CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rear Latar

English is the international language. By mastering the English language well, then
we will be able to communicate with other nations in the world. In addition, we will be
able to add insight and knowledge for the progress of our nation and our country, because
we will be able to read English literature, listening to radio broadcasts overseas, and
watching the movies the other sciences. Thus, in the end we can master the knowledge-
knowledge in all fields.

Each language must have rules or we often refer to as the grammar of each, as well as
in English, there are many rules that must be considered in their use, especially in the
field of writingnya. Therefore, the author tries to present some rules of the many rules of
English, in addition to fulfilling the task of English subjects.

In Addition to increasing understanding about the international languange, the English

languange is studied at least will be easier for us to get a decent job, or for the provision
of our knowladge in the future. By understanding and mastering the International
Languange properly would provide excellent benefits for us all.

Therefore, it is necessary to first understand that there are grammatical in English. In

addition to facilitate pronunciation, we will also understand how to arrange the word to be
pronounnced so that it becomes a coherent sentence and correct according to his Tences.

1.2 Formulate Of The Problem

1. Formulate Of The Problem

2. What the defition from tenses?
3. What the formula from tenses?
4. What the example from tenses?

1.3 Purpose Of The Paper

1. To know definition from tenses

2. To know formula from tenses
3. To know example from tenses

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 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL STUDY

2.1 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A. Definition Of Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is a simple sentence that is used to describe a daily activity or daily
habits. Present tense also states an action or activity that takes place or occurs at the present
time in a simple form.

B. Simple Present Tense Formula

Expressing Simple Present Tense sentences that use verbs

+ Subject + Verb 1 + Object

- Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object

? DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?

? Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Example :

+ I speak English everyday

She speaks English everyday

- I don't speak English

She doesn't speak English

Do you speak English?

? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't

Does she speak English?

Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t

Nominal sentence

Express Simple Present Tense sentences that don't use verbs (Non VERB)
+ Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
- Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
? To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
? Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Example :

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 + I am a teacher.
She is a teacher.
- I am not a teacher.
She is not a teacher.
Are you a teacher?
? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau No, I am not
Is she a teacher?
Jawaban: Yes She is, atau No, She is not
What are you ?
? Jawaban: I am a teacher
Where is your sister ?
Jawaban: She is here

2.1.1. The positive nominal sentence formula used is:

Subyek + To be + Noun Adjective/Adverb

Information :
Non verb or non verb (verb), can be in the form of noun, adjective or adverb.To be (is, am,
are) adjusted for the subject matter of the sentence

- is untuk subyek He, She, It

- are untuk subyek We, You, They
- am untuk subyek I
Example :
- You are sad.
  (Kamu sedih)
- We are in the library.
  (Kami ada di perpustakaan)
- She is a teacher.
  (Dia seorang guru)
But if before to be preceded by an auxiliary verb (verb), the form to be (is, am, are)
changes to be for all subjects.
Example:
- I must be there.
  (Saya harus kesana,)
- He can be ill.
  (mungkin dia sakit.

2.1.2 The negative nominal sentence formula used is:

Subyek + To be + not +Noun Adjective/Adverb

Information:
Negative nominal sentences are formed by adding a note behind to be
- You are not sad.
- We are not in the library.
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- She is not a teacher.

2.1.3. The nominal question sentence formula used is:

To be + Subyek + Noun Adjective/Adverb

Example :
- Are you sad?
(Apakah kamu sedih?)
- Are we in the library?
(Apakah kami ada di perpustakaan?)
- Is she a teacher?
(Apakah dia seorang guru?)

2.2 PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

A. Definition Of Present Continous Tense

Present Continuous Tense in English tense is used for actions that are taking place
now, events that are being spoken and actions that take place only for a short period
of time. Present Continuous tense is also called a progressive tense.

