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Natural Resource Investment in Higaonon Ancestral Domain
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ENO PMC SERVICES
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ENOPMC e-text.resources.enopmc.978-34548-9-7
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NATURAL RESOURCE INVESTMENT IN HIGAONON ANCESTRAL DOMAIN
ALLAN J.S. (BSc)
Member, Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Agusan del Sur, Philippines
EGIRANI, D. E. (PGC; BSc; MSc; PhD; MNMGS, MSAN, MMAGBNI)
Environment and Natural Resource Consultant

United Kingdom
ISBN 978-34548-9-7
All Rights Reserved

Published in 2008 by
ENO PMC SERVICES LIMITED, United Kingdom
S.J. ALLAN & D.E. EGIRANI e-text.resources.enopmc. 978-34548-9-7. p2
FOREWORD
The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 (R.A 8371) otherwise known as the IPRA law of the
Philippines recognizes, protects and promotes the rights of Indigenous Peoples in decision
making for natural resources within their ancestral domain. Therefore, this reference material is
aimed to provide socio-economic, cultural- customary laws, practices and governance insight for
all stakeholders and potential investors in the development and management of natural resources
in the Higaonon ancestral domain.
Therefore, there is need to balance a gradual cultural shift from over dependence to self-
sustained, economically viable and self determined tribe in harmony with its ecological and
cultural environment. Furthermore, there is need to build partnership and institutions to ensure
maximum participation of tribal leaders and communities in the formulation and implementation
of natural resources development plans, programs, projects and activities.
Hon. Leonida P. Manpatilan

Municipal Mayor of Esperanza
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express gratitude to the former Provincial Governor of Agusan del Sur, Hon.
Adolph Edward G. Plaza and Voluntary Services Overseas as the funding agency, for the
Memorandum of Agreement entered into for the formulation of this reference material on
investment within Higaonon ancestral domain.
Also, I am highly indebted to the Barangay representatives, representatives of, Municipality of

Esperanza, representatives of the Province of Agusan del Sur and the National Commission on
Indigenous People (NCIP) for the opportunity to serve together with them.
Finally, the participation of all officials listed in annex is hereby acknowledged.
D.E. EGIRANI
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................5
I. Rationale ...........................................................................................................................................................5
II. Scope and Methodology ..................................................................................................................................6
a. Preparatory Visits to Tribal Leaders at Salug ................................................................................................................ 6
b. Inventory Visit for Data Acquisition ............................................................................................................................. 6
c. Workshop to Consolidate Information .......................................................................................................................... 7
d. Presentation of findings to Higaonon leaders and the community ................................................................................ 7
III. Components of the Reference material on investment ................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................................................................7
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................7
1. Historical Background .....................................................................................................................................7
1.1. Historical Background of Higaonon- IP ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1. The Lineage: ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Geographic Profile ..........................................................................................................................................8
2.1. Location ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Topography ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.3. Soil Type .................................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.4 Climate ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.5. River Systems and Ground water Hydrology ........................................................................................................... 10
3 Land Use Profile ............................................................................................................................................. 11
3.1. Physical land area and political subdivisions ........................................................................................................... 11
3.2. Existing land use and vegetative cover .................................................................................................................... 12
3.3. Eco-tourism .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
4. Demography ................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.1. Population distribution ............................................................................................................................................. 13
4.2. Child birth and death rate ......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.3. Factors affecting demographic setting of the Higaonon tribe................................................................................... 15
5: Socio-Economic Status .................................................................................................................................. 16
5.1 Peace and order ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2. Labor force and employment ................................................................................................................................... 16
5.3. Poverty Incidence..................................................................................................................................................... 18
5.4. Mining, Forestry and Agriculture............................................................................................................................. 19
5.5. Health ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21
5.6. Sanitation and Waste Disposal Services................................................................................................................... 22
Education and Manpower Development ......................................................................................................................... 24
6 Infrastructures, Utilities and Facilities ........................................................................................................... 25
6.1 Road networks .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
6.2. Water supply facilities.............................................................................................................................................. 27
6.3. Power supply............................................................................................................................................................ 28
6.4. Communication facilities ......................................................................................................................................... 29
6.5. Transportation .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
7. Governance, Customary Laws and Cultural Practices .................................................................................. 30
7.1 Municipal government structure ............................................................................................................................... 30
7.2 Organization.............................................................................................................................................................. 31
7.3. Tribal Structure of Governance ................................................................................................................................ 32
7.4. Multi-Stakeholders Partnership and Governance ..................................................................................................... 33
7.4.1. Municipal development council ............................................................................................................................ 34
7.4.2. Environment and natural resource council ............................................................................................................ 34
7.4.3. Provincial business management team .................................................................................................................. 34
7.4.4 Community-based technical team .......................................................................................................................... 35
7.4.5. Non-governmental organizations and people’s organizations ............................................................................... 35
7.4.6. Higaonon integrated association of indigenous investment organizations ............................................................ 35
7.5. Tribal Governance and Socio-Economic Activities ................................................................................................. 35
7.6. Customary Laws and Cultural Practices................................................................................................................... 35
7.6.1. River Clans............................................................................................................................................................ 37
7.6.3. Tribal ideology and socio-economic divide .......................................................................................................... 37
7.6.4. Significant Cultural Sites (Tulungadanon) ............................................................................................................ 38
7.6.5 Pangagda and Pamada ............................................................................................................................................ 38
7.6.6. Panubaga ............................................................................................................................................................... 39
7.6.7. Pre- ritual activities ............................................................................................................................................... 39
7.6.8. Ritual activities ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
7.6.9. Cultural signs for peace and order ......................................................................................................................... 40
7.6.10. Cultural events .................................................................................................................................................... 40
8. Trends and Prospects in the Utilization of Natural Resources ...................................................................... 40
8.1. Investment climate ................................................................................................................................................... 40
8.2. Investment in forest products ................................................................................................................................... 40
8.3. Investment in agriculture.......................................................................................................................................... 40
3
8.4. Investment in mineral resources ............................................................................................................................... 41

8.5. Existing and future markets...................................................................................................................................... 41
8.6. Human resource/skills requirements and acquisition ............................................................................................... 41
9. Investment Issues and Concerns .................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................................................................ 45
INVESTMENT ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
10.1. Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives ...................................................................................................... 45
10.1.1. Vision .................................................................................................................................................................. 45
10.1.2. Mission: .............................................................................................................................................................. 45
10.1.3. Goal..................................................................................................................................................................... 46
10.1.4. Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................... 46
Investment Strategies And Approaches .............................................................................................................. 46
11.1. Education and capacity building program .............................................................................................................. 46
11.2. Responsible and sustainable investment approach ................................................................................................. 47
11.2.1. Community level ................................................................................................................................................. 48
11.2.2. Company & industry level .................................................................................................................................. 48
11.2.3. Local & national government level ..................................................................................................................... 48
11.3 Technical and financial support for small and medium enterprises......................................................................... 49
11.4. Investment promotion approach ...................................................................................................................... 50
11.5. Human Resource Development Approach ..................................................................................................... 50
12. Diversification of investment programs ....................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................................................................ 52
PROGRAMS AND POLICIES .............................................................................................................................. 52
13.1. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Campaign for Stakeholders ..................................... 52
13.2. Natural Resources Assessment............................................................................................................................... 53
13.3. Review of Investment Policies ............................................................................................................................... 53
13.4. Environmental Management and Investment ......................................................................................................... 54
13.5. Socio-Economic Development and Investment ..................................................................................................... 54
13.6. Local Governance & Investment............................................................................................................................ 54
13.7. Industrial Development and Investment ................................................................................................................. 54
13.8. Indigenous Peoples Permanent Representation and Implementation of IPRA Law ............................................... 55
CHAPTER V .............................................................................................................................................................. 56
IMPLEMENTATION OF REFERENCE MATERIAL .......................................................................................... 56
14.1. Institutional Arrangement and Collaborative Mechanism ........................................................................ 56
14.2 Indigenous People Ancestral Domain Investment Office (IPADIO)....................................................................... 56
14.3. The Role of line agencies, departments and centers in the implementation strategies ........................................... 57
14.4. Financial Mechanism ...................................................................................................................................... 58
14.5 Development Timeline .................................................................................................................................... 58
14.6 System for Monitoring and Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 58
ANNEX 1: BEST PRACTICES INVESTMENT ASSESSMENT TOOL ............................................................ 60
ANNEX II: COMMUNITY TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP (CTWG) ........................................................ 62
ANNEX III: DISCUSSIONS AND SUBMISSIONS BY STAKEHOLDERS ...................................................... 62
DISCUSSION WITH MAYOR LEONIDA MANPATILAN ................................................................................ 69
DISCUSSION WITH DATU BALAN & DATU MANBUNGCOAN ................................................................... 73
DISCUSSION WITH MS. DIVINA P. LAGUMBAY ............................................................................................ 75
PROPOSAL ON INVENTORY OF HIGAONON TRIBE .................................................................................... 79
SUBMISSION BY JOHNVIE B. GOLORAN, MSF, GDEM ................................................................................ 81
LIST OF AXTIVITYPARTICIPANTS ................................................................................................................... 83
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Land area by barangay ........................................................................................................................... 11

Table 3.2: General Land use categorization ............................................................................................................ 12
Table 3.3: Inventory of tourist spots and attraction ............................................................................................... 13
Table 4.1: Barangay demography, Higaonon.......................................................................................................... 13
Table 4.2: Barangay death and birth ....................................................................................................................... 15
4
Table 5.1. Percentages of the labor force who are employed in Higaonon barangay .......................................... 17
Table 5.2: Percentages of households with income less than poverty threshold, Higaonon barangay ............... 18
Table 5.3: Percentages (%) of households [HH] engaged in forestry, mining and quarrying ............................ 19
Table 5.4: Percentages of households engaged in crop farming, poultry, livestock and fishing ......................... 20
Table 5.5: Percentages households with garbage collection and without sanitary toilet ..................................... 23
Table 6.1: Inventory of roads in Higaonon barangay............................................................................................. 26
Table 6.2: waterworks system for Higaonon barangays ........................................................................................ 28
Table.6.3. Power supply, consumption and Higaonon households served ............................................................ 29
Table 7.1.Municipal Officials.................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 9.: Issues and concerns ................................................................................................................................... 42
Table 9.2. SWOT analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 44
Table 9.2. SWOT analysis contd............................................................................................................................... 44
Table 9.2. SWOT analysis contd............................................................................................................................... 45
Table 13.1: Information, Education and Communication Strategies ................................................................... 52
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Geographic profile of Agusan del Sur showing Esperanza ..................................................................9
Figure 2.2: Map showing CADC 154 covering Higaonon tribe ...............................................................................9
Figure 2.3: Municipality of Esperanza Showing River systems ............................................................................ 11
Figure 3.1: Municipality of Esperanza showing barangay .................................................................................... 12
Figure 5.1: Percentages of victims of crime in Esperanza ...................................................................................... 16
Figure 5.2: Percentages of Households Received Treatment for Sickness ............................................................ 22
Figure: 6.1. Inventory of barangay roads in Esperanza ........................................................................................ 26
Figure 6.2: Percentages of households with access to safe water ........................................................................... 27
Figure 6.3: Sources of water supply to Higaonon tribe .......................................................................................... 27
Figure 6.4 Water supplies in Higaonon and Non-Higaonon areas. ....................................................................... 28
Figure 6.5: Power supply for Esperanza Agusan del Sur ...................................................................................... 29
Figure 7.1: Municipal Organizational Structure .................................................................................................... 32
Figure 7.2.Schematic Tribal Structure of Governance .......................................................................................... 33
Figure 7.3: Activities and Tribal Governance of the Higaonon Tribe ................................................................. 38
Figure 14.1: Working Structure of Implementation............................................................................................... 57
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I. Rationale
The Higaonon-IP occupies Esperanza, Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental and Surigao del Norte.
Historically the account of the Higaonon-IP is limited but it is reported that about 87% of
households have income less than poverty threshold Community Based Management System
(CBMS) of 2005. The people are essentially subsistent farmers despite the fact that they have
agricultural land, forest products and mineral resources yet to be explored.
A reference material on investment on natural resources would help provide data base for
stakeholders and investors alike to profile the capability of this tribe to come to terms with the
realities of economic empowerment and political strengthening. Furthermore, this could lead to
its ability to negotiation with potential investors in the mining, agriculture and forest related
industries. The tribe is struggling to secure livelihood because little is known about this tribe in
terms of written evidence beside oral tradition. In addition, the tribe lacks basic information and
education on investment and development strategies on how to open up the area for investment
activities. The ambition of the province with regards to sustainable development could only be
realized among the Indigenous People when practical efforts are undertaken to strengthen the
data base of the tribe, bridge leadership divide, institutionalize information, education campaign
and document customary laws and practices. Therefore, this reference material is not an
5
investment code and should not be used as one. Rather, from this reference material a
summarized version could be produced as a pamphlet to showcase the strength, weaknesses of
the tribe for economic empowerment.
As part of the efforts to appraise potential areas for capability building in the province of Agusan
del Sur, it was important to conduct an inventory of this tribe and do some information,
education and communication campaign to move the community towards participation in
investment and development.
However, as one of the poorest tribes in the province of Agusan del Sur, there are several generic
issues and concerns namely:
1.Lack of proper coordination of various developmental activities by various NGOs and
Government line agencies,
2.Lack of proper documentation of comprehensive community based data in particular of the
customary laws and practices of the tribe to aid investors,
3.Unstable peace and order condition
4.Lack of technical capability to utilize natural resources
5.Lack of negotiating and contracting skills with investors
Therefore, much is yet to be seen on the greater perspective and prospects of investment-
development of the tribe. The direction for which this investment-development initiative shall be
geared into has yet to be formulated and clearly defined to aid investors and policymakers alike
in crafting their own development objectives for the Higaonon-IP.
Being a tribe that anchors its economy on available natural resources, there is need to formulate a
reference material on investment on natural resources that will direct the tribe and investors alike
in all its natural resources development undertakings. The reference material on investment
which will significantly direct the development of the tribes natural wealth has to be realistically
formulated by involving the different perceived stakeholders be them government, private or the
Civil society and the tribal council whose concerns and varying development perspectives are
made as inputs on the reference material, where relevant information sought for by policy
makers, prospective developers and investors are clearly defined.
II. Scope and Methodology
a. Preparatory Visits to Tribal Leaders at Salug

In realization of the aims and objectives of this project, preparatory visit was made to the tribal
leaders in an attempt to involve them with the inventory activities. A team from the Province
visited the leaders and talks centered on the need for the inventory. Also dialogue was carried out
with these leaders on ways of collaborating with the communities on how best to carry out the
inventory. Discussions included time frame when these activities could best be carried out to
yield maximum results. The team explores ways of delivering technical support to make the
inventory exercise a success. Other activities included informing tribal leaders on the economic
and political implications of the inventory.
b. Inventory Visit for Data Acquisition

This visit aimed at gathering information on the customary laws and practices of the Higaonon
tribe and verification of socio-economic and demographic data. A structured questionnaire was
administered to twenty one (21) barangays predominantly inhabited by the Higaonon-IP. The
questionnaire centers on how the tribe could be empowered to face the challenges of negotiating
with potential investors on natural resources. This means practical steps to be taken to strengthen
their political and economic base and the skills of the IP in negotiating for development.
6
c. Workshop to Consolidate Information

In collaboration with the tribal leaders and representatives of the municipality of Esperanza,
discussions were held with the community on the information acquired and the need for them to
validate the findings of the team. The workshop was conducted to validate whether the
information best represent the views of the community and addresses differences where they
exist. The views of the community and tribal leaders on how best to approach the issues and
concerns on natural resource extraction and utilization in their domain was collated in line with
cultural and traditional characteristics.
d. Presentation of findings to Higaonon leaders and the community

The inventory record crafted into a reference material on investment on natural resources was
presented to the tribe through the Municipal Mayor of Esperanza. Furthermore, it was endorsed
by the Sangguniang Bayan of the Municipality of Esperanza and approved by the Mayor as a
tool for investment profiling. In addition, the resolution from Sangguniang Bayan and approval
from the Municipal Mayor was submitted to the Provincial Governor of Agusan del Sur for
approval and endorsement by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. Hence, this reference material on
investment will automatically form a data base for future reference on natural resource extraction
and utilization in the Higaonon-IP domain and for further referencing on investment profiling of
other tribes in the Province of Agusan del Sur.
III. Components of the Reference material on investment

1. Introduction Stating The Rationale, Scope And Methodology
2. Situational Analysis of The Tribe;
3. Reference material on investment, programs, policies and implementation.
CHAPTER II
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
1. Historical Background
1.1. Historical Background of Higaonon- IP

Higaonon Indigenous People is the second largest cultural community in Agusan del Sur. The
concentration of this tribe’s populace is situated at Esperanza in Agusan del Sur, Misamis
Oriental and Bukidnon and Agusan del Norte. Higaonon is derived from the native word "gaon"
which means from coast to mountain, literally, they are mountain people. Also, the Higaonon are
somewhat nomadic, i.e. they travel from one mountain to another, looking for more fertile soil
and better harvest.
It is believed that the earliest settler at Misamis Oriental had a dream of a bull with a precious
stone called Lakdag in his mouth. If he would to go to the place revealed to him in the vision and
courageously remove the Lakdag from the mouth of the bull, then they will be raptured to
heaven. Unfortunately the settlers went to that place saw the bull but were afraid to kill the bull
and remove the Lakdag so they could not be recaptured and had to settle there in Sinakungan
In addition, the Higaonon people are of medium built with average height of about 5 feet and 2
inches and of lighter skin complexion compared with the other tribes in the province. Quiet a
number of them have a very recognizable European features, aquiline nose, deep-set eyes and
prominent cheeks, a legacy of the intermarriage between the natives and the Spanish
conquiestadores. Generally, they are warm and friendly and volatile when intimidated. However,
they are one of the best organized and closely knitted as well. Furthermore, the Higaonon are
good hunters and farmers.
The Spanish established their first settlement in the area in year 1521 AD. In order to attract the
natives to move to the settlement and adopt Christianity, the Spanish government through the
famous priest, Reverend Father Saturnino Urios, a Jesuit Order, built a church. Therefore, the
church became not only the temple of worship but also the meeting place of the people to discuss
7
various matters such as religion, taxation, voluntary labor and loyalty to the King of Spain. It
was during this time that Esperanza got its name.
Even before the arrival of the Spaniards the natives had their own system of government. A
certain Datu named Ligcuban, a brave and daring man who defied Christianity and refused to be
baptized, ruled them. He told the emissary of Father Urios to bring him first the head of Father
Urios before he will submit to baptism. Datu Ligcuban and his men made several attacks on the
soldiers patrolling the town. On the other hand, Father Urios exerted effort to convince Datu
Ligcuban to embrace Christian religion, but failed. He then hired another Datu name Sag-ud to
secretly kill Datu Ligcuban and bring his head to Butuan at once; on board a government owned
boat named Pacita. Datu Sag-ud succeeded in killing Datu Ligcuban. Later the boat was named
Ligcuban as a reminder of Datu Ligcubans defiance to Christianity and as a warning to other
Datus. To establish peace in the Higaonon area there was a peace pact (Tampoda). Datu
Gambalan and Datu Tawaga represented the tribe and the Spaniard leader gave three items to the
Higaonon leaders”:
1.Hat – symbolizes authority

2.Scepter – symbolizes power
3.Flag – symbolizes autonomy (i.e. the Higaonon tribe is not under the control of Spaniards)
After the peace pact, the Spaniards settled in Higaonon area but they were not in control of the
Higaonon people.
1.1.1. The Lineage:

Below is an example of the Giling Lineage Records, as can be recited in Dasang:
1.Apo Entampil
2.Apo Kabudakan- Kalitkit
3.Apo Balayn
4.Apo Mulos Kilat
5.Apo Dumpilakan
6.Apo Dumadasal
7.Apo Magdantal
8.Apo Ayawon
9.Apo Paboloson
10. Apo Mansalouyan Saldab
11. Apo Tuluyan
12. Apo Libokasan Agaolao
13. Apo Palaganding Tagkalbog
14. Apo Endulum
15. Apo Bangkawalan
16. Apo Kalingga
17. Apo Aliga
2. Geographic Profile
2.1. Location
Esperanza is bounded on the north by the municipality of Las Nieves, Agusan del Norte and
portion of the municipality of Sibagat, Agusan del Sur; on the south by the municipality of San
Luis and in the east by the municipality of Bayugan of the same province; on the west by the
municipalities of Malitbog, Bukidnon and Calveria, Misamis Oriental. It is approximately 45
kilometers east of the municipality of Prosperidad, the provincial capital of Agusan del Sur, and
about 58 kilometers south of Butuan City, the regional center of Caraga Region. Furthermore,
the Higaonon tribe in Esperanza falls under Certificate of Ancestral Domain 154 i.e. CADC 157
(Figure 2.1 & 2.2, MPDO, 2007).
8
Figure 2.1: Geographic profile of Agusan del Sur showing Esperanza
CADC 154
Figure 2.2: Map showing CADC 154 covering Higaonon tribe
2.2. Topography
The area occupied by the Higaonon people in Esperanza form part of the elongated basin of
Agusan del Sur formation with mountain ranges in the eastern and western sides. This basin
forms a valley, which occupies the central longitudinal section of the land. Furthermore, the
Agusan River, which flows from Compostela Valley in the south towards Agusan del Sur in the
north, runs almost in the middle of the valley and empties at Butuan Bay. Also, the river Pusilao
is just one of the twelve tributaries: and the others are: Wawa, Gibong and Simulao Rivers in
9
the eastern side and Ojot, Kasilayan, Libang, Maasam, Adgawan, Cawayan, Umayam and Ihaon
Rivers in the western side. These tributaries are fed by streams and creeks.
Esperanza has elevation ranging from 3 meters above mean sea level (amsl) to 1,400 meters
amsl. The low portions are located along the flood-plains of the Agusan River while the highest
portions located southwest part of the Municipality. Also, about 20 % of the total area (35,000
hectares) can be considered flat (0-3 percent in slope) mostly found along the banks and
floodplains of the Agusan River. In addition, gently sloping (3-8 %) areas, constituting the
biggest slope classification (almost 40%) of the whole Municipality, 61,000 hectares, are found
next to the flat areas and dispersed on the central part of the Municipality. Steep and very steep
slopes (more than 30%) account for 20% of the land area, or about 35,000 hectares, are found in
the south-western part of the Municipality.
2.3. Soil Type

Basically the area occupied by the tribe has clay and sandy loam soil type. The soil in the
mainland area i.e. away from the river channels is generally classified as loam soil (50% Clay
Loam and 50%) characterized as permeable, moderately drained and highly suitable for
agriculture. This municipality has four (4) types of soil, namely: San Manuel Clay Loam, San
Manuel Loam, Mountain Soil (undifferentiated), and Camansa Clay Loam. The Mountain Soil
(undifferentiated) dominates the area and is 76.99 percent of the entire land area. Camansa Clay
Loam can be located at the eastern and northern side of the municipality. The San Manuel Loam
and San Manuel Clay Loam are found in cluster portions of the municipality.
2.4 Climate
The area occupied by the Higaonon people in Esperanza is geographically situated below the
typhoon belt. Also maximum rainfall generally occurs from December to January although there
is no single dry month. Its average monthly rainfall is 355 mm. and average humidity is 27.15
degree Celsius. Average annual temperature range is from 230C to 320C, with the temperatures
decreasing towards the west with increasing altitude.
2.5. River Systems and Ground water Hydrology

