 MANAGEMENT
 is a process of coordinating
actions and allocating resources
to achieve organizational goals.
 MANAGEMENT THEORIES
- Evolved from earlier theorist
- Theorist of management were
introduced in the 1800 during the
industrial age as factories developed
 HUMAN RELATION THEORY
 Introduced by Mary Follet
 Presence of proper
relationship between
manager and members.
 The individual worker as the
source of control,
motivation and productivity
in organization.
 a. Classical/scientific approach
 1930 – labor unions became
stronger and were instrumental in
advocating for the human needs of
employee
 HAWTHORNE EFFECT
 – the phenomena of being
observed or studied,
resulting in changes in
behaviour.
 Frederick Winslow Taylor
 , was an American mechanical
engineer who sought to improve
industrial efficiency. He is regarded
as the father of scientific
management, and was one of the
first management consultants.[1]
 A. CLASSICAL APPROACH
 FREDERICK W. TAYLOR- –
acknowledge as the father of
scientific management for his use
of scientific method.
 He was focusing his attention on
the operation within an
organization by exploring
production at the worker level.
 PRODUCTIVITY was the area of
focus
 Taylor's scientific management
consisted of four principles
 Replace rule-of-thumb work
methods with methods based on a
scientific study of the tasks.
 Scientifically select, train, and
develop each employee rather than
passively leaving them to train
themselves.
 Provide "Detailed instruction and
supervision of each worker in the
performance of that worker's
discrete task"
 Divide work nearly equally between
managers and workers, so that the
managers apply scientific
management principles to planning
the work and the workers actually
perform the tasks.
 Henri Fayol
 was a French mining engineer,
director of mines, and
management theorist, who
developed independent of the
theory of Scientific Management, a
general theory of business
administration[1] also known as
Fayolism. He was one of the most
influential contributors to modern
concepts of management.
known as the “father of the management
process school” described this as:
 Planning
 Organizing
 Issuing orders/ commanding
 Coordinating
 Controlling
 Recommended centralization
through the use of a scalar chain,
responsibility accompanied by
authority, and unity of command
and direction.
 He advocated “ a place for
everything and everything in
its place.”
 Esprit d Corp/ team spirit – the
positive act of one is the benefit of
the team. Likewise, fault of one is
fault of all.
 Respondeat Superior/Command
Superior – the master shall always
be accountable.
 Subordination of personal to
the general interest – good of
majority before yourself.
 Renumeration of personnel
 Lillian Gilbreth and franck
 focused on inefficiency and waste -
not only the waste of time and
motion but also the waste of
potential human satisfaction and
fulfillment that could be derived
from work.
 One of her studies is motion, which
could "make visible the invisible.”
 She believed that satisfaction
comes from using one’s skills, that
standardized work could also be
skilled work.
 She believed that poorly planned
jobs made work tiresome and
destroyed enjoyment of the task.
Her theory was that managers and
owners needed to structure
authority in the workplace and that
each employee deserved basic
human dignity
 Henry Laurence Gantt
 he advocated a scientific approach
to industrial efficiency. The
processes and tools he created
remain essential to our modern
business world.
 A Gantt chart is a type of bar
chart that illustrates a project
schedule. Gantt charts illustrate
the start and finish dates of the
terminal elements and summary
elements of a project
 Max Weber
 German lawyer, politician,
historian, sociologist and political
economist, who profoundly
influenced social theory and the
remit of sociology itself.[1
]
 Weber's major works dealt with
the rationalization and so-called
"disenchantment"
 Antipositivism (or non-positivist
sociology) is the view in social
science that academics must
necessarily reject empiricism and
the scientific method in the
conduct of social theory and
research
 empiricism is a theory of
