BREAKING STRESS OF FLEXIBLE STEEL WIRE ROPE

1. The breaking stress of the flexible wire rope in tonnes is given approximately by the following
formula:

6 x 12, 15D² Tonnes Where D is diameter of the rope in mm.

500 SWL = 1/6 of Breaking Stress

6 x 24, 20D² Tonnes

500

6 x 37, 21D² Tonnes

500

2. Example : Required the breaking stress and SWL of a 6 x 24, 24 mm wire rope.

Solution : Breaking Stress = 20D²

500

BS = 20 x 24 x 24

500

BS = 23.04 Tonnes

SWL = 23.04

SWL = 3.84 Tonnes

BREAKING STRESS OF CHAIN

1. The breaking stress of Chain is given by the following formula:

Grade 1 20D² Tonnes

600

Grade 2 30D² Tonnes

600

Grade 3 43D² Tonnes

600
 PURCHASES, APPLICATIONS AND FINDING TENSION

ON THE HAULING PART

A 12 tonnes weight is to be lifted with a three-fold purchase used to advantage; find the tension on the
hauling part of the fall and the size of Manila rope to use. There is a lead block at the masthead.

Solution : P = 7, W = 12 Tonnes, n = 7 sheaves; Required the S

S x P = W + nW / 10

S x 7 = 12 + 7 x 12 / 10

= 120 / 10 = 84 / 10 204

S = 204 x 1 / 7 = 3 Tonnes

or: S x 7 = 12 + 84 / 10

S = 20. 4 / 10 = 2.914 Tonnes, the pull on the hauling part.

The size of the rope = 2D² / 6 x 300 = 3

2D² = 3 x 6 x 300

D² = 3 x 6 x 300 / 2

D = √ 3 x 6 300 ; √ 2700
2

D = 52 mm

What resistance could be overcome with a three-fold purchase by applying a pull of 2 tonnes to the
hauling part (no lead blocks)?

Solution : S = 2 Tonnes, P = 6, n = 6 sheaves, W is required.

S x P = W + nW / 10

2 x 6 = W + 6W / 10 = 10W + 6W / 10 = 16W / 10

16W = 120 Therefore W = 120 / 16 = 7.5 Tonnes

The actual weight would be 7.5 tonnes but the total resistance (weight plus friction) would be greater.
Add for friction one tenth of the weight for each sheave. 7.5 x 6 /10 = 4.5 tonnes. The total resistance =
7.5 + 4.5 = 12 tonnes.
 STRENGTH OF ROPES (REVISED NOTES)
Splicing a rope reduces its strength at least one tenth and knots reduces the strength by about one half.

Estimates of breaking stress in tonnes are given for different types of ropes by the following formula:

Manila 2D²

300 The size of the rope expressed in terms of its diameter (D)

in millimetres.

Polypropylene 3D²

Polyethylene 300

Terrylene 4D²

300

Nylon 5D²

300

Safe Working Load may be taken as one sixth (1/6) of the breaking stress.

Example (a) Required the breaking stress and also the safe working load of a polypropylene rope 40 mm
in diameter.

Solution : Breaking Stress = 3D² = 3 x 40 x 40

300 300

Breaking Stress = 16 tonnes

Safe Working Load = Breaking Stress

Safe Working Load = 16 / 6 = 2.666 Tonnes

Example (b) Find the size of the smallest Manila rope suitable for a load of 2 tonnes.

Solution : 2D² / 300 x 1 / 6 = 2; 2D² / 300 x 1 / 6 = 2

D² = 300 x 6 x 2 / 2

D = √ 30 0 x 6 x 2 /2

D = 42.426 Tonnes
 PROBLEM SOLVING IN SEAMANSHIP
1. A cargo of 360 tons is loaded in a vessel 150 feet forward of the tipping center. TPI = 50, breadth of
the ship is 60 feet, block coefficient is .75, Draft before loading is 20 feet 00 inches Fwd. 22 feet 06
inches Aft. What would be her draft after loading?

ITM = (k x t²) + b Where t = TPI

b = Breadth

k = constant, depending upon the block coeff.

NOTE : For coefficient of .65 k = 28

.70 k = 29

.75 k = 30

.80 k = 31

.85 k = 32

ITM = 30 x 50 x50 / 60 = 1250 ft. Tons .90 k = 33

Mean sinkage = Tons / TPI = 360 / 50 = 7.2”

Total trim = Total Moment / ITM = 360 x 150 / 1250 = 43” or 3’07”

Half Trim = 43 / 2 = 21.5” or 1’09.5”

Draft before loading 20’00” F 22’06” A

Mean Sinkage + 07.2 + 07.2

20’07.2” 23’01.2”

Half Trim + 1’09.5” - 1’09.5”

Draft after Laoding 22’01.7” F 21’03.7” A

FINDING INCREASE IN DRAFT DUE TO ANGLE OF HEEL

2. A vessel of 58 feet beam is heeled to 6 degrees. What would be her increase in draft.

Increase of Draft due to heel = ½ the breadth of the vessel time the Sine of the angle of heel.

