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VSAT Communications Networks PDF
VSAT Communications Networks PDF
VSAT Communications Networks PDF
-/
FLAG ADDRESS CRC FLAG
\
RA/TDMA
Channel - Satellite
Delay, Ts
-
, Success
A
- Retransmission
~ ~ ~ i l ~ ~ ~
slot a n d is available to all microstations for transmission Remote stations which use 1.2m or 1.8m antenna or
of their packets. A DA/TDMA slot is a slot dedicated to a 2.4m for heavy rain rate regions.
single microstation and normally there is n o contention 0 A system that r a n be implemented o n any Ku-band
o n DA/TDMA slots. T h e H U B broadcasts a slot m a p satellite.
which defines the RA/TDMA a n d DAITDMA slots i n 0 Low cost a n d high reliability are the overriding
TABLEI
TYPICAL FOR VSAT SYSTEMS
CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS
Inquiry/Response Data Collection
(Credit Card)
1 ) Process Topology STAR (Host/Remote Terminals) STAR (Host/Remote Terminals)
2) Number of User Terminals 250-5000 250-5000
3) Network Coverage USA-Any Location USA-Any Location
4) Traffic Requirements (Each Site) On Demand Batch Transmissions
.5 to 6 K Bytes/Transaction 9.6 MBITS/Day
20 Transartions/Hr 1 or More Transactions
5) Typical Data Rate (s)
-Hub Direction .3, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2 56 Kbps 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2, 56 KBPS
-Remote Direction As Required to Meet Items 1 , 3, As Required to Meet Items 1, 3,
and 6 8c6
6) Peak Hour Response Time 6 Secs. Max. 2 Hours
7) Customer Interface (s) Credit Card Readers; Interartive Polled Terminal
Terminals RS-232-C or V.35
RS-232 or V.35
8) Bit Error Rate 10-7 10-7
9) Transmission System Availability 99.5% 99.5%
-Pure Aloha (P-Aloha) signed, may yield a threefold increase i n capacity over a
-Slotted Aloha (S-Aloha) P-Aloha channel. However, in a non-linear satellite
-Aloha with Capture effect (C-Aloha) repeater with AM/PM effect handling a large number of
-Aloha with rapacity reservation (R-Aloha) C-Aloha channels may introduce modulation transfer
effec t across the entire transponder band due to this
Pure Aloha (P-Aloha)-The P-Aloha scheme i r 4 m -
random fluctuation of transponder input level (AM).
ple and needs n o sophisticated hardware. In essence,
Aloha wzth capaczty reseruatzon (R-Aloha)-In a
multiple user5 address their message pac kets i n a TDMA
system where there are a few large and frequent users, it is
frame in a purely random fashion. Because of this un-
possible to dedicate a portion of the channel on a fixed
restricted access freedom, message packets d o collide, and
assignment basis a n d the remaining portion of the
then need retransmission giving rise to throughput
channel is open to contention amongst many small and
delay and reduction in transmission efficiency.
sporadic users. For example, if half of the channel is
Slotted Aloha (S-Aloha)-decreases the probability of
dedicated on a fiqed assignment basis of 80 percent
collision between packets by requiring that users transmit
utilization and the iemaining half a t 36.8 percent effi-
only at the beginning of discrete time intervals (slots).
ciency on a n S-Aloha mode, the overall channel effi-
T h i s means that two users can interfere with each other
ciency becomes 58.4 percent.
only if they transmit at exactly the same time. T h e
A large varieties of reservation protocols are i n use and
S-Aloha channel has two disadvantages. One is the
a few of these are as follows [5-91:
potential complexity of establishing the synchronized
time reference for all users and the other is the packet -Implicit Reservation,
length. T h a t is the time between clock ticks, represents -Explicit Reservation,
the maximum a m o u n t of data that a single user can -Priority Oriented Demand Assignment (PODA),
transmit at a given time. Reciprocally, for small users the -Contention PODA (CPODA),
time between the end of a user's transmission and the -First-In-First-Out (FIFO) Reservation Scheme,
beginning of the next slot is wasted. S-Aloha channels -Split Reservation Upon Collision (SRUC).