knowledge which asserts that
knowledge arises from sense
experience. Empiricism is one of
several competing views about
how we know "things,"
 Mary Parker Follett
 was an American social worker,
management consultant and
pioneer in the fields of
organizational theory and
organizational behavior.
 Mary Parker Follett pioneered the
understanding of lateral processes
within hierarchical organizations
(which recognition led directly to
the formation of matrix-style
organizations,
 b. BEHAVIORAL
APPROACH
 Elton Mayo
 was an Australian psychologist,
sociologist and organization
theorist.
 Formulate job satisfaction and
hawthorne effect
 Chester Barnard
 was an American business
executive, public administrator,
and the author of pioneering work
in management theory and
organizational studies.
 Barnard looked at organizations as
systems of cooperation of human
activity, and noted that they are
typically short-lived. It is rare for a
firm to last more than a century,
and the only organization that can
claim a substantial age is the
Roman Catholic Church
 Rensis Likert
 was an American educator and
organizational psychologist best
known for his research on
management styles. He developed
his eponymous Likert Scale and the
linking pin model.
 Likert scale
 is a psychometric scale commonly
used in questionnaires, and is the
most widely used scale in survey
 research. When responding to a
Likert questionnaire item,
respondents specify their level of
agreement to a statement. The
scale is named after its inventor,
psychologist Rensis Likert.[2]
 The format of a typical five-level
Likert item is:
 Strongly disagree
 Disagree
 Neither agree nor disagree
 Agree
 Strongly agree
 Linking pin model
 The linking pin model is an idea
developed by Rensis Likert. It
presents an organisation as a
number of overlapping work units
in which a member of a unit is the
leader of another unit
 Douglas Mc Gregor
 Discuss about the theory x and
theory Y
 Theory x
 McGregor argued that the
conventional approach to
managing was based on three
major propositions, which he called
Theory X:
1. Management is responsible for
organizing the elements of productive
enterprise-money, materials, equipment,
and people-in the interests of economic
ends.
 2. With respect to people, this is a
process of directing their efforts,
motivating them, controlling their
actions, and modifying their
behavior to fit the needs of the
organization.
 3. Without this active intervention
by management, people would be
passive-even resistant-to
organizational needs. They must
therefore be persuaded, rewarded,
punished, and controlled. Their
activities must be directed.
Management's task was thus
simply getting things done through
other people.
 Theory Y
 Management is responsible for
organizing the elements of
productive enterprise-money,
materials, equipment, and people
in the interests of economic ends.
2. People are not by nature passive or
resistant to organizational needs. They
have become so as a result of experience
in organizations.
 3. The motivation, potential for
development, capacity for
assuming responsibility, and
readiness to direct behavior toward
organizational goals are all present
in people-management does not
put them there
 . It is a responsibility of
management to make it possible
for people to recognize and
develop these human
characteristics for themselves.
4. The essential task of management is to
arrange organizational conditions and
methods of operation so that people can
achieve their own goals by directing their
efforts toward organizational objectives.
 Henry Mintzberg
 Formulate organizational structure
 Robert blake and jane mouton
 Proposed the manegerial grid
 Alvin toffler
 Adhocracy is a type of
organization being antonymous to
bureaucracy. The term was first
popularized in 1970 by Alvin
Toffler[1], and has since become
often used in the theory of
management of organizations
(particularly online organizations),
further developed by academics
such as Henry Mintzberg.
 The word is a portmanteau of the
Latin ad hoc, meaning 'for
purpose', and the suffix -cracy,
from the ancient Greek kratein
(κρατείν), meaning 'to govern'[1],
and is thus a

