of the thin layer of aluminium
oxide that forms on surface of aluminium when it is exposed to air. Aluminium can be left in
the mill finished condition in many applications. If additional protection or decorative
finishes be required, then aluminium can be either anodized or painted.

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3.1.3 Strong
Although tensile strength of aluminium metal is not much high, mechanical properties can be
markedly increased by the addition of alloying elements that are said and tempering process.
We can choose the alloy with the most suitable characteristics for your application. The
typical alloying elements are manganese, silicon, copper and magnesium.
3.1.4 Strong at Low Temperatures

Generally steel becomes brittle at low temperatures, but aluminium increases in tensile
strength and retains excellent toughness.
3.1.5 Easy to work

Aluminium can be fabricated easily into various forms such as foil, sheets, geometric shapes,
rod, tube and wire. It also shows excellent machinability and plasticity ideal for bending,
cutting and spinning, roll forming, hammering, forging and drawing manufacturing
processes. Aluminium can be milled, turned or bored readily, using the correct tool age. In
fact, most aluminium alloys can be machined easily and speedily. An important factor is
contributing to the low cost of finished aluminium parts. Aluminium is popular choice of
material for complex-sectioned hollow extrusions. Almost any kind of joining is applicable
like riveting, welding, brazing or soldering. A wide variety of mechanical aluminium
fasteners simplifies the assembly of many products.
The adhesive bonding of aluminium parts is successfully employed in many applications like
aircraft components, car bodies and some building applications.
3.1.6 Good Heat Conductor

Aluminium is nearly three times as thermally-conductive as steel. This characteristic is more
important in heat exchanging application whether it may be heating or cooling. It is used
extensively in cooking utensils, air conditioning, industrial heat exchangers and automotive
parts.
3.1.7 Heat Reflectivity

Aluminium is an excellent reflector of radiant energy throughout the entire range of wave
lengths of light. From Ultra-violet through the visible spectrum to infra-red and heat waves,
as well as electromagnetic waves such as radio and radar. Aluminium has a light reflectivity
of eighty percentages which has led to its wide use in lighting fixtures. Due to these

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reflectivity characteristics, it leads to its use as an insulating material. For instance,

aluminium roofing reflects a high percentage of the sun’s heat, promoting a cool interior
atmosphere in summer, yet insulating against heat loss in winter season.
3.1.8 Good Electrical Conductor

Aluminium is one of the two common types of metals having electrical conductivity high
enough for use as an electrical conductor. This conductivity of electrical conductor grade is
approximately 62 percentage that of the International Annealed Copper Standard. However,
aluminium is only a third weight of copper, which means it conducts about twice as much as
electricity as copper of the same weight. Aluminium is widely utilized in power transmission
cables, transformers, bus bars and bases of electrical bulbs.
3.1.9 Easy Surface Treatment

For many types of applications, aluminium requires no protective or decorative coating; the
surface supplied is entirely adequate without further finishing. Mechanical finishing
operations such as polishing, embossing, sand blasting, or wire brushing meets a variety type
of needs. Whereas the plain aluminium surface does not suffice, a wide variety of surface
finishing operations are available to suit. The processes like chemical, electrochemical and
paint finishes are all use. Above ll, anodizing treatment can provide excellent corrosion
resistance and a wide range of color variations. Such finishes are widely used for both interior
and exterior type of applications.
3.1.10 Non-Magnetic
Aluminium has non-magnetic properties also. These properties make it useful for electrical
shielding such as magnetic compass housing. Other applications like computer disks and
parabolic antennas.
3.1.11 Non-Toxic
It was discovered the fact that aluminium is essentially non-toxic material. This fact was
found in the early days of the industry. It is this characteristic which enables the metal which
can be used in cooking utensils without any harmful effect on the body. Aluminium with its
smooth surface is easily cleaned, promoting a hygienic environment for food processing.
Aluminium foil wrapping and containers are used extensively and safely in direct contact
with food products.

