PREPARED BY:

Bajado, Marichu
Diaz, Ariel
Dial, Marvin
Figaruoa, Danica
Llena, Angela
Maravilla, Eden
Ocampo, Virgie

Infectious Disorder in Adult

1. Guillain–Barré syndrome
 Is a disorder in which the body's immune system attacks part of the peripheral nervous
system.
 Occurs a few days or weeks after the patient has had symptoms of a respiratory or
gastrointestinal viral infection. Occasionally surgery or vaccinations will trigger the
syndrome.

Pathology
 Body's immune system begins to attack the body itself, causing what is known as an
autoimmune disease. Usually the cells of the immune system attack only foreign material and
invading organisms
 The immune system starts to destroy the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of many
peripheral nerves, or even the axons themselves.
 Myelin sheaths are injured or degraded, the nerves cannot transmit signals efficiently.
That is why the muscles begin to lose their ability to respond to the brain's commands,
The brain also receives fewer sensory signals from the rest of the body, resulting in an inability
to feel textures, heat, pain, and other sensations.

s/s
 Weakness typically beginning in the legs and progressing upward.
 weakness is accompanied by decreased feeling (paresthesia).
 Reflexes are lost, for example, the hammer to the front of the knee will not induce a kick.

Diagnosis
 Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) test.
 Spinal tap a procedure in which the doctor inserts a needle into the patient's lower back
to draw cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal column.
 Reflexes such as knee jerks.
 S/S

Treatment and Nsg. Management

 Immunoglobulin therapy are used.
 Plasma exchange (sometimes called plasmapheresis).
 machines that assist body function like heart monitor and respirator.
 Promote active and passive exercise.
 Prevent infection and bedsores.

REPRODUCTIVE: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE

1. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

 This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves
individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors.
 AIDS is a Pandemic Disease.
 33 million people lived with the disease world wide.
 1981: AIDS has been first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
 1983: HIV has been recognized by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Infectious Disorder in Adult

ETIOLOGY
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
a retrovirus that primarily infects vital organs of the immune system.
Sexual Transmission
 Genital, Oral, or Rectal mucous membrane.
Blood-Borne Pathogens
 Needles: Tattoos, Piercings, Blood transfusion recipients and Blood products
Perinatal Transfusion
 The transfusion from mother to child, can occur in utero during the last week of pregnancy
and at childbirth.
 Breastfeeding (4%)

Signs and Symptoms

Patients often have systemic symptoms of infection:
 fevers,  chills,
 sweats,  weakness,
 swollen glands,  and weight loss

STAGING (WHO)
Stage I: HIV infection is asymptomatic and not categorized as AIDS.
Stage II: includes minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract
infections.
Stage III: includes unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial
infections and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Stage IV: includes toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi or
lungs and Kaposi's sarcoma; these diseases are indicators of AIDS.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is base on the signs and symptoms.

HIV TEST: HIV tests are usually performed on venous blood. Many laboratories use fourth generation
screening tests which detect anti-HIV antibody (IgG and IgM) and the HIV p24 antigen. The detection
of HIV antibody or antigen in a patient previously known to be negative is evidence of HIV infection.
Individuals whose first specimen indicates evidence of HIV infection will have a repeat test on a
second blood sample to confirm the results.

TREATMENT
 An antiretroviral treatment directly after a highly significant exposure, POST-EXPOSURE
PROPHYLAXIS (PEP).
Signs and Symptoms:
Diarrhea, malaise, nausea, and fatigue
 Antiviral Therapy
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
 Selenium : can suppress HIV viral burden

PREVENTION

Infectious Disorder in Adult

  Health Education
 Sexual contact: Practice safe sex
 Protective measures: gloves, masks, protective eyewear or shields, and gowns or aprons
 Proper contaminated needles disposal
 Infected mother should avoid breastfeeding

2. GONORRHEA
 Is a common Sexually Transmitted Infection. It is a purulent infection of mucous
membrane surfaces.
Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria
Men (20%), Women (50%) through sexual contact; Vaginal childbirth
Incubation period: 2 to 30 days

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

MALE:
 yellowish discharge,
 painful frequent urination,
 reddened external urethral meatus
FEMALE:
 discharge from the vagina,
 discomfort in the lower abdomen,
 irritation of the genitals,
 painor burning during urination
 abnormal bleeding

DIAGNOSIS
 Gram Stain
 Culture
 Nucleic acid amplification tests
 Ultrasonography
 may demonstrate thick, dilated fallopian tubes or abscess formation.

