Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Read Up 1 Answer Key
Read Up 1 Answer Key
고대 메소포타미아
고대 메소포타미아는 티그리스 강과 유프라테스 강 사이의 지역을 가리키는 이름으로, 현재의
이라크 지역에 위치하고 있었다. 이 지역은 “문명의 요람”으로 불리기도 하는데, 농업과 문어
(文語; 기록 언어)가 발생한 곳이기 때문이다. 기원전 2900~1100년 사이, 즉 청동기 시대로
알려진 시기에 수메르, 아카드, 바빌로니아, 아시리아와 같은 거대한 제국이 메소포타미아에
있었다. 이 지역에 새로 정착한 사람들은 기존 문화의 관습, 전통, 믿음의 일부를 받아들였다.
따라서 메소포타미아 문명의 어떤 측면은 시간에 흐르면서 변했지만, 다른 측면은 수세기 동안
변하지 않은 채로 남아있었다.
본문
함무라비 법전
메소포타미아의 옛 지역은 여러 제국의 통치를 받았다. 기원전 2천년 전에는 아카디아 제국이
가장 강력한 나라였다. 그러나 그 이후에 아카디아인들은 아모리라는 종족에게 점령을 당했다.
아모리족의 수도는, 현재의 이라크 자리에 위치했던 바빌론이라는 이름의 도시였다. 그래서
아모리족이 세운 제국은 바빌로니아 제국으로 알려지게 되었다.
바빌로니아 제국의 생활은 매우 질서정연했다. 바빌로니아의 왕들은 관개용 수로, 방어용 벽,
대규모 공공건물, 격자구획을 이용한 도시계획을 세웠다. 또한 최초로 조세제도를 시행하여
바빌로니아 시민들로부터 돈을 걷었다. 바빌로니아의 가장 유명한 왕은 함무라비왕이었다.
함무라비왕은 위대한 전사였지만, 그보다는 함무라비 법전이라는 또 다른 업적으로 더
기억된다.
함무라비 법전은 법률을 집대성한 것으로, 기록하여 모든 사람들이 볼 수 있도록 전시해
두었다. 이 법전은 어떤 것이 위법인지를 기술했을 뿐만 아니라, 위법자에게는 어떤 처벌이
가해지는지도 기술하였다. 일례로, 사원의 소유물을 훔치는 것은 불법이라고 규정하고 있다.
이 법전은 또한 그렇게 훔치다가 잡힌 사람은 사형에 처해질 것이라는 점도 밝히고 있다.
법전이 담고 있는 내용은 꽤 광범위하여, 돈을 빌려주는 문제에서부터 군복무에 이르기까지
다루고 있다.
법전의 281개조 법규 가운데 일부는 아모리족의 관습에서 왔다. 어떤 법규들은, 아카디아 제국
같은 이전의 제국들에서 가져왔다. 또 다른 법규들은 완전히 새로운 것들이었다. “눈에는 눈”
1
Read Up 1_Answer Key
이라는 원칙은, 정의를 구현하는 새로운 방법을 보여주는 사례였다. 사람들이 다른 사람들에게
해를 끼치면, 본인에게도 똑 같은 종류의 해를 입게 함으로써 처벌을 받게 하였다. 함무라비
법전은 여러 본을 복제하여 크고 넙적한 돌이나 나무에 적어 공공장소에 놓아두었다. 한
정부의 법률을 이와 같이 설명하고 배포한 것은 이 때가 처음이었다.
결국, 바빌로니아 제국은 앞서 있었던 다른 나라들처럼 멸망했다. 현재의 이란 자리에 있었던
카사이트족이 점령을 했다. 그러나 카사이트족은 바빌론을 파괴하지는 않았다. 오히려,
카사이트족은 함무라비 법전을 포함하여, 바빌로니아의 문화들을 많이 받아들였다. 이런
식으로, 함무라비 법전은 제국에서 제국으로 전수되어 서로 다른 법률체계를 발전시키는데
기여했다.
On Your Own
When I'm at home, I have to be nice to my little sister. I'm not allowed to ignore
her or make fun of her.
Vocabulary Building
1. distribute / 2. influence / 3. conquer / 4. inflict / 5. illegal /
6. d / 7. a / 8. c / 9. a / 10. a / 11. in fact / 12. put on display / 13. such as
Reading Comprehension
1. c / 2. a / 3. a / 4. b / 5. c / 6. d
7. Some laws came from Amorite tradition, others came from earlier empires like
the Akkadians, and still others were brand new.
8. "An eye for an eye" means that if people cause others harm, they will be
punished by having the same type of harm inflicted upon them.
9. They described what was against the law and what punishments would be given
to lawbreakers.
Summary
1. Akkadians / orderly / Babylon / Created / issues /
punishments / in public / Kassite / survived / legal systems
2. The Amorites conquered the Akkadians around 2000 B.C. and ruled Babylon in
an orderly fashion. The best-known king of Babylon was King Hammurabi, and he
created a system of laws called the Code of Hammurabi. The laws dealt with a
variety of social issues. They also introduced new punishments based on the idea of
2
Read Up 1_Answer Key
"an eye for an eye." Hammurabi had his code written down and displayed in public
for everyone to see. The Babylonian Empire was eventually conquered by the
Kassite people. The Code of Hammurabi survived and influenced later legal
systems.
