DOST Form No.

2B
DETAILED RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL
(For the Component Project)
(To be accomplished by the Researcher)

(1) Title/Leader/Gender/Agency/Address/Telephone/Fax/Email

Project Title: REMOTELY MONITORED UV LIGHT SWITCH FOR BUILDING DISINFECTION

PURPOSES

Leader/Gender: ENGR. WILSON R. DULDULAO/ MALE

Agency/Address: Mariano Marcos State University
Tel/Fax/EMail

(2) Cooperating Agencies: (3) Research and Development Station:

Mariano Marcos State University

(4) Site of Implementation/Municipality/District/Province/Region

Batac, Ilocos Norte

(5) Classification (6) Mode of Implementation

Research Development _X Single Agency
___ Basic ___ Pilot Testing
_X Applied ___ Technology ___ Multi-Agency
Promotion/
Commercialization
(7) Priority Agenda (8) Sector Commodity
___ Biotechnology ___ Health Products
___ ICT _X Basic Research Industry, Health, and -------

___ Alternative Energy ___ Others (9) Discipline

_X Environment Engineering

(10) Significance

With the spread of the Coronavirus Disease, the world was in shambles and has reshaped how people
should live their lives daily. As uncontained hosts have spread out to various places, the virus they’re carrying
is presumed to be lingering in every place they went to, on every surface that they have touched, and on
people that they have physically encountered resulting to an increase of possible hosts and area that the virus
has traveled. Everybody was struck with anxiety on how to protect themselves from the minuscule yet
impactful virus. The current supply can’t keep up with the sudden spike in the demand of disinfecting products
such as rubbing alcohol, soaps, and gel sanitizers influx has led everyone to turn to ultraviolet light
disinfection.

UV lights are commonly turned manually on with a switch by a person, usually a building security guard.
Having to manually turn on and off several lights in a building, keeping track of time how long they should be
lit, and carrying out other obligations can be difficult and energy consuming for a guard, specially if there is
only one on site at that particular time. Implementing a remotely monitored UV light switch system can help
ease his/her duty. It will be easier to control when they should be lit or turned off and monitor how long the UV
lights are accurately turned on.

(11) Objectives

1. To design, fabricate and develop a remotely monitored UV light switch for building disinfection
purposes;
2. To test the functionality and effectiveness of the remotely monitored UV light switch;
3. To determine the cost of fabrication of the remotely monitored UV light switch;

(12) Review of Literature

History

EVs became popular towards the end of the 19 th and in the early years of the 20 th century when
problems on more prevalent ICE-powered vehicles such as noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) became a
nuisance. They lost the popularity due cost, range and storage batteries issues – they were not able to
compete with the ICE-powered vehicles. The oil crunch of the 1960s until the 1980s drove the public to search
for alternatives; alternative-fueled vehicles were explored primarily to reduce exhaust emissions and reduce
the dependency on imported crude oil. EVs was given another chance; this time to answer these
environmental and economic issues. The recent advancement of rapid switching power supplies, battery
technology and motor efficiency, EVs has become popular again and is seen as the future of transportation
(Cody et. al., 2009). EVs are energy efficient, environment-friendly and overall have better performance than
ICE-powered vehicles.

EV in the Philippines

In the Philippines, the usage of EVs has been slowly growing since they were first introduced in 2007
(Calungsod, 2012). The Philippine government has encouraged their use to help reduce gasoline consumption
and carbon dioxide emissions in the country through a legislative move known as the "Electric, Hybrid and
Other Alternative Fuel Vehicles Incentives Act of 2011" (http://www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/114549691!.pdf) that
enables the manufacture, assembly, conversion and importation of EVs through various incentives. Further
support has been given by the Department of Energy (DOE) and Asian Development Bank now known as the
electric tricycle (e-trike) project which was allotted $500 million to replace 100,000 conventional tricycles plying
the streets (http://www.malaya.com.ph/index.php/business/business-news/7294-500m-to-fund-doe-e-tricycle-
project).

Despite of the support of the government, still very few EV’s are running on our roads. The high cost,
range and unavailability of some major components like the controller in the local market (Calungsod, 2012)
has driven away further research and development. Toyota and other manufacturers have started to bring in
hybrid gasoline-electric powertrains (i.e. Prius) but these costs at least Php2.5M which is five times higher than
any ICE-powered vehicles with similar vehicle size category.

