Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pipesfitting PDF
Pipesfitting PDF
Pipesfitting PDF
What is piping systems? the piping system install to convey the fluids
required for chemical processes or otherwise between the various equipment
and end users and consist of various components such as valves, fittings,
online measuring instruments, etc. is called as a ‘Piping Systems’
PIPING COMPONENTS
1 Pipe
Classifications
ERW pipes (Electric resistance welded pipes) are formed from a strip which is
longitudinally welded along its length. Welding may be by electric resistance,
high frequency, or induction welding. ERW pipes can also be drawn for obtaining
required dimensions and tolerances.
There are spiral seam welded pipes, which are large dia pipes 500 NB and above.
And pipes are made by welding a spiral seam produced by forming continues
steel skelp in to circular shape
Centrifugally cast pipes are made by spraying molten metal along a rotating die
where the pipes are cast in shape due to centrifugal action
- Line Pipes
- Structural Pipes
Pressure pipes are those which are subjected to fluid pressure and or
Page29
Line pipes are mainly used for conveying of the fluid and are subjected to
fluid pressure. These are generally not subjected to high temperatures.
Structural pipes are not used for conveying fluids and therefore not subjected
to fluid pressures or temperatures. They are used as structural components
(e.g. handrails, columns, sleeves etc) and are subjected to static load only.
Diameters: Pipes are designated by Nominal size, starting from 1/8” Nominal
size, and increasing in step
4 In step of 1” up to 6” = 4”,5”,6”.
For the Nominal sizes up to including 12”, there is one unique O.D.
(Different from nominal size) and I.D. would very depending on schedule
number, For Nominal size 14” and above O.D. is same as Nominal size.
designation like Std. (S) Extra Strong (XS) and Double Extra Strong (XXS)
Pipe schedule no is define as
Common pipe schedules are Sch 40, Sch 80, Sch 120, Sch 160, for larger
pipe sizes intermediate Such numbers (Sch 20,Sch 30 etc)are also
employed.
For carbon steel, Pipe wall thickness tolerance is 12 ½ % i.e. Pipe wall
thickness can vary 12 ½% from thickness obtained from dimension chart.
For Stainless steels Schedule numbers are designated by suffix ‘S’ i.e. 10S,
20S, 40S, 80S etc.
Piping Components
Fittings
- Butt Welded
- Screwed
Page29
- Socked Welded
Flanges
Valves
Strainers
Fasteners
Special Fittings
A pipe fitting is defined as a part used in a piping system, for changing direction,
the system.
There are many different types of fittings and they are the same in all sizes and
Socket Weld (SW) Fittings Class 3000, 6000, and 9000 are defined in the
Threaded (THD) Fittings Class 2000, 3000, and 6000 are defined in the
A piping system using buttweld fittings has many inherent advantages over
other forms.
The continuous metal structure formed between pipe and fitting adds
losses and turbulence and minimize the action of corrosion and erosion
BEVELLED ENDS
The ends of all buttweld fittings are bevelled, exceeding wall thickness 4 mm for
Page29
austenitic stainless steel, or 5 mm for ferritic stainless steel. The shape of the
bevel depending upon the actual wall thickness. This bevelled ends are needed
welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and
The most common materials used in fittings produced is carbon steel, stainless
steel, cast iron, aluminium, copper, glass, rubber, the various types of plastics.
default, there are 5 opportunities, the 45°, 90° and 180° elbows, all three in the
"long radius" version, and in addition the 90° and 180° elbows both in the
"short radius" version.
Elbows are split into two groups which define the distance over which they
change direction; the center line of one end to the opposite face. This is known
as the "center to face" distance and is equivalent to the radius through which
The center to face distance for a "long" radius elbow, abbreviated LR always is
"1½ x Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) (1½D)", while the center to face distance for a
Here below, for example, you will find the center to face distance of four 2 inch
elbows,
45° ELBOW
The function of a 45° elbow is the same as a 90° elbow, but the measurement of
The radius of a 45° elbow is the same as the radius of the 90° LR (1½D).
However, the center to face dimension is not equivalent to the radius as in 90°
LR elbows. This is measured from each face to the point of intersection of the
Page29
center lines perpendicular to each other, distances B on the image. This is due to
the smaller degree of bend. Short radius 45° elbows are not available.