Therefore: Increase of Draft = (52 ÷2) x Nat. Sin 6°

= 29 x 0.1045284
 = 3.03” increase

3. A vessel of 5000 tons displacement with KG 15.8 ft. has her transverse metacentre 18 ft. above the
keel. Find her righting moment when she is heeled 7 degrees.

TO FIND THE RIGHTING MOMENT (GZ)

KM 18.0 Righting Moment = W x GM x Sin_

KG - 15.8 GZ = 5000 x 2.2 x Nat. Sin 7°

GM 2.2 GZ = 1340.56 ft. tons

RESERVE BUOYANCY
1. Reserved Buoyancy – may be defined as the volume of the enclosed spaces above the waterline. It
may be expressed as a volume or as a percentage of the total volume of the vessel.

2. A box-shaped vessel 105 ft. long, 20 ft. beam, and 20 ft. deep, is floating upright in FW. If her
displacement is 720 tons. Find the volume of reserved buoyancy.

Volume of water displaced = Weight

Density

= 720 x 2240 x 16 cu. ft.

1000

= 25,804.8 cu. ft.

Volume of vessel = 105 x 30 x 20 cu. ft.

= 63,000 cu. ft.

Reserved buoyancy = Volume of vessel – volume of water displaced

= 53,000 – 25,804.8 cu. ft.

Ans: Reserved buoyancy = 37,195.2 cu. ft.

3. A cylindrical drum is 3 ft. 6 in long and is2 ft. 0 in. in diameter. It weighs 20 lbs. when empty. Find its
draft in water density 1024 ozs. per cubic foot if it contains 50 gallons of paraffin (SG 0.6), and is floating
with its axis perpendicular to the waterline.
Solution:

6 ⅟₄ gallons = 1 cu. ft. Density of Paraffin = SG x 1000

1 = 600 ozs/ft3

1 gallon = cu. ft. Weight of Paraffin = Vol. x density

6 1/4 = 8 x 600 ozs.

50 gallons = 50 cu. ft = 300 lbs.

6 1/4 Weight of the drum = 20 lbs.

Total weight = 320 lbs.

Therefore the drum must displace 320 lbs. of water.

Volume of the water displaced = Weight = 320 x 16 cu. ft.

Density 1024

= 5 cu. ft.

Let d = draft, and r = radius of drum, volume of water displaced (V)

d= V = 5 ft. = 1 ft. 7 in.

r² 3.1416 x 1

DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

1. A tank measuring 24 ft. x 18 ft. x 22 ft. is being filled with oil specific gravity (SG) of 0.9. Find the
weight of oil in the tank when the ullage is 8 ft. 6 in.

Solution : ( see HYDROSTATICS ) Volume of oil = L x B x D

= 24’ x 18’ x 22’

= 7992 cu. ft.

Density of oil = SG x 1000

= 0.9 x 1000
3.5
= 900 oz.
22
8.5 24 Weight of oil = Volume x Density

24 = 7992 x 900
 = 7,192,800 cu. ft./oz

= 7,192,800

16 x 2240

= 200.69 tons

2. A tank holds 120 tons when full of fresh water. Find how many tons of oil (SG 0.84) it will hold,
allowing 2 % of the volume of the tank for expansion in the oil.

Solution : SG = Wt. of oil ; Wt. Of oil = Wt of FW x SG

Wt. Of FW

Wt. of oil = 120 tons x 0.84

Wt. of oil = 100.8 tons 100 .8 tons

2 % allowance x .02 - 2.016

2.016 Tanks can hold 98.784 tons oil

3. The draft which a rectangular homogeneous log will float may be found as follows:

Weight of log = Volume x Density

= L x B x D x SG x of water x 1000

Weight of water displaced = Volume x Density

= L x B x D x SG of water x 1000

But weight of water displaced = Weight of log

L x B x D x SG of water = L x B x D x SG x of log x 1000

d x SG of water D x SG of log x 1000

FINDING AREAS, VOLUMES, CAPACITIES AND

INTER-CONVERSION OF UNITS
The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 19.5 ft. Find the area.
Solution: Given perimeter = 19.5 ft.

One side of the triangle = 19.5 = 6.5 ft.

Base of ½ triangle = 6.5 / 2 = 3.25 ft.

Find the angle Ѳ: Cos Ѳ = 3.25

Ѳ = 60°

Find the side h: Sin Ѳ = 6.5’

6.5
6.5
h = 6.5 x Sin60° ’
h
h = 6.5 x 0. 36603

h = 5.63 ft. 60°

Area ½ triangle = b x h 3.25’

= 5.63 x 3.25

= 18.29 sq. ft., Total Area = 18.29 x 2 = 36.58 ft.²

2. Find the area of the triangle with sides equal to 5 ft., 12 ft., and 15 ft.

Area = √ S ( S−a )(S−b)(S−c)

Where S = a + b + c

C S = 5 + 12 + 15

b-12’ 2
a-5’
S = 16

A B (S – a) 16 – 5 = 11
 c-15’ (S – b) 16 – 12 = 4

(S – c) 16 – 15 = 1

Area = √ 16 ( 11) ( 4 ) (1)

Area = √ 704
Area = 26.53 sq. ft.