Regenerative Breaking System (RBS)

RBS is a means of converting the kinetic energy (Eq.1) of the running EV when braking, slowing down or
moving down hill then storing for later use. Researches have highlighted that the weight of the vehicle in
motion, and the power handling capability of the controller are the main contributors to the amount of energy
available for recovery via RBS (Wyczalek and Wang, 1992). Depending on the weight of the vehicle and how
rapid the deceleration, the amount of power to be absorbed varies. Most of the regenerated energy is from the
inertia of the vehicle (Lee and Nelson, 2005).

1
KE= m v 2 (Equation 1)
2

The storing device is what absorbs the converted electric energy during regenerative breaking. Say for
example, the EV with passenger weighs 1000kg and was traveling at an instantaneous speed of 30km/h has a
kinetic energy of 34.7kJ. If it requires stopping the EV in 2 seconds, neglecting losses, the maximum limit
power absorption rates of the storing device should be 17.3kW which is about 240A at 72V terminal voltage.
According to Kuruppu (2010), the drawback in using batteries as regenerative breaking charge absorbers is
that the amount of current a battery can handle (usually 70A for 220Ah Lead Acid batteries) without damaging
itself is small compared the current required to be drawn for a fast stop.

To solve this problem, researchers have found out that ultracapacitors can be used in parallel with
battery banks to improve the battery banks current handling capability (Burke, 2007). Ultracapacitors has the
capability to handle high currents which makes it ideal for absorbing high energy during regenerative braking.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Motor Control

The purpose of a motor controller is to drive a motor at a particular speed. This is done by receiving a
signal that represents the desired speed and processes this signal to generate an average voltage proportional
to the desired speed. The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the supply voltage, so if the supply
voltage is reduced from 12 Volts to 6 Volts, the motor will run at half the speed. The speed controller works by
varying the average voltage sent to the motor. This can be done easily by adjusting the voltage sent to the
motor, but this is quite inefficient to do (http://www.EVworks.com.au/tech/?section=motors). A better way is to
switch the power supply of the motor very fast. If the switching is fast enough, the motor doesn't notice it, it
only notices the average effect.

Figure1 shows waveforms of two different

currents with the same average. One is steady at IA
while the other is switched ON & OFF at 50% duty
cycle with peak at 2IA. The two waveforms have the
same average current at IA but different average
power. For the steady case;

P=I 2 R
and for the switched case;

( 2 I )2 R
P= + 0 =2 I 2 R
2

This means that the switched current is more efficient than the steady current. Further, since torque is
proportional to the power, it follows that for a switched current it produces greater torque than that of the
steady current. The method of ‘rapid switching is called Pulsed Width Modulation (PWM). According to
Recktenwald (2011), the PWM pulse train acts like a DC signal when devices that receive the signal have an
electromechanical response time that is slower than the frequency of the pulses like that of a DC motor. The
energy storage in the motor windings effectively smoothes out the energy bursts delivered by the input pulses
so that the motor experiences a lesser or greater electrical power input depending on the widths of the pulses.

Several advantages of PWM are efficiency, wider operational range and longer lived motors. All of these
advantages result from keeping the voltage at full scale resulting in current being limited to a safe limit for the
windings. PWM allows a very linear response in motor torque Even down to low PWM% without causing
damage to the motor. Most motor manufacturers recommend PWM control rather than the older voltage
control method (http://www.myo-p.com/PWM%20Motor%20Controller.pdf).

(13;) Scientific Basis/Technical Framework

Figure 2 shows the concept of the remotely monitored uv light switch for building disinfection purposes. The
arrows give the direction of power or current flow. 220V AC is supplied to both the PC, power supply, and UV
light. The most vital aspect of this monitoring system is the program that the PLC requires as the program
consists of the sets of instructions that the PLC must strictly follow. The program will be uploaded from the PC.
The PLC will follow these instructions and at some time shall send a triggering voltage to the relay to switch
the UV light on or off.
(14) Methodology
 The study has three phases; (1)
development, (2) evaluation, and (3) cost analysis.
In Figure 3, the development of the EV integrated
controller shall observe the R&D methodology. In
developing, engineering formulas and would be
features will be considered and referrals to existing
motor control and regenerative braking
technologies; datasheets and handbooks will be
done to ensure the observance of engineering
standards in the design and fabrication.