3
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
아프리카 서부와 중부의 세 가지 기후대
4
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
The climate where I live has four different seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and
winter. During the summer, there is a period of one month when it rains almost
every day.
Vocabulary Building
1. distances / 2. survive / 3. landscape / 4. flat / 5. ideal /
6. a / 7. a / 8. c / 9. d / 10. b / 11. was crowded with / 12. thought ahead / 13.
had (have) little room for
Reading Comprehension
1. d / 2. c / 3. a / 4. b / 5. b / 6. b
7. It is located between the Sahara Desert and the grasslands and shares
characteristics with both zones.
8. The rainforest’s landscape is heavily affected by the large amount of rainfall it
gets.
9. It is very green and crowded with trees.
Summary
1. transitional / savanna / climate / south / Dry / Sahel /
rainforest / trees / vegetation / water / Farmers / crops
5
Read Up 1_Answer Key
2. The Sahel is a transitional region between the Sahara and the savanna. It is the
driest climate zone in West and Central Africa. South of the Sahel is the savanna,
which is dry for part of the year but can support more vegetation than the Sahel.
The rainforest south of the savanna is covered in forests. It has a lot of vegetation
because it gets plenty of rain. Africa’s climate zones have a serious effect on the
people who live there, as well. The Sahel becomes drier every year, so water is
hard to find. Farmers in the savanna depend on seasonal rains. There is little space
for crops in the rainforest.
6
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
빛의 작용
7
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
I see my bookcase full of books. It is tall, rectangular, and brown. There are books
of many different colors and sizes on its shelves.
Vocabulary Building
1. object / 2. direction / 3. separate / 4. absorb / 5. analyze /
6. b / 7. c / 8. a / 9. a / 10. d / 11. give off / 12. make up / 13. turned on
Reading Comprehension
1. b / 2. a / 3. a / 4. c / 5. d / 6. a
7. When light bounces off an object, not all the light waves are reflected to our
eyes. Some are absorbed and the waves that are reflected determine the color of
the object.
8. The sun, fire, and lamps are examples of light sources.
9. Light waves reflect off objects and our eyes and the brain uses the reflections to
see their shape and color.
Summary
1. energy / sources / waves / bounces off / shapes / light wave
spectrum / absorb / reflect / directions / enters / objects
8
Read Up 1_Answer Key
travel to our eyes, and this is the color we see. When we turn on a lamp in a
bedroom, it travels in all directions. The light reflected off objects in a room enters
our eyes and allows us to see the objects.
9
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
먹이사슬
10
Read Up 1_Answer Key
감소하게 된다.
각 먹이사슬은 태양 에너지를 생산자에서 소비자, 분해자로 전달할 수 있는 다양한 경로
가운데 한 방법만을 보여줄 뿐이다. 자연에서 각각의 먹이사슬들은 먹이그물이라고 지칭되는
네트워크로 연결되어있다. 먹이그물은 유기체가 먹이를 찾기도 하고, 먹이가 되기도 하는
다양한 경로를 보여준다. 이러한 관점에서 지구상의 생물체를 바라보면, 삶과 죽음이라는
자연의 순환 속에 우리 모두가 어떻게 연결되어 있는지를 알 수 있다.
On Your Own
Today I ate a piece of chicken. Energy from the sun was used to grow grains, and
the chicken ate these grains. Then I ate the chicken.
Vocabulary Building
1. sustain / 2. demonstrate / 3. nutrients / 4. visualize / 5. transfer /
6. a / 7. d / 8. a / 9. c / 10. d / 11. In addition to / 12. depend on / 13. break down
Reading Comprehension
1. a / 2. d / 3. c / 4. b / 5. b / 6. c
7. All the energy comes from sunlight, which is changed into food by producers.
8. An herbivore is a primary consumer that only eats producers, or plants.
9. A food web is a network that connects individual food chains. It shows how
organisms find food and feed others.
Summary
1. energy / bottom / photosynthesis / Rely on / herbivores / carnivores
omnivores / Process / soil / pyramid / web / becomes
2. The food chain describes how energy is passed from creature to creature.
Producers are at the bottom and they turn sunlight into sugar. Consumers rely on
other organisms for food. They are differentiated by what they consume.
Herbivores only eat plants, carnivores only eat animals, and omnivores eat both
plants and animals. Decomposers process dead matter and return energy to the
soil. Food chains can be visualized in different ways. A pyramid-shaped model
shows how energy decreases as it moves up the chain. A food web shows all the
ways an animal finds food and becomes food for others.
11
Read Up 1_Answer Key
12
Read Up 1_Answer Key
팬케이크 데이
팬케이크 데이, 또는 참회 화요일은 사순절(기독교 신자들이 신에 대한 신앙심을 나타내기
위해 절제하는 전통을 가진, 부활절 전의 40일의 기간)이 시작하기 전날이다. 과거에는
영양분이 풍부한 음식들이 사순절 기간 동안 엄격하게 금지되어서, 각 가정에서는 계란, 설탕,
버터를 전날 모두 먹어 버려야 했다. 팬케이크는 이런 재료들을 모두 사용하기에 좋은
방법으로 알려졌고, 마침내 참회 화요일과 관련된 전통 음식이 되었다. 오늘날 영국에서는
모든 사람들이 팬케이크 데이를 기념한다. 팬케이크 경주에서는 사람들이 후라이팬을 들고
팬케이크를 뒤집으면서 달려야 한다. 팬케이크 던지기 경연 대회도 있는데, 참가자들은 1분
동안 최대한 많이 팬케이크를 공중에 던졌다 받아야 한다.