collision scenario is perhaps more orderly than P-Aloha
channels. T h e maximum throughput of a S-Aloha An example of theoretical channel efficiency improve-
channel is twice that of a P-Aloha channel. ment of reservation with 80percentchannel utilization is
Aloha wzth capture effect (C-Aloha)-Improvement shown in Table 111.
in capacity can be achieved if each user transmits at a From Table 111, we see that as far as channel efficiency
slightly different power level. If two packets with is concerned there is much to be said for a dual protocol
different signal levels collide, the stronger of the two which makes reservation for long messages and which
signals is likely to capture the receiver and be transmitted sends short messages without reservation. O n the other
without error. T h e C-Aloha channel, if properly de- hand, if the demand for the reservation and the conten-
ln
a,
VI
$
RAlTDMA
TDM$
Comm. Control
B Processor
TABLE IV
COMPUTER TIME
ACCESS/RESPONSE EXAMPLE
Business Dept. Store Hypermarket Specialty Store Food Distr. Mass Merch.
Peak Hour Transaction (A) 35 60 19 40 63
Itrms/Transaction (B) 1.5 27 1.5 30 11.5
M O D E OF S E T T L E M E N T (%)
CashlCOD 41 90 47 95 65
In-House Credit Card (C) 49 0 39 0 0
Bank Credit Card (D) 10 10 14 5 35
T E R M I N A L / S T 0R E
Average 49.98 37.84 7.00 9.30 27.60
At 1 std. dev. (E) 84.54 64.00 11.84 16.00 36.32
S T O R E A C T I V I T Y A T I S T D . DEV. OF T E R M I N A L P O P U L A T I O N :
Itemslhr (AXBXE) 4,438 103,680 337 19,200 26,314
Creditslhr (AXE)X(C+D) 1,746 384 119 32 80 1
Disk accessltrans (F)* 6.98 57 6.78 63 26
Disk accesslhr (AXEXF) 20,653 218,880 1,525 40,320 59,492
RESPONSE T I M E X X(ms)
95th percentile 1,000 800 1,000 750 800
~~
'(F) is derived from price look up, data collect, total update, and employee validation activities.
+
**Includes the wad/ write head movement (seek rotational latency) [IO].
56,000
Where X = number of collision free packets (A”-lrn
b = packet size including overhead
= 1120 bits (maximum size); 320 bits (hnTT) /- Time
( m i n i m u m size)
(s) =1
can, however, be transformed i n t o a deterministic chan-
nel, such as, an RA/TDMA channel with 100 percent
reservation is a TDMA channel which is deterministic.
With about 80 percent efficiency, a 56 Kbps TDMA
channel can serve 40 VSAT terminals each having a n
average data rate of about 1120 bps; whereas the same
With a large number of VSATpopulation and E / C = l , channel under RA/TDMA mode could possibly serve
packet attempts will be blocked d u r i n g peak hours. 1440 VSAT users if the traffic was sporadic and occurring
However, this situation can be circumvented b y a proper once every three minutes. Implementation of low speed
distribution of the population i n four different time TDMA (56-64 kbps) is perhaps economically unattrac-
zones. If all the population is distributed i n a single time tive for such a small population of users.
7one then blockage is inevitable d u r i n g peak demand. However, SCPC (Single-Channel-per-Carrier) in-
LJnder this condition, storage a n d forward scheme is bound channels to the h u b operating at 1.2-9.6 Kbps and
desirable resulting additional delay. outbound 56 Kbps T D M scheme is perhaps a n appro-
T h e average number of packets i n the queue will be, priate solution for < ontinuoudsemi-continuous narrative
record, and bulk data services. T h i s scheme is subjected
m = {E/C ] / { ( l - E / C ) ) (2) to degradation due to satellite frequency drift specifically
If we assume ( E / C ) = 0.8, for the case where the VSAT in the low rate inbound data channel which can be
population is distributed i n a single time zone then m =4 ovr'rcome by appropriate loop back correction at the
and the average delay in serving the packet is hub. With small antennas and narrow-bandwidth, the
in-bound carrier flux density (dBW/4KHz) may exceed
T = T(l+m) the authorized FCC limit which can be overcome by a
= 30 X 5 = 150 ms (3)
nominal spreading of the spectrum.