 c. Management
science approach
 Herbert Simon
 was an American political scientist,
economist, and psychologist, and
professor—most notably at
Carnegie Mellon University—whose
research ranged across the fields
of cognitive psychology, computer
science, public administration,
economics, management,
philosophy of science, sociology,
and political scienceof the 20th
century
 . With almost a thousand very
highly cited publications, he is one
of the most influential social
scientists
 A polymath (Greek polymathēs,
πολυμαθής, "having learned
much")[1] is a person, with superior
intelligence, whose expertise spans
a significant number of subject
areas. In less formal terms, a
polymath (or polymathic person)
may simply refer to someone who
is very knowledgeable. Most
ancient scientists were polymaths
by today's standards.[2]
 Leonardo da Vinci is regarded as a
"Renaissance Man" and is one of
the most recognizable polymaths.
 Theory Z
 is a name applied to two distinctly
different psychological theories.
One was developed by Abraham H.
Maslow in his paper Theory Z and
the other is Dr. William Ouchi's so-
called "Japanese Management"
style popularized during the Asian
economic boom of the 1980s.
 Maslow's Theory Z' In contrast
toTheory X, which stated that
workers inherently dislike and
avoid work and must be driven to
it, and Theory Y, which stated that
work is natural and can be a source
of satisfaction when aimed at
higher order human psychological
needs.
 For Ouchi, Theory Z focused on
increasing employee loyalty to the
company by providing a job for life
with a strong focus on the well-
being of the employee, both on and
off the job
 . According to Ouchi, Theory Z
management tends to promote
stable employment, high
productivity, and high employee
morale and satisfaction.
 Principles of management
 Unity of command-
 Hierarchical organization principle
that no subordinate should report
to more than one boss; or, 'Two
bosses are not better than one.'
 they should be responsible to only
one superior”
 esprit de corp
 solidarity, rapport, team spirit,
camaraderie, mutual support,
common bond, fellow feeling,
community of interests, group
spirit He enjoyed the friendship,
comradeship and esprit de corps of
the army.
 Division of labor or economic
specialization
is the specialization of cooperative labor in
specific, circumscribed tasks and roles,
intended to increase the productivity of
labor.
 Span of control
 is a term originating in military
organization theory, but now used
more commonly in business
management, particularly human
resource management. Span of
control refers to the number of
subordinates a supervisor has.
 Professional Fields in Nursing