본문
세계의 다양한 팬케이크
13
Read Up 1_Answer Key
재료
달걀 1개
설탕 1/4컵
우유 1/2컵
베이킹파우더가 든 밀가루 1컵
달걀, 설탕, 우유를 함께 휘젓는다.
밀가루를 천천히 섞고 부드러워질 때까지 반죽을 젓는다.
중불에 올린 기름 두른 프라이팬에 반죽 한 스푼을 떠 넣는다.
윗면에 거품이 생기면 팬케이크를 뒤집어 양면이 황갈색이 될 때까지 굽는다.
팬케이크 위에 꿀이나 잼이나 메이플 시럽을 뿌린다.
On Your Own
I'd like to try the Indian dosa. The batter made from rice and black lentils sounds
very interesting.
Vocabulary Building
1. competition / 2. stir / 3. ingredient / 4. customary / 5. rituals /
6. d / 7. a / 8. a / 9. b / 10. c / 11. calls for / 12. be accompanied by / 13. in terms
of
Reading Comprehension
1. d / 2. a / 3. c / 4. b / 5. d / 6. d
7. They were more like bread, made from only flour and water.
8. The thick, circular pancakes of North America are best known around the world.
9. Savory crepes are main-course meals made with buckwheat flour and have
fillings like cheese, ham, and vegetables.
14
Read Up 1_Answer Key
Summary
1. earliest / Modern / nutritious / Vary / circular / thin
sweet / Indian / rice / England / annual / pikelets
2. The earliest pancakes were more like bread than pancakes today. Modern
pancakes are more nutritious and vary by location in batter ingredients, toppings
and fillings. The thick, circular North American pancake is world famous and served
with butter or syrup. French crepes are thin and can be either sweet or savory. The
dosa of India is made from rice and lentils and comes with a curry dish. English
pancakes were connected to a religious ritual and are now the focus of an annual
celebration. If you like pancakes, Australian pikelets are simple to make and are
served with sweet toppings.
15
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
고대 로마의 아이들
16
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
In my early years of school, I learned subjects such as reading, writing, and math,
just like kids in ancient Rome did. I also studied music and PE.
Vocabulary Building
1. formal / 2. observe / 3. typical / 4. accept / 5. socialize /
6. a / 7. b / 8. b / 9. b / 10. d / 11. is supposed to / 12. according to / 13. ward off
Reading Comprehension
1. c / 2. a / 3. a / 4. b / 5. c / 6. c
7. At first, children were educated by their parents. Eventually, formal schools were
created and some children began to receive free education outside the home.
8. They held a ceremony where the baby was placed before the father, who then
picked it up to symbolically accept it into the family.
9. Men typically worked outside the home while women managed the house.
Summary
1. accepted / father / games / pets / toga / bulla
Wealthy / formal / Poor / girls / managed / outside
2. When a baby was born in ancient Rome, it was ceremoniously accepted into the
family by the father. As kids grew up, they spent their time playing games and with
their toys and pets. They wore a toga for clothing in addition to a necklace called a
bulla. Wealthy families were able to pay to send their children to formal schools to
be educated. Poor children and many girls, on the other hand, did not receive an
17
Read Up 1_Answer Key
education. When they became adults, women managed the house and worked
within the home. Conversely, educated men worked outside the home in specialized
careers.
18
Read Up 1_Answer Key
모든 나라는 다양한 문화 요소가 복합적이고 독특하게 혼합된 고유의 문화를 가지고 있다.
이러한 문화 요소들 중 일부는 물질적인 것으로, 지니거나 만질 수 있는 것들이다. 물질적 문화
요소의 예로는 옷, 장난감, 건물, 음식, 수공예품, 기계가 있는데, 우리가 외국 여행을 할 때
다르다는 것을 즉시 알아챌 수 있는 것들이다. 다른 문화 요소들은 비물질적인 것으로, 관습,
정치제도, 의식, 언어, 종교와 같은 것들을 포함한다. 인사법, 즉 손을 흔들거나 키스하거나
머리를 숙여 인사하는 것도 비물질적 문화 요소의 예이다. 물론 한 문화의 비물질적 측면은
물질적 요소를 통해 표현될 수 있다. 예를 들어 한 나라의 사상이나 신념은 국기를 통해 표현될
수 있다.
본문
세계의 국기
국기는 국가의 정체성을 상징하는 깃발이다. 국기는 한 국가의 영토, 인구, 정부를 상징한다.
국기에 나타난 색과 모양은 그 나라 국민들에게 중요한 신념을 표현하곤 한다.
국기에서 가장 중요한 특징 중 하나는 국기의 색깔이다. 국기의 특정 색이 여러 나라에서 같은
개념을 상징할 수도 있지만, 다를 수도 있다. 일례로, 중국과 베트남의 국기에서 붉은색은
혁명을 상징하지만, 알바니아와 페루비아의 국기에서는 각각 강인함과 피를 나타낸다.