where T = slotted Aloha packet serving time for a packet
length of 1120 bits over a 56 Kbps RAITDMA
channel. Users Protocols
A possible solution of VSAT population ( n ) is shown in In order to communicate through an electronic
Table VI. medium, the terminal machines involved must operate
A statistical survey has indicated that on a n average, an atcording to a set of well defined rules and procedures
end user transacts once every 3 minute interval during known as users protocols [ 14- 161. Once a physical link is
peak hours. Therefore, a 56 Kbps RA/TDMA channel established between two points, provision must be made
can possibly serve u p to 1440 VSATs each terminated to to ensure that the received bit stream is a n exact replica of
one end user for a n average message size of 1120 bits/ the transmitted bit stream. T h i s is one of the func tions of
p a c kets. O n the other hand, if each VSAT is terminated Data Link Control (DLC). T h e a r t of Data Link Controls
to 4 end users on a n average and if the traffic pattern and has advanced significantly from the inefficient but effec-
thp end user terminal activity follows the scenario dis- tive ASCII (Ameriran Standard Code for Information
cussed above, the VSAT terminal population/56 Kbps Interchange) scheme to name a few extensively utilized
RAITDMA carrier will be reduced to about 360, if the d i e m e $ , BISYNC (Binary Synchronous Communica-
packet size is smaller, such as, 320 bitdpacket, the cor- tions), SNA/SDLC (System Network Architecture/Syn-
responding VSAT population will be 5040 or 1260 if the c hronous Data Link Control) with transition to H D L C
VSATs are terminated to 4 end users on an average. ( H i g h Level Data Link Control). H D L C standard is
developed by the International Standard Organization
(ISO) and the American equivalent of H D L C is ADCCP
TABLEVI (Advanced Data Communications Control Protocols)
VSAT POPITLATION PER CARRIER
(DISTRIBUTED
OVER developed by American National Standard Institute.
FOURTIMEZONES) T h e plethora of users protocols is wide and extensive and
sometime very confusing. However, IBM SNAISDLC
VSAT Terminal VSAT Population Served by a Single scheme is a n industry wide utilized scheme which we
Activity (h/T)-' 56 Kbps RA/TDMA Carrier (n) shall briefly mention here. T h e essense of the SNA archi-
[Second]-' b = 320 bits'Packet b = 1120 bits/Packet tecture is outlined in Fig. 7a, where each layer has a
#End IJser 1 4 #End lJser 1 4 specific function as follows:
60 1680 420 480 120
120 3360 840 960 2-10
180 5040 1260 14-10 360 Pwsentntion Seruices ( P S )
2-10 6720 1680 1920 480
PS define the end users port into the network in term5
300 8400 2100 2400 600
of cock, format and other identifications.
-
Path Control ment (D‘I’E) arid the Data Circuit Terrninating E q u i p
P PC
incrit ( I X E ) . T h e network address is contained in the
Data Link Control
DLC pa( kct header.
(DLC)
L i n k Control ( 8 bits)
T h i s is used for loc.a1 counting zinc1 control, primal i l y
l o r error conti-ola i d correction hetivrrn the IITE and the
D<:E.
DFC :IC( om n i oda IC‘s the [xirt i cul iir liaracact el-i s t ics of
nic~ssaggccontents and the intermittency demanded by t h e Format Identifier (12 bits)
end 1iscrs. T h e format ID, which defines the nature of the p a kct.