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3.1.12 Easy to recycle

Aluminium has low melting temperature, due to this, it is economically recyclable, requires
only about 5% the energy required for smelting. It is an ideal material in these days and also
resource saving.
3.1.13 Sound Absorbing

Aluminium has sound absorbing property which is used for ceilings.
3.1.14 Shock Absorbing

The modulus of elasticity of aluminium is low so this is used for automobile bumpers and the
like.
3.1.15 Non-Sparkling
Aluminium is void of sparkling properties against it and other non-ferrous metals.
3.2 Applications
Due to the versatile properties of various aluminium alloys they have wide range of
applications as transport, food preparation, energy generation, packaging, architecture, and
electrical transmission applications. Depending upon he application, the aluminium can be
used to replace other materials like copper, steel, zinc, fin plate, stainless steel, titanium,
wood, paper, concrete, and composite materials. Some examples of the areas where
aluminium is used are given in the following sections.
3.2.1 Packaging
Properties like corrosion resistance and protection against UV light combined with moisture
and odor containment plus the fact that aluminium is non-toxic also resulted in the
widespread use of aluminium foils and sheet in food packaging and protection. The most
common using of aluminium for packaging has been in aluminium beverage cans.
Aluminium cans now account for around 15 percentage of the global consumption of
aluminium.
3.2.2 Transport
The property the excellent strength to weight ratio of aluminium has made it the important

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material for the construction of aircraft. These some properties of aluminium mean various
alloys are now also used in passenger and freight rail cars, military vehicles, commercial
vehicles, ships and boats, boats and coaches, buses and coaches, bicycles and increasingly in
motor cares. Due to the nature of aluminium with regards to corrosion resistance and
recyclability, there is increase in demand for aluminium vehicle components.
3.2.3 Marine Applications

Aluminium plate and extrusions are used largely for the superstructures of ships. The use of
these materials allows designers to increase the above waterline size of the vessel without
creating the stability problems. The aluminium has weight advantage and it allows marine
architect to get better performance from the available power by using aluminium in the hulls
of hovercraft, fast multi-hulled catamarans and surface planning vessels. Lower weight and
longer lifecycles have made aluminium to become the established material for helidecks and
helideck support structures on offshore oil and gas rigs. The same properties have resulted in
the widespread use of aluminium in oil rig stain towers and telescopic personnel bridges.
3.2.4 Building Architecture

Aluminium plates are used in building covers a wide range of applications. These
applications include roofing, foil insulation, window, cladding, doors, shop fronts, balustrade,
architectural hardware and guttering. Aluminium is also most commonly used as in the form
of tread plate and industrial flooring.
3.2.5 Foils
Aluminium is produced in commercial foils as thin as 6.5 micro meter. Material which is
thicker than 0.2 mm is called as sheet or strip. Aluminium foil is impervious to light, gases,
oils and fats, volatile compounds and water vapor. These properties combined with high
formability, heat and cold resistance, non-toxicity, strength and reflectivity to heat and light
mean aluminium foil is used in many types of applications. These applications include the
following
a. Pharmaceutical Packaging
b. Food protection and Packaging
c. Insulation
d. Electrical Shielding
e. Laminates

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3.3 Aluminium alloy 7075

7075 aluminum alloy (AA7075) is an aluminum alloy, with zinc as the primary alloying
element. It has excellent mechanical properties, and exhibits good ductility, high strength,
toughness and fatigue. It is more susceptible to microsegregation than many other aluminum
alloys, but has better corrosion resistance than the 2000 alloys. It is one of the most
frequently used aluminum alloy for highly stressed structural applications, and has been
widely used in aircraft structural parts.
3.3.1 Composition
Table 3.1 Typical composition of aluminium alloy 7075
Component Amount (wt. %)

Aluminium Balance
Magnesium 2.1-2.5
Silicon <0.5
Iron <0.5
Copper 1.2-1.6
Zinc 5.6-6.1
Titanium <0.5
Manganese .15 <0.5
Chromium <0.5

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CHAPTER-4
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND PROCEDURE

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CHAPTER-4 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND PROCEDURE
S.No. Name of the Title Page No.
4.1 Experimental Set-Up 24
4.1.1 Impulse Hammer 24
4.1.2 Accelerometer 25
4.1.3 Data Acquisition 26
4.1.4 Data Analysis 26
4.2 Test Specimen Details 28
4.3 Experimental Procedure 29

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4.1 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
To conduct the experiment the following are the major equipments required:
1. Impulse hammer
2. Accelerometer
3. Dynamic signal analyzer
The detailed specifications of the above equipments are given below.
4.1.1 IMPULSE HAMMER:

The impulse hammer is used to create an impulse on the test specimen. The body of the
hammer is made of stainless steel and the head and handle is of fibre material. The head
weight is 100 g and the total weight is 220 g. A sensitive cable connects the hammer at
the rear portion to the analyser. Fig 4.1 shows an impulse hammer with parts and
dimensions
Fig 4.1: Impulse hammer