Although the Higaonon area is not known to be transverse by waterfalls, it is remarkable to note
that natural springs abound and is the major source of drinking water for the people of the area.
Also, the whole municipality is traversed by four major river systems, Agusan, Ojot, Libang, and
Wawa. Furthermore, the Ojot and Libang drains eastward while the Wawa drains westward
towards the Agusan River. In addition, the Agusan River drains towards the north. While the
Ojot and Libang and their tributaries form two watersheds which practically covers an area of
135,000 hectares. Also, the Pusilao River is a stretch of water with a view of unharmed
vegetation in its banks. This River derives its source from Burkidnon passing through Salug to
Remedios. It is also the source of water supply for drinking and bathing purposes and a source of
abundant of seafood to the people. However, considerable depletion of freshwater foods is
noticed by inhabitants since commercial logging started in the area. This is attributed to
overexposure of the forestland to climatic forces resulting in erosion and siltation of the Pusilao
River reducing the water volume.
There are groundwater quality problems in most areas of the tribe besides the expensive nature
of boreholes for local communities – water has high iron content and often contains methane gas.
In some cases water are even salty. Therefore, springs sources emanate from mountainous areas
are the main source of domestic water for the tribe (Figure 2.3).
10
Figure 2.3: Municipality of Esperanza Showing River systems
3 Land Use Profile

3.1. Physical land area and political subdivisions
The Municipality of Esperanza occupies 162,998.00 hectares of land. The Higaonon barangay
occupies about 74% of the total municipal land area with Kinamaybay barangay occupying the
highest land area of 11.44% (Table 3.1; DENR, 2007).
Table 3.1: Land area by barangay

Higaonon Barangay
Barangay Area (ha.) Percentage
Agsabu 5,726.21 3.55
Balubo 11,940.24 7.40
Bunaguit 6,584.90 4.08
Calabuan 3,520.15 2.18
Concordia 2,043.39 1.10
Guibonon 7,001.16 4.34
Hawilian 2,575.08 1.58
Kinamaybay 18,468.35 11.44
Maasin 8,558.61 5.30
Maliwanag 2,690.03 1.67
Milagros 7,760.56 4.79
Nato 2,635.90 1.53
New Gingoog 1,057.82 0.66
Remedios 771.74 0.48
Salug 3,692.34 2.29
San Vicente 10,365.93 6.42
Segunda 5,698.26 3.53
Sinakungan 4,723.32 2.93
Tagabase 1,200.78 0.74
Tagbalili 7,027.04 4.35
Tahina 4,701.92 2.91
Total 118,743.73 73.75
Politically, the Higaonon tribal area in Esperanza is composed of 47 barangay with 21-twenty
one of these being barangay dominated by Higaonon. It is expected that health sector, peace and
order and other socio-economic activities would likely come under pressure due to likely
population increase and the scramble for wealth (Figure 3.1)
11
Figure 3.1: Municipality of Esperanza showing barangay
3.2. Existing land use and vegetative cover

The area occupied by the Higaonon tribe is endowed with Timber, minor forest products and
potential mineral resources. The municipality of Esperanza has a total protection forest of 10,221
hectares and a production forest of 75,991 hectares. Also, this area has 28,836.35 Hectares.
Alienable and Disposable land and 134,161.65 Has. Timberland. In addition, this area has a total
protected forest of 6% and production forest of 17% of the total Agusan del Sur protected and
production forest respectively.
The dominant land class is the timberland area covering 134,161.65 hectares, comprises 82.30%
of the total land area of Esperanza. Protection areas refer to the identified portions of land and
water set aside by reason of their unique physical and biological significance. These are
managed to enhance biological diversity and protected against destructive human exploitation.
The Network of Protected Agricultural Areas or NPAA covers the whole municipality. Majority
or 84.70% are moderately restricted areas while highly restricted areas comprise 8.11% and
conditionally restricted areas 11,707.70 hectares.
Majority of the land area of the municipality of Esperanza is presently devoted to forest areas
comprising 134,353.82 hectares or 82.43% of the total land area of 162,998 hectares.
Agricultural land comprises 28,213.94 hectares or 17.31% while grasslands and marshes make
up the rest. The marshes are located in Barangay Salug.
Forestland of Esperanza occupied by Higaonon constitutes 14% of the total forested land area of
613676 hectares of the Province of Agusan del Sur while the alienable and disposable land
constitutes about 12% of the total 21, 6043 of the Province alienable and disposable land. Present
land use, however showed that settlements and commercial logging activities already reduced the
forestlands. Through the years, the tribe in particular has lost so much of its forest resources
because existing and previous industries are extractive in nature (Table 3.2; MPDO, 2007).
Table 3.2: General Land use categorization

Category Area (Hectares) Percentage
Built-up 1,808.86 1.11
Agricultural 12,883.97 7.91
Restricted agricultural 17,578.04 10.78
Forest land 119,940.27 73.58
Protected forest land 8,673.21 6.62
Total 162,998.00 100.00
3.3. Eco-tourism
There are no tourism areas in Esperanza and in the Higaonon area in particular at present.
However, there are potential eco-tourist sites that could be developed and managed with some
well known traditional and cultural sites (Table 3.3). Esperanza has eight (8) potential tourist
spots with six (6) located within the Higaonon tribal area. The development of these tourist
12
spots is hampered by a lack of accessible roads as well as other infrastructure necessary for the
tourist trade.
If developed, these tourist spots could serve as catalyst for cottage industries such as souvenir
and craft shops as well as the establishment of hotels, restaurants, and food shops. These areas
could be reached by hiking and land transportation (Table 3.3 MPDO, 2007)
Table 3.3: Inventory of tourist spots and attraction

Name Location Distance to be Hiked
San Vicente Falls San Vicente 5.7 kms.
Pagpatangan Cold Springs Guibonon 2 kms.
Limot Cave Tagabase 8 kms.
Minsawa Cave Duangan 2 kms.
Calahian Lake Duangan 3 kms.
Manlangit Lake Tagbalili 1 km.
Sinakungan Mountain Sinakungan 3 kms.
Anlubing Cave and Waterfalls Salug 2 kms.
4. Demography
Municipal data 2007 showed a slow but steady population growth for barangay demography in
Esperanza during the past twenty years from 1975 - 1985. The total population increased by
about 76% between 1975 (23,377) and 1995 (42,118). Average annual growth rate was 1.6%
from 1975 to 1980, 0.77% in 1980-1985 with a dramatic increase to 6.56% in 1985-1990
decreasing to 3.29% in 1990-1995.
For the period 1975-1980, the municipality recorded the most out migration for the entire
province of Agusan del Sur. The continuous out migration was affected by the decrease in
productivity of the several logging companies, the Liberty Forest Incorporation, the Cresta
Monte Logging Inc., FNLTC Logging, and the Republic Timber Corporation
Also, another contributing factor was the dislocated peace and order conditions in the area which
made the populace to move to neighboring municipalities such as Bayugan, Prosperidad, Butuan
City and elsewhere. However, from 1987 - 1997, a steady trickle of in-migrants, about 1,846
persons, mostly from neighboring towns and provinces has been noticed. The largest in-
migration was in 1996 when 263 persons came to the municipality. Most of the immigrants
came to Esperanza because of government jobs while others came for livelihood and marriage.
4.1. Population distribution

CBMS survey data 2005 shows that the municipal total population has reached 44,669 members
and 8,568 households. Furthermore, the Higaonon tribal barangay has a total members of 15180
i.e. 34 % of the total Esperanza population. Also, the Higaonon tribe recorded total households
of 2810 amounting to 33% of the total Esperanza households. Of the 34% total tribal population,
53% are males while 47% are females. This means that the tribe recorded 34% of the total male
population in Esperanza as against 33.6% of the total female population. Furthermore, there are
more males than females in the Higaonon tribe (Table 4.1; CBMS, 2005)
Table 4.1: Barangay demography, Higaonon

Higaonon Total Total Total % of
Total Males % of Males
Barangay households Members Females Females
Agsabo 73 433 229 52.89 204 47.11
Balobo 83 481 254 52.81 227 47.19
13
Bunaguit 148 769 397 51.63 372 48.37
Calabuan 61 334 180 53.89 154 46.11
Concordia 153 787 405 51.46 382 48.54
Guibonon 101 537 281 52.33 256 47.67
Hawilian 434 2,342 1,218 52.01 1,124 47.99
Kinamaybay 92 532 302 56.77 230 43.23
Maasin 215 1,156 604 52.25 552 47.75
Maliwanag 34 186 90 48.39 96 51.61
Milagros 153 845 460 54.44 385 45.56
Nato 303 1,481 797 53.81 684 46.19
New
84 435 239 54.94 196 45.06
Gingoog
Remedios 248 1,243 666 53.58 577 46.42
Salug 222 1,228 639 52.04 589 47.96
San Vicente 67 361 184 50.97 177 49.03
Segunda 31 159 86 54.09 73 45.91
Sinakungan 23 156 74 47.44 82 52.56
Tagabase 112 708 377 53.25 331 46.75
Tagbalili 59 364 187 51.37 177 48.63
Tahina 114 643 338 52.57 305 47.43
4.2. Child birth and death rate

In Esperanza, birth rate has declined from 23.39 per 1,000 populations in 1991 to 17.12 in 1995.
Also, there was declining death from 2.64 per 1,000 populations in 1991 to 1.85 in 1995.
Furthermore, percentage of child birth for the entire municipality stood at 1241 with the
Higaonon dominated barangay accounting for 483 (39%) of total birth in Esperanza. However
child death in Higaonon dominated barangay stood at 47% of the total child death in Esperanza.
For adults, the leading cause of mortality is heart disease followed by violence. However, among
infants the leading cause of death is pneumonia (Table 4.2; CBMS, 2005).
14
Table 4.2: Barangay death and birth

# of Child # of Child % of Child % of Child # of Child
# of Child % of Child
Barangay death, death, death, death, birth (less
death death
Male Female Male Female than 1 yr
old)
Agsabo 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
Balobo 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
Bunaguit 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
Calabuan 2 1 1 2.63 2.13 3.45 10
Concordia 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
Guibonon 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Hawilian 1 1 0 0.26 0.55 0 68
Kinamaybay 3 2 1 2.33 2.5 2.04 20
Maasin 4 2 2 1.9 1.87 1.94 46
Maliwanag 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Milagros 1 0 1 0.68 0 1.32 27
Nato 2 2 0 0.76 1.47 0 38
New
1 0 1 2 0 4.76 7
Gingoog
Remedios 2 0 2 0.97 0 2.27 38
Salug 1 1 0 0.43 0.8 0 42
San Vicente 3 1 2 0.64 0.4 0.92

72
Segunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Sinakungan 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Tagabase 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Tagbalili 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
Tahina 1 1 0 0.76 1.61 0 16
4.3. Factors affecting demographic setting of the Higaonon tribe

1.Low income/ economic productivity (dependent on forest products)
15
2.Commercial exploitation of Natural resources/ degradation of forest cover

3.Non-participation/non-consent for development activities within ancestral domains;
4.Low agricultural production
5.Poor delivery of basic services (health, education, nutrition & etc.)
6.High illiteracy rate
7.Misrepresentations of Indigenous People either by fellow Indigenous People or Non-IPs
8.Lack of farm to market roads
9.No school buildings & school teachers
10. Insurgency
5: Socio-Economic Status
5.1 Peace and order

The Municipal Peace and Order Council of Esperanza aim to establish a unified and strongly
coordinated mechanism to carry out a program addressed to the current problems of insurgency,
rebellion, criminality terrorism, or disruption of public order which threaten the harmonious
coexistence of the tribes. The mission of this council is to ensure the preservation and
maintenance of peace and order as the foundation for development, stability and security of the
tribal area for investment and development. The functions of this council include:
1.Formulate plans & recommend measures to enhance peace and order and Public safety;
2.Monitor the implementation of peace and order programs & projects, and the operation of
Bantay Bayan & counter-insurgency programs & projects;
3.Make Periodic assessment of the prevailing peace and order situation & submit report with
recommendation to higher peace and order councils;
4.Receive complaints against government personnel, civilian or military, endorse the same to the
agency concerned and demand/compel such agency to submit report of action taken thereon;
5.Performs such other functions as may be provided by law;
The activities of insurgence at the boundaries of Burkidnon and Esperanza remain an issue of
concern. However, the overall peace and order situation would be relative calmness as long as
investors could play according to the rules of the game i.e. meaningful engagement with the local
community and the tribal leaders in particular.
Criminality in Esperanza is manageable with the current percentage of crime victims at 1.07% as
against the crime rate of 0.52% in Higaonon areas (Figure 5.1; CBMS, 2005).
Figure 5.1: Percentages of victims of crime in Esperanza
5.2. Labor force and employment

The Municipal Local Government Unit employs 74.09% of the 89.86% of the employed labor
force. The Higaonon dominated tribal areas recorded 95.57% of the municipal employed labor
force mostly in the agricultural sector. The majority of the population is poor, mainly due to the
fact that the major crops i.e. rice and corn planted by farmers is subsistence (Table 5.1). The
Local Government Unit remains the main source of employment. It has a weak base to
strengthen employment generation and create a market conducive for investment.
16
Factors affecting labor force and employment setting in Higaonon tribe:

1.Lack of relevant information to potential investors;
2.Lack of infrastructure and pre/post harvest facilities;
3.Lack of improved access to capital;
4.cumbersome process of processing investment applications;
5.Lack of promotion of human resources development
6.limited policy reforms
7.Lack of. agriculture and forestry related cottage industries;
8.Limited health promotion;
9.Lack of Eco- Tourism and health tourism;
10. Lack of strategies for mineral investment and promotion (Table 5.1; CBMS, 2005).
Table 5.1. Percentages of the labor force who are employed in Higaonon barangay
Barangay % of the labor force who are employed
Agsabo 98.06
Balobo 72.29
Bunaguit 100
Calabuan 87.5
Concordia 99.6
Guibonon 78.57
Hawilian 82.15
Kinamaybay 82.93
Maasin 98.55
Maliwanag 96.83
Milagros 89.77
Nato 94.97
New Gingoog 87.5
Remedios 92.81
Salug 91.82
San Vicente 95.08
Segunda 100
Sinakungan 84.48
Tagabase 90.16
17
Tagbalili 95.18
Tahina 92.99
5.3. Poverty Incidence

The poverty incidence of Esperanza now stands at 70.23% as against the provincial incidence of
61.89%. Furthermore, the poverty incidence for the Higaonon areas stands at 82.62% of the
municipal value. This could be attributed to low capacity extraction, utilization and management
of the natural resources to the disadvantage of the tribe (Table 5.2; CBMS, 2005).
Table 5.2: Percentages of households with income less than poverty threshold, Higaonon
barangay
% of HHs with income less poverty
Barangay
threshold
Agsabu 89.04
Balubo 80.72
Bunaguit 89.19
Calabuan 95.08
Concordia 58.82
Guibonon 99.01
Hawilian 75.12
Kinamaybay 82.61
Maasin 71.16
Maliwanag 88.24
Milagros 88.89
Nato 71.29
New Gingoog 47.62
Remedios 78.63
Salug 80.63
San Vicente 100
Segunda 83.87
18
Sinakungan 91.3
Tagabase 84.82
Tagbalili 96.61
Tahina 82.46
5.4. Mining, Forestry and Agriculture

Aside from land suitable for agriculture and water suitable for a variety of uses, Esperanza and
the Higaonon area in particular also has potential for sand and gravel quarrying, gold and copper
extraction. These are capable of supporting small scale business enterprises. In addition, its
potential tourist spots also offer possibilities for economic growth and farming is the primary
activity and principal means of livelihood of the tribe.
The populations’ major source of income is from agriculture. It employs 74.09% of the
workforce. Furthermore, around 60% of the agricultural produce is marketed while 30% is for
family consumption and the remaining 10% is normally used again as seedling. In addition,
majority of the farmers, especially on the upland areas cultivate only small areas for subsistence
farming. Therefore, the prospects for the tribe’s economic growth in agriculture and forestry is
due largely to the abundance of forest land used for production forest and high value crops. Also,
tree farming is being encouraged by both private and government agencies. The increase in in-
migration also points toward an infusion of needed human resources for the establishment of
cottage industries and related economic activities.
In addition, 23.73% of the municipal households are involved in forestry trade as against 0.47%
involved in mining and quarrying. Furthermore, an average of 44% of households in Higaonon
tribal areas are engaged in forestry and less than 1% households involved in quarrying and
mining. In addition, Esperanza recorded 77.45%, 62.01 % and 12.36% of households engaged in
crop farming and gardening; poultry and livestock; and mining and quarrying respectively. The
Higaonon dominated barangay recorded an average of 85%, 58.9% and 17.10% households
engaged in crop farming and gardening; poultry and livestock raising and mining and quarrying
respectively relative to the municipal values (Tables 5.2- 5.3; CBMS, 2005).
Table 5.3: Percentages (%) of households [HH] engaged in forestry, mining and quarrying
% of HHs engaged in mining
Barangay % of HHs engaged in forestry
and quarrying
Agsabo 78.08 0
Balobo 42.17 0
Bunaguit 61.49 0
Calabuan 49.18 0
Concordia 0 0
Guibonon 88.12 0
19
Hawilian 37.79 0.23
Kinamaybay 43.48 0
Maasin 54.42 0
Maliwanag 17.65 0
Milagros 18.95 0
Nato 15.84 0
New Gingoog 61.9 1.19
Remedios 6.05 0.4
Salug 65.32 0
San Vicente 25.38 0.15
Segunda 0 0
Sinakungan 69.57 0
Tagabase 65.18 0
Tagbalili 52.54 0
Tahina 77.19 0
Table 5.4: Percentages of households engaged in crop farming, poultry, livestock and
fishing
% of HHs engaged in % of HHs engaged in
% of HHs engaged in
Barangay crop farming and poultry and livestock
fishing
gardening raising
Agsabo 94.52 82.19 65.75
Balobo 84.34 51.81 8.43
Bunaguit 95.95 54.05 0
Calabuan 100 75.41 9.84
Concordia 81.05 88.24 24.84
Guibonon 98.02 92.08 35.64
20
Hawilian 61.52 53.46 7.14
Kinamaybay 93.48 9.78 2.17
Maasin 94.42 83.72 1.4
Maliwanag 100 67.65 11.76
Milagros 95.42 57.52 18.95
Nato 58.75 58.42 13.86
New Gingoog 94.05 86.9 0
Remedios 86.69 72.98 10.08
Salug 89.19 65.32 26.13
San Vicente 79.2 41.28 3.36
Segunda 100 19.35 0
Sinakungan 100 4.35 4.35
Tagabase 83.04 71.43 21.43
Tagbalili 96.61 30.51 0
Tahina 98.25 71.05 93.86
5.5. Health
The basic social services such as health, education, manpower development, sports, social
welfare, and protective services are already in place in Esperanza. The municipality is blessed
with a health and sanitation program with health personnel and facilities such as Day Care
Centers, Health Centers and 11 Health Sub-stations and a Community Hospital. Furthermore,
because of its being a Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (CIDSS) area,
medicines are sometimes made available. There are also social welfare programs for children,
youth, women, and senior citizens as well as a disaster-preparedness program. This means that
relief goods are easily made available in times of calamities. In addition, basic services such as
education, potable water supply, telecommunication and radio communication services are also
made available.
Esperanza is also a beneficiary of social related national programs with a very limited local
counterpart for fund support. Among these are: Research Institute on Tropical Medicine (RITM),
Water Supply and Sanitation (WATSAN), Third Elementary Education Program (TEEP),
Secondary Education Development and Improvement Program (SEDIP) and NOE. .These
programs contributed to the awareness of the majority of the population on the importance of the
education, health and sanitation.
However, while there is a continuous delivery of basic services, these are considered inadequate
due to largely lack of modern facilities and equipments. Also, delivery of social services is
threatened by inadequate basic infrastructures such as farm-to-market roads, housing, dumpsite,
and potable water supply system and school buildings. In addition, there is some reluctance on
21
the part of the populace to accept proper medical practices. Also, epidemics and disasters like
flooding also threaten the adequate delivery of basic social services.
Seventy six (76%) of the 2007 Higaonon survey respondents claimed their areas have health
centers with some not adequately stocked with drugs. Only 43% do receive public medical
treatment from these clinics indicating that some of these health centers are not patients’
recipient all the time for cultural and other reasons. In addition, traditional or local treatment is
most practiced where modern health services are not available and this is recognized in areas
where modern health services exist. This means that traditional health practices is integrated into
modern health centers to support services to patients. Furthermore, forty nine percent of the
surveyed respondents claim they receive local or traditional treatment and about 8% receive
prayer or spiritual treatment. Based on CBMS 2005 survey, 22.58% of the Higaonon dominated
barangay received treatment for sickness as against the recorded 25.81% of the municipal value
relative to the provincial value of 29.67% (Figure 5.2; CBMS, 2005).
Figure 5.2: Percentages of Households Received Treatment for Sickness

.
5.6. Sanitation and Waste Disposal Services

These services are responsible for the control and prevention of diseases by eliminating and
controlling the environmental factors. These factors include:
1. Water;
2. Food;
3. waste disposal and
4. insects;
There is no known institution available to give direction to the Higaonon communities for
proper sanitation and waste disposal practices. Based on the Higaonon 2007 survey, 44% of the
respondents use water seal toilet facilities, 40% use pit toilet while 15% use soil fertilization
method .i.e. defecation in open areas. There is no established information, education and
communication campaign for the tribe to reduce the use of open areas comfort activities by
households. In addition, sanitary inspectors are not posted to these areas to carry out regular on-
call services at least for IEC purposes.
Compost pit waste disposal is the commonest method used by the Higaonon people as 62.8% of
the surveyed respondents confirmed this method. However, the people are unable to segregate
their waste before composting making it difficult for non-biodegradable waste to be properly
disposed off. About 22.8% of the respondents confirmed the dumping of waste in open land
areas and river courses. So, this method enhances pollution of the ecosystem and makes the
water unfit for domestic and drinking purposes. Also, burning of waste is not common as only
6% of the respondents confirm this method. However, the release of un-segregated waste into
specific waste dump sites is higher than burning accounting for 8.2%. Also, based on CBMS
survey 2005, 99.8% and 60.83% of Higaonon households are without garbage collection and
without access to sanitary toilet respectively. This is against 90.75% of the provincial households
and 92.24% municipal households without access to garbage collection (Table 5.5; CBMS,
2005).
22
Table 5.5: Percentages households with garbage collection and without sanitary toilet
% of HHs without access to garbage % of HHs without access to sanitary
Barangay
collection toilet
Agsabu 100 83.56
Balobo 98.8 75.9
Bunaguit 100 84.46
Concordia 100 81.7
Guibonon 100 94.06
Hawilian 99 32.26
Kalabuan 100 98.36
Kinamaybay 100 65.58
Maasin 100 65.58
Maliwanag 100 82.35
Milagros 100 54.25
Nato 100 47.52
New
100 44.05
Gingoog
Remedios 100 16.94
Salug 99.1 37.84
San Vicente 100 59.7
Segunda 100 67.74
Sinakungan 100 91.3
Tagabase 99.11 8.04
Tagbalili 100 37.29
Tahina 100 57.89
23
Education and Manpower Development