파란색은 아르헨티나와 유럽연합 국기에서는 하늘을 상징하지만, 그리스 국기에서는 바다를
상징한다. 문화적 단합을 표출하기 위하여 아랍 나라들 국기에는 대부분 초록색, 붉은색, 흰색,
검은색이 들어간다.
국기가 나타내는 의미는 모양을 통해서도 드러날 수 있다. 예를 들어 미국 성조기의 경우에서
보듯이, 별은, 한데 모여 한 국가를 형성하게 된 각 집단이나 각 주의 화합을 대변하곤 한다.
의미가 널리 알려진 또 다른 모양에는 별과 초승달이 있는데, 많은 이슬람 국가에서 중요한
신념인 평화와 생명을 상징한다. 이와 유사하게, 기독교의 상징인 십자가 모양은 많은 기독교
국가의 국기에서 찾아볼 수 있다. 물론 그 의미가 세계적으로 공통이 아니고 개별 국가에 따라
특별한 모양도 있다. 예를 들어, 사우디아라비아 국기의 칼은 정의를 나타내지만, 과테말라
국기의 X자로 놓인 칼은 명예를 상징한다.
국기는 색깔과 모양으로 다양한 배합이 가능한데, 일부 국가의 국기는 거의 같기도 하다.
이렇게 비슷한 이유는 기원이 같아서 일수도 있고, 인도네시아와 모나코의 경우에서처럼 정말
19
Read Up 1_Answer Key
우연의 일치일 수도 있다. 두 나라의 국기는 가로로 나뉘어 있는데 윗쪽 절반은 붉은색이고
아래쪽 절반은 하얀색이다. 인도네시아인에게 인도네시아 국기는 용기와 순수한 의지를
상징한다. 모나코 국기는 13세기 이래로 모나코를 통치했던 그리말디 가문의 전통적인 색을
나타낸다.
여러분이 다음에 국기를 보게 되면 그 국기가 무엇을 상징하는지 생각해보라. 그렇게
해봄으로써 그 나라의 문화와 국민에 대해서 어렴풋이나마 알 수 있는 기회가 될 것이기
때문이다.
On Your Own
My flag is white with red, blue, and black designs on it. The white represents the
peace and purity of the country's citizens, and the designs show the universe in
harmony.
Vocabulary Building
1. vary / 2. identical / 3. unity / 4. honor / 5. respectively /
6. b / 7. a / 8. a / 9. d / 10. c / 11. stands for / 12. result from / 13. for instance
Reading Comprehension
1. c / 2. a / 3. b / 4. b / 5. a / 6. d
7. National flags represent things like the land, population, government, and culture
of a country.
8. They have similar colors to express cultural solidarity.
9. On the Chinese and Vietnamese flags, red represents revolution. It stands for
hardiness on the Albanian flag, and blood on the Peruvian flag.
Summary
1. identity / beliefs / expressed / Colors / meanings / similarities
Shapes / crescent / global / different / origins / coincidence
2. National flags represent the identity of a nation. Important beliefs held by the
country's citizens are expressed through colors and shapes. Colors may mean the
same thing on different flags, or their meanings may be more specific. Flags with
similar colors may show similarities in culture among countries. Shapes like the
star, crescent and cross have global meanings. Shapes like the sword, on the other
hand, can mean different things on different flags. Flags that look very similar to
20
Read Up 1_Answer Key
each other can be the result of the countries’ shared origins or it may be a
coincidence.
21
Read Up 1_Answer Key
청각기관
소리는 우리 주변 어디에나 있으며, 우리의 귀가 소리 듣기를 담당하는 기관(청각기관)이다.
귀는 세 부분, 즉 외이, 중이, 내이로 되어 있다. 외이는 우리가 볼 수 있는 부분인데, 외부의
소리를 받아서 중이로 보내는 역할을 한다. 그러면 중이는 이 소리를 내이로 보내는데, 내이가
소리를 판단해서 특별한 메시지를 뇌로 보내면 뇌가 소리에 관해 설명한다. 사람의 귀는 듣는
데만 사용되는 것이 아니고, 평형감각을 유지하도록 도와주기도 한다. 그래서 귀에 염증이
있는 사람들이 때때로 어지러움을 호소하는 것이다.
본문
소리와 반향정위
22
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
One sound I rely on in my daily life is the sound of my alarm clock. It helps me
wake up in the morning.
Vocabulary Building
1. details / 2. species / 3. invisible / 4. navigate / 5. grab /
6. d / 7. d / 8. d / 9. a / 10. a / 11. has the ability to / 12. make sense of / 13. In
other words
Reading Comprehension
1. d / 2. a / 3. a / 4. c / 5. b / 6. b
7. Sound waves arrive at our ears, and information is passed to the brain, which
determines what made the sound and where it came from.
8. Echolocation tells organisms the type, location, size, and movement of objects
nearby.
9. Echolocation helps nocturnal animals navigate and hunt in complete darkness.
Summary
1. vibrations / ripples / brain / information / echoes / objects
location / nocturnal / Ultrasound / navigate / accurate / tiny
2. Sound is a kind of energy that is produced by vibrations and travels through the
air in waves like ripples in water. The brain processes these waves to give us
information about our surroundings. Animals called echolocators make sounds and
listen for their echoes bouncing off objects. These echoes tell them details about
23
Read Up 1_Answer Key
the objects. This skill is very useful for nocturnal animals like bats. Bats create
ultrasound noises that help them navigate and hunt in the dark. Their echolocation
is very accurate and can detect even tiny objects.