B. Present Continous Tense Formula

Positif :

Subyek + To be (am,is,are) + Verb + ing + object

iiiiiiinnggIiiivERBvVNouVAdjective/Adverb
Negatif :

Subyek + To be (am,is,are) + not + Verb + ing + object

iiiiiiinnggIiiivERBvVNouVAdjective/Adverb

Tanya :

Subyek + To be (am,is,are) + Verb + ing + object

iiiiiiinnggIiiivERBvVNouVAdjective/Adverb
Exanple Present Continous Tense :

(+) I am Watcjing TV now

(-) Mr. Aji is Not going to Jakarta

(?) Is Mrs. Aliffah cooking in the Kitchen?

Present Continuous Tense requires :

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Verb “To Be”

A. I am
B. We/You/They Are
C. He/She/it is

Verb ‘To Be’

A. Go + ing = Going

Adverb Of Time
The time that is often used in the present continuous tense is now and right now

C. Function Of Present Continuous Tense

1. Current activities or temporary activities
Example :
(Mr.Gilang is writing a new book)
2. Future plans are definitely the time.
Example :
(I will go to Jogjakarta at 7:30 tomorrow)
3. Events related to something or someone around the present time or are talking
Example :
(It's raining now)

2.3 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A. Definition Of Present Perfect Tense

The form of Present tense in English tenses is used for a simple action that is still
ongoing or that has just stopped, but has an influence today. the present perfect is
needed to place on the results, not the events when they occur
B. Function Of Present Perfect Tense
1. Actions that occur at an uncertain time before this time.
2. Acts in the past and have influence in the present.
3.Actions that began in the past and still continue in the present
C. Formula of Present Perfect Tense
Negatif (-)
Subject + has/have + not + been + object
Subject + has/have + not + verb 3 + object

Positif (+)
Subject + has / have + been + object Subject + has / have + verbIII + object
Tanya (?)
Have / has + Subject + verb III + object

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 Have / has + subject + been + object

Example :

(+) I have been at home for a month

(-) Mr. Handoko has not eaten the sate already
(?) Has Mr. Imam been here since 06.00?

To form the present perfect tense sentence, we need to

know about:

2.3.1. The verb "have" (auxiliary verb )

-The singular, I have

-You have
-He / she / it has
- Plurals, We have You have
-They have

2.3.2 Past participle (been/verb 3)

Example : Talk = talked (regular)
Go = gone (irregular)

2.4 Present Perpect Continous Tense

A. Definition Of Perfect Continous Tense
Present Perfect Continous Tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu atau aksi telah
dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang.

B. Function Of Perfect ContinousTense

1. Untuk menunjukkan aktivitas yang sudah dikerjakan dan masih berlangsung hingga saat ini.
Contoh :
 She has been sleeping since one hour ago.

 We have been walking for a whole day, but we don’t arrive yet.

2. Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang baru saja selesai dan efeknya masih bisa
dirasakan pada saat ini. Contoh :

 It has just been raining all night, and the garden is still wet.)
 The fire fighter has just evacuating the victim from that building.

C. Formula Of Perfect Continous Tense

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 kalimat positif (+):

S + have/has + been + -ing/present participle

kalimat negatif (-):

S + have/has + not + been + -ing/present participle

kalimat interogatif (?):

have/has + S + been + -ing/present participle

Example :

(+) She has been driving the toddlers haven’t been sleeping

(-) She has not been driving the toddlers haven’t been sleeping

(?) Has she been driving the toddlers haven’t been sleeping

2.5 SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A. Definition Of Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is tense that serves to show the work that happened in the past without
wanting to emphasize that the work has been (perfect) or is being (continous) done.
understanding tense is almost the same as simple present Tense, only the time is different and
is often also used in conversation and writing.

B. Simple Past Tense Formula

Because this formula is simple, the formula is simple. We only need Verb-2 as an absolute
feature of the past tense formula. So the basic formula of the verbal sentence is: S + Verb-2.
As for nominal sentences, we must make "to be" into verb-2, which is "was and were".
Simple Past Tense uses the types of "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2". TO BE 2 consists of: was &
were (for details, see the following table).
I Was
You
They Were
We
He
She Was
It
I
You
They
We Did / Didn't 7
He
She
It
NOTE:
DID is used in the question sentence.
DID NOT (DIDN'T) is used in negative sentences.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) is used when a sentence has no verb element (NON VERB)
VERB 2 is only used in positive sentences.

