6/7/2018 Flange design | The steam turbine

The Steam Turbine

Modern Energetics

The Steam Turbine - Table Of Contents About

6.2.1 Flange design RSS

The forces taken into account in flange design are illustrated in Fig 1.98. The flange is assumed to
seal at the inside edge, with the faces subject to a contact pressure greater than the internal
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The steam turbine
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To minimise bending stress on the flanges, the bolt centreline is arranged tangential to the shell
as can be seen in Figs 1.93 and 1.95; this produces the typical thick narrow flange seen on HP and
IP cylinders. The seal is obtained by simple metal-to-metal contact of the flange faces, after
careful bedding on initial assembly.
Statistics

When flanges on HP and IP cylinders are unbolted after a period in service, they are often found to
have distorted so that they no longer fit, typically leaving a gap between the flanges on the inside
face. This is due to temperature differences through the casing on-load causing thermal stresses
which relax by creep. When off-load, opposite stresses are then induced which distort the casing.
This is generally confined to inner casings as there is very little temperature differential through
an outer casing on-load due to the external lagging. In addition, distortion can occur due to
relaxation of residual casting stresses. If distortion causes a small flange leak on an inner casing,
it may not be noticed unless large enough to have an effect on the measured efficiency of the
turbine, unless it is a wet steam turbine, when rapid erosion of the joint face at the leak may
occur.

LP inner casings may also distort substantially due to their complicated design of webs, bled-
steam belts, etc., and to the substantial temperature differences between different parts of the
casing. This can lead to crushing of the webs and distortion of horizontal joints, though leakage
can be minimised by incorporating spring sealing-strips in the half-joint faces.

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