Esperanza’s educational needs are served by two secondary schools with no special provision for
Higaonon students, 27 elementary schools, 8 primary schools (grade 1-4) and 10 primary
schools (grade 1-2). While participation rate in the elementary level is high (87%-89%),
participation rate at the secondary level is lower at 68%-76%. Moreover, transition rate from
grade 6 to high school is low at 57.68% and survival rates at the elementary level are very low at
44%-57%.Furthermore, there is no vocational-technical school in the tribal areas. On the
average, 59.66% members and 4.24% enrolled in elementary schools in Higaonon dominated
barangay as recorded by CBMS survey of 2005. This means that a drop out rate of 92.89% was
recorded during the period.
Although, municipal classrooms were just adequate for the number of students enrolled, the
number of desks, tables, chairs, and books were inadequate. However, average teacher to
student ratio (1:43) in the Higaonon area is a little higher than the standard 1:40 ratio. There is
also a lack of qualified teachers and less emphasis is given on non-formal education.
On the other hand, there are opportunities for job generation for teachers and the provision for
access to higher education in the municipality. Also, livelihood projects coupled with skills
training are available from outside institutions. Therefore, the abundance of labor force presents
opportunities for vocational and technical training geared towards the provision of skilled
manpower for the Higaonon tribal vision.
Based on the 2007 Higaonon barangay survey, 87% of those interviewed could read and write
However, negotiating with investors and gaining a place in the employment market requires
additional qualifications and skills. In addition, some of the factors militating against the
educational development in Higaonon areas include:
1.Poor salaries with teachers wanting to live in urban centers and forced to work in rural areas
2.Poor infrastructures making children and teachers alike to avoid the learning environment
3.Socio-cultural differences between the non-Higaonon teachers and the Higaonon students
creating a learning divide
4.Lack of financial support for less privileged IP children
5.The use of less privileged children for child labor in the farm and hawking business
6.Lack of a national policy to enforce and manage school attendance for IP children (Table 5.6;
CBMS, 2005).
Table 5.6. Percentages members 6-12 and 13-16 in elementary and High School
% of members 6-12 in % of members 13-16 in high
Barangay
elementary school
Agsabu 76.25 18.87
Bunaguit 75.9 45.45
Concordia 71.74 34.44
Guibonon 81.82 8.77
Hawilian 70.87 38.91
Kalabuan 66.18 9.3
Kinamaybay 70.63 19.51
Maasin 76.96 43.13
Maliwanag 15.38 0
24
Milagros 74.23 22.31
Nato 79.14 39.73
New Gingoog 80.21 29.63
Remedios 73.9 30.0
Salug 61.03 18.57
San Vicente 23.16 3.03
Segunda 14.71 5.88
Sinakungan 36.0 11.11
Tagabase 70.63 33.71
Tagbalili 73.08 18.92
Tahina 61.03 16.42
6 Infrastructures, Utilities and Facilities

This municipality’s infrastructure consists of national, provincial, municipal and barangay roads,
bridges, Level I to Level III water supply system, irrigation systems, power supply, and
communication system. There are also public buildings, school buildings, a land transportation
terminal, public market, slaughterhouse and other public service structures. This infrastructure,
offer opportunities for increased economic activity. In addition, Moreover, Esperanza is a
beneficiary of the Wawa RIS Expansion Project as well as the UNDP-PHI WATSAN Project.
However, 100% of the respondents considered the construction of good farm to market roads as
a major need of the Higaonon people... Access to government services is also impeded by the
distance of the Higaonon barangay from the government center. Threats to infrastructure include
periodic flooding, fault lines and natural and man-made disasters.
6.1 Road networks

The municipality of Esperanza has a total of 6 kms of national roads, 15 kms provincial roads,
20.743 kms of municipal roads, and 145.385 kms of barangay roads serving 47 barangay for a
total road network of 148.878 kilometers. National, provincial, municipal and barangay roads in
the lowland areas are generally in fair to good condition. A number of the barangay roads in the
upland areas are inaccessible and are found in the Higaonon area. Concrete roads total 12.001
kms, unpaved roads total 165.680 kms and all other roads are dirt roads. Of the 101.40 km
barangay roads in Higaonon area only 33.59% are classified as good roads while 34.52% are
classified as bad roads. However, in the Non-Higaonon areas, 1.34% of the roads are bad as
against 30.54% of good roads. This means that the Higaonon people have greater problem
accessing government services located at the centre. There are 3 barangay bridges, 2 provincial
bridges, and 1 national bridge with a combined length of 268 linear meters. Aside from the
government-built bridges, some bridges have been constructed by logging companies and are
maintained by the barangay local government units. Furthermore, 78% of the Higaonon 2007
surveyed respondents are of the view that road transport is the most popular method of accessing
and communicating with other tribes and the neighboring municipalities. Road descriptions in
the municipality include
25
1. Bad roads i.e. Roads that are not cemented, uneven condition generally considered as
unpaved road;
2. Fair roads i.e. cemented roads but has holes or not even generally considered as uneven or
pap holes road and
3. Good road i.e. cemented roads generally considered as good condition road way (Figure 6.1
& Table 6.1; Higaonon Survey 2007 & MPDO 2007).
1% Higaonon Bad
Roads
31% 34% Higaonon Good
Roads
Non-Higaonon
Good Roads
Non-Higaonon Bad
34% Roads
Figure: 6.1. Inventory of barangay roads in Esperanza
Table 6.1: Inventory of roads in Higaonon barangay

ROAD SURFACE
Paved
Unpaved
Length Width Gravel
Earthfill
(m) Concrete Asphalt
Roads and (kms.) Length Length % Length % Length %
Administrative Carriage %
Classification Way
Barangay
Agsabu Barangay Fair 4.000 100
Road 4.000 4.000
Balubo Barangay Fair 7.000 100
Road 7.000 4.000
Bunaguit Barangay Bad 5.000 100
Road 8.000 5.000
Concordia Barangay Bad
Road 2.980 4.000
Hawilian Barangay Fair 7.000 100
Road 7.000 5.000
Milagros Barangay Fair 6.000 100
Road 6.000 5.000
Nato Barangay Road Bad 100
15.000 4.000 15.000
New Gingoog Good 5.000 100
Barangay Road 7.000 5.000
Remedios Barangay Good 4.000 100
Road 4.000 5.000
Salug Barangay Road Bad 7.320 100
7.320 4.000
Segunda Barangay Bad 100
Road 10.780 4.000 10.780
Sinakungan Bad 4.000 100
Barangay Road 4.000 4.000
Tagabase Barangay 4.600 100
Road 4.600 5.000
26
Tagbalili Barangay Bad 100

Road 10.221 4.000 10.221
Tahina Barangay Bad 3.500 100
Road 3.500 4.000
Total Road Length 70 .001 - 89.921 100
(kms) 100.482
6.2. Water supply facilities

Based on Municipal Planning and Development Office report 2007, 11% of the households in
Higaonon area have not been served with water as against 16% of the non-Higaonon dominated
barangay. Also, based on the Higaonon survey report of 2007, 42% of the respondents claimed
their water source is spring and only 2% got their water from the creeks for drinking and
domestic purposes. Furthermore, only 7% of the respondents claimed using deep well water
supply. In addition, CBMS survey of 2005 showed that 54% of households in Higaonon area
have access to safe water as against the municipal value of 79.44%.Therefore; most of the
populace depends on rain water or natural springs which do not provide assurance of safe
drinking water supply. Also, the unserved populace gets their drinking water from open shallow
wells. This means that water borne diseases arising from unsafe drinking water would still target
over 45% of the households in Higaonon areas. For example, the health and nutritional status
data reveal the existence of water borne diseases such as diarrhoea as one of the leading causes
of morbidity (Figure 6.2, 6.3, Table 6.2 & Figure 6.4; CBMS 2005, Higaonon Survey 2007 &
MPDO 2007)
Figure 6.2: Percentages of households with access to safe water
deep well, 5%
creek, 2%
reservoir, 7%
pump, 44%
spring, 42%
Figure 6.3: Sources of water supply to Higaonon tribe
27
Table 6.2: waterworks system for Higaonon barangays

Type of Total Households Percent HH
Barangay System (Units) Households Served Served
Agsabu Level I ( 2 ) 52 49 94
Balubo Level I ( 1 ) 70 66 94
Bunaguit Level I ( 3 ) 192 168 88
Calabuan Level I ( 1 ) 42 30 71
Concordia Level I ( 7 ) 169 152 90
Hawilian Level I ( 15 ) 384 322 84
Maasin Level II ( 1 ) 164 160 98
Maliwanag Level II ( 1 ) 40 39 98
Milagros Level I ( 8 ) 149 143 96
Nato Level I ( 8 ) 341 275 81
New Gingoog Level I ( 1 ) 58 49 84
Remedios Level I ( 12 ) 206 168 82
Salug Level I ( 4 ) 180 47 26
San Vicente Open dug well 178 150 84
Segunda Open dug well 44 41 93
Sinakungan Level I ( 1 ) 17 15 88
Tagabase Level I ( 8 ) 105 93 89
Tagbalili Level I ( 2 ) 73 70 96
Tahina Level I ( 4 ) 97 95 98
2636 2066 78
16% 11%
Higaonon Not
Served
Higaonon Served
Non-Higaonon
39% Served
34%
Non-Higaonon Not
Served
Figure 6.4 Water supplies in Higaonon and Non-Higaonon areas.
6.3. Power supply

The Agusan del Sur Electric Cooperative (ASELCO) provides the electricity requirement of
Esperanza. As of 1997, fifteen barangays or 32% of the total 47 barangays have been energized.
However, of the potential household connections, only 23% have power connections and
majority still uses kerosene for lighting. Therefore, even in the urban areas, kerosene is still
widely used by dwelling units as a source of lighting. Based on available Municipal Planning
and Development Office report 2007, 43% of Higaonon households are not served with power
supply as against only 7% households served. In contrast, 13% households in non-Higaonon
barangay are being served as against 37% households not served. This indicates that electricity
supply in Esperanza and in particular Higaonon areas remain a crucial issue. However, the
municipality has embarked on a solar energy drive for barangays without power supply from
ASELCO to supplement the electricity supply from ASELCO (Figure 6.5 & Table 6.3; Higaonon
Survey 2007 & MPDO 2007)..
28
Higaonon Not
Served
37% Higaonon Served
43%
Non-Higaonon
Served
Non-Higaonon Not
Served
13% 7%
.
Figure 6.5: Power supply for Esperanza Agusan del Sur
Table.6.3. Power supply, consumption and Higaonon households served

Percent Ave. Residential
Capacity Total HH HH Consumption
Barangay MVA Households Served Served (KWH / month)
(HH)
Concordia 10 169 8 5 227.50
Hawilian 25 384 75 20 3,248.00
Nato 25 341 50 15 1,211.00
Remedios 10 206 38 18 1,324.00
Tahina 10 97 8 8 227.50
Total 80 1197 179 14.95 AVE. 34.8
kwh/ mo. / HH
6.4. Communication facilities

The Bureau of Telecommunication (BUTEL) operates in Esperanza. In addition, telephone and
fax services are offered by Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), with calling
station location at the heart of the Poblacion and serving the general public. Other
telecommunication company with a franchise to operate in Esperanza and presently with calling
station is the CRUZTELCO and PHILCOM. The Single-Side Band (SSB) units and Very-High-
Frequency (VHF) units are the also available as part of its communications network prior to the
entry of more advance technology communication system. Furthermore, all 47 barangays have
hand-held radios. The use of cell-phone as a means of communication remains a luxury to 99.3%
of the Higaonons in Esperanza. However, six (6) of the Higaonon barangays namely Hawilian,
Remedios, Bunaguit, Balobo, Agsabu and Tahina receives cell phone signals. Therefore, sparse
signals in Higaonon an area is due to the fact that existing towers are all located outside
Higaonon barangays (Figure 6.5; Higaonon Survey 2007).
29
3%
13%
6% Road Transport
Boat transport
Hiking
Cellphone
78%
Figure: 6.6: Mode of transport and communication.
6.5. Transportation
The present transportation system in Esperanza consists of buses, jeepneys, private cars,
motorcycles and motorized bancas. Jeepneys undertake short trips between adjacent
municipalities, Bayugan and Butuan Cities and buses undertake inter-provincial and regional
trips. There are a number of regular trips between Esperanza and other municipalities. In
addition, private car and four wheel vehicles are common sight for government officials and
private individuals. Also, motorcycles are the most common mode of transportation going to the
upland Higaonon barangays. However, majority of the upland residents tends to hike to and from
the Poblacion due the high rates of hiring motorcycles.
Since big rivers traverses Esperanza, motorized bancas ply the route between upland barangays
and Poblacion and even up to Butuan City through Agusan River. There are two small bus and
jeepneys terminals in Esperanza located at barangays Poblacion and Guadalupe. The Poblacion
terminal could accommodate up to 8 vehicles when in good condition. Furthermore, the terminal
in barangay Guadalupe is in fair condition and could accommodate two vehicles. Also, hiking or
mountaineering occupies the second largest means of accessing the mountain areas not
accessible by road transport. However, there are no installed Haulage facilities to facilitate the
delivery of goods and services into these remote barangays.
Rivers in Esperanza also serve as water channels for transporting goods and people within and
outside of the municipality. Also, there are boats to ferry cargoes and passengers to river
barangays and the Poblacion. The 2007 Higaonon survey showed that boat transport is the third
largest means of transportation of the Higaonon people.
7. Governance, Customary Laws and Cultural Practices
7.1 Municipal government structure

The existing municipal comprehensive development plan already reflects the policies and
framework of administrative mandate, powers standards and management in the context of
sustainable development for the entire municipality. However, there is need to distinguish and
match these policies with the genuine issues, concerns including proper documentation of the
customary laws and practices of the Higaonon people. This is in a view to understand and
appreciate the working harmonic relationship between the municipal government structure and
the tribal government structure. Responding to changing socio-economic realities and growing
developmental challenges of the Higaonon people in Esperanza, any amendment thereto shall be
the responsibility of the municipality of Esperanza, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
and all investment corporations in the area. However, there is need to harmonize existing
development plan, land use classification to address the growing socio-economic divide
30
experienced by the tribe. Also, there is need to reflect a structure in governance that would
address the development of agricultural and forest resources and mineral resources.
However, any investment and natural resources management framework does not suffice, if it is
not effectively implemented and applied in the local community level. Therefore, Provincial and
municipal legislations, ordinances and resolutions must be enacted to support the investment
guide of the Higaonon people. This is aimed to maximize the use of the natural resources for the
general welfare of the tribe with due consideration on environmental protection.
The local governance of the province and municipality of Esperanza thru the Sangguniang
Panalawigan and Sangguniang Bayan shall provide a mechanism to facilitate the continuing
review and amendment of the investment guide of the Higaonon people in Esperanza. At present,
the municipal government of Esperanza has twenty three (23) offices including the Municipal
Administrator’s Office and Sangguniang Bayan. The Sangguniang Bayan Chaired by the
Municipal Vice- Mayor is composed of eight (8) Board members.
7.2 Organization
Esperanza is a first class municipality. The municipality is administered by a group of municipal
officials headed by Mrs. Leonida P. Manpatilan, the Municipal Mayor. She is assisted by Vice-
Mayor Apolonio V Layugan, 8 members of the Sangguniang Bayan, 47 Barangay Captains, and
the municipal department heads and staff and heads of line agencies.
The Municipal Mayor is the Chief Executive and she exercises powers of supervision and control
over the day to day affairs of the municipal government. Also, she enforces all laws and
ordinances related to the governance of the municipality. In addition, she exercises corporate
powers and implements all approved policies, programs, projects, services and activities of the
municipality. Furthermore, she initiates and maximizes the generation of resources and
revenues, and applies the same to the implementation of development plans, program objectives
and priorities. Moreover, she ensures the delivery of basic services and the provision of adequate
facilities.
The Municipal Mayor also heads the Municipal Development Council (MDC) which initiates the
formulation of the comprehensive multi-sectoral development plan. Furthermore, the MDC is
composed of all the punong barangays in the municipality, the chairman of the committee on
appropriations of the Sangguniang Bayan (SB), the congressman or his representative, and
representatives of NGOs operating in the municipality.
The Municipal Vice-Mayor is the presiding officer of the Sangguniang Bayan and signs all
warrants drawn on the municipal treasury for all expenditures appropriated for the operation of
the SB. He appoints all officials and employees of the SB, and exercises the powers and
performs the duties and functions of the municipal mayor in case of temporary vacancy or
assumes the office of the municipal mayor for the unexpired term of the latter in case of
permanent vacancy.
The Municipal Development Staff is tasked with formulating integrated development plans and
policies for consideration of the Municipal Development Council (MDC). Also, they are
involved with monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the different development
programs, and other related functions. In addition, other municipal staff and heads of government
agencies assist the Municipal Mayor in discharging her powers, functions, and responsibilities.
Esperanza’s situation is unique in that the tribal chieftain was once also the Municipal Mayor.
This has redounded to the favor of the populace in view of the harmonious relationships among
the various tribes as well as the strong leadership of the Mayor (Figure 7.1& 7.2, MPDO, 2007).
31
Figure 7.1: Municipal Organizational Structure
Table 7.1.Municipal Officials

NAME POSITION
Last First M.I
Manpatilan Leonida P Mayor
Layugan Apolonio V Vice-Mayor
Baguio Teresita L SB Member
Bagsican Teodoro A SB Member
Ligcuban Rosmondo P SB Member
Fabular Wilberto Q SB Member
Siohan Angelito D SB Member
Callanta Rene C SB Member
Manpatilan Jerry D SB Member
Resare Igmedio T SB Member
7.3. Tribal Structure of Governance

The Supreme Datu otherwise known as the Tribal Chieftain is selected by inheritance. He is in
charge of local administration, peace and order in his tribal domain. The tribes in Esperanza
include (a) Higaonon (b) Manobo (c) Banwaon. The Supreme Datu has very strong influence on
the operations and decisions taken by the tribal council as the legislative arm of the tribe
32
Also, the Mayor as the head of the Municipal Local Government Unit facilitates projects and
Memorandum of Agreement within and outside the municipality Certificate of Ancestral Domain
Claim (CADC) 154 irrespective of tribal affiliation. The actual signatories in these transactions
will be tribal chieftain if the transaction is within the CADC 154. Furthermore, the mayor is
responsible for all projects outside CADC 154.This is done in close coordination with the tribal
chieftain.
Also, the .Ininay and Inamay is the tribal advisory body to the Supreme Datu. The Supreme Datu
and the tribal council consult them on matters affecting the culture and tradition of the tribe.
However, they are not members of the tribal council. In addition, the Alimaong is the military
arm of the tribe. This body implement peace and order and may coordinate with the state security
services. Also, the Sectoral Tribal Council legislates at community level and transfer difficult
issues to the tribal council.
In terms of Structural Operation, sectoral council consults tribal council while legitimate tribal
leaders consults the Mayor as occasion demands. Furthermore, investors brief Mayor of their
projects and the Mayor in-turn meets with the tribal chieftain who coordinates with the tribal
council. Tribal council then deliberates with the community and decision reached is taken to the
tribal chieftain for ratification. However, the inimay/ininay is only consulted on issues affecting
formulation of rules and regulations otherwise; decisions reached at community level are taken
by the tribal chieftain to the Mayor for implementation (Figure 7.2, the Authors, 2008).
Figure 7.2.Schematic Tribal Structure of Governance
7.4. Multi-Stakeholders Partnership and Governance

Responsible natural resources extraction and sustainable community development is anchored on
the partnerships among potential investors, operating companies, communities, non-government
organization and the government. Their collaboration coordination and concerted effort resulted
33
to tangible effects in attaining a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic and
environmental protection.
Therefore, a three-tiered natural resources development and management framework comprising

mineral resources, agriculture and forestry is a holistic approach to effectively manage natural
resources extraction and utilization. Ordinarily, all three sectors have the environment as a unit
of convergence and partnership would address the needs of the three sectors in a proactive
manner to prevent environmental degradation rather than mitigate and remedy the same.
Leveling activities are done quarterly by these sectors to reduce overlapping of activities and
stream lining of community programmes and projects.
Multi-sector partnerships also ensure transparency in mineral extraction and utilization,

agriculture and forest related activities in relation to governance. Multi-sectoral involvement and
participation always take place in the execution and performance of regulatory activities like
quarterly inspection and monitoring to Environment Compliance Certificate (ECC) compliance.
In the exploration of mineral resources, the governing board of Mine Rehabilitation Fund
Committee and the Community Technical Working Group will ensure proper implementation of
Social Development and Management Programs of the companies. Greater Transparency raises
integrity of all those involved in this program and thus ensures success.
Also, partnership fosters the formation of social-capital. Furthermore, local communities learn
how to organize, negotiate and take advantage of the opportunities offered them by the mining
companies that would enable them to stand on their own in the long term. Moreover, the capacity
for self-development, local governance and cohesiveness of the community and their
communication linkages would be increased.
Environmental and Socio-Economic development direction of the Higaonon people would be

directed thru the support of various sectors, councils and organizations in the municipality and
province at large:
7.4.1. Municipal development council

The Council chaired by the Municipal Mayor with all city/municipal head executives and
representatives from line government agencies and non-government organizations, is tasked to
formulate socio-economic development plans and policies and public investments and incentives
to promote private investment capital.
7.4.2. Environment and natural resource council

The expanded responsibilities of the Environment and Natural Resource Council (ENRC) are
aimed to address IP related matters on mineral resources and other natural resources
development endeavor. This council would help facilitate the activities of potential investors
right from the start.
Some of the additional roles of the environment and natural resource council as a facilitating unit
are:
1. Review; assess natural resources development plans, programs and policies anchored on the
protection of other natural resources and communities affected by natural resources utilization
2. It shall act on matters requiring immediate action by the provincial Development
Council/Provincial Governor on natural resources development and management;
3. Establish cooperation and support of various line agencies, private sector and civil society on
matters affecting natural resources development and management;
4. Monitor and evaluate the implementation of natural resources development programs and
projects.
7.4.3. Provincial business management team

There shall be a management consulting team to oversee all investment projects in ancestral
domain area composed of the following:
1. Representative of the Provincial Local Government Unit
34
2. Non-Governmental Organization working in affected domain

3. Representative of the affected Municipal Local Government Unit
This team shall act as a multi-stake holder’s business management team that would play an
advisory role to empower the community. This team will gradually pull out after community
empowerment to manage project.
7.4.4 Community-based technical team

The committee is responsible in policy-making, monitoring and coordinating all efforts of local
government units, various line agencies, private sector and civil society in uplifting the
development of the natural resources of the municipality. It is also tasked to review natural
resources development programs anchored on the protection of environment affected by natural
resources extraction and utilization. This is formed primarily to empower the people where the
natural resources are located enhancing their capacities. Also, it should conduct monitoring of
reconnaissance works of the companies operating in the area and implement livelihood projects
under the Social Development and Management Program of the companies.
7.4.5. Non-governmental organizations and people’s organizations

The active involvement of Non-Government Organizations to the various natural resources
development initiatives could be overwhelming. In fact, the private sector would work closely
with the government to ensure responsible natural resource development and guarantee equitable
sharing of benefits to the people. Also, Non-Governmental Organization would engage the
municipality and tribal leaders in the spirit of collaboration attempting to stream line and
harmonize development efforts.
7.4.6. Higaonon integrated association of indigenous investment organizations

This is aimed to promote greater coordination and accountability in terms of tracking events and
activities of investors with a view to correcting anomalies. Therefore, information education and
communication campaign thru this organization would enhance performance and productivity.
Furthermore, this organization would gain route and affect the Higaonon people, thru greater
collaboration between the small scale business entrepreneurs and large scale investment
organizations.
7.5. Tribal Governance and Socio-Economic Activities

Since some four hundred (400) years ago, the Higaonon people have linked tribal governance
with socio-economic activities. Although, Higaonons residing in individual Talogans are
involved with their respective development programs, there exist common socio-economic
activities that have cultural tie for the Higaonon in the eight (8) Talogans. These activities are
streamlined for greater effectiveness of capability building thru core group meetings comprising
Misamis Oriental, Esperanza in Agusan del Sur, Agusan del Norte and Bukidnon. In the end, it is
aimed to activate the economic empowerment programs of investors, managers of natural
resources and government line agencies (Figure 7.3).
Also, investors integrate the manner the tribe view socio-economic development and incorporate
them into their management and development plans for effective harmonious co-existence. This
means that an economic summit for the tribe held quarterly, involving all sectors would assesses
the mechanism for socio-economic profiling and implementation of sustainable programs in a
static and dynamic cultural setting.
7.6. Customary Laws and Cultural Practices

Bungkatol Ha Bulawan Daw Nang Ka Tasa Ha Lana means the Sacred Commandments of the
Tribe. This is the sacred bond that unites the entire Higaonon People who shares the common
root, language, history and culture and a code to guide the conduct of man for a good and just
society. They are enumerated as follows:
1. Pigtugonan Na Hadi Ag Lidason Kay Pamalihe - 'Makagaba'...
Don't go against the law - It was a handed down law - - very sacred - you can be cursed to
misfortune or death.
35
2. Di Yo Ag Lidason Ang Pigtugonan...