Express Simple Past Tense sentences that use verbs (VERB)

+ Subject + Verb 2 + Object
- Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
? DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
? Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Example :
+ He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
- He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
? Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
? Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

Express Simple Past Tense sentences that don't use verbs (Non VERB)

+ Subject + To be 2 + Non Verb + Object

- Subject + To be 2 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
? To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
? Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Example :
+ I was a singer 5 years ago.
We were a singer 5 years ago.
- I was not a singer 5 years ago.
We were not a singer 5 years ago.
? Were you a singer 5 years ago?
Jawaban: Yes I was, atau No, I was not
Where were you last night?
? Jawaban: I was at home.
Why was she absent yesterday?

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 Jawaban: She was sick yesterday

This tense is said to be simple because simple past tense only wants to provide
information about a job that has happened in the past without wanting to show that the work
is being done or has been done
Formula Example of sentences
+ Verbal S + Verb-2 She killed a snake yesterday
Nomina S + was/were + nominal I was there but you did not see me
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- Verbal S + did + not + Infinitive She did not know where to go.
Nomina S + was/were + not + nominal When I was a child, I used to cry.
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? Verbal Did + S + Infinitive Did you take my money?
Nomina Was/were + S + nominal? Was the case hard to solve?
l

C.  Simple Past Tense function

1.  Stating the activities / activities that have occurred in the past. Usually the doer in the
sentence does not state when the activity ends.
Example :
a.      I saw a movie yesterday.
b.      Did you have your dinner last night?
c.       He did not wash his car.

2.      State some of the activities that have occurred in the past. Usually the number of
activities is more than one.
Example:
a.      I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
b.      He arrived from the airport at 08.00 Am, checked into the hotel at 09.00 Am, and met
others at 10.00 Am.
c.       Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then eggs?

3.   State the duration of the activity that has occurred in the past, the duration of time
described is usually long. Can be two years or more.
Example :
a.      I lived in Brazil for two years
b.      Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
4.  Expressing habits that occur and have stopped in the past, this form is the same as "Used
to". Usually we add a time caption like always, often, usually.
Example :
a.      I studied Japanese language when I was child.
b.      She worked at movie theater, when she was in junior high school.

5.   Declare a general truth that has happened in the past that has not happened again.

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Example :
a.      She was shy as a child , but now she is easy going.
b.      He did not like tomatoes before.

C. Examples of Simple Past Tense Sentences.

1.      My mother cooked fried chicken for my birthday party last week.
2.      I tried to call you yesterday, but no one picked up my phone.
3.      Jokowi won the president election several months ago.
4.      My smartphone was the fastest loading among others.
5.      She did not go to school yesterday because since three days ago she has been sick.
6.      Many of life’s failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success 7.     
I wonder why you did not take the scholarship to study abroad.
8.      Were you so sleepy last night that you left the show before it’s over?
9.      I would wait for you if I was not in hurry to catch my flight.

2.6 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past continuous tense reveals past actions ongoing. Actions can sometimes also be
interrupted by something. This form of English tenses is also called Past Progressive Tense
Use:
1. Actions in progress
2. Interrupted activities that are ongoing [Past Continuous] + When + [Past Simple]
3. Activities that are taking place at the same time in time then.
4. Conditional / polite questions For example: I was wondering if you could carry my bag.
Formula Positive (+) Subject + to be (was / were) + verb-ing + object
Negative (-) Subject + was / were + not + verb-ing + object
Ask (?) - was / were + subject + verb-ing + object?
Examples of past continuous tense:
(+) He was sleeping when I came
(-) He was not sleeping when I came
(?) Was he sleeping when I came?
(+) I was working all night yesterday
(-) I was not working all night yesterday
(?) were you working all night yesterday?