 1. Hospital or Institutional

 Hospital & related health facilities.

 Advantages:
 Always has a supervisor
 Updated with new trends
 Undergo rotation to diff.
units
 Have 8hrs and 40 hrs week
duty
 Chance to get promoted
 Salary increases periodically
 Considered important
member of the team
 More staff development
 Disadvantages:
 Great possibility of
understaffing
 Bulk of work , no time for
improvement, if far-flung,
no CEP are provided
 Administrative problems
and overwork – dissatisfy
the staff nurses.
 2. Public Health/Community
Health
 in accordance with the Nat’l Health
Program; focus is on preventive &
promotive
 Advantages:
 Focus of care on family and
community rather than
individual basis.
 Gives better perspective on
the health condition of
community and health
programs
 Maximizes efforts
  Focus of care more on
educational and preventive
aspects
 Clients are motivated to
assume responsibility for
their health.
 Disadvantages:
 Cases are limited mostly to
chronic and/or
communicable diseases.
 More hazards
 No fixed hours of work
 Not exciting nor glamorous
 Limited practice of skills
 Not be immediately aware
of changes and trends.
 It is not for introverts
 No immediate superior
 3. In-Service Education
 involves in trng & dev’t of nurses in
hospitals & improve quality of
service in own institution
 Have experience of at least 2 yrs in
nursing practice
 Can do teaching, supervision and
consultation
 Understand relationship with others
 Understand broad problems and
deirable practices
 Has a skills in problem solving
 Understand role and function
 Understand self and others involve
in in-service
 Ability to plan and implement
programs
 Private Duty Nursing
 RNs in private practice
a. General Private Duty
Nurse
b. Private Duty Nurse
Specialist
5. Occupational Health/Industrial
 provides/delivers healthcare
to workers
6. Nurse Educator
 academes, teaching the
nurse education program
7. Military Nursing
- Nurse Corpse; started before the
outbreak of WWII
 Stages of Nursing Practice
 Novice
….This stage is attribute to nursing
students who have no background
knowledge and thereof, needs rules, facts,
and direct instruction to guide their action
and to perform nursing safely.
 Stages of (cont…)
 Advance Beginner
… it is attributed to a new graduate
who has developed a greater self
awareness as a nurse and has become
less reliant on rules, facts and direct
instruction and is more context free in her
practice.
 Stages of (cont…)
 Competent
… a practitioner at this level of
practice is characterized by a sense of role
mastery. Practice at this level is planned
and evolves on the basis of long term
goals and prioritization. This nurse has
wider knowledge base plans and
anticipates functions by relying on
previous experiences, and therefore works
increased level of efficiency.
 Stages of (cont…)
 Proficient
… a nurse at this level practices
based on a holistic and deep
understanding of the situation, which
means that she sees the total picture of a
situation and understands it. The nurse
functions with an intuitive grasp, a skill
that can be attained only by seeing and
comparing many similar and distinct
clinical situation that she has been
exposed to over time.
 Stages of (cont…)
  Expert  Examination of all ethical and bio-
ethical issues from the prospective
… the nurse at this level is of nursing theory
characterized by an intuitive grasp of the  Ethical Principles and Other
most salient aspects of each situation with Approaches
the minimum number of cues.  Teleological Approach
 Comes from the Greek word
 III. Ethics and Morals telos or “goal or end”
 Ethics  The act of utilitarianism
 from Greek word “ethos” meaning where the good resides in
moral duty or character the promotion of happiness
or the greatest net increase
 standard to examine and
of pleasure over pain
understand moral life
 The right thing to do is the
 It is about making choices that are
good thing to do
best for the individual or society at
certain times and in a particular  Good = agape – general
situation and then evaluating such goodwill or love for
choices and outcomes humanity
 Critical reflection about morality  If the acts help people, then
and rational analysis it is a good act, and if it
hurts people, then it is a
 Morals
bad one
 specific ways of behaviour or of
 Guidelines for making
accomplishing ethical practices.
ethical decisions:
 Morality is derived from the
 Consideration for
Greek word moralis
people as human
meaning moral consensus
beings
about moral conduct for
human beings and society.  Consideration of
consequences
 Human decency,
right or wrong, good  Proportionate good
or evil, proper or outcome from the
improper, cruel or choices
benevolent acts  Propriety of actual
 What you believe is right needs over ideal or
and good potential needs
 A desire to enlarge
choices and reduce
Ethics
chance
 A courageous
Professional Ethics acceptance of the
consequence of the
Health care ethics decision
 Deontological Approach or Duty-
Bio-ethics Oriented Theory
 Came from the Greek word
 Nursing Ethics Deon which means duty
 Related to all the principles of right  The basic rightness or
conduct as they apply to the wrongness of the act
profession depends on the intrinsic
 It reinforces the nurses’ ideals and nature rather than upon the
motives in order to maximize the situation or its
affectivity of their service consequences
  A person is morally good
and admirable if his actions