STANDARDS
The most applied version is the 90° long radius and the 45° elbow, while the 90°
short radius elbow is applied if there is too little space. The function of a 180°
elbow is to change direction of flow through 180°. Both, the LR and the SR types
have a center to center dimension double the matching 90° elbows. These
REDUCING ELBOW
with various diameters on the ends. Because this elbow, for many suppliers it is
not a standard item, and thus probably a high price with a long delivery time,
the use of a "normal" elbow with a separate reducer is an option if the situation
allows.
Other degrees elbows can be machined from a standard elbow. Longer radius
type, the center to face dimension e.g. is three times the nominal size (3D),
even is available.
Page29
Dimensions, dimensional tolerances et cetera for long and short radius elbows
The weakest point on an elbow is the inside radius. ASME B16.9 only
tolerances. The wall thickness at the weld line location even is standardized, but
not through the rest of an elbow. The standard states that the minimum
tolerance will be within 12.5% of the minimum ordered wall thickness of the
The primary purpose of a Tee is to make a 90° branch from the main run of pipe.
Standard there are 2 possibilities, on behalf of the equal tee and reducing tee.
The equal tee (or straight tee) is used as the branch has the same diameter as
the run-pipe. The reducing tee is used as the branch has a smaller diameter as
the run-pipe.
A 3" x 2" tee means a reducing tee. Although, officially a reducing tee will be
indicated by 3 diameters, namely A - B - C similar to the image with the reducing
tee.
The "A" measure stands for the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) of run inlet;
"B" measure stands for NPS run outlet, the "C" measure for the NPS of the
branch.
So there are reducing tees where the A measure is 3", the C measure 3" and the
course, important. Today, this tee and exceptionally difficult to obtain, and
choose one before, with a straight tee 3"and a concentric or eccentric reducer
A reducing buttweld tee not, because many dimensions are not produced or
cannot produced.
For example, a tee 6" x 4" is a standard item, but a tee 16" x 2" probably
nowhere to be found. It would also not very economically, to use a 16" tee for a
made.
are tees with two outlet sides. In normal piping we never use that tees
At least not in Petro and chemical industry.
In Tee′s, the crotch radius (T) varies from one manufacturer to another, but
some establish itself as a requirement, 1.3 times the wall thickness to maintain
the crotch.
Tee "crotch".
...it is expected that some portion of formed fittings may have to be thicker than
vertical pipe lines, and the eccentric reducer that is used in horizontal pipe lines.
For example:
1. Flat side down eccentric reducer are often be used in pipe racks to keep
the pipeline at the same elevation, after a pipe size change. When a
concentric or a Flat side up eccentric reducer in a pipe rack will be used, the
2. Flat side up eccentric reducer are often be used in pump suction lines to
avoid accumulation of gas pockets. Eccentric reducers can avoid small "dead
Basically a cap will be applied, to shut down the end of a pipe. The Cap, as it is
shown in the image below, is available for all pipe dimensions, and is sometimes
A Stub End always will be used with a Lap Joint flange, as a backing flange; both
Stub End.
Page29
With a Stub End and Lap Joint Flange.
This flange connection are applied, in low-pressure and non critical applications,
In a stainless steel pipe system, for example, a carbon steel flange can be
applied, because they are not come in contact with the product in the pipe.
Stub Ends are available in almost all pipe diameters. Dimensions and
ASTM GRADES
are defined in several ASME standards. The material qualities for these fittings
These ASTM standards, define the specific manufacturing process of the material
and determine the exact chemical composition of pipes, fittings and flanges,
through percentages of the permitted quantities of carbon, magnesium, nickel,
For example, a buttweld carbon steel fitting can be identified with Grade WPA or
Below you will find as an example a table with chemical requirements for
fittings according to ASTM A403 Grade WP304, WP304L, WP316L and a table
together as a group.
As you may be have noted, in the table below, ASTM A105 has no Grade.
"N" stands not for Grade, but for normalized. Normalizing is a type of heat
cetera.
Grade WP304L
Grade WP304 Grade WP316L (A, B)
(A)
Carbon,
0.08 0.035 0.035
max
Mangane
2.00 2.00 2.00
se, max
Phospho
0.045 0.045 0.045
rus, max
Sulfur,
0.030 0.030 0.030
max
Silicon,
1.00 1.00 1.00
max
Nickel 8.0-11.0 8.0-13.0 10.0-16.0
Chrome 18.0-20.0 18.0-20.0 16.0-18.0
Molybde
- - 2.00-3.00
num
ASTM Grades
Flanges,
Material Pipes Fittings fittings Valves
Valves
Page29
PIPES
service.