Don't disobey the sacred orders - Don't interpret it in your own mind but just go straight to the
handed law. Don't shift the sacred teachings to the other road. It is very straight and not crooked
one.
3. Di Kaw Ag Labawa...
Don't be an egotistic or self-centered person - or be on top of your pride. Your pride will kill you.
4. Di Kaw Ag Indiga...
Don't compare yourself to others, for there is always better than you and lesser than you. But
everyone is a creation loved by the Supreme Creator. Have dignity and honor of its own spirit.
Comparing yourself to others, you will become bitter in the end.
5. Di Kaw Ag Sinaha...
Don't be envious of others - if someone has good fortune, it is because he or she is blessed.
Jealousy breaks the orders of goodwill. It is destruction to the destiny of humanity, to the Great
Creation of the world.
6. Magnayo-Nayo Kaw...
Asking and Giving is the greatest gift of Creation - Someone needs food, give him or her food -
if you don't have food, if you ask, someone will give you.
7. Magpahidang-Gaay Kaw...
Love one another - for this is the right way to live. No man is an island. Everyone needs
everyone, everyone needs everybody, everybody needs everyone, and everybody needs
everybody.
8. Maglandang Kaw...
Live in Peace, Walk in Peace. For in Peace there is Love. When there is Love there is Peace in
your heart.
9. Magtutopong Kaw...
This means equality among men. Remember children are little men as the elders are older men -
both deserve respect and honor of their Creation. Women are Men too. The Respect of the Elders
and or children can be double to women for they are the makers of those Men.
10. Mag-Uyon-Uyon Kaw...

Listen to everyone. Don't be loud or aggressive in your opinions and views for 'wisdom' is a gift.
Blessed are the elders, for the Counsel of Years of their lives makes the edifice of teachings. We
will listen to them as we listen to prophets of time. They might be a child who had wisdom of the
old, or the old whose playing spirits is a child that cools the heart of a warrior, and most often are
women, for women are the gift of Creation. Listen to them in their counsel of time.
The Datu leads not as ruler but as an administrator, with community as children assuming
individual tasks based on one's capacity, experience and also maternal and paternal sanguinary
lineage approved by the community. It is traditionally plain division of labor in a village. And for
the entire Higaonon population, they do the allocation of tasks and responsibilities during
Dumalongdong - every task is defined and everyone is installed into a task in front of the
assembly if she or he would be willing to accept and continue with the obligations and
responsibilities inherent. It is also in Dumalongdong where garbs, tubao, (headdress), bronze
bracelets and china pieces are given out as symbols of responsibility and capacity to serve the
people.
Every common undertaking comes through ethnic ritual - dispensing of justice, launching
military actions, hunting, building a hut, and cleaning a field. All gets done after a prayer ritual
offered to deities over a sacrifice of blood - usually pig or chicken. It is always a man physically
doing the work with the help of the blessings of the Ancestor's spirits.
36
Men committing misdeeds transgress the Bungkatol Ha Bulawan and the Community is always
helped to rectify themselves by making an offering sacrifice to the deities in the presence of the
community, sharing his sincerity to correct his mistakes for the entire community to witness.
The Ininay is the mother in-law and Inamay is the father in-law of the tribe and had eight
children with powers and functions given to them. So, the children would report their activities
to the Inamay and Ininay.
7.6.1. River Clans

The Higaonon people recognized the tribal areas based on the eight existing rivers:
1.Pusilao;
2.Maasam;
3.Pulangi;
4.Libang;
5.Ojot;
6.Bugabot;
7.Udjongan and
8.Tagoloan
Therefore, by 1500 AD a tribal council was already established with Datu Mandagbol and
Tawaga as the first tribal Chieftain also called” Supreme Datu”. So, over time this council has
been developed and empowered by succeeding local and tribal administrations. The eight
Higaonon tribal leaders known as Dinawatans are
1.Apo Anggas
2.Apo Manlampanas
3.Apo Mantan-awon
4.Apo Mandangagon
5.Apo Mandagbol
6.Apo Alimodong
7.Apo Heligan
8.Apo Masicampo Mangabayan
Thereafter, gates manned by Datus were established to protect the idealogy of the Higaonon
people. The Higaonon customs and tradition emphasized defense and justice giving reasons for
the establishment of gates to protect the ideology of the people for the purpose of non-dilution of
their cultural heritage. Several generations later, the renowned **Apo Paboloson (Datu
Paboloson) of Apo Kalitkit-Kabudakan's descent, gathered his people in a sacred assembly called
'Dumalongdong', to unite them.
7.6.3. Tribal ideology and socio-economic divide

Although, culture determines the way of life of the Higaonon people, the people are unable to
determine a dynamic culture which could better place them in a position to interact and integrate
with the contemporary world. Therefore, the Higaonon people do not have an Institutionalized
dynamic cultural system capable of delivering a better orientation of lifestyle to the people. This
means that the Higaonon people do not have a culture adaptable to better living standards.
Giving a non-dynamic culture, the Higaonon people are less proactive and take little initiatives
to become less dependent on others. For now, development initiatives thru the formulation of
Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan does not take into account the
effect of cultural identity on the socio-economic divide of the tribe. Also, addressing the socio-
economic divide due to a static cultural setting is by an economic summit for all Higaonons
residing in the eight Talogans (Figure 7.3, the Authors, 2007).
37
Figure 7.3: Activities and Tribal Governance of the Higaonon Tribe
Therefore, Higaonon unique culture is preserved thru oral tradition in a dynamic manner i.e. the
aspect of culture that supports development and self-reliance. So, incursions into the cultural
lifestyle of the Higaonon people is kept to the minimum without necessarily creating socio-
economic divide but leading to greater integration of the tribe with other people.
7.6.4. Significant Cultural Sites (Tulungadanon)
1. Sinakungan Mountain
2. Kiagoy (southern part of Sinakungan) – it is also the burial ground of the ancestor of Datu
Mancombate
3. Mt. Sagabalan (southern part of Sinakungan)
4.Mt. Guibonon
5.Mt. Natungbawan (upper part of Pusilao river) – place where old Higaonons worship their gods
6. Mt. Inakayan (sitio of Mt. Guibonon)
7. Mt. Mayonhayon (Guibonon)
8.Mt. In-inon (at the boundary of Agusan del Sur and Bukidnon)
9. Mt. Kinamahan (at Brgy. Salug)
10. Mt. Salaming (at Brgy. Salug)
11. Mt. Kiwagting (at Barangay Guibonon)
Therefore, infrastructural developments are not allowed creating accessibility to these sites.
7.6.5 Pangagda and Pamada
Sayuda daw buntula is a gathering of Higaonon people in particular leaders of the tribe and other
tribes to discuss matters of mutual concern. This gathering would begin with pangagda and
pamada thru dasang and is done sequentially. So, during these meetings the participants will do a
Dasang to the host in the following sequence:
1. Appreciating the host and praising the environment including the house i.e., the furnishing of
the house and arrangement of the house;
2. Greeting everyone inside the house or the participants of the assembly/meeting
3. Expressing their gladness to visit or to attend the gathering as well as their expectations
during the meeting.
This sequence is now documented to ensure it is strictly adhered to. Also, the response to the
activities may not necessarily be sequential but is normally followed with some rituals and
sacrifices using pigs and chicken. Ordinarily, sacrifices are offered when Datus meet for the first
time after a very long time. This is aimed at preparing the people for a hitch free meeting from
38
the spirits. As part of the cleansing and preparation for the meeting, there is touching of blood of
slaughtered animals by all participants. However, this is not mandatory in particular when it
involves resolution of minor conflicts.
Furthermore, there are different kinds of rituals for resolution of different kinds or degrees of
conflict. So, when conflicts could not be resolved amicably by parties involved then it could be
done through Tampuda. This involves the conduct of rituals with all the aggrieved parties present
with their full participation. Tampuda is different from rituals done during general meetings of
Higaonons and when rituals are done just for cleansing of participants and preparing the venue
for the spirits to participate in the meeting. Therefore, tampuda could involve placing a curse on
defaulters.
7.6.6. Panubaga
This is the response of the host to a visitor by expressing his/her acceptance to the visitor. It
explains to the visitor the purpose of the meeting and aims to answer the queries of the visitor as
well. Panubaga has no exact sequence or pattern and is unlike with dasang. Ordinarily, dasang is
performed whenever a Datu pays a visit to another Datu. However, dasang is also now
performed in special gatherings too. Also, light candle is used to invite the spirits. In addition,
putting of coins to a plate or glass while a Datu is performing a dasang signifies the participant is
impressed with the performance.
7.6.7. Pre- ritual activities

Before the conduct of rituals, issues and concern are discussed and decision reached determines
the nature of rituals to be performed to invoke the needed god and goddess. Issues usually
covered during rituals include:
1.Resolution of tribal conflicts to ensure a free and fair meeting;
2.Prayer for a successful meeting i.e. inviting the spirits to help them in achieving the objectives
of the meeting;
3.Ensuring peace and order during meeting and
4.Ensuring the safety of visitors to and from the meeting.
7.6.8. Ritual activities

Things used during rituals:
1. Candle symbolizes to clear the conversation between the leader of prayer and the spirit
2. Lime symbolizes neutrality
3.Bittle i.e. leaf to be chewed symbolizes acceptance
Also rituals are done for the purpose of reviving relationships even with visitors. This begins
with prayer reciting the purpose(s) of the meeting. As part of the ceremony, chickens and pigs
are slaughtered and prayers are offered for cleansing so that the spirits could intervene in
previous conflicts or disputes. As a matter of no obligation, participants touch the blood of the
slain animal.
Thereafter, the slaughtered animal is cooked then set before the tribal leaders for consumption.
Before the proper eating, everybody will approach the cooked meat and get a piece of it as well
as wine while inviting the spirits to eat with them. Furthermore, the kind of ritual to be
performed depends on the purpose of the meeting. The number of pigs to be sacrificed depends
on the nature of ritual to be performed. If pig is not available, chicken could replenish it i.e. one
pig equals three chickens.
Darkness – symbolizes conflicts, any bad spirit
Furthermore, it is a cultural norm for Higaonons to give valuable things to their visitors like
native rice, bangles and necklace made of plastic beads. In settling conflicts, every member of
the family of both parties would require to be present. If there are conflicts with visitors, rituals
are also applicable as a way of settlement.
Some common rituals include:
1.Ritual for healing;
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2.Ritual for wedding;

3.Ritual for planting;
4.Ritual for harvesting;
5.Ritual for conflict settlement.
7.6.9. Cultural signs for peace and order

After conflicts had been traditionally resolved, certain signs are looked out for from the elements
of the rituals For example, Liver from the slaughtered pigs is examined for color and
smoothness. The presence of spots on the liver could indicate that some aggrieved people are yet
to accept reconciliation. In addition, this could indicate a sign of bad omen in the near future.
Usually, the remains of food including the meat sacrificed could be taken away by participants
and preferably hanged on the roof of their building and consumed overtime.
7.6.10. Cultural events

1.Kaamulan Festival- a special tribal celebration that includes situational reporting of the Datu,
resolution of conflicts,
2.Dumalongdong- Healing Ritual,
3.Asawaha-Marriage
4.Kaligawa-Inviting people/clan from other places
8. Trends and Prospects in the Utilization of Natural Resources
8.1. Investment climate

Basically, activities of investors in Higaonon area range from utilization of agricultural land for
mechanized farming, utilization of forest products to potential mineral resource extraction.
Natural resources include timber, minor forest products, sand and gravel. There is low
community involvement in the utilization of these products and illegal natural resource
utilization exists. Higaonon survey of 2007 showed that there is no viable sharing formula
between communities and stakeholders of benefits accruing from extraction of these products.
However, there is an existing sharing formula for planted trees of 30:30:40 ratios in favour of the
Provincial, Municipal and Barangay Local government respectively.
Also in the same survey, most respondents are of the view that there is lack of Local Government
Unit leadership and participation in collaboration with the private sector in resource extraction
and utilization. Also, most respondents believe that Indigenous People be given the opportunity
to take direct control of their natural resources. This is closely followed by the number of
respondents who believed that government line agencies should take the lead in natural resource
extraction and utilization provided they could guarantee equitable sharing formula with the
affected communities. A three-tier natural resources investment framework comprising mineral
resources, agriculture and forest products is nurtured by investors and all stakeholders to reduce
overlapping of development endeavour and streamline investment activities.
8.2. Investment in forest products

The Higaonon area covered most of the municipal forested area of 134,353.82 hectares
comprising virtually the whole area of the Municipality west of the Agusan River with the rest
found on the southeastern part of the Municipality. Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) has created certificate of ancestral domain claim CADC 154 to the Higaonon
and Banwaon tribes covering an area of 74,867 hectares located mostly in the Municipalities of
Esperanza and San Luis, Agusan del Sur. Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Plan
(ADSDP) is being formulated to address developmental concerns for the Indigenous People in
this area.
8.3. Investment in agriculture
Agricultural land comprises 28,213.94 hectares, mostly along the east, west banks and
floodplains of the Agusan River up to the northeastern part of the Municipality. Major crops
planted in the agricultural areas include mainly rice, corn, vegetables, legumes, and root crops.
Minor crops include coffee, cacao, rubber, and fruit trees. The land use activities in the
Municipality can be characterized based on four (4) land cover groups:
40
1. Predominantly smallholder food and commercial (annual) crop production and limited areas
of commercial plantings of perennial crops such as rain-fed or dryland rice on river terrace and
commercial crop species like rubber, coffee;
2. Smallholder food crop production areas of semi-continuos extent occurring in lower
undulating, rolling terrain and in tributary streams with shifting cultivation;
3. A patchwork of land comprising small permanent clearings, shrub-land and secondary forest
and remnant of original forest
4. More or less continuous areas of primary forest and selectively logged forest, rarely with
occasional areas cleared by shifting cultivation
8.4. Investment in mineral resources

At the moment there is no active mining activity in the Higaonon areas. Potential mining
investors are still at the stage of securing exploration and mining permits. Although there are
potential polymetallic and non-metallic deposits, a detailed exploration of the area to confirm
mineral reserve has not been done. The chromite belt cutting through the mountain ranges in
Bukidnon is believed to extend to the Higaonon are of Esperanza as well. Therefore when
mineral exploration permits are approved investors would probably be scrambling for gold and
chromite. The Municipal Local Government Unit is willing to develop this sector giving a
favorable atmosphere of peace and order.
8.5. Existing and future markets

Consumption of forest products, agricultural produce and mineral resources continue to escalate
at a much rapid pace due to population growth and increased industrialization. Therefore, the
Higaonon people could strongly compete with other tribes in the Philippines to supply local and
international markets. However, farm to market roads to transport these commodities is required.
8.6. Human resource/skills requirements and acquisition

Higaonon 2007 survey showed that the Higaonon people lack the required number of skilled
personnel to be gainfully employed in the industrial sector. Giving that the Higaonon area of
Esperanza is one of the most potent areas for natural resource extraction and processes such as
wood processing and blacksmith, these sectors are projected to contribute dramatically in
employment generation and economic boost of the people. However, most employment at the
moment is non-skilled and casual in nature because the Higaonon are highly deficient of
professionals and technically skilled people. Therefore the conversion of the only high school in
the municipality to technical-vocational school is a step in the right direction.
To realize the required skills and increase the number of Higaonon in prospective industries, a
nurturing of network of education and training programs that include both the formal and non-
formal delivery systems is being advocated. Also, provision of scholarship by investors is being
directed into specific fields that are technical enough and where skills are highly needed.
Investors support vocational and technical students to realize their ambition via a technical fund.
Furthermore, it is a matter of policy that all non-indigenous industries located in the area offer
Higaonon youths skill acquisition training. In the end, products from such industrial training
experience are provided with tools to sharpen their professional proficiency through a central
coordinated skill fund.
9. Investment Issues and Concerns
Like any investment strategy endeavor, the take-off and growth of industries in the Higaonon
area is faced by various problems and challenges. Foremost of which is the lack of local capital
by prospective indigenous investors that can be used to productively utilize the abundant natural
resources. Giving that investment processes are capital intensive ventures, huge capital inflow
is required to realize its full investment potential. This is one of the reasons for low participation
of Indigenous People in the tribal investment drive. Hence, there is lack of a business friendly
climate to attract local and foreign investors. Also, there are no cooperatives and investment
centers to articulate investment framework to raise capital.
41
Strategies to curtail the degeneration of peace and order with the advent of investors are lacking.
So, institutions to negotiate with local communities to meet social contracts and environmental
obligations are required. Such institutions would be required to address the use of proceeds
accruing from natural resources extraction and utilization. In addition, such institutions will
enforce and manage policies aimed at sustainable utilization of these natural resources.
Another sensitive issue is the backflow of benefits to the local government units and the
communities in the Higaonon-IP areas. There could be delay remittance of share of taxes from
the national to local government units and the Indigenous Peoples (IP). Therefore, this could
affect the needed drum up support of local officials to investment and industrial development.
Investors sometimes fail to deliver their commitments in terms of socio-economic development
projects to the communities they operate.
Furthermore, there are conflicting investment perspectives of different government institutions

and NGOs. This makes it difficult for investors to come up with streamlined investment and
development policies, programs and thrusts that will be supportive to the Ancestral Domain
Sustainable Development Plan for the Higaonon people. Therefore, the issue of discordant voices
for natural resources development has persisted because of lack of inter-agency and inter-sectoral
forum to drive forward an economic summit for the Higaonon-IP. Also, the negative perception
of some sectors on mineral and forest resources development and management in favor of a
mono cultural economy is of great concern. Furthermore, summary of issues and concerns are
outlined (Table 9.1, Higaonon investment forum, 2007)
Table 9: Issues and concerns

Issues and concerns Recommended interventions
Economic issues
Lack of knowledge on modern farming and * Conduct IEC related to modern farming
farm facilities like post harvest facilities technologies and undertake rural livelihood
such as rice and corn mill, corn shelter and analysis
other post harvest facilities * Adopt new technology suitable in the area
with the assistance from the Provincial
Agricultural Office (PAO) from the provincial
and municipal levels on modern farming
technology
Lack of irrigation system for rice production * Construction of dam in every identified and
potential area in the Higaonon tribe area.
Coordinate with the DAR from the provincial,
Municipal and NIA plus other concerned
agencies.
Fruits multi-cropping plantation which * Determine tribal people to avail the existing
includes planting of falcate, rubber and fruit multi-cropping plantation program of
others provincial Agricultural Office (PAO)
Needs to promote fish farming/aquaculture * Partnership with the Provincial Government,
BFAR and other concerned agencies regarding
the aquaculture projects
Needs proper utilization of natural resources * Link/coordinate with the PENRO-LGU and
MENRO in the extraction of sand and gravel
and IEC about proper extraction/utilization of
identified natural resources in specific areas
* Encourage tribal application of small and
big scale permit on the extraction/utilization
of mineral resources
Environmental issues
42
Production of timber and minor forest Conduct further prospecting to determine the
product from illegal utilization and area for application permit and establish
extraction activities partnership with other agencies in law
enforcement
Promote Eco-tourism Coordinate with the concerned agencies in
identifying eco-tourism potential areas and
promote for development to investors
Reforestation of denuded areas Coordinate with local and provincial
government and other concerned agencies for
example DENR for the reforestation product
Social issues
Rehabilitation of farm to market roads Coordinate with the national agencies like the
within Higaonon areas DPWH and other concerned government
agencies
Lack of committed teachers that would stay * Identify potential Higaonon studnts to avail
in their assigned areas for scholarship program that would further
take courses in education and request the
Provincial Governor and other concerned
agencies for the accommodation of the
Higaonon students
*Link any agencies to provide skills on
forestry, agriculture and other technical
courses (solicit support from the community)
Arts and cultural issues
Further preservation of custom an tradition * Collaborative effort to promote production
such as dancing, rituals, rites and other of native handicraft beads and other items
forms promoting the Higaonon culture
* Convince DepEd to let the students wear
the native attire once a week to promote the
culture within the Higaonon areas
* Incorporation of the Higaonon culture into
the school curriculum
* Provide forum with the youth by involving
the tribal leaders to discuss thoroughly
customs and traditions for example during
summer camp activities
* Introduce SIKAT (Schools for Indigenous
Knowledge Arts and Tradition) program in the
area
Protection and preservation of burial sites, Educate the community on the importance of
archeological sites and other significant these cultural sites and establish land mark of
cultural sites the sites in partnership with NCIP, Local
Government Units and NGOs
Lack of Indigenous Teachers It is suggested that potential Higaonon
students be identified to avail for scholarship
program that would take course in education
with a moral commitment to live and work in
Higaonon areas.
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Table 9.2: SWOT analysis