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2.7 PAST PERFECT TENSE
Past perfect tense adalah tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah
selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi. Past perfect tense memiliki
rumus sebagai berikut :

• Kalimat positif : Subjek + had + verb3/ past participle

• Kalimat Negatif : Subjek + had + not + verb3/ past participle

• Kalimat tanya : Had + Subjek + Verb3/ past participle

Example :

(+) She had studied English before she moved to Jakarta

(-) She had not studied English before she moved to Jakarta

(?) Had she studied English before she moved to Jakarta?

Past perfect tense memiliki beberapa penggunaan. Salah satu penggunaannya adalah untuk
menunjukkan sesuatu terjadi di masa lalu dan terus berlangsung sampai terjadinya aksi yang
lain di masa lalu. Untuk lebih jelasnya, Anda dapat memperhatikan contoh berikut :

 
• I had had that car for five years before it broke down

• My mother felt bad about selling the house because she had owned it for more than ten
years

Past perfect tense juga dapat digunakan pada reported speech setelah verbs : said, told, asked,
thought, wondered dan lain-lain.

2.8 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

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Past Perfect Continuous Tense is formed with  auxiliary verb had dan been dan present
participle.  Following the formula Past Perfect Continuous Tense which can be used as a
guide in a sentence.

• positive sentence : Subjek + had + been + V1-ing/ present participle

• negative sentence : Subjek + had + not + been + V1-ing/ present participle

• question sentence : Had + subjek + been + V1-ing/ present participle + ?

Understanding ... 
Perfect Continuous Tense, it is a form of verb used when expressing a completed action at a
certain point in the past. Actions that are declared to have a certain time duration. Simply,
this tense is used to express an event that has begun and is taking place in the past, but now it
has not happened again.

Sentence fungcitions and examples ...

Past Perfect Continuous Tense has three functions, namely :

1. To tell events that have happened and are taking place in the past up to a certain point in
the past as well.
Example : When the kids came, their mom had been waiting for three hours

2. As a presupposition sentence (conditional sentence) type III

Example : If it had been raining, I would have stayed in the office until midnight

3.indirect sentence (indirect speech)

Example :
Direct speech : “He was playing piano”

Indirect speech : He said that he had been playing piano.

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2.9 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Definition of Simple Future Tense
A simple form of the future is a verb used to express that an action taken in the future is
spontaneous or planned.

Simple Future Tense formula

Simple future tense is formed from auxiliary verb capital "will" or "shall" and bare infinitive
(verb basic form) or is formed from phrasal capital "be going to" and bare infinitive.

Simple Future Tense Formula Examples of Simple Future Tense Sentences

1. positive sentence (+)

S + will + bare infinitive

S + be (am / is / are) going to + bare infinitive
He will win.
(He will win.)
They are going to come.
(They will come.)

2. negative sentences (-)

S + will + not + bare infinitive

S + be (am / is / are) + not + going to + bare infinitive
He won't win.
(He won't win.)
They aren't going to come.
(They will not come.)
interrogative sentence (?)
3.Will + S + bare infinitive

Be (am / is / are) + S + going to + bare infinitive?

Will he win?
(Will he win?)

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Are they going to come?
(Will they come?)

2.10 DEFINITION OF FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Future Continuous Tense is a tense that is used to declare an activity or an event that will take
place in the future.

2. Formula Of Future Continuous Tense

Subject + shall/will + be + ( verb1+ing) + object + modifier
Example :
 -U Farmers in Jati Bali will be growing rice crops at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
(Petani-petani di Jati Bali akan sedang menanam padi jam 9 pagi besok).
-Transpiration will be starting to increase at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
(Transpirasi  akan sedang mulai meningkat jam 8 besok pagi).

Use of Future Continuous Tense

1. To state the event / activity that will be happening at a specific time in the future. The time
specifications are usually stated in hours.
Example:

- My daughter will be watching TV at eight thirty tonight.