are done from a sense of
duty and reason
 Consequences to have
value in according to W.D.
Ross’s “prima facie duties”:
 Duties of fidelity
 Duties of reparation
 Duties of gratitude
 Duties of justice
 Duties of
beneficence
 Duties of self-
improvement
 Duties of non-
maleficence
 Theories of Ethics
1. Idealism – based on principal doctrine
that the truth can be known by reasoning
“I think, therefore I am!”
2. Realism – opposite of idealism; the truth
is out there even without reasoning
“I am, therefore I think!”
 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
 Assists the health professionals to
determine right or wrong in regard
to value issues involving the
pursuit of health, alleviation of
suffering and assisting patients
toward peaceful death.
 Autonomy
 From the Greek word autos
meaning self and nomos meaning
governance.
 Involves self-determination and
freedom to choose and implement
one’s decision, free from deceit,
duress, constraint or coercion.
 Individuals are to be permitted
personal liberty to determine their
action.
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Free action
 Authenticity
 Effective deliberation
 Moral reflection
 Application of Autonomy
 Informed consent
 Paternalism/Parentalism
 Standard of Best Interest
 Veracity
 Truthfulness; never to mislead or
deceive a patient as in informed
consent, health teachings &
answering questions about their
health & treatment as honestly as
possible.
 Benevolent deception
 Intentional withholding of
information according to
ones’ sound judgment when
such revelation would do
more harm to an
emotionally unstable or
depressed person.
 Beneficence
 Stated in a positive form.
 Promotes doing acts of kindness
and mercy that directly benefit the
patient.
 Includes the following:
 Promotion of health
 Prevent illness or
complications
 Alleviate suffering
 Assist towards
peaceful death if the
inevitable comes
 Nonmaleficence
 Similar to principle of beneficence.
 Stated as an admonition in the
negative form to remind health
practitioners to “DO NO HARM”.
 Examples:
 Not assisting in or
performing abortion
 Not assisting persons to
commit suicide
 Not performing euthanasia
or mercy killing
 Not willfully subjecting
patients to experimental
drugs whose potential harm
may be greater than the
expected benefit
 Not harming a person’s
reputation by revealing
confidential information
 Justice
 The right to demand to be treated
justly, fairly and equally.
 Article XIII of the Philippine
Constitution
 The state shall adopt an
integrated and
comprehensive approach to
health development and
shall endeavor to make
essential goods, health and
social services available to
all people at affordable cost.
 There shall be priority for
the needs of the
underprivileged, the sick,
the elderly and the disabled,
the women and the children
 The state shall endeavour to
provide free medical care to
paupers, establish and
maintain an effective food
and drug regulatory system,
and undertake appropriate
health manpower
development and research
responsive to the country’s
health needs and problems.
 It shall establish a special
agency for disabled persons
for their rehabilitation
 R.A. 7432 – Senior Citizens Act
 Gives honor and justice to
the elderly by giving 20%
discount in public
establishments
 NHIA of 1995
 Provides for a universal
compulsary health
insurance program in the
country
 Egalitarian theory
 Fair opportunity rule
 Emphasizes equal access to
goods and services
 Utilitarian theory
 The greatest good for the
greatest number
 Triage schemes
 Determine who
should be served
first.
 Criteria:
 Medical
prognosis or
medical utility
or who among
the patients is
most likely to
survive
 Social utility
or social
value or
worth
 The ability to
pay
 First-come,
first-served
basis
 FIDELITY
 Refers to the obligation of a person
to be faithful to agreements,
responsibility and commitments
that he made to himself and to
others.
 ii. promised secret – made by a
person in exchange of a
promise not to reveal it;
commitment is gained after the
secret was knownex. dx of pts
 iii. confided secret –
commitment not to reveal the
secret was gained even before
it is communicatedex. health
history interview
 Confidential information
 Termed as the privileged
communication.
 Given based on trust.
 Patients and/or relatives are
expected to give the
necessary information so
that proper diagnosis and
treatment could be made.
 Patient and/or family is
entitled to know information
or facts within the limits
determined by the
physician.
 The nurse may only repeat
the information that his
physician wishes to
disclose.
  Any information given by
the patient should always
be treated as confidential.
 Who should observe
confidentiality?
 Nurses
 Physicians
 Pharmacists
 Med Techs
 Chaplains
 Student Nurses
 All other personnel (janitors,
receptionists, secretaries,
accountants, treasurers etc.)
 When does confidentiality end?
 if the pt gives his/her consent
ex. during insurance claims
 if its revelation is for the common
good
- evolved into a
discipline of its own as a result of life
and death dilemmas faced by health
care practitioners
 Some Bioethical Issues
1. DNR – “Do Not Resuscitate”
orders that no effort be
made to revive a pt if he
suffered from Cardiac or
Pulmonary arrest
2. Euthanasia – “Mercy Killing”, act of
painlessly putting to death pts
suffering from incurable or
distressing disease or illness
3. Abortion – termination of
pregnancy before the age of