TREATMENT
 Antibiotics
DOC: Cefixime (Suprax)
Secondary DOC: Ceftriaxone (Rocephin

COMPLICATION
MEN:
 epididymis (epididymitis)
 prostate gland (prostatitis)
 urethral structure (urethritis)

FEMALE:
 PID
 Neonatal or adult blindness from conjunctivitis
 Infertility

Infectious Disorder in Adult

3. HEPATITIS B

Hepatitis B is an infectious illness caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which infects the liver of
hominoidae, including humans, and causes an inflammation called hepatitis.
Transmission: Exposure to blood or body fluids
 ENDEMIC: China
 EPEDEMIC: Asia and Africa

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 loss of appetite  mild fever
 Nausea and vomiting  dark urine
 body aches  development of jaundice

DIAGNOSIS

 Obtain History  HBV DNA tests

 Physical Examination  Liver biopsies
 Blood Test
 Liver function tests

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

 IV Fluid: Dehydration
 Treat the symptoms
 Antiviral Drugs: lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera), tenofovir (Viread), telbivudine
(Tyzeka) and entecavir (Baraclude)
 Vaccination: Hapa B vaccine
 Health Education

4. HERPES GENITALS
 Is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the herpes simplex viruses.
Two Distinct Categories:
Herpes Simplex Type 1: mouth, throat, face, eye, and central nervous system infections
Herpes Simplex Type 2: anogenital infections

EPIDEMIOLOGY:
 common in the United States
 common among women
TRANSMISION:
 Sexual contact

DIAGNOSIS:
 Physical Exam
 Culture
 Blood tests

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Decreased appetite

Infectious Disorder in Adult

  Fever
 General body weakness (Malaise)
 Muscle aches in the lower back, buttocks, thighs, or knees
 In women: on the outer vaginal lips (labia), vagina, cervix, around the anus, and on the
thighs or buttocks; vaginal discharge
 In men: on the penis, scrotum, around the anus, on the thighs or buttocks
 In both sexes: on the tongue, mouth, eyes, gums, lips, fingers, and other parts of the
body
 Enlarged and tender lymph nodes in the groin during an outbreak
 Painful urination

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

 Antiviral Drugs: acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir
 Treat symptoms
 Practice safe sex or Abstain from sexual contact
 Health education

INTEGUMENTARY (diseases)

1. ACNE VULGARIS
 the term "acne" refers to the presence of pustules and papules; "acne vulgaris",
meaning "common acne".

Characterized by areas of skin with:

 seborrhea (scaly red skin)  pustules (pimples)
 comedones (blackheads and  nodules (large papules) and
whiteheads)  possibly scarring.
 papules (pinheads)

 Acne affects mostly skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles; these areas
include the face, the upper part of the chest, and the back.
 Severe acne is inflammatory
 In adolescence, acne is usually caused by an increase in male sex hormones, which people
of both genders accrue during puberty.
Cause:
 Genetic  Psychological  Diet
 Hormonal  Infectious

Infectious Disorder in Adult

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Treatment

 Medications:
 Benzoyl peroxide is a first-line treatment for mild and moderate acne vulgarus due to its
effectiveness and mild side-effects (primarily an irritant dermatitis). It normally causes
just dryness of the skin, slight redness, and occasional peeling as part of some side-
effects.
 Antibiotics
 Hormones
 Topical and oral retinoids
 Anti-inflammatories

Nursing Diagnosis
 Reduced self-esteem
 Depression or suicide

2. FURUNCLE CARBUNCLE
 Boils (furuncle, carbuncle) are painful swellings of the skin caused by deep skin infection
with bacteria. Boils begin as red, tender swellings, which may later ooze pus. Some
people have recurrent boils.
 Furuncles may occur in the hair follicles anywhere on the body, but they are most
common on the face, neck, armpit, buttocks, and thighs. Furuncles can be single or
multiple.

Cause:

Infectious Disorder in Adult

  Furuncles are generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus, but they may be caused by
other bacteria or fungi found on the skin's surface.
 Sometimes boils develop after exposure to someone with boils or another skin infection.

Symptoms
 A furuncle may begin as a tender, pinkish-red, swollen nodule but ultimately feel like a
water-filled balloon. Pain gets worse as it fills with pus and dead tissue.
Other symptoms may include:
 Fever
 General ill-feeling
 Itching before furuncle develops
 Skin redness or inflammation around the lesion

Treatment
 Meticulous hygiene is important to prevent the spread of infection.
 Warm moist compresses encourage furuncles to drain, which speeds healing.
 Antibacterial soaps and topical antibiotics are of little benefit once a furuncle has formed.
Systemic antibiotics may help to control infection in those with repeated furuncles.

Prevention
 Antibacterial soaps
 Antiseptic (germ-killing) washes
 Good hygiene (such as thorough handwashing)

3. PSORIASIS (non-infectious)
 PSORIASIS is a chronic, autoimmune disease that appears on the skin. It commonly
causes red, scaly patches to appear on the skin
 The scaly patches commonly caused by psoriasis, called psoriatic plaques, are areas of
inflammation and excessive skin production.
 commonly affects the skin of the elbows, knees, and scalp.

Cause
 The exact cause remains unknown.
 genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
 The immune system is thought to play a major role.

Types

 psoriasis vulgaris (common type),

 guttate psoriasis (small, drop like spots),
 inverse psoriasis (in the folds like of the underarms, navel, and buttocks),
 pustular psoriasis (liquid-filled yellowish small blisters).

Treatment

 For mild disease that involves only small areas of the body (like less than 10% of the total skin
surface), topical (skin applied) creams, lotions, and sprays may be very effective and safe to

Infectious Disorder in Adult

 use. Occasionally, a small local injection of steroids directly into a tough or resistant isolated
psoriasis plaque may be helpful.