Strengths Weaknesses
Unified vision of the Higaonon tribe Lack of economic capability of the tribe
Annual meeting thru “Kahimunan” for the Lack of information and negative outlook
celebration of their culture
Vast fertile track of land that needs to be Lack of knowledge on technology on

cultivated agriculture/livelihood
Vast track of CADC area being converted to Lack of knowledge on technology on

CADT agriculture/livelihood
Full and strong support from the concerned Lack of knowledge of the community on
Local Government Unit forest conservation
Abundance of resources for livelihood such *Lack of concern and interest of the
as rattan, timber, wildlife, economic minerals community to legal process and how to
and potential eco-tourism site implement the CBFM area
* Lack of product technology utilizing rattan
resources
* Lack of assistance from the government on
technology development to improve the
quality of rattan products
* Lack of knowledge on how to apply for
sand and gavel permit
Table 9.2: SWOT analysis contd

Opportunities Strategies
Presence of capitalist/investors to support * Expedite action on conversion of CADC to
Higaonon tribe CADT
* Intensive Investment Promotion and
improved peace and order strategies
Presence of good vision of the local * Economic summit and Human Resources
administration and tribal government to development
improve the livelihood of the community thru * Institutionalize funding of tribal council and
the assistance of different NGOs capacitate the council with technocrat to realize
its economic dream
Abundance of resources that could generate * Capacitate the communities to negotiate and
wood process and agro allied industries to contract with potential investors
provide livelihood to the community * Institutionalize community investment forum
to review community strategies to woo
investors
Increasing interest of Foreign and Local * Human resources development

Investors and Agencies to generate additional * Organizational Strengthening and capability
revenue for the government building of investment related organizations
44
Table 9.2: SWOT analysis contd

Threats Strategies
Lack of investment information * Establish investment support centre with an IP as focal
person
* Intensive Information Education and Communication
(IEC) campaign
Alienated /divided vision due to *Land use & development harmonization

personal interest *Packaging of local investment incentives
Poor farm to market road condition * Community delineation of possible road network in the
affecting marketing of farm produce area for investors and other stakeholders to implement
*Institutionalized community. organizing and comm.

development committee as pressure group on potential
investors
Undue exploitation of the forest thru

illegal logging * Institutionalized IEC on illegal exploitation of natural
resources
* Simplification and
streamlining of
business related permit processing mechanisms and
related requirements
Conflict on resource utilization * Reclassification and proper implementation of land use

plan
*Institutionalize Social Engagement Strategies with
Communities
CHAPTER III
INVESTMENT
10.1. Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives
10.1.1. Vision
Self-sustained, economically viable and self determined tribe in harmony with its ecological and
cultural environment
10.1.2. Mission:
1. Showcase the tribal ritual such as Kaamulan and to encourage tribal rites/rituals and practices
yearly;
2.Promote investment opportunities within Higaonon areas;
3.Introduce modern technology for agricultural development;
4. Develop manpower skills to equip the economic viability of the tribe;
45
5.Conduct IEC and establish demo sites for integrated mineral resources, agricultural and
forestry projects.
10.1.3. Goal
Increase the number of household who can have decent and nutritious three meals a day at least
5% per barangay within five (5) years.
10.1.4. Objectives
1. Maximize the participation of tribal leaders and communities in the formulation and
implementation of investment-development plans and programs;
2. Document the customary laws and practices;
3. Strengthen the economic and political data base of the Higaonon tribe for the purpose of
reducing poverty, marginalization and powerlessness;
4. Bridge leadership divides with investors for the purpose of negotiation and contracting;
5. Educate the communities on the concept of sustainable development;
6. Raise community awareness on the need to document legitimate tribal leaders for development
investment negotiation;
7. Educate the communities on the need to participate in the investment forum in the Esperanza,
Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon and Surigao del Norte;
8. Formulate a database that could establish a framework for development investment profiling;
9. Empower communities and local government units to participate in negotiation to ensure
livelihood in the utilization of natural resources in the Higaonon area;
10.Provide adequate and credible information to communities on the advantages and disadvantages
of investment activities in their area in the advent of investors.
Investment Strategies and Approaches
11.1. Education and capacity building program

The Provincial Board of Investment (PBI) in collaboration with Agusan del Sur Economic
Research and Business Assistance Centre (ASERBAC) as secretariat, do intervention programs
with the indigenous and non-indigenous people. Such intervention is focused on Livelihood and
Enterprise Development (LED) in the community. So, these are interventions perceived to
contribute to minimizing negative impacts on the use of natural resources. Therefore, LED aims
to address indigenous education, skill and capacity building and Natural Resources Management
(NRM) issues. Also, communities are offered financial support for livelihood and enterprise
development as the core components.
Moreover, before the introduction of any livelihood program in the community, ASERBAC
would conduct livelihood analysis to its beneficiaries. Furthermore, this program is under the
Natural Resources Development and Management Framework (NRDMF); aimed at
understanding what livelihood sources, skills and product are best suited to the community. Also,
livelihood analysis would provide level off opportunity with the community groups on how to
attain the sustainability of the identified livelihood sources.
So far, livelihood programs are not centered on mineral resources extraction and utilization such
as blacksmith centers. However, handcraft groups actively involved with weaving businesses
exist. Therefore, these groups are oriented in the appropriate extraction techniques of the raw
materials. Furthermore, these activities support the campaign of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources and the Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office-Local
Government Unit on the sustainable utilization of non-timber forest products (NTFD). In
addition, emphasis on economic benefits and sustainable utilization of NTFD is aimed at shifting
livelihood sources from illegal logging to handcraft development activities.
Therefore, in the end capacity building is aimed at developing entrepreneurs for both Indigenous
people (IPs) and Non-Indigenous (NIPs) through trainings, exposure tours and seminars.
Although, the Rattan Groups have benefited from such programs, the exclusion of small-scale
mining operators from the list of beneficiaries requires consideration. In an attempt to strengthen
46
professionalism, entrepreneurial skills and sustainability of small-scale business enterprises,

organizational management capacity program is to be incorporated as component of LED.
11.2. Responsible and sustainable investment approach

Sustainable development as defined by the Bruntland Commission “is a form of development
that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.” This implies that future generations have rights over the resources, and
hence, the current generation has a duty to include future generations’ needs in its decision-
making.
With regard to extraction and utilization of natural resources, the fundamental question has been
- “Is mineral resources development inherently inconsistent with sustainable development of
other sectors such as agriculture and forest products?” On the other side, is it possible to have
sustainable development, sustainable economic growth, sustainable communities and a
sustainable society without necessarily developing and managing the mineral resources? In the
global community, mineral based products are being developed, distributed and utilized by the
people. Metallurgical and technological advances have defined advances in civilization. This
concretizes the notion that mineral resources development is a very vital activity if not
indispensable, if we have to look into the past and the present economic reality. Therefore to
avoid the setback of mono cultural economy, a holistic investment profile integrating all the
sectors yield better results than concentrating efforts on forest products or agriculture or mineral
resources.
Although, certain aspects of natural resources investment and development such as large scale
investment involving technology and the use of chemicals applied on the environment are
considered environmentally destructive. Therefore, the advent of environment lobby groups has
put pressure to industries to conform to the internationally accepted industrial management
standards. In addition, the current trend in technology and governance puts emphasis in the
development of effective and efficient environmental management techniques, approaches and
mechanisms in the utilization of natural resources.
Moreover, sustainable development involves integrating economic, environmental and social

responsibilities. This is aimed at providing value thru income generation and products
development that the society needs while balancing these benefits with the potential impacts on
the physical and social environment.
Therefore, responsible investment has been conceptualized as an approach to integrate the

varying concerns of all stakeholders; ensuring that proponent, investors and other sectors enjoy
the expected benefits of any natural resources development and management endeavor.
Furthermore, this is to ensure that appropriate mechanisms will be in place to safeguard the
effects on the environment and protect the general interest of the investment communities.
In the social dimension, communities should view investment as a desirable activity to earn
public consent. Also, public consultation and information systems need to be installed allowing
some degree of transparency in the course of pursuing investment strategies and development
programs and projects. Again as earlier emphasized, this has to be a multi-stakeholders concern
with all sectors making input right from inception of the investment plan.
As it is, the convergence mechanism of various sectors to achieve the goals of sustainable
development involves not only the company, the community and government but also other
sectors of society in particular the managers of mineral resources, forest products and
agricultural land. The cooperation and participation of government institutions, private
organizations and civil society is considered vital in this process.
The approach that will be pursued along this investment-development thrust will be of three
levels considered distinct but interrelated as follows:
47
11.2.1. Community level

Awareness and continuing advocacy towards sustainable investment-development has to be
institutionalized right at the community level. The degree of empowerment of the local citizenry
to be part of the decision making process on what type of investment that will take place in their
respective communities is important for a sustained and viable investment activity that is in
harmony to the desired economic, environmental and social condition. The populace should be
able to develop the capability to voice their desires and aspirations relative to the sustenance of
their economic and livelihood undertakings. Also, capability building should include the proper
handling of their environment, and the preservation of their traditions and socio-cultural milieu.
However, where culture retard development, it should be the responsibility of stakeholders to do
gradual reformation thru Information, Education and Communication Campaign with the
affected communities.
11.2.2. Company & industry level

The investors have to adopt appropriate business, technical, social and environmental
management systems and procedures that will guarantee long term as well as short term benefits
to the immediate community. In addition, corporate responsibility towards operationalizing a
sustainable development mechanism before, during and after the viable project operation shall be
institutionalized. Also, the mandatory support for the investment communities with the
allocation of certain percentages such as the 30:30:70 sharing formula and the 1% mining and
milling cost for community development has to be established. Furthermore, the companies in
consultation with the people and other stakeholders, has to explore more ways to ensure that
economic projects are provided for the communities to survive beyond the productive life of the
industry. Therefore, leaving the investment communities with a legacy that is economically self-
sustaining, and a livable physical environment should be the “end-in-mind” of the industry
players that will venture on utilizing the natural resources of the community.
11.2.3. Local & national government level

With the enactment of environmental and social responsibility laws, the basic institutional and
legal framework for sustainable investment is actually in place. Therefore, what is left is for the
National government and Local Government Units to implement and dutifully enforce and
manage the policies and guidelines as applicable in local situations. In addition, these policies
and guidelines should be made clear to the communities so that they could support in the
implementation process. This is to ensure that the desired benefits will be enjoyed by the people,
rather than for them suffering and absorbing the potential adverse effects of development.
Also, the enforcement of environmental and social responsibility laws has to be done in the
context of sustainable development and responsible industrial operations. This means that, local
government officials being the primary stewards of their respective communities have to develop
capability to attract responsible investors, institute needed reforms, and initiate changes towards
transparent and accountable governance. In so doing, they will be creating a business-friendly
climate that will allow inflow of much needed investments capable of creating quality jobs and
employment opportunities through the wise and efficient use of natural resources.
The Local Government should resolve existing geo-political conflict in order to enjoy equitable
benefits of investment initiatives being undertaken in their respective territorial jurisdictions.
Such undertaking will hasten the harmonious interaction of key players particularly the local
officials and tribal leaders in pursuing a holistic and integrated development approach, and
moreover facilitate alignment of their respective Local Government Units economic
development thrusts.
48
The provisions of the existing investment and environmental laws set basic guidelines on how
industrial activities will be undertaken in the context of sustainable development. However, it is
clear that review of some of these laws is long overdue because they are no longer practicable.
The following aspects and areas of concern in the development and management of natural
resources have to be carefully planned and implemented:
1.Operational Process – The decision on what methods and technology to be used in industrial
operations has to be anchored on the principle of sustainable development. The basic guideline
should be the wise and prudent use of natural resources while employing effective measures to
safeguard the environment.
2.Rehabilitation Process– The rehabilitation of industrial areas is mandatory in existing laws.

Therefore, progressive rehabilitation i.e. the gradual restoration of industrial areas in different
stages of operation should be adopted. This will allow rehabilitation of large portion of
industrial areas even before the termination of industrial operations. Ensuring that as industrial
activities eventually ceases the environmentally affected area will be fully rehabilitated.
3.Waste Management Process – Segregation and disposal of solid waste is already a problem in
local communities. Therefore, depending on the extraction method, technology and type of
operation, companies have to employ waste management mechanism in consonance with
sustainable development concepts and as embodied in their Environment Compliance
Certificates. Therefore, appropriate measures and approaches in handling waste that will
diminish and mitigate adverse consequences to the environment and the surrounding
communities should be implemented.
4.Community Development Process– Development has to be enjoyed by the people who are
stewards of the natural resources in their respective communities. Short term economic gains in
terms of product value, investors’ profits and government revenues will come to naught if the
people in the investment communities will not reap the benefits of investment. So, the
trickledown effect of investment has to be felt in terms of betterment in the living standards of
the local populace along with the improvement in the physical facilities and social configuration
of their communities. This means that all approved investment programs by companies should
be accompanied with a social development program for the communities. Also, the
implementation of the Social Development Management Program (SDMP) shall be periodically
reviewed to reflect and strengthen the livelihood projects and other economic development
activities sustained beyond industrial life.
5.Decommissioning Process – As natural resources will be depleted, industrial operation will be

terminated and industrial decommissioning follows. Therefore, along with the responsibility to
fully rehabilitate the industrial area, the disposal of waste and chemicals, and the use of existing
industrial facilities and infrastructure among others will be properly done. This process should
be undertaken in a mindset that the public good as well as the benefits being enjoyed by the
investment communities will be for a long-term and sustained basis. .
11.3 Technical and financial support for small and medium enterprises
After capability and development activities, the bottom line issue of assisted groups is fund to
support the establishment of projects. Although, ASERBAC from time to time allocates funds to
support such projects, it is only for the expanded production and marketing of the product. This
means a link with large scale business operatives and financiers or otherwise is required to
establish production and market linkages for the products. Thereafter, small and medium
enterprises can access financial grants through Financial Access to Micro-Enterprises.
Unregistered investment groups exist in IP-domains. Some have actually started the process of
registration but could not complete them because of administrative bottleneck and varied
interpretation of investment policies. Usually the management of such potential enterprises is
incapacitated with problems of skill personnel, resulting in inadequate and poor investment
practices. Also, their activities lack any legal commitment and community driven objectives.
49
Therefore, it is recommended that the Local Government Units take the lead in the registration of
these enterprises. In addition, small and medium scale enterprises should federate with large
scale business operatives for the purposes of sharing skills and promoting good practices.
11.4. Investment promotion approach

Investment that will turn the economic and social settings of communities around is basically a
capital intensive undertaking of which financial benefits to the investors is usually long term.
Therefore, one of the reasons why only few industrial areas are being developed despite the
abundance of natural resources is that available local capital is actually lacking and some
investments are not being funneled towards industrial development.
So, to fully harness the benefits of the natural resources in IP areas, there has to be an influx of
investments, both local and foreign. Also, foreign direct investment that will be funneled to the
mineral, agriculture and forestry related industries is being viewed as the primary key that will
spur economic growth of local communities.
Aside from the huge capital requirement of which foreign companies can readily generate, they
will be bringing along appropriate and modern operational, processing and environmental
management technologies. Moreover, these firms have a more wide market base enabling them
to compete in the highly globalized economy. Also, International management standards for
mining, agriculture and forestry related industry will hopefully be implemented and adopted in
the local setting because it is easier to make large firm comply with the rules and regulations
governing investment.
Furthermore, it is along this context that an intensive investment promotion is being considered
as a major strategy in the development of mining, agriculture and forest related industries.
Therefore, a comprehensive investment promotion program has to be in place if stakeholders are
to fully develop these sectors. This means that stakeholders would need to produce high quality
promotional materials such as flyers, brochures and documentary video and the development of a
website to promote local investment opportunities in the internet. Furthermore, market driven
promotional activities aimed towards encouraging investors in the natural resources sector will
be undertaken in investment fora and missions.
Along with this effort, the local government units as well as the local business community has to
establish a business-friendly climate and institute attractive investments incentive package that
will encourage investors in natural resources sector.
Furthermore, an Investment Promotion Center shall be established to undertake investment

promotion and investors servicing functions. This will centralize and intensify the efforts of
promoting IP area as a mining, agriculture and forest related investment destination. In addition,
capability building of the local government, national line agencies and the private sector in the
area of investment promotion will be a continuing effort to horn the skills of local officials and
frontline technical men who will service local and international potential investors.
11.5. Human Resource Development Approach

The growth of the economy in IP areas depends in certain degree on the quality of the manpower
resources available; usually translated in terms of productivity and efficiency. It is along this
concept that human resource development will be considered one vital component in this
investment reference material.
Furthermore, the thrust on human resource development has to be anchored on the market. That
is, the labor market should determine the programs on manpower development. In this case, the
future need of mining, agriculture and forest related investment for manpower has to be factored
in, to come up with a sensible human resource development agenda of the IPs.
50
So, capability building of IPs has to be an integrated approach of developing the institutions and
the technical people responsible for academic and vocational training needs of the industrial
workers. Therefore, universities, colleges, voc-tech schools and training institutions sympathetic
with the development course of the IPs should operate along this concept.
The perceived mismatch of industry needs and course offering in voc-tech schools and training
institutions should be addressed thru continuing dialogue between the education sector and the
natural resources investment centers in the IP areas. On the other hand, the natural resources
sectors should be encouraged to take a proactive role in the development of the local manpower
capacity thru in-house and company based training programs. Also, there should be support for
training institutions in terms of financial logistics and other schemes such as scholarships to
advance the course of the IPs.
12. Diversification of investment programs

Industry clustering is defined as the tendency for like-minded firms and talent to cluster in
specific geographic areas. They do so to achieve synergy, to facilitate business transactions, and
to utilize hard and soft infrastructures. Therefore, industry cluster is considered as an advanced
form of network involving public and private sector support that will catalyze industrial growth
of which conventional networks rarely do.
In the context of globalization and the expanding world trading environment, clusters were
considered to be not just about agglomeration of economies. They are seen to be the mainsprings
of economic development in rural and urban areas. Therefore, investment clustering strategy in
utilizing natural resources in tribal areas using a multi-sectoral approach will strengthen
collaboration of investment companies with stakeholders to achieve the desired investment and
development goals for the IPs.
The basic principle to be adhered is that the extraction and utilization of natural resources such as
economic minerals, forest products and utilization of agricultural land should be complementary
to the overall IP economic development agenda, and should not sacrifice the long term
sustainability and growth of the local economy, environment and culture of the people. Hence, a
more rational utilization of natural resources that can create employment opportunities, generate
equitable returns to the investors, and improve the revenue of the local and national governments
must be considered.
Economic zones segmented into these investment components have to be identified and
delineated for short and long term planning. Furthermore, considering that their exist conflict in
natural resource utilization in some communities with some areas presently utilized in various
mixed land uses such as agriculture and settlements, definite policies need to be put in place to
give way for the implementation of various development initiatives.
Also, investment areas and operating firms can be clustered based on geographic perspective.
Geographic clustering can also be done with respect to the type of natural resources-forest,
economic minerals and agricultural land explored and utilized in a contiguous area. So, the basic
criteria being considered in the clustering process is geographic location, prevalence of
investment activities, and the commonality of natural resources abundant in the proposed spatial
cum commodity clusters.
At present, the province does not offer such a program for IPs but there are plans to do so. There
is plan by ASERBAC to do a 100% increase on livelihood and enterprise development projects
with an aim to diversify products made from the province. The target is to assist at least five
indigenous communities for livelihood and enterprise development projects in the next three
years. For example, members for ADSPRT-MPC cooperative are mostly indigenous people from
five municipalities namely: san Luis, Talacogon, Loreto, Bayugan and Esperanza could form the
best target for the clustering of investment among IPs.
51
When this investment cluster is established, natural resources SMEs could co-exist with eco-
tourism. This will not only enhance multi-sectoral collaboration but would help erode the
impression that some sectors do promote community development more than others. Good
example of this approach exists where mining companies have embarked on tree planting and the
development of beach resort. In the end, operating companies would be able to raise their food
requirement and short accommodation for guest.
CHAPTER IV
PROGRAMS AND POLICIES
13.1. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Campaign for Stakeholders
Negative sentiments against large scale extraction and processing of natural resources exist in
tribal areas. Therefore, IEC would form the focal point for investment in the natural resource-
based sectors. Obstacles and challenges that would be addressed through IEC could take many
forms including the following (the Authors, 2007):
Table 13.1: Information, Education and Communication Strategies

Source of Obstacle Example Form of IEC
Community/ Skeptism of stakeholders *community based documentary
General public commitment video on good
practice during festivals
*news letter on benefits of mining
*radio program on meet the miner
* community consultations
*billboards on good practice
*community based interactive
theatre show
Other Sectors Mining conflict with forestry and *Reduce single-mindedness,
Agriculture despite common effects of intolerance and
these activities competitiveness thru inter-sectoral
forum
*Do inter-sectoral seminar
workshop and IEC to
create common ground for
coexistence
Regulator-Partners Lack of political will and moral values Reduce bureaucracy thru regular
(DENR, EMB, To process and implement policies inter-agency and inter-sectoral
NCIP) forum
Regulated Partner Illegal activities and non-compliance Show community based
[miners and documentary
processors) video on the implications of illegal
extraction/non-compliance to other
stakeholders and appraise
procedures
for legalizing operations within
a given time frame
IEC is more than providing information to those who are the sources of obstacles. It is all about:
1.Starting a participatory process;
52
2.Ensuring that stakeholders support existing policies;

3.Identifying and involving all stakeholders in decision making and implementations;
4.Involving Non Governmental Organizations that have local credibility in the campaign;
5.Identifying and involving individuals in the mining communities with specific talents and
skills;
6. capacitating investment community to take the lead in the Information Education and
Communication campaign and
7.Involving teenagers, middle class and women participation as they often represent the voices of
the people.
To achieve good practice on natural resource extraction, an effective IEC mechanism to appraise
some of the common activities in the mining, agriculture and forestry sectors form the basis of
the inter-sectoral discussions. Some of the common activities which could cause environmental
degradation and social problems to communities include: (a) land clearing, (b) excavation (c) use
of machineries (d) use of chemicals and (e) use of child labor. In addition, there shall be
established a multi-sectoral committee to be Co-headed by the Provincial Director of National
Commission on Indigenous People and the Provincial Vice-Governor to implement the
Provincial Information, Education and Communication strategy of the Provincial Government.
At the municipal level, the vice-mayor shall head this committee with the MENRO as co-head.
This committee shall be responsible for IEC dissemination on large scale natural resource
extraction and processing matters as well.
13.2. Natural Resources Assessment