ex. highly contagious viability

disease
4. Human Cloning – carried out with
gunshot wound the intention of creating
another human being that is
genetically identical to another
Morals – personal standards of right &
human being
wrong
Nurses encounter
**always private & personal
bioethical issues on a daily basis.
Conflict between preservation of life
**trust your conscience & pt’s right to be treated or not to be
treated makes decision-making
 MORAL VIRTUES difficult. To be guided, try to ask pt’s
 Justice “QUALITY OF LIFE”.
 Temperance
 Fortitude  CODE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
 Prudence  Service to others
 Condition Affecting Morality  Integrity and objectivity
 Ignorance  Professional competence
 Fear  Solidarity and teamwork
 Concupiscence  Social and civic responsibility
 Violence  Global competitiveness
 habit  Equality of all profession
 Bioethics  Filipino Nurses’
Code of Ethics
- a specific domain of  The new Code of Ethics for
ethics that focuses on moral issues in Nurses was adopted on
the field of health care October 23, 2003
  Code of Ethics – teaches & 4. member of PNA
prescribes
5. 5 yrs experience as
the right conduct as they apply to
the profession administrator

 Elements of the Code: 6. MA degree major in

 RNs and People nursing
 RNs and Practice
 RNs and Co-Workers  Administrators
 RNs, Society and Environment
 RNs and the Profession - occupying supervisory or
 Patient’s Bill of Rights managerial positions that require
knowledge of nursing
The Patient has the right to:
1. BSN & RN in Phil
1. Medical Care & Humane
Treatment 2. 2 yrs in general nsg svc
2. Informed Consent admin
3. Privacy
4. Information 3. at least 9 units of mgt in
5. Privileged Communication MA
6. Choose Physician
7. Self-Determination 3. member of PNA

 PATIENT’S RESPONSIBILITIES  Deans

 Providing information
 Complying with instruction 1. BSN & RN in the Phil
 Informing the physician of refusal
to treatment 2. at least 1 yr clinical
 Paying hospital charges practice in field of specialization
 Following hospital rules and
regulation 3. member of PNA
 Showing respect and consideration
4. MA degree holder in
 IV. Qualifications in the nursing from
Practice of Nursing college/university
 Director or Chief Nurse recognized by Gov’t
 Administrators
 Deans 5. at least 5 yrs experience
 Faculties in nursing
 Nursing Students
 Director or Chief Nurse  Faculties

1. BSN & RN in Phil 1. BSN & RN in the Phil

2. 3 yrs in general nsg svc 2. At least 1 yr clinical practice in

admin
field of specialization
3. at least 9 units of mgt in
MA 3. Member of PNA
4. MA degree holder in nursing, education
or other allied medical health science
from college/university
recognized by Gov’t
 Nursing Student
1. graduate of secondary
education (high school)
from a reputable school duly
recognized by the DECS
2. Certificate of good moral
character
3.
 Qualifications of a Professional
Nurse:
 Physically & mentally fit
 Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing
(BSN)
 License

 The personal qualities and
professional proficiencies of a
nurse include:
 1. Interested & willing to work &
learn with individuals/groups.
 2. Warm & concerned for people.
 3. Resourceful, creative well-
balanced emotional condition.
 4. Capable & able to work
cooperate with others.
 Drugs & Medications
 Republic Act 6425 known as
the Dangerous Drug Act of
1972 covers the administration
and regulation of the
manufacture, distribution, and
dispensing of controlled drugs
 prescribe in yellow prescription
 administer only if prescribed
by a duly licensed Physician
 locked in cabinet & counted
every endorsement
 Medical Records & Charting
- “if it was not charted, it was
not observed or done”
- serves as legal protection for
Hosp, MDs, RNs
- record fully, accurately,
legibly
- kept confidential
- safeguard from loss,
destruction or access by other people
 Charting by Nursing Students
When a nurse or a clinical instructor
countersigns the charting of a
nursing student, he/she attests that
he/she has personal knowledge of
information and that such is accurate
and authentic. Anyone who
countersigns without verification
commits herself to possible legal
risks.
 Medical Records in legal
Proceedings
- usually used to give important
evidence in legal proceedings such as
police investigations, extent of injury
incurred by the patient, among
others
- the medical records librarian, by
subpoena duces tecum, testifies that
pt’s records are kept & protected
from unauthorized handling and
change; only complete accurate
records are accepted in court.
 MD’s Orders & Its Legal
Implications
 Application & execution of written
legal orders is a dependent &
coordinated function of RNs.
 Limit verbal orders.
 “Good judgment & common sense
will help avoid legal problems &
protect pts from harm.”
 Supervision of Nursing
Students
 They don’t perform RN duties.
 To be supervised by Clinical
Instructors.
  To avoid errors:  CONSENT OF A CONTRACT
 1. CONSENT = in a contract is the
- always under CI acceptance of the offer as to the
Object and the Cause that are to
- assignment within level constitute the contract.
 Requisites:
- guidance if performing
1st time 1. The offer must be certain
2. Acceptance must be absolute and
- oriented to policies of unqualified.
areas
 CONSENT
- frequent assessment
3. An acceptance that is qualified
- frequent conferences constitutes merely a counter – offer.