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4.1.2 ACCELEROMETER:
Light weight, cube shaped accelerometer for vibration measurements in multichannel
modal test applications is shown in Fig 4.2. Cube shaped design allows two units to be placed
side by side with sensitive axis oriented to measure acceleration along orthogonal axis. It
operates on low impedance voltage mode. It is a lightweight, ceramic shear modal sensor,
which is durable and is made of hard anodized, Aluminium housing for ground isolation. This
cube shaped for mounting flexibility requires the mounting surface be clean and flat. The
accelerometer can be attached to the test structure by using wax, adhesive or by a mounting
clip. The built-in charge amplifier provides a low impedance voltage output, allowing the use
of standard low cost cabling. This accelerometer will operate directly from the internal power
source available in most FFT analyzers The lightweight ceramic shear design is ideally suited
for use in modal test applications where mass loading on very light structures is an important
measurement concern. Aerospace and Automotive vehicle structure testing; air frame flight
flutter test, product development test are but of the few application areas suitable for this
accelerometer series.
Fig 4.2: Accelerometer

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4.1.3 DATA ACQUISITION:

The data acquisition was done by using a National Instruments Dynamic
Signal Acquisition Board which was pre-installed in a PC. Since the roving hammer method
was used, we require only two channels to be connected. The hammer was connected to the
input channel and accelerator was connected to the output channel. The board can be
recognized by the modal analysis software DEWE Software. The advantage of using this
channel is that it can be easily connected to any PC or laptop. There are several other channel
boards we can use, but considering all these factors the above channel board was the final
choice.
4.1.4 DATA ANALYSIS:
The commercial software DEWE Scope was used to calculate the frequency response
functions and synthesizes the mode data like mode shapes, the natural frequencies and the
damping. The frequency response function of each hit was calculated simultaneously upon
receipt of impact signal that was acquired from the hammer. In order to minimize difference
between hits, an average of 4 hits was made. The average was automatically updated, after
each hit action, and coherence function was also computed.
An ideal coherence function would have a value of one throughout the whole
range of the frequency spectrum if each hit was exactly the same. However, this is not
possible in a real experiment. There are often some notches on coherence function, at points
where the frequency response function also has notches. These notches are usually
acceptable. But, if there are too man notches at other places on the plate, the data collected is
considered bad.
The following are the details of the equipment that have been used for performing
the analysis
a) Data acquisition system: SIRIUSi 8xACC (Dual Core), USB-based 8-channel

IEPE/Voltage unit
b) Sensors and transducers: Modal hammer Dewesoft IH-400N-1 (scaling: 22,7

mV/N), Acceleration sensor Dewesoft I1T-50g-1 (scaling: 99,3 mV/g)
c) Used software: Dewesoft X2, DSA package (including Modal test FRF)

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Fig 4.3: Modal hammer Dewesoft IH-400N-1
Fig 4.4: USB-based 8-channel IEPE/Voltage unit

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TEST SPECIMEN DETAILS

The test specimen taken for analysis is elliptical aluminum plates , the properties of
which are as follows,
Young’s modulus of elasticity, E= 71.7 GPa
Density of the material, ρ = 2.81 kg/m3
The cross section of the elliptical plates as major axis 180mm, and minor axis varies as
90mm, 120mm, 130mm, for aspect ratios 0.5, 0.6, 0.75.
The Fig. 4.4 shows the test specimens used for analysis. These are neatly ground and finished
to avoid the risk of burrs while handling them.
4.5 TOP VIEW OF TEST SPECIMEN

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4.2 Experimental Procedure

Connect the PC to Vibration Analyzer through cables. Attach the Impact hammer and
accelerometer through cables to PC. The channel 1 is for impact hammer and channel 2 is for
accelerometer. Fix the accelerometer at node 11 on the plate.
1. Free-Free
2. Fixed at one end
3. Fixed at both ends
4. Simply supported at ends
Fig 4.5 Free-Free condition

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4.6 Fixed at one end
4.6 Fixed at both ends

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4.7 Simply Supported at ends
Open the software in PC which analyses the input signals that are received to vibration
analyzer. Vibration analyzer will get the signals from Impact Hammer and Accelerometer.
The software in PC will give the respond that is FRF which gives the resonant frequencies as
shown in the figure 4.5. Perform the experiment for elliptical flat aluminium plate

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CHAPTER-5
MODAL VALUES OF BEAM SPECIMEN

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CHAPTER-5 MODAL VALUES AND BEAM SPECIMEN
S.NO. Name of the Title Page No.