I 0
AFC
1120 bps (includingoverhead) a t 3 minute intervals. T h e Dillrrcntial 8.8 1.5-2.0 Clork, Carrirr, Long
whole system is under the control of a network control c:ohclcrlI AFC
center assumed to be co-located with the hub.
T h e overriding design issues are cost and reliability. From cost, reliability and implementation considera-
T h e cost sensitive elements are: tions differential BPSK is preferable.
Using standard rack a n d stack technique single thread
-Antenna Size: 1.2-1.8m for majority usersand 2.4m VSAT reliability claimed is better than 0.995. Using
for heavy rain rate area uscrs. MMIC a n d LSI technologies single thread VSAT reli-
-Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA): 1-2 watts units ability anticipated is approximately 0.999.
are cost effective. In order to design a highly reliable and unattended
-LNA vs LNC: LNAs are expensive; L N C with good Ku-band radio system for VSAT applications covering
phase noise characteristics are available a n d are cost the entire continental U.S. from Miami to Maine and
effective. from California to New York Island, a number of con-
-Block vs Convolutional Coding: Block codes are straints have to be taken into consideration. These con-
easy to implement but provide small coding gain; straints and design issues have been examined in depth
convolutional encoding/Viterbi soft decision de- in [13]. We shall summarize the results of this study here
coding is complex but provides high gain and is as follows:
currently cost competitive.
Link Charactrristics
Modulation: T h r e e possible BPSK modulation Hub Antcbnna Sizc Chosen 5.5m
schemes are compared below: Fully Rcdundanr Hub Availability 0.9999
2-10 Watts
n
15 Watts
255 Watts
Trcinsponder Cnpnc ity
Tr(i)i.$pond(v Aiinilnbk Max. N o V S A T Populn-
Lrtiw E I R P (Watts: of Networks tion Seriwd
I! 1 1 1 12 -1 1,440
12 2285 9 3,240
Full 6607 26 9,360
* A s s u m i n g ;I 1.8m rrc-eivc antenna, ratr I '2 FEC with Viterhi Soft decision decoding, coded E:h..No = 8 d B a t RER including modcm
implementation, satellite flux density variation, eirp variation, long term drifts and 3 d B down-link rain attenuation margin and receive G T
dcgriiclaiion [IS]. T h r higher value may be c-onstrained by F C C limits. T h e lower value in some cases may offer marginal operation.
References
[ I ] N . Abramson, “The Aloha systcm-another alternative
for computer communications,” 1970 Fall Joint Com-
puter Conferrnc?, AFIPS Conf. Proc., vol. 37, pp. 281-285,
900 . 1970.
[2] I. M. Jacobs, et al., “General purpose packet satcllite
500 networks,” Proc. I E E E , pp. 1448-1467, Nov. 1978.
400 [SI Edwin B. Parker, “Cost-effectivedata communications for
300 personal computrr applications using micro earth sta-
tions,” IEEE Jour. on Selected Areas in Comm., pp.
200 , 4-19-456, May 1985.
150 [4] Roy D. Rosner, Distributed Telecommunications h’et-
works ma Satellites and Packet Switching, Lifetime
Learning Publications, Belmont, CA, 1982.
[5] V. K. Bhargava, et al., Digital Communications by Satel-
lite, Wiley Interscience Publication, New York, 1981.
[6] F. A. Tobagi, R. Binder and B. Leiner, “Packet radio and
satrllite networks,” I E E E Communications Magazine,
Nov. 1984.
Cost of Money 10 percent [7] L. Kleinroc-k and S. S. Lam, “Packet switchingin a slottcd
Profit 10 percent satellite rhannrl,” AFIPS Conf. Proc., vol. -12, 1973.
R&D Cost ( M i n i m u m ) __5 percent [8] L. G.Roberts, “Dynamic allocation of satellite capacity
Total 25 percent through packet reservation,” Ibid.