There is no sufficient natural resource data outlining mineral reserve for both metallic and non-
metallic deposits in IP areas. Therefore, there is need to facilitate this process so that there could
be proper delineation of economic zones in these areas. Also, scientific data acquisition should
form a component part of the Local Government Units drive to open up the IP areas for
investment. . Hence, it is recommended that potential investors be allowed to collaborate with
stakeholders to do resource inventory to assure the IPs that they have reasons to hope for
development thru the natural resources in their domain.
13.3. Review of Investment Policies

At the moment, there is no specific investment promotion strategy designed for IPs. However,
the Province is currently implementing the Convergence Development Program (CDP) to the
least socio-economically developed communities in Agusan del Sur. Although, the province has
an investment code, there is need for review to reflect the concerns of the IPs. There is need for
small scale miners and processors to be included in the review to enable them access tax
incentives and soft loans to meet basic mining and processing requirements. Furthermore, the
current investment policies place more emphasis on investors availing the incentives and benefits
while, the benefits of the locals in particular the IPs are poorly emphasized.
The IPs should develop a paradigm for being friendly with natural resources related investments.
By such term, it should not be misunderstood as total acceptance of these investments, even if
industry players violate or will not conform to ideal management standards. Rather,
stakeholders should adopt a policy to set the tone of an investment friendly climate in the eyes of
local and foreign investors. Such policy has to be translated in terms of leaderships’ actions and
development agenda. Along this line, there has to be an institutionalized budget allocation for
investment promotion-related activities by Local Government Units, Non Governmental
Agencies and other stakeholders in IP areas. This can also be translated in terms of accelerated
turn-around time for the processing of permit applications and other related documentations.
Therefore, stakeholders must come up with a definite time frame to complete the approval of
permits for investment in natural resources.
Therefore, there is need to enact an IP friendly Investment Code backed up by fiscal and non-
fiscal incentives by the Local Government Units, Non Governmental Agencies and Non
Governmental Organizations. Such legislative action will put the investment-friendly policy into
proper context, thereby strengthening the investors’ confidence in the government institutions.
53
Furthermore, immediate remittance of Local Government Unit shares of natural resources related
taxes to the municipalities and barangays where extraction is being undertaken should be
adopted. This particularly refers to the excise tax that must be down-loaded immediately to
Local Government Units concerned. Such policy if implemented will drum up support of the
local government units to the natural resources development agenda. If not addressed, this can
pose a deterrent to the extent that Local Government Units and communities will oppose
investment. To certain extent, Local Government Units executives take the risk of having a pro-
investment stand even though some of their constituents are apprehensive of the trade-offs. This
is due to the fact that these local chief executives bank for the taxes that will be gained from such
operations for community projects.
13.4. Environmental Management and Investment

1. Importation, Purchasing and Handling of hazardous chemicals shall require the endorsement of
Local Government Unit and Government Agencies concerned;
2. Quota Control Policy shall be adopted on quarterly consumption on chemicals based on
approved rate of production and monthly inventory monitoring;
3. Provide a mechanism to ensure that the national laws be enforced strictly by the Local
Government Unit;
4. Ensure environmental protection and ecological balance in big-scale and small-medium scale
business operations;
5. Establish community-based multi-sectoral structure in monitoring compliance of companies on
environmental and social aspects of business operations.
13.5. Socio-Economic Development and Investment

1. Promote investment and credit liberalization and a review of investment credit facilities to
include mineral resources, forestry and agriculture);
2. Rationalize/adhere to occupational health and safety standards;
3. Promote comprehensive community-based health and health service delivery system;
4. Institutionalize multi-sectoral partnership to ensure social acceptability, intensive social
marketing and advocacy of natural resources related investment;
5. Establish guidelines on the implementation of social development management programs
13.6. Local Governance & Investment

1. Resolution of boundary conflicts among Local Government Units by legislative arm with the
assistance of a Technical Committee and the Community Technical Working Group; the
integration of development efforts of all line agencies operating in IP areas;
2. The strict compliance/implementation of the Local Government Units comprehensive land use
plans with due regard to indigenous people;
3. Institutionalization of the Environment and Natural Resource Council (ENRC) and other
institutions at the municipal level to ensure greater transparency and effectiveness in their
processes and operation;
4. Establishment of standard criteria for the appropriate valuation of land and property affected by
extraction and utilization of natural resources;
5. SMEs operating in IP areas should establish an office at the barangay level to enhance
community development organizing;
6. Establishment of an IP Investment Promotion Centre or “One Stop Shop”;
7. Creation of a Civil Society Action Network Desk in the IP areas and involving them and the
religious sector in investment policy formulation and implementation
13.7. Industrial Development and Investment

1. Institutionalization of budget allocation for investment promotion in Indigenous People areas by
Local Government Units and Non Government Agencies;
2. Formulation of an Intensive Investment Promotion Policy;
3. Provision of incentives for best mining and agro-forest related industrial practices,
4. Collaborative working of well established small-medium scale enterprises with the developing
enterprises to eliminate substandard practices and illegal operational activities;
54
5. Introduction of new technologies;

6. Establishment of a definite time frame to facilitate the approval of business permits and other
related requirements;
7. Installation of simple and expeditious business permits processing system;
8. Early remittance of taxes specifically the excise tax to Local Government Units concerned.
13.8. Indigenous Peoples Permanent Representation and Implementation of IPRA Law

It is increasingly becoming clear that the much needed empowerment of the indigenous people in
the province to manage their natural resources would not be realized if there is no institutional
structure at both the administrative and legislative levels to actually engage the IPs in
participatory governance. The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 (R.A.8371) otherwise
known as IPRA law recognizes, protects and promotes the rights of indigenous peoples in
decision making for natural resources within their ancestral domain. Therefore, this provincial
mineral plan has made provision for the enforcement of section 16 ch.iv of the IPRA law and the
representation of indigenous peoples (IPs) in local governance.
Although, it is a good start that IPs has a focal person who mediates and facilitates discussions
involving them at the provincial and other levels, there is need to permanent this structure and
make them take the lead in promoting IP matters; in particular where the Indigenous People are
minority
The official would be assigned with specific legislative and administrative responsibilities as
prescribed in the IPRA law of and shall include the following:
1.Coordinating with lead agencies outside the Local Government Units and lead departments in
all capability building programmes in IP domain;
2.Coordinate with lead agencies outside the Local Government Units and lead departments in the
formulation of IP related plans, programmes and project implementation;
3.Coordinate with lead agencies outside the Local Government Units and lead departments in the
Local Government Units in the securing of IP investment and development fund from local
and international donor agencies;
4.Coordinating with the local special bodies of municipalities concerning the 20% development
fund;
5.Coordinating with provincial councils to promote the implementation of rules and regulations
concerning IPs in the Local Government Units
6.Coordinating with community technical working groups concerning the utilization of the 1%
mining and milling cost for IPs;
7.Coordinate with National Commission on Indigenous People and Barangay and Cultural
Community Affair Unit to harmonize and validate nominations for IP representatives at the
Local Government Unit levels;
8.To Coordinate with National Commission on Indigenous People and Barangay and Cultural
Community Affair in matters affecting cultural needs and programs/projects monitoring in IP
domain;
9.Coordinate and link the activities of the legislative, traditional and administrative institutions;
10. Coordinate the inclusion of IP industrial training and investment orientation in existing and
future non-local industrial centers;
11. Coordinate with the Provincial Peace and Order Council in matters concerning conflict
resolution and conflict arising from utilization of natural resources;
12. Membership of any management team and community based working group constituted to
implement projects and ensure project sustainability in Indigenous People-domain.
Procedure for selection of IP representation could follow the Cotabato experience whereby
sectoral tribal councils from tribal barangays meet to select a tribal council representative.
Thereafter, representatives from the different tribal councils meet to select a municipal tribal
council representative. For the selection of a Provincial tribal council representative, the tribal
representatives from the different municipalities would meet to decide who occupies any vacant
position. In this province, there exist a multi-cultural tribal setting and it is recommended that a
political solution be sought to ensure that at some point all tribes are given some opportunity to
55
occupy IPs vacant positions. In the end, there shall be ordinance to back up the functions of this
representative so that change in chief executive would not distort the linkages previously
established.
CHAPTER V
IMPLEMENTATION OF REFERENCE MATERIAL
14.1. Institutional Arrangement and Collaborative Mechanism
The development of the mining, agricultural and forestry sectors and the implementation of the
IP Investment reference material will basically be multi-sectoral and inter-LGU undertakings and
should not primarily be lodged with the affected Municipal Local Government Unit, the business
sector or the natural resources sectors. The initiative towards this end has to be done as a joint
venture by the affected Municipal Local Government Unit, Provincial Government, and the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) with the support and involvement of
other national line agencies, civil society, religious groups, non-government organizations and
the investment communities represented by their IPs leadership.
Being a body constituted under the framework of the Local Government Code, the Provincial
Development Council (PDC) and the Municipal Development Council (MDC) assume the
overall responsibility in administering the development of the province and municipality.
Although, the Provincial Investment Board (PBI) is responsible for all investment programs, the
ASESDC under the PDC is responsible for the setting of environmental related policies as well
as taking responsibility on the implementation of environmental and economic development
programs and projects of all key players and stakeholders. Therefore, the secretariat for
ASESDC and PBI will closely coordinate with the Provincial Development Council and the
affected Municipal Development Council and NCIP to ensure that the investment reference
material is carefully integrated into the main stream of the comprehensive investment framework
of the Local Government Units. It is recommended that ordinance on Investment in IP Domain
be enacted to guide the Local Government Units and potential investors alike on strategic
framework for investment.
14.2 Indigenous People Ancestral Domain Investment Office (IPADIO)

This office at the provincial and municipal levels would be coordinated by the IP representative.
Its primary responsibility is to act as the implementation body on the investment reference
material for the IPs. The office will in consultation with other stakeholders in particular the PBI
and the affected municipality, formulate implementation guidelines and sets the investment
direction for the rational and productive utilization of the natural resources in IP areas while
ensuring that benefits from SMEs on natural resources are enjoyed by the people and not only by
the industry players.
The Indigenous people Ancestral Domain Investment Office shall have the following functions:
1.It shall be the implementation body on natural resources based SMEs investments;
2.It shall in close coordination with ASERBAC and provincial environment and Natural
Resources Office (PENRO-LGU) review, assess investment strategies, programs and polices
anchored on the utilization, sustainable management and protection of all secure livelihood
programs related to natural resources in IP-domain;
3.It shall act in close coordination with the PBI on investment matters requiring immediate
action by the Provincial/Municipal Development Councils;
4.Coordinate with ASERBAC, PENRO-LGU and PBI in the monitoring and evaluation of
prospective investment programs in IP-domain.
56
14.3. The Role of line agencies, departments and centers in the implementation strategies
The line departments are those departments and centers that currently work with Indigenous
People. Therefore, the National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP), Barangay and
Cultural Communities Affairs Unit, ASESDC, PENRO-LGU and ASERBAC shall provide
support and information as may be required by the Indigenous People Ancestral Domain
Investment Office for the purposes of reviewing this investment reference material and the
crafting of information hand book and other materials on investment (Figure 14.1, the Authors,
2007).
GOVERNOR
PBI/ ASERBAC
IP REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE
ASESDC
PENRO-LGU
MAYOR
MDC
Figure 14.1: Working Structure of Implementation
Recognizing the challenges in the implementation of the investment reference material, strong
linkages and support system should be put in place. So, crucial to the enforcement of the
Investment reference material on natural resources in IP-Domain is the presence of change-
agents who will translate this guide into a workable investment tool. Thus, the investment
reference is very vital in decisions that will address social, cultural and other issues affecting the
IPs.
At the community level, forefront in the implementation of this investment reference material on
livelihood and other community development activities is the Community Technical Working
Group (CTWG). This committee shall enhance participation of stakeholders as well as its
capability to steer investment in IP communities. The Community Technical Working Group
shall coordinate with IP representative and line agencies and the Provincial Planning and
Development Office in the implementation of this investment reference material. Also, the
CTWG shall coordinate with barangays and households attempting to gather data for subsequent
review of existing investment opportunities in IP domain.
57
14.4. Financial Mechanism

The implementation of programs and projects in the investment reference material requires
substantial financial resources. Looking into the type of programs and projects being considered
for implementation, financial resources needed shall be sourced out from various sectors,
agencies and institutions.
Basically, the large bulk of financial requirement on setting up institutions to promote investment
on natural resources will be coming from the Local Government Units and private sector through
direct investments either local or foreign. To catalyze inflow of such vital foreign direct
investments (FDIs), an intensive marketing and promotion strategy has to be operationalized
during the course of implementation.
Furthermore, considering the huge capital outlay for both small and large scale investment
operations, processes, rehabilitation and decommissioning of projects, investors have to forge
joint ventures and possible international linkages that will facilitate investments and other
resource requirements in natural resources base SMEs.
14.5 Development Timeline

For effective implementation of investment reference material, there is need to harmonize the
development timeline for all IP projects and programs both at the provincial and municipal
levels. Also, natural resources related development initiatives being undertaken at various levels
in IP domain require timeline harmonization. The IPADIO should attempt to carefully consider
the necessary ground work to pursue a holistic and sustainable natural resources investment
development initiative.
This covers a nine (9) year time-line of which projects are prioritized according to role and
importance in the pursuit of set goals and objectives. With the resource limitations of various
players, the implementing agencies and Local Government Units requires ample gestation of
investment. Therefore, various programs, projects and activities should be laid out to fit to the
overall scope and timetable of investment framework of key players. With this pattern, short
term (1-3 years), medium term (4-6 years) and long term (7-9 years) projects should be
programmed for implementation.
1.The implementation of this investment reference material will be done in the following three
general sets of activities of which implementation phases overlap each other in continuing
cycles: Institutional Preparation – Natural Resource Inventory; Database Establishment; Local
Investment Incentive Formulation & Policy Establishment; Stakeholders Engagement &
Partnering;
2.Industry Development – Investment Promotion; Investors Servicing, Database Updating and
Maintenance; Natural Resources Extraction and Processing; Natural Products Development and
Marketing; Industrial Area Rehabilitation; Investment Community Development; Stakeholders
Partnering, Maintenance & Strengthening, Monitoring;
3.Development Impact Assessment and Follow Through – Assessment of Economic,
Environmental and Social Impact; Plan Review & Updating
14.6 System for Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation on the implementation of the reference material serves two purposes:
1.To indicate the progress of activities by providing clear-cut and accurate status of what has
been accomplished vis-à-vis the original targets at any given time;
2. To furnish information on problems and issues encountered and/or factors which contributed
to the successful implementation of targets, thereby, providing basis for making improvements
on similar activities in the future, or undertaking necessary actions as corrective measures.
58
The evaluation of investment reference material components for purpose of monitoring and
improvement of control is to be handled by the Indigenous People Ancestral Domain Investment
Office (IPADIO). The IPADIO in coordination with ASERBAC, Provincial Environment and
Natural Resource Office (PENRO) and the Municipal Development Council (MDC) of affected
IP domain shall spearhead the management, monitoring and evaluation aspects. Furthermore,
monitoring will be done in coordination with the government and other sectoral representatives.
Assessment and evaluation will be done every quarterly in order to determine the progress of the
programs and projects being implemented by investors.
All possible adjustments or recommendations generated from the evaluation will be reported to
the affected municipal development council and the Provincial Board of Investment (PBI) for
decision making and policy formulation. Finally, the Evaluation and Monitoring mechanism
shall be used as basis for evaluating various components of SMEs programs and projects.
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Annex 1: Best Practices Investment Assessment Tool

Name of Organization:
Date of Establishment:
Nature of Operation-Local/International Partnership
Indicators 1 2 3 4 5 Comments
Requirements for Primary Production & Processes
Requirements for Sustainable Operation
Development Framework
Operation Framework
Closure Framework
System to Identify and Manage Risk
System to Train Employees and Provide Resources to Meet
Social Target
Companys’ Respect for The Universal Declaration on
Human Right
Companys’ Respect for The Social, Economic And Cultural
Rights Of Indigenous People
Companys’ Demand For Leadership In Social
Responsibilities From All Employees
Companys’ Consultation With Stakeholders In Matters
Affecting Them
Requirements to Identify Hsl Hazards
Mitigation Measures to Address Hazards Potential for Loss
and Community Impacts
Management Systems to Identify, Assess and Control
Health and Safety Risks
Measurable Objectives and Targets for Continuous
Improvement for Injury Free Work Place & Community
Health Opportunities
Organization Compliance With Relevant Statutory
Requirements
Practical Inputs to Assess Compliance with ECC
60
Environmental Factors Consideration In Erecting New &

Modified Facilities
Adequate Financial Provision For Closure & Reclamation
Company’s’ Accountability For Ensuring Proper Use Of
Equipment & Resources By Employees
Name Of Assessor Signature Of Assessor Date:
61
ANNEX II: COMMUNITY TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP (CTWG)
Composition:
1. One Representative each from the provincial local government unit and affected municipal local
government unit
2. Chairman of the affected barangay
3. Two representatives from non-government organizations, church and environment NGOs
4. Representative of investment company
5. One representatives each from government line agencies i.e. NCIP, EMB and MGB
6. Tribal representative
Functions
1. Congregate community to learn household technologies and resolve community issues and
concerns
2. Take the lead in managing problem –solving processes at the community level
3. Conduct skills, entrepreneurial development and management training for livelihood projects
4. Tap other government agencies and private sector operating in the locality to complement the
thrust of the CTWG
5. Design and implement a standard format of reporting community development projects
6. Train community groups in the preparation of project proposal for possible funding from local or
foreign institutions
7. Review project proposals submitted by community groups
8. Monitor community development projects and enforce compliance of agreed terms of reference
9. Come up with a sharing formula of the proceeds of investment in Higaonon tribe
10.To do other tasks as the need may arise
ANNEX III: DISCUSSIONS AND SUBMISSIONS BY STAKEHOLDERS
July 26, 2007

NILO B. PUTONG
DILG Esperanza
Agusan del Sur
Issues Response
Peace and Order

▪Investors should know that pressure groups are present within the
Higaonon area and that they should be flexible enough in dealing
with them.
Capability ▪Livelihood – the mindset of the tribe if investors will come is that
Building/Investment it will bring livelihood to the local people.
62
▪Investors should observe protocol to tribal leaders because if they

Culture win the trust of the leaders, it would be very easy to deal with the
community.
▪Investors should also be transparent before the Higaonon people
about their intention, thus intensive IEC should be done to fully
understand their project. They don’t want to repeat their bad
experience when Shannalyne corporation and other investors came
into the area.
▪Investors should be able to know and understand the Higaonon
culture
July 26, 2007 HILDA P. DONO-AN

MLGU Esperanza
Agusan del Sur
Issues Response
Mineral Resources ▪Some Higaonons are objecting to mining because it will destroy
their environment. They can give favor to other investment but not
to mining.
▪Anyone who wants to invest in their area should start the IEC
with their tribal leaders because they relate very close to the
community
August 1, 2007, DATU ROSTIKO (TEX) DELANTO

Butuan City
▪Lack of willingness to receive formal education

▪ more interested in cultural rituals e.g. Diwatas
▪ All Higaonons should read and write
Education/Literacy ▪ Therefore, more high schools and at least a college is needed
▪It is the responsibility of local and tribal leaders to dialogue with
truant teachers
▪More Higaonon teachers should be trained because they could
better appreciate the local problems and relate better with the
pupils and students
▪
Socio-Cultural History & ▪Higaonon linked to Biblical history

Setting ▪ Datu must attract attention when he visits his subjects by a loud
shout at the centre of the family compound
▪ He normally will presents gifts to his subjects and gifts are
presented to him when he is visited by his subjects
▪ Six (6) goddesses include god of hunting, wisdom, business and
harvest among others.
▪ the tribe is geographically strategically located as an economic
link to other tribes in other municipalities and provinces.
Capability Building ▪The Tribe and in particular Bunaguit has mineral resources of
economic potential
▪ Permanent agriculture should be the practicing agriculture by the
Higaonons
63
▪ The apparent economic and socio cultural divide existing

between Higaonons and the rest of the residents in Esperanza may
not necessarily reflect tribal discrimination but is just confirms the
fact that these people are more industrious
▪IEC and other forms of non-formal education, interactive sessions
with the local community are required to give the right
perspective on the implications of mining and mineral resources
development
▪They need to be properly informed through people’s assembly at
the barangay level
▪There is the need for the review of the current land use
classification to reflect the future scenario of mineral resources
development
▪There is need to institutionalize an Higaonon economic summit
where multi-sectoral activities in Higaonon area are harmonized
and integrated to generate positive output by all stakeholders
▪Natural resources may not be necessarily controlled by the
Higaonons but could be reviewed to reflect the current
constitutional sharing formula
▪Indigenous investment requires availability of capital besides
transparency
▪ To instill confidence in the IPs, FPIC and other negotiations with
IPs should be devoid of government and other agency’s
interference
▪ An effective CTWG comprising IPs, NGOs and LGU
representatives is required to properly utilize the 1% and ensure
accountability
▪ There is no institutional arrangement to create socio-cultural
and economic divide between Higaonons and other residents in
Esperanza
▪ There is need to Federate individual and collective talents to
institutionalize strategies for economic empowerment
Culture and Investment ▪ investors should exhibit honesty, transparency, respect, peace
and order in the community which they operate
▪ It is expected that investors should participate in tribal rituals as a
requirement.
▪These include the use of chicken, wearing the Higaonon uniform
▪ There is need to federate all socio-cultural organizations in
Higaonon area to institutionalize and economic voice for the tribe
Customary Laws and ▪ There is a tribal government structure with a supreme Datu but
Practices this could be reviewed to make it more independent and less
interference by other institutions
▪ operational structure of the tribal government structure could be
strengthened and laws enforced besides management of humans
▪
Peace and Order ▪ Lack of peace and order with the arrival of investors could be
linked to lack of IEC and transparency during operation
▪ The current lack of peace and order among Higaonons in the
boundaries of Davao and Misamis Oriental could be traced to
these reasons
▪There is need for regular consultation with the local people to
ensure peace and order
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August, 18th 2007

Hon. I.C De Rosa
Mayor
Municipality of
Malitbog, Bukidnon
Issues Response
Summary of Activities Since coming into office about two decades ago he has been actively
involved with consulting IPs (Higaonon) for economic empowerment
Capability Building Capability building need basic socio-economic framework as a

foundation. In the context of the Higaonon situation farm to market
and community roads is the major requirement to access the people.
Although this issue is being addressed quite a lot is still needed to be
done in this direction. Capability building structures should include
high schools in the Higaonon area and a mandatory training
requirement for all Higaonon of school age. The most important issue
and concern is for the IPs to receive formal and informal education
besides the establishment of CADC
Socio-Economic Within the same municipality there exist socio-economic divide
Divide between Higaonon and Non-Higaonon. Whilst it is appreciated that
Higaonon have a right to their own way of live something has to be
sacrifice for educational, socio-economic and political development
and empowerment. Therefore, there is need for the present static view
of culture and development to be reformed into a dynamic view of
culture. This could lead to a gradual acceptance of integration of the
Higaonon with the Non-Higaonon. IEC is required to address this
problem
Three-tier natural Agriculture remains the only source of economic empowerment for
resource development the IPs despite the fact that there is abundance of mineral resources
and management and forest resources in these communities. For most of the farming
framework season the IPs are left without sustenance waiting for the harvest of
their produce. Therefore, there is need to do IEC on the proper
utilization of all available natural resources including acceptable
management techniques that respects the environment and socio-
cultural setting of the people. Stakeholders would require to fashion
out a holistic development framework of the natural resources
alongside sustainable development of the IPs. It is recommended that
mining and agro-forest related investmentmust must be the focus of
resource utilization.
Professionalizing There is a reason for the Higaonon area to be opened up for large
Indigenous Small scale mining investment so that by the integral working of the duo
Scale Mining [i.e. small and large scale mining organization skills and good practice
could be exchanged and transferred accordingly. For now indigenous
small scale miners struggle with environmental compliance and
sustainable mining because they lack professionalism. IEC is required
besides review of existing mining policies with respect to issuance of
mining permit.
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Land Use Overlapping of land use in IP areas remain an issue to be addressed.