For the evaluation, functionality and

effectiveness will be tested. To test the
functionality, the EVIC-RBS must be capable of
controlling the speed of the electric vehicle. When
slowing down the electric vehicle, the EVIC-RBS
must be capable of regeneration and charging the
auxiliary battery.

For the effectiveness, the EVIC-RBS must be

capable of delivering the needed power/torque at
full capacity of the electric vehicle until the battery
drains out to about 20% of its charge without
overheating. Regeneration through the EVIC-RBS
should extend the range of the electric vehicle to at
least 10%. At least five trials will be observed at full
capacity and full speed.

The cost of fabrication & operation will be

analyzed using engineering economics formulas.

Whenever possible, technology demonstrations will be conducted to target technology adopters.

(15) Major Activities / Work plan

Planned Duration Planned Start Planned End
12 months January 2014 December 2014

Year 1
Objectives Expected Output Activities or Work Plan
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1. Development  List of  Review of literature, xx
i. Design materials and datasheets &
ii. Fabrication specifications handbooks
x
for the EVIC-  Design xx xx
RBS  Purchase of materials x xx
 Fabricated  Fabrication
xxx
EVIC-RBS
2. Evaluation  Functioning  Functionality testing of
i. Functionality EVIC-RBS EVIC-RBS xxx
ii. Effectiveness  Effective  Performance testing of x x xx
EVIC-RBS the EVIC-RBS xx
3. Financial Analysis  Fabrication  Determination of the x xx
i. Cost of Cost cost of fabrication
Fabrication  Energy Consumption xx x
ii. Cost of  Operation Measurement
Operation Cost  Financial Analysis xx x
4. Technology  Adopted  Techno-Demo xx
Demonstration technology  Technical Assistance x
5. Report Writing &  Manuscript  Report writing x
x xx
Presentation of  Presentation of results xx
xx
(16) Expected Output
 Functioning and effective electric vehicle integrated controller and localized electrical/electronic spare
parts/accessories.

(17) Target Beneficiaries

Local fabricators, assemblers and users of electric vehicles.

18. Personnel Requirements:

Personnel Percent of the time devoted to the Project

Project Leader 100
Project Staff L2 X 3 60
Project Staff L1 X 3 60
Science Research Specialist 1 X 3 100
Total Personnel 10 personnel

19 Budget

Please see attachments

20. References

Burke, A.F. (2007). Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. Proceedings of
the IEEE, vol. 95, 4, 806 – 820.

Calungsod, R. http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/-depth/10/20/12/e-vehicle-usage-philippines-slowly-growing,
December 12, 2012

Cody, J. et. al., Regenerative Breaking in an Electric Vehicle

http://www.komel.katowice.pl/ZRODLA/FULL/81/ref_20.pdf , August 13, 2012

http://www.EVworks.com.au/tech/?section=motors, December, 12, 2012

http://www.malaya.com.ph/index.php/business/business-news/7294-500m-to-fund-doe-e-tricycle-project,
August 27, 2012
http://www.myo-p.com/PWM%20Motor%20Controller.pdf, August 27, 2012

http://www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/114549691!.pdf , August 27, 2012

Kuruppu, S. 2010, Implementation and Performance EValuation of a regenerative Breaking System Coupled to
Ultracapacitors for a Brushless DC Hub Motor Driven Electric Tricycle,
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=techmasters&sei-
redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2F, August 13, 2012

Lee, J., & Nelson, D.J. (2005). Rotating Inertia Impact on Propulsion and Regenerative Braking for Electric
Motor Driven Vehicles. 2005 IEEEConference on Vehicle Power and Propulsion, 7.

Recktenwald, G. (2011), Basic Pulsed Width Modulation (PWM),

http://dlnmh9ip6v2uc.cloudfront.net/learn/materials/44/PWM_output_Arduino.pdf, December 13, 2012

Wyczalek, F.A., & Wang, T.C.(1992). Regenerative Braking Concepts for Electric Vehicles – A Primer. Society
of Automotive Engineers International Congress & Exposition, 109-114.

21. Capsule Curriculum Vitae

See Attachments