24
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
인간의 면역체계
25
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
I think my immune system is working well. I recently cut my finger and it healed
quickly.
Vocabulary Building
1. invaders / 2. germ / 3. recollection / 4. substance / 5. recognition /
6. b / 7. c / 8. d / 9. a / 10. c / 11. fight off / 12. lock up / 13. carry out
Reading Comprehension
1. b / 2. b / 3. b / 4. a / 5. c / 6. c
7. A castle can protect itself from enemies. Similarly, the body can use its immune
system to protect itself from germs.
8. You know that your immune system is working when you see a cut heal or
experience swelling of the neck when you have a sore throat.
9. The skin forms a physical barrier against intruders, provides the body with
advance warning about invading germs, and makes antibacterial substances that
kill bacteria.
Summary
1. germs / skin / warns / kills / Mucus / mouth
identifying / lock / Effects / knowing / heals / recover
2. Our immune system protects our body from infection by germs with external and
internal defenses. The skin is an external defense that keeps out germs, warns the
body of infections, and kills germs. Also, the mucus, saliva, and tears in our nose,
mouth, and eyes block or kill germs. White blood cells are an internal defense that
identifies and digests germs. Their antibodies correspond to specific germs and lock
them up so they cannot harm us. Many of these processes work without us
knowing. However, we can tell the immune system is working when it heals our
26
Read Up 1_Answer Key
27
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
고대 올림픽 경기
28
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
My favorite Olympic event is the high jump. I like how people can jump over such a
high bar.
Vocabulary Building
1. practiced / 2. reminder / 3. allot / 4. significance / 5. accuracy /
6. a / 7. c / 8. d / 9. a / 10. a / 11. be made up of / 12. be preceded by / 13. are
based on
Reading Comprehension
1. b / 2. a / 3. b / 4. b / 5. c / 6. b
7. They were a reminder of a shared culture and their importance was to honor the
Greek gods.
8. The nine events were the foot race, the chariot race, boxing, wrestling,
pankration, javelin, discus, jumping, and the pentathlon.
9. Winners got laurel wreaths and other prizes and they were regarded as heroes.
Summary
1. four / Olympia / gods / at war / common / before
participate / Athletes / Nine / courage / form / heroes
2. Held every four years in Olympia, Greece, the main purpose of the Olympics was
to honor the Greek gods. At this time, the hundreds of Greek city-states were often
at war, but they shared a common culture. This is why a "sacred truce" was called
before the Olympics. It allowed people from all the city-states to participate in the
games. The Olympic athletes and most of the spectators were men. Nine events
were held, and these were seen as a celebration of courage and the human form.
Winners received prizes and were treated like heroes by all Greeks.
29
Read Up 1_Answer Key
30
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
중세의 성
31
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
My house doesn't have walls or towers, because it doesn't need to be protected
from enemies. Also, my house is small but it has many comfortable rooms.
Vocabulary Building
1. besides / 2. evolve / 3. Architecture / 4. eventually / 5. construct /
6. b / 7. d / 8. a / 9. a / 10. b / 11. gave rise to / 12. going about / 13. been
replaced by
Reading Comprehension
1. b / 2. c / 3. d / 4. d / 5. a / 6. a
7. All the empire’s territory was divided up and controlled by individual lords who
were in constant competition with each other.
8. Sleeping chambers, fireplaces and candles made later castles more comfortable.
9. People built chapels, prisons, armories, government offices, and treasure houses
inside them.
Summary
1. romantic / cold / uncomfortable / forts / land / commonly
stone / improved / heat / private / cities / events
2. The truth about early castles is that they were not as romantic as they are in
stories. Problems like cold, dampness, smoke and pests made life uncomfortable.
These castles were first built by lords who wanted to protect their land and show off
their wealth. They were made of wood and featured a motte-and-bailey design.
Later, stone was used to build bigger and more beautiful castles. Life became more
32
Read Up 1_Answer Key
comfortable in later castles with the introduction of heat, light, and private rooms.
Eventually, castles became like small cities with lots of people living in them and
many events being held.
33
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
주식시장의 원리
34
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
I would buy stock in Disney because I really like the animated movies they make.
Vocabulary Building
1. overall / 2. perform / 3. investors / 4. available / 5. guarantee /
6. a / 7. c / 8. a / 9. d / 10. b / 11. come out ahead / 12. in theory / 13. be wary of
Reading Comprehension
1. d / 2. a / 3. c / 4. b / 5. d / 6. a
7. Corporations exist separately from the people who run them, and they can sell
stock.
8. Bearish investors invest cautiously, or they may choose to sell their stocks to
other investors.
9. Investors can receive dividends from a corporation, or they can sell stock that
has increased in value.
Summary
1. companies / sell / stock market / Corporations / dividends / shares
go down / long-term / rise / aggressively / lose / cautiously
2. Stocks are shares of ownership. They are sold by corporations, which have a
special status that allows them to do this. Corporations sell stock in the stock
market in order to get money without going into debt. Investors buy stock to make
money by receiving dividends or selling valuable shares. However, investors must
be careful, because stocks can go down in value. They should be seen as a long-
35
Read Up 1_Answer Key
term investment. If a market is rising in value, it is called a bull market, and bullish
investors act aggressively. Conversely, bear markets lose value, and bearish
investors act cautiously.