 For moderate to severe, these cases may require systemic or total body treatments such as
pills, light treatments, or injections. Stronger medications usually have greater associated
possible risks.
 Topical corticosteroids (steroids, such as hydrocortisone) are very useful and often the first-
line treatment for limited or small areas of psoriasis.

 Vitamin D analogues
 Topical corticosteroids
 Anthralin.
 Moisturizers

GASTROINTESTINAL (diseases)

1. HEPATITIS A
 Hepatitis A is a liver disease. Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Inflammation is
the painful, red swelling that result when tissues of the body become injured or infected.
Inflammation can cause organs to not work properly.
higher risk, including :

 people who travel to developing countries

 people who live with someone who has hepatitis A
 people who use illegal drugs, including noninjection drugs
 men who have sex with men

You could get hepatitis A from :

 eating food made by an infected person who didn’t wash his or her hands after using the
bathroom
 drinking untreated water or eating food washed in untreated water
 placing a finger or object in your mouth that came into contact with an infected person’s
stool
 having close personal contact with an infected person, such as through sex or caring for
someone who is ill

Symptoms
Older children and adults often get mild, flulike symptoms, including
 tiredness  diarrhea
 upset stomach  dark yellow urine
 fever  light-colored stools
 loss of appetite  yellowish eyes and skin, called
 stomach pain jaundice

Diagnostic test:
By BLOOD TEST

Infectious Disorder in Adult

How is hepatitis A treated:
 Hepatitis A usually gets better in a few weeks without treatment. Get lots of rest and
avoid drinking alcohol, which bothers the liver. Your doctor may suggest medicines to
help relieve your symptoms, or medicines you may want to avoid
 You can avoid getting hepatitis A by getting the hepatitis A vaccine

2. SALMONELLOSIS
 Salmonellosis is an illness caused by Salmonella bacteria that affects the intestine, usually
resulting in diarrhea. In some people, the infection spreads to the bloodstream and other
areas of the body and can be life-threatening unless they receive prompt treatment.
Salmonellosis the A, named after merican scientist Daniel Salmon, is one of the most
common causes of food poisoning in the United States.

Symptoms
 diarrhea  fever
 stomach cramps  headache
 pain  Nausea and vomiting

Salmonellosis Diagnosed and Treated:

 Sometimes the symptoms create other problems, such as dehydration In those cases,
people may need to go to the hospital to receive replacement fluids through their veins
(an "IV"). Antibiotics may be used if the infection spreads beyond the intestine, but
salmonellosis is often resistant to drugs.

3. Typhoid fever
A bacterial infection transmitted by contaminated water, milk, shelfish, or other food.
Infection of the GI tract affecting lymphoid tissues of the small intestine.

Etiologic agent
 Caused by salmonella typhosa/typhi.
 Gram negative, motile and non-spore forming.
 Pathogenic to man only.
 A hard organism that easily survives natural habitat like water or inorganic materials.
Incubation period- 5-40 days
Period of communicability- variable depending on the patient is excreting the microorganism it is
capable of infecting others.
Mode of transmission- fecal to oral, ingestion of contaminated food, water and milk.

Pathology
Organism gain access to the blood stream through the GI tract.
1st week- lymph nodes are swollen, necrosis of the lymph follows, cause by progressive edema
and eventually vascular obstruction from the center to peripheral nodes, resultiung to oval ulcer
along the long axis of bowel.
2nd week- forms a sloughs w/c are often bile colored.

Infectious Disorder in Adult

 3rd week- sloughs separate and leave the ulcerated surface.
Hemorrhage and perforation may oocur due to extension of lession and continuous erosion of
the epithetial lining of the small intestine.
Since toxin is absorbed by the blood stream, almost all organs of the body are affected,
commonly the heart and liver and spleen.
s/s
Onset:
 Headaches, chilly sensation, aching all over the body.
 Nausea and vomitting, diarrhea.
 4th-5th symptoms worsen.
 Fever is higher in the morning than it was in afternoon.
 RR increase, tongue is furred, the skin is dry and hot, abdomen is distended and tender.
 Rosy spots appear on the abdominal wall on the 7th-9th day.
 2nd week symptoms aggravates, temperature remains in uniform level, rosy spots
become prominent.
 Typhoid state:
 Tongue protrudes, dry and brown.
 Teeth and lips accumulate a dirty brown collected from dried mucus and bacteria.
 Pt. staring blankly.
 Twitching of the tendon.
 Delirium ends up to death.

Diagnosis
 Typhidot-confirmatory  Widal
 ELISA  Rectal swab

Treatment
 Chloramphenicol- drug of choice  If the chloramphenicol 3rd and 4th
 Ampicillin generation drugs are
 Co-trimoxazole administered.
 Ciprofloxacin or ciftriaxone

Nsg. Management
 Aseptic technique.  Prevent injury.
 Maintain or restore fluids &  Provide hygiene and mouth care.
electrolytes.  Cooling measures during febrile.
 Monitor VS.  Watch for intestinal bleeding.

Infectious Disorder in Adult