 Supervision of Nursing Aides 4. A counter –offer extinguishes the offer,

and may or may not be accepted by the
 Performs activities under RN’s
original offeror.
supervision.
 Assigned activities within
capacity. 5. An acceptance may be express or
 VI.Consent, Contracts & Wills implied.

Contract – meeting of minds between 6. Without consent, there is no contract.

2 persons whereby one binds himself,
with respect to the other, to give  Essentials Requisites of Consent
something or render service  Two or more parties.
 Capacity of parties to give consent.
3 elements:  Absence of vices of consent.
 Absence of conflict between
a. consent declaration and intention.
 Proper declaration of intent.
b. object  Who cannot give consent?

c. obligation 1. Minors
2. Insane or demented persons
Requisites: 3. Deaf – mute who does not know
how to write and read.
4. Those persons who are intoxicated
a. 2 or more parties with drugs or alcohol.
5. Those under hypnotic spell
b. both must give
consent
 Kinds of vices in a consent
 Vices of a consent are those
c. subject must be
circumstanceswhich vitiate ( or
specified
render defective) the consent given
by a partyto the contract.
d. obligation is
established
1. Mistake and error
2. Fraud and deceit
e. legal capacity to enter 3. Violence
4. Intimidation
 5. Undue influence
 OBJECT OF A CONTRACT
 Subject matter of the contract.
 It may either be a thing or a
service.
 There is no contract if there is no
object.
 Requisites of Object of a Contract
1. Within the commerce of man.
2. Transmissible
3. Not contrary to law, morals
customs and public policies.
4. Not impossible
5. Determinate as to its kind
 Characteristics of Contracts
1. Autonomy ( Freedom to stipulate)
2. Obligatory force of contracts
3. Consensuality of contracts
4. Mutuality of contracts
5. Relativity of contracts
 Stages of Contracts
1. Preparation or conception
( negotiations)
2. Perfection or birth( agreement)
3. Consummation or termination
( obligations are executed)
Kinds of Contracts
1. Formal – required to be in
writing by some special law
2. Informal – oral or written where
the law does not require
the same to be in writing
3. Express – condition & term are
given orally or written
4. Implied – one that is concluded as
a result of acts of conduct of the
parties
5. Void – inexistent from the very
beginning
6. Illegal – one that is expressly
prohibited by law
Consent – granting permission to
perform a procedure
2 types:
1. Informed – written, sufficient
information has been given to
give consent
2. Implied – when consent can’t
be obtained through
writing
Who can give consent?
1. 18 yrs old & above, conscious
& coherent, competent
2. Below 18 yrs provided that
he/she is an emancipated
minor
Who can’t give consent?
1. Minors
2. Unconscious
3. Mentally ill persons
Wills – “testament”; legal declaration
of a person’s intention upon death
Decedent – a person
whose property is transmitted
through succession whether or not he
left a will
- also called
Testator/Testatrix if he left a will
Heir – person called to
succession either by provision of a
will or by operation of the law
Testate – a person who
died leaving a will
Intestate – a person who
died without leaving a will
 Probate – validation of a
will in court
Holographic Will – a will
that is written, dated & signed by the
testator
Noncupative Will – a will
that is made orally
 V. The Phil Nsg Act of 2002
(R.A. 9173)
 Board of Nursing
Section 3, Composition
- a chairperson & 6
members
Section 4, Qualification
- natural born citizen
- resident of the Phil
- member of PNA
- BSN, RN, MA Degree
holder
- 10 yrs practice, last 5
of in Phil
- not convicted of moral
turpitude
Allegiance – the duty of loyalty