36
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
뜨느냐? 가라앉느냐?
37
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
Metal items like spoons, knives, and forks will sink in water. However, if a spoon is
made out of wood, it will probably float.
Vocabulary Building
1. compare / 2. notice / 3. opposite / 4. bottom / 5. determine /
6. c / 7. a / 8. a / 9. d / 10. d / 11. came up with / 12. on the other hand / 13. is
equal to
Reading Comprehension
1. d / 2. c / 3. a / 4. c / 5. b / 6. c
Summary
1. displaces / floats / pushes up / gravity / density / bathtub
weight / water / experiment / denser / more / sink
2. An ice cube in water displaces some of the water, and floats because of
buoyancy force. Buoyancy pushes an object up, while gravity pulls it down. The
object's density determines whether it sinks. Archimedes wrote about buoyancy
based on his experience in a bathtub. He said the weight of the water an object
displaces equals the weight of the object. As we can see in an experiment, denser
water has more buoyancy force, so objects are more likely to float in it. On the
other hand, objects that are very dense, like metal, almost always sink.
38
Read Up 1_Answer Key
39
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
우주복의 기능
40
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
I do many things every day that astronauts couldn't do without a spacesuit, like
breathing and staying warm. Also, I can talk to my friends without using a radio
system.
Vocabulary Building
1. insulate / 2. exposed / 3. coordinate / 4. vacuum / 5. fluids /
6. d / 7. c / 8. a / 9. a / 10. b / 11. deal with / 12. breathe out / 13. built up
Reading Comprehension
1. a / 2. a / 3. d / 4. b / 5. b / 6. b
7. The radio system allows astronauts to maintain contact with their spacecraft and
ground controllers.
8. Astronauts create carbon dioxide when they breathe out. It's dangerous if there's
a lot of it, so the suit has to get rid of it.
9. Micrometeoroids are small pieces of rock that fly through space at high speeds.
If they hit something, they can damage it badly.
Summary
1. astronauts / air pressure / pure oxygen / the bends / removed
sturdy / guard / Temperature / radio system / Designs
2. Spacesuits are designed to protect astronauts outside their spacecraft. One way
suits do this is by providing the correct amount of air pressure. The air in the suit is
made up of pure oxygen to prevent "the bends," while dangerous carbon dioxide is
removed. The suit has a sturdy outer layer to protect against micrometeoroids.
41
Read Up 1_Answer Key
Also, the suit keeps the temperature constant for the astronaut. A radio system
makes communication possible, as well. Spacesuit designs have changed in the
past and will continue to do so.
42
Read Up 1_Answer Key
특허
발명가들은 새로운 발명품을 개발할 때나 그에 관한 아이디어만 있을 때에도 보통 특허 신청을
한다. 특허란 정부가 인증하는 기본적인 권리로서, 발명품의 소유권을 보장하고 다른 이들이
허락 없이 모방하는 것을 금지한다. 특허는 일정한 기간만 존속하며, 이 기간이 지나면 다른
사람들이 발명품을 사용하는 것이 더 이상 제한되지 않는다. 수많은 새로운 아이디어, 기구,
도구, 장치, 방법이 해마다 특허를 받는다. 하지만 특허가 나기 전에, 특허청은 발명품이
독특하고 유용한 것임을 확인해야 한다. 이런 이유로 특허를 받는 것은 때로 시간이 오래 걸릴
수 있다.
본문
창업가의 창의적 생각
43
Read Up 1_Answer Key
판매하기 시작하였다.
팍스나 설리반의 발명은 기술적으로 복잡하다거나 금전적으로 돈이 많이 필요한 일이
아니었다. 성공한 다른 창업가들처럼, 이 두 사람은 그저 필요성을 찾아내어 충족시켜 줄 수
있었던 것이다. 이렇게 하기 위해서는 어느 정도의 창의성이 필요하다. 창업가가 발명가이든,
아니든, 그들 모두에게서 찾아볼 수 있는 또 하나의 특징은 기꺼이 위험을 감수한다는 것이다.
그들은 지금 벌이려는 사업이 실패해서 돈을 잃을 수도 있다는 점을 안다. 그러나 진정한
창업가라면 눈에 띈 기회를 무시한다는 것은 쉽지 않을 수 있다. 더욱이, 스스로 상사가
됨으로써 얻을 수 있는 장점, 즉 중요한 결정을 하고 노력한 결실을 바로 거둘 수 있는 힘은
너무나 매력적이어서 그냥 지나칠 수가 없다.
On Your Own
Yes, I have an idea for an invention. My idea is clothing that can change color when
you want it to so it can match your mood or your accessories.
Vocabulary Building
1. complicated / 2. strain / 3. combine / 4. ignore / 5. directly /
6. a / 7. d / 8. b / 9. a / 10. d / 11. are tired of 12. pass up / 13. make a decision
Reading Comprehension
1. a / 2. b / 3. c / 4. a / 5. d / 6. d
7. Entrepreneurs can fund their ventures themselves, get bank loans, or find
investors.
