VR Applications

7.1 Introduction
In the 1970s when computers first started to make some sort of impact, it was possible
to see that their application would have long-term ramifications on all sorts of sectors.
And although it was difficult to predict exactly what would happen, one knew that
the world would never be the same again. Information systems, mathematical com-
putation, graphic design, engineering design, aerospace, architecture, control sys-
tems, telecommunications, accounting, stock markets, and even fine art were all
destined to be innocent victims for computerization.
In spite of some mistakes, it was an exciting period of discovery where the so-called
'computer experts' learned about their craft with every system they implemented.
Software tools were very primitive and system design methodologies were invented
ad hoc.
Almost 40 years later we can look back on this period with some satisfaction, for today
the computer has become the most influential technological invention in human
endeavour. Computers are everywhere, and we use them in all aspects of our daily lives.
Today, we do not have to argue the case for using computers - it is a forgone conclusion
that a computer solution is probably the best solution.
Now that our lives revolve around computers we are in the midst of a mini revolution:
virtual reality (VR). VR, like computers, could touch everything to do with our daily
lives, but it will not happen overnight. Like the early computer systems, VR will
require time to mature before it can be applied effectively. Software, standards, and
interfaces are all issues that must be addressed ifVR is to become a ubiquitous tech-
nology. But we cannot just sit back and wait for these issues to be resolved - we must
discover everything about VR in order to understand its strengths and weaknesses in
order to influence its future.

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J. Vince, Introduction to Virtual Reality
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2004
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Fortunately for everyone, some very dedicated people have realized that the only way
to progress VR is to become involved and push the subject forward. But apart from
pushing from within, VR needs to be pulled by the sectors that will eventually benefit
from its use. It cannot be left to such a small industry to understand how every indus-
trial sector can use their technology and develop appropriate software tools - it must be
a joint effort.
To a certain extent this is now happening and various industries are exploring how best
to use VR within their own sector. However, we must interpret carefully how such pro-
jects are progressing: great strides are being made, but VR is still an emerging technol-
ogy, and we must learn to accept that it cannot be rushed.
With these thoughts in mind let us explore potential application areas for VR. The list
will not be exhaustive but it will provide the opportunity to discuss a whole range of
issues associated with VR and the way it is applied. Some of the examples are based on
real case studies, while others are anticipating future scenarios.

7.2 Industrial
Today, computer-aided design (CAD) is an important tool for industry, and the idea
of using a virtual representation of a three dimensional (3D) object is nothing new.
Computers are used on a daily basis to design everything from a single gear to an
entire aircraft. Some CAD workstations can manipulate 3D objects in real time, but
as these databases become very large, real-time manipulation becomes difficult.
An engineer does not have to be persuaded of the importance of 3D visualization.
Anything that minimizes the introduction of errors has to be considered, for the last
thing anyone wants to commission is the production of an expensive tool, moulding
or pressing, only to discover a design fault.
One of the major advantages of CAD is the ability to visualize an object before it is
manufactured, but VR enables us to get one step closer by inspecting it in real time
with the aid of a suitable display. However, this facility cannot be arbitrarily inter-
faced to the CAD process - it must be an integral feature. This will take time, but it is
highly likely that VR visualization and inspection will become a standard feature of
future CAD systems. Typical industrial applications for VR include:
• visualizing engineering concepts;
• training personnel;
• evaluating ergonomic issues;
• visualizing virtual prototypes;
• exploring servicing strategies;
• simulating the interaction of assemblies;
• simulating the dynamics of articulated structures;
• stress analysis;
• distributed product development management;