and obedience with a subject or
citizen owes to his government
Citizen – a member or state who
owes allegiance
Doctrine of Jus Sanguines – the
principle that the nationality of a
person is determined by the law of
his descendant parentage
Doctrine of Jus Soli – the principle
that the nationality of a person is
determined by the law of the place of
his birth
Stages in Appointment (Sec 3)
- a. nomination ( PNA & PRC)
b. recommendation (PRC to
the President of the
Phil)
c. appointment (1 of 2
shorlisted nominee)
Section 6, Term of Office
- fixed and definite period or
time (3 yrs)
- tenure: actual period one
holds
- hold-over: continue to hold office
until a new successor comes (present
term has expired & no
successor is appointed
Section 9, Primary Function, Duty &
Power
- supervise & regulate nursing
- conduct nurse licensure exam
- issue, suspend & revoke
certificate of
registration
- monitor & enforce quality
standards
- to ensure quality nsg educ
- conduct hearing &
investigation
- promulgate a code of ethics
- recognize nsg specialty org
- prescribe, adopt, issue &
promulgate
guidelines,
regulations, measures & decisions for
improvement of nursing practice
 Examination & Registration
Section 12, Licensure Exam
- written exam given by
BON in such place & dates designated
by PRC
- general rule, “must
pass” to be issued COR & Prof
License
- exemptions ( RN pre-
9173, reciprocity, special/temporary
permit
- must pay prescribed
fee
Section 13, Qualification for
Admission to Licensure
- Fil citizen or citizen of other
country permitting Fil RN to practice
- good moral character
- BSN holder
Section 14, Scope of Exam
- determined by the BON
(objective of curriculum, broad area
of nsg, other related disciplines)
Section 15, Ratings
- general ave of 75%
- none below 60% in any
subject
= PASSED
- if FAILED, take
removal/renewal exam on subject
below 60%
- score must be 75% & above
- should be taken w/in 2 yrs of
the failed exam
Section 16, Oath
- successful candidates are
required to take the oath
a. before the BON
b. gov’t official
authorized to
administer oaths
- may be in English or Tagalog
Section 17, issuance of Certificate of
Registration/Professional License &
Professional Identification Card
- COR: name, serial #,
signature of the Chairperson of PRC &
BON, official seal of PRC
- PIC: signature of PRC
Chairman, date of registration,
license #, date of issuance, date of
expiry
SEC. 20. Registration by Reciprocity.
–
- registration/license may be
issued w/o exam to nurses under the
laws of a foreign state or country:
when requirements in said country
grant same privileges to Fil RNs on
the same basis:
Section 21, Practice through Special
or Temporary Permit
- foreign RNs whose service
are either for a fee or free if
internationally well-known specialists
or outstanding experts
- foreign RNs on medical
mission
for free in a hospital, center or clinic
- foreign RNs employed by
schools/colleges as exchange profs in
a branch or specialty of nursing
Section 22, Non-Registration & Non-
Issuance of COR, License or
Special/Temporary Permit

- convicted by final judgment

- guilty of immoral or
dishonorable
conduct

- declared by court to be of
unsound mind

Section 23, Revocation & Suspension

- conviction

- immoral/dishonorable conduct

- unsound mind

- unprofessional/unethical
conduct

- gross
incompetence/ignorance

- malpractice/negligence

- use of fraud, deceit or false

statement

- violation of R.A. 9173

Section 24, Re-Issuance or Revoked

Certificates & Replacement of Lost
Certificates

- after a maximum of 4 years

- when cause for revocation

has disappeared

- new certificates will be issued

for lost, destroyed or
mutilated