8. It is a cover for textbooks that protects the book from day-to-day wear.
9. All entrepreneurs must take risks.
Summary
1. run / capital / niche / need / textbook / patent
rubber / at work / company / Creativity / risks / benefits
2. Entrepreneurs are people who build and run their own businesses. They require
capital and an opportunity niche to do so. Cody Fox saw a need for a protective
textbook cover. He invented the Book Jax and received a patent for it. Similarly,
Humphrey O'Sullivan invented the rubber-soled shoe by attaching rubber to his
shoes to stand more comfortably at work. He received a patent and started a
company to sell the shoes. Entrepreneurs have some traits in common. For one
44
Read Up 1_Answer Key
thing, they have the creativity to see and respond to an opportunity niche.
Additionally, entrepreneurs take risks in order to receive potential benefits.
45
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
르네상스
로마가 멸망한 후에 유럽은 암흑기로 알려진, 길고도 힘든 시기를 보낸다. 전쟁, 빈곤, 기아가
유럽대륙 전역으로 퍼져 나갔다가, 1400년 초반에 이르러서는 유럽의 많은 지역이 회복되기
시작하였다. 이제 사람들은 삶을 즐기고 싶어져서 그들 주위의 세계에 관심을 더 많이
기울이게 되었다. 이러한 호기심은, 과학, 예술, 언어, 교육 분야에서 창조적인 행위로
이어졌다. 이것이 바로 역사가들이 르네상스라 부르는 현상의 시작이었다. 르네상스라는
단어는 “부활”을 의미한다. 이탈리아에서 처음으로 시작되었다. 이탈리아는 지리적 위치로
인해서 이 기간 동안에 중요한 무역의 중심지가 되었다. 무역을 해서 번 돈과 다른 문화권과의
접촉을 통해, 이탈리아는 유럽의 다른 나라들 보다 일찍 암흑기에서 벗어났다.
이탈리아가 예술과 교육의 중심지가 되자, 사람들은 고대 그리스와 로마의 예술가, 사상가들의
가치를 재발견하기 시작했다. 이러한 변화로 사람들은 자기 자신과 세계를 다른 방식으로 보게
되었다. 이탈리아 사람들은 중세의 종교적인 철학사상에서 벗어나 “인문주의”라고 하는 새로운
사고방식을 발전시켰다. 인문주의는 각 개인의 중요성을 강조하고 인생은 풍요롭고 흡족한
것이라고 가르쳤다.
인문주의라는 강력한 가치가 이탈리아의 문화를 바꾸어놓았다. 작가들은 라틴어와
그리스어만을 사용하는 대신에, 일반 사람들도 이해할 수 있는 근대언어를 사용하기
시작하였다. 결과적으로, 더 많은 사람들이 문학작품을 읽고 새로운 것들을 배울 수 있게
46
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
If I were living in Europe before the Renaissance, I wouldn’t be able to read any
books as they were written in Latin and Greek only.
Vocabulary Building
1. continents / 2. encourage / 3. realistic / 4. curiosity / 5. emphasize /
6. a / 7. d / 8. d / 9. a / 10. b / 11. went through / 12. due to / 13. as well
Reading Comprehension
1. d / 2. d / 3. a / 4. a / 5. d / 6. b
7. Humanism taught people to focus on the individual and live rich, satisfying lives.
8. Italy experienced a lot of trade during and after the dark ages. Therefore, it had
more money and opportunity to explore art and learning.
9. Books were written in other languages so more people could read them.
Summary
1. curiosity / Dark Ages / Italy / rediscovered / individual / religion
literature / Leonardo da Vinci / realistic / Galileo Galilei / north / England
47
Read Up 1_Answer Key
Influenced by rediscovered ideas from ancient Greece and Rome, it focused on the
individual rather than religion. The Renaissance had many effects on Italian culture.
Books were written in languages other than Greek and Latin, artists created more
realistic styles, and scientists made discoveries. From Italy, the Renaissance spread
north to other countries. England was the last to experience the Renaissance.
48
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
지역 시간대
49
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
When I get up, it is already getting dark on the other side of the world. So children
there must be eating dinner or getting ready for bed.
Vocabulary Building
1. vertical / 2. forward / 3. adoption / 4. confusing / 5. matter /
6. a / 7. a / 8. b / 9. b / 10. c / 11. in relation to / 12. lead to / 13. keep track of
Reading Comprehension
1. b / 2. a / 3. c / 4. d / 5. a / 6. b
7. Half of Earth experiences day while the other half experiences night.
8. Trains made it possible to travel long distances very quickly, so differences in
local solar time made scheduling very confusing and a standard time was needed.
9. The Earth has 360 degrees and there are 24 time zones, so each has 15
degrees.
Summary
1. half / Different / continually / solar time / railroad / standard
Greenwich / leap / zones / degrees / longitude / equals
2. As Earth revolves around the sun, the half exposed to sunlight experiences day,
while the other experiences night. Earth is also rotating, so different parts of Earth
are continually entering sunlight or darkness. Traditionally, people told time using
local solar time. However, the invention of railroad travel created a need for a
standard system. Greenwich, England, was chosen as a reference point and GMT
was created. Later, UTC improved this by adding leap seconds. There are 24 time
zones, based on lines of longitude. One zone change equals one hour change,
50
Read Up 1_Answer Key
51
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
비행에 작용하는 힘
52
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
I've flown in an airplane a couple times. The force I noticed most was thrust
created by the engines during take off. The engines are very loud while the airplane
speeds up.