5.1 Free-Free condition
5.1.1 Analysis of free-free 34
5.2 Fixed at one end

5.2.1 Analysis of one end fixed 36
5.3 Fixed at both ends
5.3.1 Analysis of two end fixed 38

5.4 Simply Supported at ends
5.4.1 Analysis of simply supported 40

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CHAPTER-5 MODAL VALUES OF ELLIPTICAL PLATE

The natural frequencies of the elliptical plates are found out analytically and
experimentally for the various end conditions and aspect ratios. These results are
tabulated
5.1 FREE-FREE CONDITION :
The analytical and experimental values of the first natural frequencies of free-free beam
without damping are evaluated and tabulated in the table 5.2.1
Aspect First Natural Second Natural Third Natural

Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
ratios
Results Exp Results Exp Results Exp
from Values from Values Values
from FEM
FEM FEM
0.5 998.31 1010.74 1549.4 1500 2518.6 2531.25
0.66 967.28 963.87 1181 1177.73 2386.1 2383.2
0.75 941.59 946.92 1055 1042 2041.8 2018
Table 5.1.1:- Result from FEM and Experimental Values of Natural Frequencies of
Free- Free Condition
5.1.1 FRF CURVES FOR FREE-FREE CONDITION:

The FRF curves for the test specimen for free-free end condition is shown below
FOR ASPECT RATIO 0.75

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Fig 5.2.1:- FRF curves for free-free condition

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5.2 FIXED AT ONE END CONDITION:

The analytical and experimental values of the first natural frequencies of on end fixed
Condition the elliptical plates are evaluated and tabulated in the table 5.1.1

ratios
from FEM
FEM FEM
0.5 184.04 178.71 752 641.6 1090 1051.76
0.66 160.06 166.99 471.32 477.54 965.32 972.66
0.75 158.32 164.06 461.62 468.74 925.31 960.94
Table 5.1.1:- Analytical and Experimental Values of Natural Frequencies of one end
fixed Condition
5.2.1 FRF CURVES FOR ONE END FIXED CONDITION:

The FRF curves for the test specimen for one end fixed condition is shown below

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Fig 5.2.1:- FRF curves for one end fixed condition

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5.3 BOTH ENDS FIXED CONDITION:

The analytical and experimental values of the first natural frequencies of both ends
fixed Condition the elliptical plates are evaluated and tabulated in the table 5.1.1

ratios
from FEM
FEM FEM
0.5 750.32 758.79 920.31 925.78 1102 1104.49
0.66 591.32 594.73 916.94 744.14 1091.31 1098.63
0.75 468.32 474.61 908.36 914.06 1050.31 1057.62
Table 5.3.1:- Analytical and Experimental Values of Natural Frequencies of Both ends
fixed Condition
5.3.1 FRF CURVES FOR BOTH ENDS FIXED CONDITION:

The FRF curves for the test specimen for both ends fixed condition is shown below
For Aspect Ratio 0.5

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Fig 5.3.1:- FRF curves for both ends fixed condition

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5.4 SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT ENDS:

The analytical and experimental values of the first natural frequencies of simply
supported Condition the elliptical plates are evaluated and tabulated in the table 5.1.1

ratios
from Values from Values from FEM Values
FEM FEM
0.5 191.78 187.52 272.42 269.53 367.72 354.41
0.66 167.14 164.06 265.62 260.74 316.41 321.41
0.75 121.92 128.91 223.36 219.73 264.71 260.74
Table 5.4.1:- Result from FEM and Experimental Values of Natural Frequencies of
simply supported condition
5.4.1 FRF CURVES FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED CONDITION:

The FRF curves for the test specimen for simply supported condition is shown below

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Fig 5.4.1:- FRF curves for simply supported condition

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CHAPTER-6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION :
 On the basis of Experimental work and FEA Analysis by using the ANSYS 19.2
software, the vibrational characteristics of the plate with different aspect ratios and
various boundary conditions are done.
 Then frequencies at different aspect ratios are tabulated. From this analysis we
conclude that the natural frequencies of the plate are increasing with the decrease in
aspect ratio
 The Graphs are drawn for first natural frequencies comparing analytical and
experimental values of various boundary conditions.
FREE-FREE CONDITION :

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ONE END FIXED CONDITION :

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BOTH ENDS FIXED CONDITION :

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SIMPLY SUPPORTED :

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CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION :
• From this analysis we conclude that natural frequencies are decreasing with
increasing in aspect ratios in all boundary conditions.
• The natural frequencies when compared to free-free are decreased in order of both
ends fixed, one end fixed, and simply supported at ends.
• The experimental results obtained are in good agreement with the results from
FEM.
• Finite element method serves as a good means to solve simple to complex
engineering problems, the near to accurate results of can be obtained.