A335 = This specification covers seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for high-
temperature service.
Page29
A333 = This specification covers wall seamless and welded carbon and
cold worked welded austenitic stainless steel pipe intended for high-
FITTINGS
A234 = This specification covers wrought carbon steel and alloy steel
fittings.
FLANGES
A105 = This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping
components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in
A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel
pipe flanges, forged fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature
service.
A350 = This specification covers several grades of carbon and low alloy
steel forged or ring-rolled flanges, forged fittings and valves for low-
temperature service.
VALVES
A216 = This specification covers carbon steel castings for valves, flanges,
fusion welding.
Page29
and alloys steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-
containing parts intended primarily for high-temperature and corrosive
service.
A352 = This specification covers steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings,
service.
A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel
pipe flanges, forged fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature
service.
Threaded joints probably represent the oldest method of joining piping systems.
Like socket weld fittings, threaded fittings are mainly used for small pipe
NPS 2 or smaller.
such as domestic water, fire protection, and industrial cooling water systems.
Threaded fittings are normally made of cast gray or malleable iron, cast
6000lbs.
SCH 80
Pipe Wall SCH 160 XXS
and XS
FITTINGS - THREADED
THD Crosses makes 90° branch from the main run of pipe.
5. THD Full-Coupling
7. THD Half-Coupling
The Half Coupling can be directly welded to the run pipe, to make a branch
connection.
of
fitting.
9. THD Hex Head Plug
two internally threads and a centerpiece that draws the ends together when
rotated.
Advantages
Disadvantages
high stress intensification effects caused by the sharp notches at the base of
the threads.
in all pipe sizes with complete weld penetration to the inside of the piping.
Note : -
At the smallest sizes, the amount of wall lost during threading actually equals
approximately 55% of the original pipe wall.
In contrast to buttweld fittings, socket weld fittings are mainly used for small
To join pipe to valves and fittings or to other sections of pipe, fillet-type seal
benefits of high leakage integrity and great structural strength are important
Page29
design considerations.
Fatigue resistance is lower than that in butt-welded construction due to the use
of fillet welds and abrupt fitting geometry, but it is still better than that of most
SW Fittings are family of high pressure fittings are used in various industrial
processes.
They are used for lines conveying flammable, toxic or expensive material
where no leakage can be permitted, and for steam 300 to 600 PSI.
They are used only in conjunction with ASME Pipe and are available in the
They are used in areas where pipe-work is permanent and are designed to
requirements for forged carbon and alloy steel. Acceptable material forms are
forgings, bars, seamless pipe, and seamless tubes which conform to the
Page29
9000lbs.
Class Designation
Description
3000 Lbs 6000 Lbs 9000 Lbs
Advantages
The weld metal can not penetrate into the bore of the pipe.
much smaller.
Radiography is not practical on the fillet weld; therefore correct fitting and
Page29
Disadvantages
The welder should ensure for a expansion gap of 1/16 inch (1.6 mm)
ASME B31.1 para. 127.3 Preparation for Welding (E) Socket Weld Assembly
says:
In assembly of the joint before welding, the pipe or tube shall be inserted
into the socket to the maximum depth and then withdrawn approximately
1/16" (1.6 mm) away from contact between the end of the pipe and the
promotes corrosion and make them less suitable for corrosive or radioactive
maintenance problems. Generally require butt welds in all pipe sizes with
(UHP) in Food Industry application since they do not permit full penetration
and leave overlaps and crevices that are very difficult to clean, creating
virtual leaks.
The purpose for the bottoming clearance in a socket weld is usually to reduce
the residual stress at the root of the weld that could occur during solidification
of the weld metal, and to allow for differential expansion of the mating
elements.
1. SW Full-Coupling
Termed Coupling, joins pipe two pipe or to a nipple etc
2. SW Half-Coupling
The Half Coupling can be directly welded to the run pipe, to make a branch
connection.
3. SW Reducing Coupling
diameters of pipe.
4. SW Reducer Insert
Page29
Socket Weld Reducer Inserts are manufactured to MSS SP-79.
two internally threads and a centerpiece that draws the ends together
When rotated. Unions should be screwed tight before the ends are welded
6. SW Elbow 90°
Page29
This Elbow makes 90° changes of direction in the run of pipe.
7. SW Elbow 45°
8. SW Tee
Page29
This Tee makes 90° branch from the main run of pipe.
9. SW Cross
END
Page29