Vocabulary Building
1. likewise / 2. exceed / 3. delicate / 4. inspire / 5. overcome /
6. a / 7. c / 8. a / 9. b / 10. d / 11. cut down / 12. pull up / 13. slow down
Reading Comprehension
1. b / 2. d / 3. d / 4. c / 5. a / 6. a
7. An airplane creates lift and thrust and it must overcome gravity and drag.
8. Airplanes need to be slender in shape in order to cut down on drag.
9. They use engines and propellers to generate thrust.
Summary
1. operate / forces / Lift / wings / resistance / Thrust
propellers / weight / downward / balance / Takeoff / increases
53
Read Up 1_Answer Key
54
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
찰스 다윈과 진화론
영국의 과학자 찰스 다윈은 진화라는 근대적 이론을 소개하여, 지구상의 생명체에 대한 기존의
통념을 영원히 바꾸어 놓았다. 영국의 부유한 가정에서 1809년에 태어나 다윈은 어릴 때부터
자연에 깊은 관심을 보여서, 돌, 식물, 동물들을 찾아 수집하였다. 다윈의 아버지는 다윈이
의학을 공부하도록 에딘버러 대학에 보냈다가, 성직자가 되도록 캠브리지 대학에 보냈으나, 두
직업 모두 다윈의 관심을 끌지 못했다. 캠브리지 대학에서, 다윈은 식물학자 J.S. 헨슬로에게서
과학 지도를 받았다. 한편, 헨슬로는 다윈을 로버트 피츠로이 선장에게 소개해 주었는데, 1831
년에 피츠로이 선장은 다윈에게 지도제작을 위한 남아메리카 탐사에 동행하자고 제안했다.
다윈이 이를 받아들였을 때, 그 여행이 자신의 인생을 바꿀 것이라는 사실은 미처 알지 못했다.
이 여행은 5년간 계속되었는데 그 기간 동안 다윈은 <지질학 원리>라는 책을 읽었다. 이 책의
저자는 지구는 수백만 년 전에 생겼고, 끊임없이 변화한다고 주장하였다. 이러한 개념은
당시로서는 파격적인 것이었지만, 다윈이 관찰한 사항들은 이 개념을 뒷받침하는 것 같았다.
더욱이, 다윈은 지구상의 생명체에도 같은 개념이 적용된다고 생각하기 시작하였다.
남아메리카 외딴 섬들의 무리인 갈라파고스 군도에서 다윈은 몇몇 핀치 새의 무리를 우연히
보게 되었다. 핀치새들의 특징은 매우 유사하였으나, 사는 섬에 따라 중요한 점에서 차이를
보였다. 다윈은 영국에서 더 연구를 할 목적으로, 이 핀치새들을 포함하여 동물 샘플을
수집하였다.
55
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
Yes, when I was younger I used to collect interesting objects I found in nature, like
small rocks and bones or colorful autumn leaves.
Vocabulary Building
1. encountered / 2. expedition / 3. trait / 4. reject / 5. fascination /
6. d / 7. a / 8. c / 9. a / 10. d / 11. Millions of / 12. for further study / 13. Over
generations
Reading Comprehension
1. b / 2. b / 3. a / 4. a / 5. c / 6. d
7. Traits that help individuals survive better are passed from parent to child. Over
time, the traits of the entire species can change until it becomes a new species.
8. Darwin was not interested in studying medicine or becoming a priest.
9. They think it goes against their religious belief that God created the world as it
is.
Summary
1. nature / collected / careers / Accompanied / specimens / finches
theory / evolve / Published / Controversial / natural selection / biology
2. Early in life, Darwin showed an interest in nature rather than in the careers his
56
Read Up 1_Answer Key
father directed him towards. Later, he accompanied Robert FitzRoy on a sea voyage
to South America. Darwin read Principles of Geology and made important
observations about the finches of the Galapagos Islands. Back home, he worked on
a theory to explain his observations. He theorized that a species could evolve over
time and published his ideas in On the Origin of Species. The book was
controversial because of its ideas about God and evolution. Nonetheless, Darwin’s
theory of evolution by natural selection became one of the central principles of
biology.
57
Read Up 1_Answer Key
본문
미켈란젤로와 시스티나 성당 천정화
58
Read Up 1_Answer Key
On Your Own
I painted a picture in school last week. It was a portrait of my family standing in
front of our house. We were all wearing bright clothing and the sun was shining.
Vocabulary Building
1. access / 2. obstacle / 3. occupy / 4. precise / 5. innovative /
6. b / 7. d / 8. a / 9. c / 10. b / 11. is known for / 12. upside down / 13. Reach out
Reading Comprehension
1. a / 2. c / 3. b / 4. b / 5. a / 6. b
Summary
1. ceiling / Pope / frescoes / uncomfortable / create / pay
masterpiece / expansive / asked for / Bible / detail / influenced
2. Michelangelo was asked by the Pope to paint the Sistine Chapel. He reluctantly
accepted, knowing he could not say no to the Pope. Michelangelo started the job,
painting frescoes on the ceiling. He encountered many problems, such as having to
lie in an uncomfortable position to paint. Also, his first plaster recipe failed, so he
had to make a new one. In addition, the Pope did not pay Michelangelo. Despite the
difficulties, he produced a masterpiece more expansive than the Pope's original
idea. It featured many people and scenes from Bible stories. The extraordinary
59
Read Up 1_Answer Key
60