(Putri saya akan sedang nonton TV jam 8.30 malam ini).

-She will be copying the materials at 10 o’clock this morning.

(Dia akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini).

2. WheTo state events / activities that are happening / taking place in the future, which are
interrupted by other events.n + subject1 + simple present tense, subject2 + future continuous
Subject1 + future continuous + when + subject2 + simple present tense
Example :
- When I arrive home, my daughter will be watching TV.

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(Ketika saya tiba di rumah, putri saya akan sedang nonton TV).

-When I go to her house on Saturday night, she will be being with her boyfriend.
(Jika saya pergi ke rumahnya malam minggu ini, dia akan sedang bersama dengan pacarnya).

3.   Also used to state 2 events that will occur at the same time in the future.
While + subject1 + present continuous, subject2 +  future continuous
Subject1 + future continuous + while + subject2 + present continuous

example :
-While I am typing another note tonight, my family will be watching TV in the family room.
(Sementara saya sedang mengetik catatan yang lain malam ini, keluarga saya akan sedang
nonton TV di ruang keluarga).

-Male students will be playing aroundwhile the female ones are chitchatting. 
(Murid laki-laki akan sedang bermain-main sementara murid-murid wanita sedang ngobrol).

4.   To state a thing or event that is believed / really will happen soon.
Example :
-  I think the sun will be shining soon.
(Saya kira matahari akan segera sedang bersinar).

-Oh no! The clouds are very dark and thick. It will be raining soon.
(Oh tidak! Awan sangat gelap dan tebal. Akan segera sedang turun hujan).

Negative Form
Bentuk negatif dari kalimat dalam Future Continuous Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan
‘not’ setelah auxilliary will, atau setelah is/am/are, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula
berikut:
Subject + shall/will + not + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier

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Note: Will not dapat dikontraksi  menjadi won’t.
Example :
-My daughter will not be watching TV at eight thirty tonight.
(Putri saya tidak akan sedang nonton TV jam 8.30 malam ini).

- She will not be copying the materials at 10 o’clock this morning.

(Dia tidak akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini).

-I will not be discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. next Friday. (Saya tidak akan
sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya jam 2 sore Jumat
depan).

Introgative Form
Yes/No Questions untuk Future Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut:
Shall/Will + subject + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier ?
example :
-Will your daughter be watching TV at eight thirty tonight? 
(Apakah putri anda akan sedang nonton TV jam 8.30 malam ini?).
-Will she be copying the materials at 10 o’clock this morning? 
(Apakah dia akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini?).
-Will you be discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. next Friday?
 (Apakah saya akan sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya
jam 2 sore Jumat depan?).

2.11 DEFINITION OF FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Future Perfect Tense is a form of tense that is used to declare an event that will be completed in the
future. When we use this Tense, we carry ourselves into the future and look back at the events that
will be finished at that time.

Future Perfect Tense formula

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The Future Perfect Tense formula is quite simple, will + have + Verb 3 (past participle). The formula
will not change even if we use a single or plural subject.

Here is the Future Perfect Tense formula:

1. Positive Sentence Formulas

Subject + will + have + Verb 3

Example of sentences:

 I will have left.

 I will have arrived.

2. Negative Sentence Formulas

Subject + will + not + have + Verb 3

Example of sentences:

 I will not have left.

 I will not have arrived.

We can't use the abbreviation won't replace will not.

3. Interrogative Sentence Formulas

Will + Subject + have + Verb 3?

Example of sentences:

 Will I have left?

 Will I have arrived?

4. Negative Interrogative Sentence Formulas

Will + not + Subject + have + Verb 3?

Example of sentences:

 Will not I have left?

 Will not I have arrived?

We can also use the abbreviation won’t to replace will not in this type of Negative Interrogative
sentence.

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Present Perfect Continuous Tense is one form of tenses that is used to express an action that
began in the past and continues today.

Conclusion

Simple Past Tense

The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about a completed
action in a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The
time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past and action duration is not
important.

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