[9] F. A. Tobago, “Multi-access protocols in packet commun-
\ISAT maintanance fee is not included which is a ications systems,” I E E E Trans. Comm., April 1980.
mattrr of negotiation between the vendor and the user. [IO] J. Martin, Design of Man Computer Dialogues, Prenticr
Thcrefore, the cost of VSAT system including the space Hall Inc., 3973.
svgment and the h u b should be in the range of $320-352 [ 1 I] H. Kobayashi, Y. Onozato and D. Huynh, “An approxi-
pe.r m o n t h per VSAT. Table X shows VSAT service mate method for design and analysis of an Aloha system,”
rc onomics. I E E E Trans. Comm., Jan. 1977.
[ 121 H. Kobayashi and A. G. Konhum, “Queueing models for
Conclusions computer communications system analysis,” Ibid.
[ 131 D. Chakraborty, “Constraints in Ku-band continental
T h e Ku-band Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) satellite network design,” I E E E Communications Maga-
Tec hnology for business telecommunications is reviewed zine, Aug. 1986.
[ 1-11 Paul E. Green, Jr., “An introduction to network arrhitec-
ture and protocols,” Trans. IEEE Communications, April
TABLE
X 1980.
VSAT SERVICE
ECONOMICS [I51 J. D. Atkins, “Path control: the transport network of
SNA,” Ibid.
Transponder VSAT Cost VSAT Population Required [ 161 R. D. Rosner, Packet Switching, Lifetime Learning Pub-
Leasee (K$) 6 for Sustained Business lications, Belmont, CA, 1982.
Quartc~ 1-1 600
12 500
IO 400 Bibliography
8 340 [I] M. Schwartz, Telecommunications Netuiorks, Addison-
H:rlf 1-1 1200 Wcsley Publishing Company, 1987.
12 850 [2] M. Schwartr, Computer Communication Network Design
IO 700 and Analysis, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N J,
8 580 1977.
Ft:LI> 1-1 2200 [3] C. J. Wolejsza, et al., “Multiple access protocols for data
12 1400 communicationsvia VSAT networks,”IEEE Communica-
IO 1100 tions Magazine, July 1987.
8 950 [ 4 ] I E E E Communications Magazine Special Issur on Trlr-
communications Protocols, March 1985.
OPTICAL CHANNELS
Fibers, Clouds, Water, and the Atmosphere
by Sherman Karp, Lutronix, Inc., San Diego, Calif.,
Robert M. Gagliardi, University of Southern California,
Steven E. Moran, SAIC, San Diego, Calif., and Larry B.
Stotts, DARPA, Washington, D.C.
A state-of-the-art reference book on optical channels, em-
phasizing four types of channels: the free space channel, the
turbulent channel, the scatter channel, and fiber optic chan-
nel. For each of these channels the theory of propagation has
been reduced to a level that can be used for engineering
design. This book will be of interest to engineers designing
communication systems for a variety of optic channels and for
researchers in the field of optical propagation.
+
0-306-42654-41393 PP. indexIill./l9881$7~.00
COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKS
by John R. Freer,Software Sciences Limited, London, UK
Computer Communications and Networks is an introduction to
communications technology and system design for practicing
and aspiring computer professionals. Chapters cover basic
principles and techniques, layered network architectures and
interface standards, modern local area networks and wide
area networks, network models and performance prediction,
computing and software; communications security; and net-
work design and implementation.
0-306-42974-81432 pp./ill.11988/$65.00
text adoption price on orders of six or more copies: $39.50
Available from Plenum in the Western Hemisphere and Jaoan.
HF COMMUNfCATlONS
A Systems Approach
by Nicholas M. Maslin, Software Sciences Limited,
London, UK
Microcomputers and very large-scale integration (VLSI)
technology have greatly enhanced the prospects of overcom-
ing the unique design problems that formerly afflicted HF
systems. This book provides a firm foundation for the design,
evaluation, and operational use of HF communications with
systems issues as the primary focus.
0-306-42757-5/paperback/256 pp.1ill.119871$39.50
Available from Plenum in the Western Hemisphere and Japan.
Come see us at the Plenum booth-#l7--at ICC ‘88!