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REFERENCES

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REFERENCES :
1. A. W. Leissa, “Vibration of plates”, 1969, NASA SP 160, Journal of Sound and

Vibration 31, pp.257-293.
2. Mr. Vishwaskumar Nakum, “Natural frequencies of thin rectangular flat plate under
transverse vibrations”, 2016, IJSRRET, Vol.2 (1).
3. Nikola Vladimir, “A New finite element formulation for vibration analysis of thick
plates”, 2015, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean engineering, vol
(7), pp.324 -345.
4. Byung-hee Kim, “Free vibration analysis of rectangular plate with arbitrary edge
constraints using characteristic orthogonal polynomials is assumed mode method”,
2012, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean engineering, vol.4, Issue
3, pp.267-280.
5. Satope pau, “Experimental Modal Analysis of Flat plate subjected To Vibration”,
2016, AJER, Vol.5, pp-30-37.
6. K. H. Low, “Analytical and experimental investigation on vibrating rectangular plate
with mounted weights”, 1993, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 160(1), pp.111-121
7. Liew, “Vibration of Mindlin Plates Using Boundary Characteristic Orthogonal
Polynomials”, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1995, vol.182, pp.77-90.
8. Singh, “Natural frequencies of Composite plates with Random material properties
using Higher-order Shear deformation theory”, 2001, International Journal of
Mechanical Sciences, Vol.10, pp.20193-221.
9. G. Asku and R. Ali, “free vibration analysis of stiffened plates using finite difference
method”, 1976, Journal of Sound and Vibration 48, pp.15-25.
10. Lee, “prediction of natural frequencies of rectangular plates with rectangular cutouts”,
1990, computer and structures 36(5), scholar bank@NUS.
11. Sakiyama, free vibration of orthotropic square plates with a square hole, Journal of
Sound and Vibrations, 2003, Vol.259, pp.63-80.
12. K. M. Liew, “Two-dimensional orthogonal polynomials for vibration of rectangular
composite plates”, 1989, Composite Structure, vol.13, pp.239-250.

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MODAL ANALYSIS OF ELLIPTICAL PLATES

D. SHIVANI BAI (169X1A0328) A. NAGARAVINDRA KUMAR (179X5A03J1)

Under the Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous)

(Affiliated to JNTUA, ANANTHAPURAMU)

G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous)

(Affiliated to JNTUA, ANANTHAPURAMU)

D. SHIVANI BAI(169X1A0328) A. NAGARAVINDRA KUMAR(179X5A03J1)

D. SHIVANI BAI (169X1A0328)

A. NAGA RAVINDRA KUMAR (179X5A03J1)

B. JOSHHNA SANJEWINE (169X1A0325)

V. K. HARI SAINATH RAO (169X1A0351)

B. KISHORE KUMAR (169X1A0383)

Chapter No. Name of the Chapter Page No.

02 LITERATURE SURVEY 10-14

03 ALUMINIUM ALLOY 15-21

04 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE 22-31

05 MODAL VALUES 32-41

06 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 42-48

Table No. Name of the Table Page No.

One end clamped readings:

Both ends clamped readings:

Simply supported at end readings:

Figure No. Name of the Figures Page No.

5.1.1 FRF curve for Free-Free 34

Graph No. Name of the Graph Page No.

6.2 Graph of first natural frequency of a One End fixed 46

6.3 Graph of first natural frequency of a Both Ends fixed 47

6.4 Graph of first natural frequency of a Simply Supported 47

SDM Structural Dynamic Modification

Notation Name Usage of the Notation

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. GPREC Page 1

S.No. Name of the Title Page No.

1.1.1 Terminology of Vibrations 3

1.1.2 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors 4

1.1.3 Practical Applications of Eigen values and Eigen vectors 4

1.2.1 Effect of Resonance 6

1.2.2 Phase and Resonance 7

1.3 Model Updating 8

1.4 Present Work 9

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. GPREC Page 2

1.1 VIBRATIONS-ITS PROS AND CONS:

 Displacement –. The displacement of the object at any point in its

A = the amplitude (maximum displacement) in m, t = the time in s, since the

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. GPREC Page 3

 Velocity–The velocity of the object at any point in its oscillation is

term in this equation is: v = the velocity in ms-1.

In this equation; a = acceleration in ms-2, f = frequency in Hz, x = displacement

1.1.2 EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS [Λ AND Φ]:

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. GPREC Page 4

1.1.3 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN

 Most structures from buildings to bridges have a natural frequency of

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. GPREC Page 5

1.2.1 EFFECT OF RESONANCE:

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. GPREC Page 6

Resonance disasters are a major concern in the construction of every