Reclassification For the avoidance of conflict and improvement of peace and order in
resource utilization it is important as a matter of first step for resource
reservation areas including mineral reservation area to be properly
delineated before investors are allowed to operate in the Higaonon
area
IPs and Governance The Higaonon constitute 96% of municipal population so they
determine who rules them. There is harmonious working relationship
between the IPs and the municipal government with some IPs already
employed in the municipality.
Best Day in Office It would be the day IPs become fully empowered
Hon. Leonida Manpatilan, Mayor Esperanza
She came into office after the three term run of her husband as
Mayor, Municipality of Esperanza. Since assuming office she
Summary of Activities has witness the conversion of the CADC to CADT covering
172 hectares of land. Currently, there is the formulation of
Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Plan covering the
21 Higaonon barangays. Financial assistance is required from
International, National and Local authorities. Protection of
CADT areas is on process of protecting particularly the illegal
cutting of trees. Challenges let the Higaonon people should
understand on the effect of illegal logging in the areas. In
mineral resources, Higaonons are not familiar yet. It should be
that the whole tribe would benefit.
Preservation of Customary This is an issue of concern to the IPs Higaonon would want to
Laws and Practices develop at their own pace. They just need to be guided on the
proper utilization of their natural resources. CADT required
detail exploration to assess the mineral potential of the area. To
reduce illegal resource utilization there is need for community
participation in developing a plan for resource utilization.
Customary laws, preservation of practices are the main
concern. Her husband as the IP leader will support on the
preservation of the customary laws. Guide on how to develop
their natural resources within.
Demographic Profile Higaonon constitute 37% of the population and occupy the
larger land mass of the municipality of Esperanza. Other tribes
include Cebuano, Manobos. The Higaonon occupy the
highland areas far from the centre. Manobo – lowland along
Agusan river Banwaon or Higaonon – more dominant tribe
which comprises 37% of the total popoulation and thrives in
highlands
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Challenging Indicators for Investors require an investment-development plan for the IPs
Natural Resources Utilization on a long and short term basis. Investors are also needed to
map out the mineral potential of the area. So far no available
information on economic mineral potential of the Higaonon
area.
Diversification of Investment Stakeholders and investors in particular would need to
diversify investment to bridge the defects of a mono-cultural
economy based on agricultural using low agricultural practice.
Yes, we try to invite investors not only for agriculture. No
other industries present here; maintain peace and order; who
are the good investors; not only making money from here but
their support in return; Partnership with private entities; ensure
revenues from those natural resources taken (forest);
implementation of the anti-illegal logging campaign.
There is need for a balanced integrated mineral and agro-forest

Pre-Investment Indicators investment plan to generate a balanced economy. Assurance for
peace and order at the advent of investors is required. Active
community involvement in the investment process is a
prerequisite to peace and order during the post investment era.
Resource Management and IPs would require investment partnership that will generate
Control employment. Training of professionals is required since most
IPs are illiterate. Review of defective laws is required.
Investors must exhibit reasonable professional capability to
manage the environment and address socio-economic issues
affecting IPs. Integrating small-medium Business enterprises
into large scale business enterprises could help reduce illegal
resource utilization and at the same time monitoring and
evaluation is made easy. In the end IPs are required to decide
on the way they would want to manage their resources as the
local administration facilitates the process. To this end IPs
would require a support centre as currently being arranged by
the local administration. This centre will educate IPs on the
most beneficial method of resource utilization. Mayor is not in
favor of small-scale mining because they don’t have the
protection plan and lack of control of the peace and order. It
should be the company has the capacity to protect and control
environmental concerns. Sharing must be given to the
municipality then the professional companies. It depends on
what has been agreed in the consultation with the people. As
Mayor, what is more beneficial to the constituents the
consultation process should prevail. Discourage on small scale
mining. Views on resource control of the IP’s should be aware
the danger if that resources is exploited. The different agencies
should have the main concern of the protection. Community
based to guard and protects resources.
Socio-Economic Divide This is accepted as a challenge. IPs are contented with
whatever they have and are not proactive in acquiring the
required skills to manage their resources. They require
undergoing capability building process. IEC and formal
educational training is required to break down this divide. They
also require medical and health facilities to help improve their
socio-economic concept. Low educational attainment is due to
lack of fund to take up professional training for IP children.
They require education subsidy. Although at the moment 12
high school children take up scholarship while 2 IP students
take up college scholarship these numbers are highly
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inadequate. Therefore, investors are required to share in this

education need by training IP children and providing private
schools. It’s a big challenge in barangays of purely IPs. They
are difficult to develop because they are contented of what they
are. Lack the system of farming; depleted fishes and wildlife.
In the development – employment and have their share;
encourage to send their children to school; education is really
important; proper health care and sanitation need to be
informed; IP tradition “trained to work” but now no longer stay
in that place; vast tracks of lands – be developed; financial
support to farming. 12 IPs supported by LGUs in High School;
tertiary level (2 slots per year) supported by the PLGU. If ever
investors should share something for the tribe. IPRA Law
stipulated 1% share from the mineral resources; this will be
back to the IPs health, education, etc. Bigger investors will
provide private schools, hospitals, etc. Respected tribe because
they are empowered. For mail delivery the Barangay Captains
will come down – information flow thru motorcycle drivers
Mineral Resources The establishment of a mineral resource development

Development committee could help provide the needed information on this
important aspect of the three tier resource investment –
development It will advise the local administration on resource
utilization. We really seek investors that have respect with the
tribe. Not merely outsider; look into to ensure what they can
give to the tribe and give importance to its protection.
ADSDPP will give summary on what tribe plan and be
productive in agriculture thru planting of high value crops.
Later on mineral deposits will be tackled Mineral resource
development committee it is a vital aspect if the municipal
pursue on mineral development. .
Review of Health Delivery IPs are open when it comes to medical and health services they
System patronize. Therefore, there is need to integrate orthodox
method of health care delivery into the main stream of medical
and health services. IPS prefers traditional medical and health
service delivery and the national policy supports this. IPs are
open on other kind of health services so we can easily teach
them. Health personnel tend to go back to traditional medicine
given the national policies, have respect to the traditional
medicine
Economic Summit for IPS This is a welcome development as the municipalities of

Esperanza and Malitbog are willing to participate. There is
need for connectivity: Bukidnon; Agusan del Norte; Misamis
Oriental and Esperanza, ADS. Integration of activities =
national voice – international voice
Economic Summit of Higaonon Tribe
Customary laws and Practices Reformation is necessary to do away with (1) “wait and see
attitude” (lack of initiative coz they always rely on their leader
– to become proactive
2) Getting married even they are not yet responsible; too much
dependency – learn to stand on their own
3) Man should determine his culture not the culture determines
them
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Education and Literacy Problem on farm to market road, LGU provides additional
incentives to teachers assigned in the far flung barangays.
Technical Vocational School: skilled in electricity, garments,
carpentry, etc. Planned to subscribe on the new program of
TESDA the ladderized program – short term courses/technical
skills
Land classification At present, they are on the process of updating their land use
plan and have a plan to reclassify if mineral deposits is located/
identified
IP Support Centre In the 1970’s service center was available but was removed;
another request to establish another was made but no reply yet.
For the meantime IP representative at SB = IP focal person and
has an office that could serve as a technical support centre as
well.
Best Day In Office IPs empowerment resulting in self-reliant. Every day is the best
day. When the IPs are empowered enough. no begging have a
made a difference with the IP’s = vision
Vision Individuals, cultivate a parcel of land for food and livelihood.
Looking forward to help them teach them enough food and
send their children to school
Mission To generate Local, National and International Support and help
secure livelihood for individual IPs and mass literacy campaign
for IP children, facilitating technical support for productive
land use in IP areas is close to her heart because she is also an
IP. Change the value that dragging them away to improve. Tap
donors who have the heart to the IP’s particularly the
capacitating. To gain confidence of the IP’s as part of the
community and part of the community empowerment – as
somebody in the future.
Goals-Basic Guidelines Mineral resources development requires some basic guidelines

to be met
Review of Policies affecting Equitable distribution of gains from investment in IP areas.
IPS Strengthening the CTWG of mining and agro-forest
communities for effective utilization of fund meant for socio-
economic development of IPs. Help establish basic guidelines
for fund utilization by IP communities. IPRA is much
important; IP’s need to be given much concern. Employment,
development, investors, clear share of the IP’s
The Big Socio-economic Issue Rehabilitation of farm to market roads
Discussion with Mayor Leonida Manpatilan

Mayor’s Office, Esperanza, ADS
August 28, 2007
Participants: 1. For. Zenevev A. Longaquit; 2. Hazel C. Cano; 3. Dr Davidson Egirani
Team:Who are you and how you got the position?
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Mayor: Higaonon tribe is distributed in Agusan del Sur. Previous Mayor was her husband. With
the support of the tribe she won the position.
For the Higaonon, CADC-IFAD- project ongoing in the formulation of ADSDPP. CADC is
composed of 12 barangays. The project will end 16 months after. Infra project like school
building at Sinakungan and 7 other infra projects; Farm to market roads, school building, water
system and common water irrigation. Thru the ADSDPP, we will support not only at the
municipal level but sourcing out funds from local and other countries.
Protection of CADT areas is on process of protecting particularly the illegal cutting of trees.
Challenges let the Higaonon people should understand on the effect of illegal logging in the
areas.
Customary laws, preservation of practices are the main concern. Her husband as the IP leader
will support on the preservation of the customary laws. Guide on how to develop their natural
resources within.
In mineral resources, Higaonon are not familiar yet. It should be that the whole tribe would
benefit.
Team:Breakdown of the population of the municipality?
Mayor: Manobo – lowland along Agusan River

Banwaon or Higaonon – more dominant tribe which comprises 37% of the total population
and thrives in highlands
Team:Mineral Resources, Resource utilization? What are some of the indicators?
Mayor: We really seek investors that have respect with the tribe. Not merely outsider; look into
to ensure what they can give to the tribe and give importance to its protection. ADSDPP will
give summary on what tribe plan and be productive in agriculture thru planting of high value
crops. Later on mineral deposits will be tackled…. .
Team:Three basic phases of economic development: Agricultural sector, forestland, mineral

resources. Mono-cultural economy is not the best. For example, People will only concentrate in
agriculture, like so with the forest or minerals. What are some of the indicators if we get them in
place? Integrated approach?
Mayor: Yes, we try to invite investors not only for agriculture. No other industries present here;
maintain peace and order; who are the good investors; not only making money from here but
their support in return; Partnership with private entities; ensure revenues from those natural
resources taken (forest); implementation of the anti-illegal logging campaign.
Team:Illegal utilization (illegal logging), view of small-scale and large scale, capacity building
of the IPs?
Mayor: She is not in favor of small-scale mining because they don’t have the protection plan
and lack of control of the peace and order. It should be the company has the capacity to protect
and control environmental concerns. Sharing be given to the municipality then the professional
companies
Team:Would you encourage integrating small and large scale investment programs?
Mayor: It depends on what has been agreed in the consultation with the people. As Mayor, what
is more beneficial to the constituents the consultation process should prevail. Discourage on
small scale mining
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Team: Socio-Economic Divide: what do you think?
Mayor: It’s a big challenge in barangay of purely IPs. They are difficult to develop because they
are contented of what they are. Lack the system of farming; depleted fishes and wildlife. In the
development – employment and have their share; encourage to send their children to school;
education is really important; proper health care and sanitation need to be informed; IP tradition
“trained to work” but now no longer stay in that place; vast tracks of lands – be developed;
financial support to farming
Team:Low level of education: contributed by? No money to send children to school?
Mayor: Twelve IPs supported by Local Government Units in High School; tertiary level (2 slots
per year) supported by the PLGU
If ever investors should share something for the tribe then IPRA Law stipulated 1% share from
the mining and milling cost; this will be used for the IPs health, education, etc. Bigger investors
will provide private schools, hospitals, and IPs would be respected tribe because they are
empowered.
Team:Resource Development: forest, mineral, agriculture, etc. Do you think mineral resources
development committee may help?
Mayor: Yes, it is a vital aspect if the municipal pursue on mineral development
Team:Health services: some of the IP areas have no health centers; conventional medicines?
Mayor: IPs are open on other kind of health services so we can easily teach them
Team: Traditional medicine?
Mayor: Health personnel tend to go back to traditional medicine given the national policies,
have respect to the traditional medicine
Team:there is connectivity of IPs in Bukidnon; Agusan del Norte; Misamis Oriental and
Esperanza in Agusan del Sur. Therefore there could be integration of activities to create a
national voice leading to an international voice for the purpose of an economic summit of
Higaonon tribe
Team: what is your observation on customary laws and practices of Higaonon?
Mayor: there is need to do away with “wait and see attitude” (lack of initiative because they
always rely on their leader so they need to be to become proactive. Also, there are some who
wants to get married even they are not yet responsible; too much dependency so they need to
learn to stand on their own. Furthermore, Man should determine his culture not the culture
determines them
Team: Schools located in IP areas: loss teachers and loss standard because of no facilities. What
would you advice investors?
Mayor: Problem on farm to market road, Local Government Unit provides additional incentives
to teachers assigned in the far flung barangays.
Team:What kind of educational development would you advocate for IPs?
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A: Technical Vocational School: skilled in electricity, garments, carpentry, etc. Planned to

subscribe on the new program of TESDA the ladderized program – short term courses/technical
skills
Team: What about your Municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plan?
Mayor: At present, they are on the process of updating their land use plan and has a plan to
reclassify as soon as temporary permits are provided; and then project some improvements in
different land uses when mineral deposit is identified.
Team: what is your view on the direct control of natural resources by IPs?
Mayor: Views on resource control of the IP’s should be aware the danger if that resources is
exploited. The different agencies should have the main concern of the protection. Community
based to guard and protects resources.
Team:If people will be protecting, is there any incentives?
Mayor: program for alternative livelihoods to earn immediate money in lieu of illegal livelihood
which earns also an immediate income.
Team: Would you mind that the National Commission on Indigenous People and Municipal
Environment and Natural Resource Office facilitate information on what natural resources are
available in IP areas?
Mayor: In the 70’s service center was available but was removed; there is a request to establish
another but no reply yet. For the meantime there is IP representative at Sanggunian Bayan and
the IP focal person has an office
Team: Which is the best day in the office? Program with the IPs; the day you live to remember?
Mayor: Everyday is the best day. When the IPs are empowered enough, with limited number of
solicitation making a difference with the IP’s vision
This mission is close to her heart because she is also an IP. She hopes to change the values that
drag them down and tap donors who have the heart to the IP’s particularly in capability building.
Also, there is need to gain confidence of the IP’s as part of the community and part of the
community empowerment.
Team: What is your vision for individual IPs?
Mayor: It is for Individuals to cultivate a parcel of land for food and livelihood. She is also
looking forward to help them teach them on how to grow enough food and send their children to
school
Team:What kind of provincial and national policies on the IP’s need review?
Mayor: IPRA is much important; IP’s need to be given much concern in terms of employment,
development and investment. Moreover, the share of the IPs in terms of investment should be
made clear
Team:What are the basic guidelines that need to put in place for mineral resources exploration?
Mayor: Mining is one meaning that the municipality would need to be organized to avoid
conflict in mineral extraction and utilization
Team: What about the idea of a collection center for mails at least once a month in IP areas?
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A: The Barangay Captains will come down to the Poblacion and information flow is thru
motorcycle drivers
PREPARED BY Noted by
FOR ZENEV A. LONGGAQUIT DR. DAVIDSON EGIRANI

ENRM Consultant
Discussion with Datu Balan & Datu Manbungcoan

August 22, 2007
SB Hall, Municipal Hall, Esperanza, ADS
Attendees:
1. Davidson Egirani -VSO Volunteer

2. Datu Manbungcoan Teofisto Somobol -Higaonon Datu
3. Datu Manbuotan Warnet S. Balan, Sr. -Higaonon Datu
4. Tess Vista -SB Staff
5. Hazel Cano -PENRO-LGU staff
Objective: To conceptualize the ritual of Higaonons during the meeting in Bukidnon
Process:
A video documentation of the Higaonon meeting held in Bukidnon was presented and to be
elaborated by Datu Somobol and Datu Balan.
PANGAGDA / PAMADA thru DASANG
A formal greeting of Higaonon tribal leaders when they pay visit to another tribal leader or when
there are assemblies/meetings of the tribe, the participants will do a Dasang to the host which
includes the following (in proper sequence):
1.Appreciating the host and praising the environment/house (i.e., furnishing of the house,
arrangement of the house, condition of the environment, etc.)
2.Greeting everyone inside the house or the participants of the assembly/meeting
3.Expressing their gladness to visit or to attend the gathering as well as their expectations of the
meeting. Some queries are also said in the Dasang
PANUBAGA
The response of the host to the visitor expresses his/her acceptance to the visitor or explains to
the visitor/participants the purpose of the meeting and answers the queries of the visitor.
Panubaga has no exact sequence or pattern unlike with Dasang.
Datu Balan said that during the early times Dasang is performed whenever a Datu pay visit to
another Datu even without special occasions but today, Dasang is performed in special
gatherings only.
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The kind of ritual to be performed depends on the purpose of the meeting and rituals commonly
performed include:
1. Ritual for healing

2. Ritual for wedding
3. Ritual for planting
4. Ritual for harvesting
5. Ritual for conflict settlement
6. Ritual for business (Pamamahandi)
The number of pigs to be sacrificed depends on the number of issues/problems they want to be
resolved. At least a chicken is required but has no specified number.
Datu Balan gave his comment on the ritual performed in the video that the proper sequence was
not observed like the premature lighting of candles while the Datus are still discussing, it should
be done after the Datus agree what to pray and it indicates that the ritual will start. He has a
thought that the sequence was not observed because the Datus just do rituals occasionally and he
is in accord to the idea that documentation of rituals/their customs would help in preserving their
culture.
It is a cultural norm for Higaonons to give valuable things to their visitors like native rice,
bangles, necklace made of plastic beads, etc. In settling conflicts, every member of the family of
both parties should be present. If there are conflicts with the investors, rituals are also applicable
as a way of settlement
Some of the things used or being done during rituals and their meanings:
1. Candle – used to invite the spirits with the candle symbolizing products of the forest
2. Putting of coins to a plate or glass while a Datu is performing a Dasang – signifies he/she is
impressed with the performance
3. Pig / chicken – sacrifice
4. Shedding of blood of a chicken and burry it under a tree – a prayer to put an end to all
conflicts that they have had long time ago
5. Participants / Datus touches the blood of the pig after it is pierced with a spear – it means to
clear / cleanse everything
Preliminaries in doing ritual:

The Datus will discuss the issues and concerns as basis of the ritual to determine which
god/goddesses to be invoked
Issues usually covered during rituals:
1. Tribal conflicts – to ensure a free and fair meeting
2. Successful meeting – that the spirits would help them in achieving the objectives of their
meeting
3. Peace and Order during meeting
4. Safety of visitors to and from the meeting
In ritual Proper: (i.e. after the Datus have discussed their concerns), they will say their prayer
citing the purpose(s) of their meeting. Chicken(s) pig(s) will be killed and prayers are offered for
cleansing so that the spirits could intervene in the conflicts or disputes they had before. Everyone
touches the blood (it depends on individual’s conscience, if he/she doesn’t feel to do it then
he/she will not be condemned) .Sacrificed animals will be cooked then set before the tribal
leaders. Before the proper eating, everybody will approach the cooked animals and get a piece of
it as well as wine while inviting the spirits to eat with them. Once all of them have done the same
thing, then the feast begins. Anyone who wishes to bring home the leftover food could do so.
The idea of “Tribal Council” evolved as early as 1500 during the time of Datu Mandagbol and
Tawaga was the first tribal leader who was called “Supreme Datu”
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Ininay / Inamay – the parents of the seven (7) Higaonon tribal leaders namely: Anggas;
Manlampanas; Mandangagon; Mantan-awon; Masikampo Manggabayan; Hiligan and
Mandagbol. The Higaonon people recognized the following tribal areas based on the eight (8)
existing rivers:
Eight (8) Talugans:

1.Pusilao
2. Maasam
3. Pulangi
4. Libang
5. Ojot
6. Bugabot
7. Udjongan
8. Tagoloan
Prepared by: Noted by:

. Hazel C. Cano; Dr Davidson Egirani
ENRM Consultant
Staff
Discussion with Ms. Divina P. Lagumbay

Agusan Del Sur Economic Research and Business Assistance Center (ASERBAC), GDOP
Government. Center, Prosperidad
January 24, 2008 / 2:00 Pm
Present:
1.Ms. Divina P. Lagumbay

2.Dr. Davidson E. Egirani
3.Mr. Johnvie Goloran
4.For. Zenevev A. Longaquit
Introduction:
The team opened up the discussion by giving thanks for the opportunity of having the interview
and for providing information related to investment in IP domain. It was shared that the purpose
of the video documentary is to acquire information from ASERBAC as a secretariat to the
Provincial Board of Investment. It was said that although creating good climate for investment is
good idea, it should be balanced with IP development.
… Investment
Ms. Lagumbay: She shared that the investment priority is not specific to priority is not
IPs because there is an agency focused on IPs which is the NCIP. specific for IPs…
Team: Maybe because we don’t know fully the mandate of the NCIP, may we inquire if the
NCIP is providing livelihood support as well?
Ms. Lagumbay: Yes, NCIP has support assistance for livelihood. In our office, ASERBAC
carried the general framework for investment. This means that livelihood support is open for
non-IPs and so with the IPs.
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Team: How ASERBAC collaborate with NCIP to ensure that there’s no overlapping of program/
projects?
Ms. Lagumbay: Before we work with IPs in La Paz, we coordinated with the NCIP. For
example, in our Weaving project of Pandan leaves in Lapaz, the ASERBAC provided related
training to ensure the specifications are marketable.
Team:What kind of competition between IPs/non-IPs? Any strategies employed?
Ms. Lagumbay: In terms of skills, the IPs has its traditional practices
… the IPs has its but still needs enhancement. Others need education for some modern
traditional practices but technologies prevailing in the market. Few IPs have skills in
still needs enhancement … negotiating while others remain as producers.
Team: Is there a need to develop skills of negotiation?
Ms. Lagumbay: Yes, it is necessary because only few have the skills.
Team: Do you think the provincial code of investment support the IPs? Are IPs really benefiting
in terms of mineral resources investment?
Ms. Lagumbay: No, it’s their chieftain who will represent their group. For me, they are not well
represented like in SP, no IP representative.
Team:What about in Administrative level?
Ms. Lagumbay: We have lots of programs such as the scholarship program which prioritize IPs.
Also, there is a special education program for the IPs.
Team:In terms of natural resources, will you support to give IP’s representation? A structure
will be created in the bureaucracy for IPs to be represented?
Ms. Lagumbay: Maybe yes or no. Yes, because IPs know the problems in the hinterland; No,
because there are IP representatives who are not a real/legitimate IP.
Team:Can we assure that we can get real IP to sit at the SP as the provincial/municipal/barangay
representatives?
Ms. Lagumbay: I think that the office of NCIP will facilitate because they had already
selected/identified tribal chieftain from municipal to barangay level.
Team: Do you think the NCIP the political will to do it?
Ms. Lagumbay: Yes, because that is their focus or office mandates.
Team:Is there any incentives given to small-scale miner and medium enterprises?
Ms. Lagumbay: The office of the PENRO-LGU can facilitate because they have that mandates.
We have no list of small-scale miners because small scale miners in the province are not
organized.
Team: Do you think that providing incentives is necessary?

… the IPs should be
recognized in the government
…they need to know their
benefits as miner…
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Ms. Lagumbay: Yes, they should be recognized in the government. They need to know what
benefits accrue to them as miners.
Team:What procedure(s) should be followed so that small scale miners could avail tax
incentives?
Ms. Lagumbay: They need to be organized and should go through the process. For example, an
enterprise should be registered; paid tax; at least 10 staffs; and should have least 1 Million
deposits in the bank within the province are among the requirement to avail the incentives.
Team: Considering they are hand-to-mouth, how can they be supported?
Ms. Lagumbay: There are other options. For instance they can group themselves and be
registered with DOLE, CDA, etc for them to have a legal personality. For the IPs, only sectoral
groups are organized but I think it was not registered yet.
Team: How do you control investment? Do you have a kind of structure, profile for potential
investment readily prepared for investors?
Ms. Lagumbay: In our office, we don’t have but we are … looking forward on the
formulation of investment plan
looking forward to the formulation of an investment plan.
which provide avenue for IPs
involvement …
Team:Is Social development mapping which reflects
programs/projects necessary?
Ms. Lagumbay: Program is available but we don’t have program solely for the IPs.
Team: What are those projects that need environmental mitigation? Do you have environmental
management guidelines, related to natural resources development?
Ms. Lagumbay: There is agency in-charge to ensure compliance of the environmental concern
like in the Acquisition of land, it is thru the DENR which has respective polices to comply for
the investors.
Team:Do you relate with DENR for the compliance?
Ms. Lagumbay: It should be the responsibility of the investors to comply with before any
investment support from the LGU. They should follow the environmental compliance thru
DENR
Team:Which would you prefer an approach top to bottom or bottom to top in terms of feedback
mechanisms on investment?
Ms. Lagumbay: Both, it can be from the community or from the LGU.
Team:Is there a need to create an investment component structure to cater for environment
issues arising from and livelihood projects?
Ms. Lagumbay: The community should inform DENR and other concern agencies but that’s
when the community is empowered.
Team: Do you think there is a need for a support center for the farmers / IPs etc to be trained?
Ms. Lagumbay: In the government we welcome all regardless of IPs or not as long as they run
to us. There are also government agencies supporting the disadvantage groups.
Team: What do you think about the conduct of Monitoring and evaluation?
77
Ms. Lagumbay: I think it is not strictly implemented by the concerned agency.
Team:Have you ever thought of linking agriculture, forestry and mining?
Ms. Lagumbay: We have no implementation yet; only products links from the producer to
outside market. For handicraft and food, market is included in the project.
Team: How do your office compliment outside product coming into the province?
Ms. Lagumbay: We had complementation; like in the raw materials, we bought outside but with
the materials available in the province.
Team: Why are investors are reluctant to invest in IP areas? What are the reasons?
Ms. Lagumbay: May be there is problem in tenurial security is one; multiple owner/ claimants;
and some of them are not really united or no strong group to cater.
Team:Why are there problems with IP in investment negotiation?
Ms. Lagumbay: yes they have a good tribal leader in Esperanza but in other areas, they are not
genuine IP who are leading the legitimate IP.
Team: What do you think are the very important issues for investors?
Ms. Lagumbay: General investment criteria are:

1. leader who could stand for the group
2. manageable concerns/problems in the area
3. have one (1) contact person for the negotiation of which case represents the group
4. Accessibility
5. Acceptability of the community
6. Infrastructure
7. Peace and order situation
Team: what is your view on local policy to control the peace and order in IP areas?
Ms. Lagumbay: It is the community and the barangay captain really knows the situation of the
area.
Team: Which Policy affecting investment would you like to review?
Ms. Lagumbay: It is my recommendation to review the investment code and incentives of the
province as there was no portion giving emphasis to the community, particularly the IP. It
should be with the partner agencies (DTI, TESDA, etc) to work it out. Also, working with the
community and helping the less fortunate are the most challenging tasks.
Team: What would you like to be remembered for?
Ms. Lagumbay: I am looking forward that the community can send their children to school and
that each family has food in their tables.
The discussion ended @ 4:00 PM with the team giving thanks for sharing the information.
Prepared by: Noted by:
78
HAZAL C. CANO/
For. Zenevev A. Longaquit Dr. Davison Egirani
SuEMS, PENRO-LGU/Secretariat ENRM Consultant
Proposal on Inventory of Higaonon Tribe

For Economic Empowerment Submitted To United kingdom, Philippines Office, Manila
Executive Summary
As a follow up preliminary information and education gathering the Provincial Government of
Agusan del Sur hereby proposes an inventory activity for the Higaonon tribe to realize the
objectives of the province in economic empowerment of one the most poverty stricken tribe in
the province. This tribe depends on agricultural activities for sustenance. They also have
potential mineral resources which could be harnessed. However, it is difficult to access and
develop these resources without a comprehensive inventory comprising documentation of
customary laws & tradition, bridging leadership and strengthening the data base of the tribe
producing a comprehensive account of the tribe for mineral resources investment. This would
benefit small scale mining investors, local communities and other stakeholders interested in
investing in the area. This will cover the period of December 2006 to march 2007.and the
estimated budget amounts to P300, 000.00
Introduction
The Higaonon tribe occupies the Esperanza municipality in Agusan del Sur province.
Historically the account of the Higaonon tribe is limited but it is believed that about 80% of the
tribal people are below the poverty line with about 90% of the communities being IPs
(indigenous People). The people are essentially subsistent farmers despite the fact that they have
forest products and mineral resources yet to be explored.
Given that an enviable provincial inventory is established it would help in providing data base
for investors in the mining industry to profile the capability of this tribe to come to terms with
the realities of economic empowerment and political strengthening for meaningful negotiation
with investors in the mining industries. The tribe at the moment is powerless to negotiate or
secure livelihood because they are not properly informed and educated on the need to open up
the area for investment visits and follow up investment activities. The ambition of the province
with regards to sustainable development regarding mining could only be realized in Esperanza
municipality when practical efforts are undertaken to strengthen the data base of the tribe, bridge
leadership, educational awareness campaign and documentation of the customary laws and
tradition which have all contributed to economic and political powerlessness.
As part of the efforts to appraise the mineral potential of Esperanza in Agusan del Sur province,
it is important to conduct an inventory of this tribe and do some educational and awareness
campaign to sensitize the community towards the expected inflow of investors next year for
exploration activities. Equipping these communities by, information education and
communication campaign could help reduce marginalization, powerlessness and preserve the
indigenous knowledge and practices of the tribe to enable them negotiate for livelihood. It is thus
necessary to address these issues by articulating a proposal that would realized these aims
leading to realization of responsible and sustainable mining investment in the Esperanza
municipality of the Province of Agusan del Sur.
2.0: Problem Statement

Adequate contribution of the mining regime to the socio-economic development of the
Esperanza municipality where the Higaonon tribe habitat in the province Agusan of del Sur
Province depends on a sound inventory comprising documentation of customary laws and
tradition affecting investors. Bridging leadership divide between the tribe and mining investors,
raising education awareness and information dissemination leading to tribal knowledge about
negotiation skills in mining investment. This is needed to meet the objectives of the mining
79
regime in the province. Therefore, the main phase of this proposal centres on producing an
inventory of the Higaonon tribe which could facilitate negotiation between the tribe and mining
investors expected in the first quarter of next year in the municipality. Formulation of an
economic and political inventory for the Higaonon tribe for the purpose of understanding and
access of the tribe by potential investors in mining would form the activities involved in this
proposal. The objectives include:
1. Awareness and education campaign of LGU mining program in the Esperanza municipality;
2. Documentation of customary laws and practices that affect mining investors;
3. Strengthening the economic and political data base of the Higaonon tribe for the purpose of
reducing poverty, marginalization and powerlessness;
4. Bridging leadership divide with mining investors for the purpose of negotiation and
contracting;
5. Educating communities on the concept of mining and sustainability;
6. Raising communality awareness on the need to document legitimate tribal council and
leaders for mining investment negotiation;
7. Educating communities and IPs on the need to participate in the mining investment debate in
the Province of Agusan del Sur;
8. Formulate a data base that could establish a framework for mining investment profiling;
9. Empowering communities to participate in negotiation to secure livelihood in the mining

regime of the Province of Agusan del Sur;
Provision of adequate information to communities on the advantages and disadvantages of

mining activities in their area when investors come in during the first quarter of next year for
investment negotiation;
In the end, these activities would lead to equipping the Higaonon tribe with the required
informational and educational tools that could help reduce marginalization, poverty and political
powerless as it affects decision making for their mineral resources. The Higaonon tribe would
have improved skills and knowledge on extraction and utilization of their mineral resources. This
means that about 4000 people would have access to economic and political empowerment
because investors have access to the inventory of this tribe.
3.1: Preparatory visits to tribal leaders at Salug

In realization of the aims and objectives of this proposal, preparatory visit would be made to the
tribal leaders in an attempt to sensitize them for the inventory activities. A team of about 10
experts would visit the leaders and talks will centre on the need for the inventory. Also dialogue
would be carried out with these leaders on ways of collaborating with the communities on how
best to carry out the inventory including when these activities could best be done to yield
maximum results. The team would explore ways of delivering technical support to make the
inventory exercise a success. Other activities would include informing tribal leaders on the
economic and political implications of the inventory.
3.2: Inventory visit for data acquisition

This visit is aimed at gathering information on the customary laws and practices of the Higaonon
tribe. Discussions will centre on how the tribe could be empowered to face the challenges of
attracting potential mining investors in the municipality. This means practical steps to be taken to
strengthen their political and economic base and the skills of the community in negotiating for
development. Other activities would include practical discussions on reducing marginalization,
80
powerlessness. For a community that has experienced little or no development, discussions will
centre on creating a resource centre and support activities which the indigenous people could tap
for economic empowerment.
3.3: Visit to validate information

At the moment there are no proven records of how the capacity of the Higaonon tribe to
negotiate for investment have been affected, this is very challenging in the sense that the tribe is
unable to disseminate adequate information to investors about the economic potential of the area
which they occupy. In collaboration with the tribal leaders, the team of inventory acquisition
would discuss with the community on the information acquired and the need for them to validate
the findings of the team. The team will conduct a survey of whether the information best
represent the views of the community and would address differences where they arise. The views
of the community and tribal leaders on how best to approach the mining issues in their domain
will be collated and reappraised on the basis of the cultural and traditional characteristics.
3.4: Presentation of findings to the community

The provisional inventory record for the Higaonon tribe will be formally presented to the tribal
leaders and council in this visit. It will be a formal ceremony when the team will spend time to
appraise the document and it’s important to the community. A Section of the inventory will
centre on the need for the Higaonon tribe to preserve the document for historical reference. The
inventory will be in the form of a report bound in several copies with glossary fit bearing the
names and signatories of the team members and those of the tribal leaders. The legitimate tribal
leaders will be in custody of the document and copies will be made available to other
stakeholders of the mining regime. Also a copy of the final report would be presented to the
funding bodies and other stake holders. This will automatically form a mineral resource data
base for future reference of mining activities in the domain of the Higaonon tribe and a reference
material for further inventory of other tribes in the Province of Agusan del Sur.
Prepared by: Recommending Approval:
Davidson Egirani Salome B. Dael

ENRM Consultant CAO II
Submission by Johnvie B. Goloran, MSF, GDEM

Development Management Officer – I
Agusan Del Sur Economic Research and Business Assistance Centre (ASERBAC), GDOP
Government. Center, Prosperidad
As far as an office thrust is concerned, this office intervenes with the community either to
indigenous and non-indigenous groups. Our intervention is focused on Livelihood and Enterprise
Development (LED) in the Community, which have been perceived to contribute to minimizing
of negative impacts on the use of natural resources. LED addresses Indigenous Skill/Capacity
and NRM issues indirectly through education/capacity building program and financial support to
livelihood and enterprise development as its core components.
I Education/Capacity Building Program
1.1. Natural Resources Development and Management Framework Issues:

It should be noted that before introducing any livelihood development in the community, our
office will first conduct livelihood analysis to its beneficiaries. The goal of this activity is to
understand what livelihood sources are best suited to the community. It also helps us understand
81
what skills needed and product to be developed by the groups. Further, it provides venue to level
off with the community groups how to attain the sustainability of the identified livelihood
sources. Sustainability issues with regards to the use of natural resources are themes, which we
are trying to incorporate in our Education/Capacity Development Program in the next three
years.
For instance, the Handicraft Groups in the province, which comprise of 201 households actively
engaged in the weaving business, will be oriented in the appropriate extraction of the raw
materials. This activity is in support to the campaign of the DENR and PENRO-LGU on the
sustainable use of non-timber forest products, which are immediate raw materials for handicraft.
Another, the Education/Capacity Development program will be emphasizing the economic
benefits and sustainability on the use of non-timber forest product (NTFD), which might shift
people’s livelihood from engaging natural resource destructive activities such as logging and
kaingin farming to handicraft development activities. These are the significance of the said
program with respect to addressing Natural Resource Development and Management Framework
(NRDMF).
1.2. Indigenous Skills/Capacity Issues:

On the other hand, Education/Capacity Development Program is also aimed at developing more
entrepreneurs both IPs and Non-IPs. For instance, the Agusan del Sur Rattan Permittees and
Traders Multi-Purpose Cooperative (ADSRPT-MPC), which majority of the members are IPs
has been capacitated through trainings, exposure tours and seminars for almost two years. In the
next three years, the office is aiming to incorporate the Organizational Management Capacity
Program as component of LED. This aims not only to strengthen the members of the group but
also to professionalize and equip them with entrepreneurial skills in order to assure the
sustainability of small scale business enterprises.
II. Financial Support to SMEs

As experience, after Capacity/Development Activities the bottom line issue of the assisted
groups is fund to support the establishment of the project. Hence, the office allocates funds to
address such issue. This financial support however, is mainly on the expanded production and
marketing of the product. This implies that for a group to be eligible they must have established
production and market of their products. Once an SME qualifies the criteria, they can access
financial grants through FAME (Financial Access to Micro-Enterprise). This support is designed
purposely to occur in such a stage in order to see the eagerness of the group to pursue the project
after Education/CapDev Program. For instance, the ADSRPT-MPC was one of the enterprises
assisted by this office to access financial support for expanded production and marketing.
III. Diversification and Clustering of Investment

At present, the office together with the other line agencies and stakeholders are looking forward
to diversification and clustering investments in the province with IP’s or the locals are the main
beneficiaries. This is evident in our three year development program, wherein this office has
targeted almost 100% increase on livelihood and enterprise development project, with an aim to
diversify products made from Agusan del Sur. Specifically, we targeted to assist at least five (5)
indigenous communities for livelihood/enterprise development projects in the next three years.
These five communities are viewed to be the best target for clustering of investment among IPs.
The ADSPRT-MPC for instance, (a cooperative currently assisted by the office) whose members
are mostly indigenous people from five municipalities: San Luis, Talacogon, Loreto, Bayugan,
and Esperanza. The distribution of the members per municipality suggests the possibility of
employing clustering strategy on IP communities.
IV. Strategies for Investment Promotion

At the moment, we do not have specific Investment Promotion Strategy designed for IPs. The
province however, is currently implementing the Convergence Development Program (CDP) to
the least socio-economically developed communities in the province including IPs. Moreover, as
82
stated previously, the office is targeting to support indigenous community enterprises through
Capacity/development and Financial Assistance/Program.
V. Review of Policies Affecting Investment

The province has a current Investment Incentive Code, which I think need for revision or review
to make it responsive to the current investment scenario. In my view, the current investment
policies give more emphasis on the side of the investor on how to avail the incentives and
benefits. Meanwhile, the benefits of the locals are poorly emphasized, even more on how IPs will
benefit the investment. Hence, ASERBAC as secretariat to the Provincial Board on Investment
supports for the review and revision of the policy on investment.
Prepared by:
Johnvie B. Goloran, MSF, GDEM

Development Management Officer - I
LIST OF ACTIVITYPARTICIPANTS
Name Institution
Davidson Egirani Environment and Natural Resource
Management Consultant, ADS
Daisy Sasil Provincial Environment and Natural Resource
Office –Local Government Unit, ADS
Nilo Manpatilan Sangguniang Panlalawigan, ADS
Ricardo Caldeo Provincial Environment and Natural Resource
Adelaida Buyog National Commission on Indigenous People,
ADS
Hazel Cano Provincial Environment and Natural Resource
Datu Manbootan Warnet Balan Snr Municipality Esperanza Rep
Warnet Balan Jr. Non-Governmental Organisation, Esperanza
Brgy Captain Armando Balan Salug, Esperanza
Samson S. Bacolod Barangay and Cultural Communities Affairs
Unit, ADS
Jennifer Casias Esperanza
Angelo Lidanhug Esperanza
Nilo Putong Department of Interior and Local Government,
Esperanza
Brgy Captain Orlando Mangasita Bunaguit, Esperanza
Rofel P. Angwas PENRO-LGU, ADS
Leticia Vistan Esperanza
Brgy Capt Cesar Ambray Remedios, Esperanza
Hilda P. Dono-An Municipal Local Government Unit Esperanza
Judith Besahon Non-Governmental Organisation, Esperanza

Brgy Capt Angelito Nada Balobo, Esperanza
Datu Manampolot Hugon Badulan Esperanza
Loloy Lena Esperanza
Datu Dalan Odayao Non-Governmental Organisation
83
Representative
Nelson Catamco Tahina, Esperanza
Danilo, Pucayan Barangay And Cultural Communities Affairs
Unit, ADS
Elsardo P. Grado Provincial Information Office, ADS
Hon. I.C De Rosa Mayor, Malitbog, Burkidnon
Datu Rostiko (Tex) Delanto- Butuan City
Hon. Leonida P. Manpatilan, Mayor, Esperanza
Johnvie B. Goloran, Agusan Del Sur Economic Reserach And

Business Assistance Centre, ADS
Divina Lagumbay Agusan Del Sur Economic Research and
Business Assistance Centre, ADS
Datu Manbungcoan Esperanza
84
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Natural Resource Investment in Higaonon Ancestral Domain

Book · January 2008

The Industrial Applications of Solid Industrial By-products View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

NATURAL RESOURCE INVESTMENT IN HIGAONON ANCESTRAL DOMAIN

ALLAN J.S. (BSc)

Member, Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Agusan del Sur, Philippines

EGIRANI, D. E. (PGC; BSc; MSc; PhD; MNMGS, MSAN, MMAGBNI)

Environment and Natural Resource Consultant

All Rights Reserved

Hon. Leonida P. Manpatilan

Also, I am highly indebted to the Barangay representatives, representatives of, Municipality of

Finally, the participation of all officials listed in annex is hereby acknowledged.

8.4. Investment in mineral resources ............................................................................................................................... 41

ANNEX II: COMMUNITY TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP (CTWG) ........................................................ 62

ANNEX III: DISCUSSIONS AND SUBMISSIONS BY STAKEHOLDERS ...................................................... 62

DISCUSSION WITH MAYOR LEONIDA MANPATILAN ................................................................................ 69

DISCUSSION WITH DATU BALAN & DATU MANBUNGCOAN ................................................................... 73

DISCUSSION WITH MS. DIVINA P. LAGUMBAY ............................................................................................ 75

PROPOSAL ON INVENTORY OF HIGAONON TRIBE .................................................................................... 79

SUBMISSION BY JOHNVIE B. GOLORAN, MSF, GDEM ................................................................................ 81

LIST OF AXTIVITYPARTICIPANTS ................................................................................................................... 83

Table 3.1: Land area by barangay ........................................................................................................................... 11

II. Scope and Methodology

a. Preparatory Visits to Tribal Leaders at Salug

b. Inventory Visit for Data Acquisition

c. Workshop to Consolidate Information

d. Presentation of findings to Higaonon leaders and the community

III. Components of the Reference material on investment

1.1. Historical Background of Higaonon- IP

1.Hat – symbolizes authority

1.1.1. The Lineage:

Figure 2.1: Geographic profile of Agusan del Sur showing Esperanza

Figure 2.2: Map showing CADC 154 covering Higaonon tribe

2.3. Soil Type

2.5. River Systems and Ground water Hydrology

Figure 2.3: Municipality of Esperanza Showing River systems

3 Land Use Profile

Table 3.1: Land area by barangay

Figure 3.1: Municipality of Esperanza showing barangay

3.2. Existing land use and vegetative cover

Table 3.2: General Land use categorization

Table 3.3: Inventory of tourist spots and attraction

4.1. Population distribution

Table 4.1: Barangay demography, Higaonon

Agsabo 73 433 229 52.89 204 47.11

Balobo 83 481 254 52.81 227 47.19

Bunaguit 148 769 397 51.63 372 48.37

Calabuan 61 334 180 53.89 154 46.11

Concordia 153 787 405 51.46 382 48.54

Guibonon 101 537 281 52.33 256 47.67

Hawilian 434 2,342 1,218 52.01 1,124 47.99

Kinamaybay 92 532 302 56.77 230 43.23

Maasin 215 1,156 604 52.25 552 47.75

Maliwanag 34 186 90 48.39 96 51.61

Milagros 153 845 460 54.44 385 45.56

Nato 303 1,481 797 53.81 684 46.19